1
|
Larabi AB, Masson HLP, Bäumler AJ. Bile acids as modulators of gut microbiota composition and function. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2172671. [PMID: 36740850 PMCID: PMC9904317 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2172671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in the composition of gut-associated microbial communities are associated with many human illnesses, but the factors driving dysbiosis remain incompletely understood. One factor governing the microbiota composition in the gut is bile. Bile acids shape the microbiota composition through their antimicrobial activity and by activating host signaling pathways that maintain gut homeostasis. Although bile acids are host-derived, their functions are integrally linked to bacterial metabolism, which shapes the composition of the intestinal bile acid pool. Conditions that change the size or composition of the bile acid pool can trigger alterations in the microbiota composition that exacerbate inflammation or favor infection with opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, manipulating the composition or size of the bile acid pool might be a promising strategy to remediate dysbiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs B. Larabi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hugo L. P. Masson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Andreas J. Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin X, Zhang W, He L, Xie H, Feng B, Zhu H, Zhao J, Cui L, Li B, Li YF. Understanding the hepatoxicity of inorganic mercury through guts: Perturbance to gut microbiota, alteration of gut-liver axis related metabolites and damage to gut integrity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 225:112791. [PMID: 34555721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) brings adverse effects to the environment and human beings and inorganic mercury (IHg) is a typical hepatic toxin. This work studied the impacts of IHg on gut microbes and metabolome together with its damage to liver and gut in rats through gut microbiome, metabolomics and metallomics. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were orally exposed to 0.4 μg/mL IHg and sacrificed after 24 h. It was found that IHg perturbed greatly on the gut microbiota, such as increased pathogenic bacteria like G. bacillus. In addition, IHg also changed gut-liver axis related metabolites, which was confirmed by the secretion of a large number of inflammatory factors in both the gut and the liver. The changed gut-liver axis related metabolites correlated well to the changes of gut microbiome. In all, besides the direct deposition in liver of Hg, the perturbance to gut microbiome and alteration of gut-liver axis related metabolites by IHg also contributed to its hepatoxicity, which provides new insights about the hepatoxicity of chemicals. The strategy applied in this work may also be used to understand the hepatoxicity of other chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Lin
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin, China; CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, Guizhou, China
| | - Lina He
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxin Xie
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Heyun Zhu
- Jilin Medical University, Jilin 132013, Jilin, China
| | - Jiating Zhao
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liwei Cui
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bai Li
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- CAS-HKU Joint Laboratory of Metallomics on Health and Environment, & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, & Beijing Metallomics Facility, & National Consortium for Excellence in Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stacy A, Andrade-Oliveira V, McCulloch JA, Hild B, Oh JH, Perez-Chaparro PJ, Sim CK, Lim AI, Link VM, Enamorado M, Trinchieri G, Segre JA, Rehermann B, Belkaid Y. Infection trains the host for microbiota-enhanced resistance to pathogens. Cell 2021; 184:615-627.e17. [PMID: 33453153 PMCID: PMC8786454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota shields the host against infections in a process known as colonization resistance. How infections themselves shape this fundamental process remains largely unknown. Here, we show that gut microbiota from previously infected hosts display enhanced resistance to infection. This long-term functional remodeling is associated with altered bile acid metabolism leading to the expansion of taxa that utilize the sulfonic acid taurine. Notably, supplying exogenous taurine alone is sufficient to induce this alteration in microbiota function and enhance resistance. Mechanistically, taurine potentiates the microbiota's production of sulfide, an inhibitor of cellular respiration, which is key to host invasion by numerous pathogens. As such, pharmaceutical sequestration of sulfide perturbs the microbiota's composition and promotes pathogen invasion. Together, this work reveals a process by which the host, triggered by infection, can deploy taurine as a nutrient to nourish and train the microbiota, promoting its resistance to subsequent infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apollo Stacy
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Postdoctoral Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Vinicius Andrade-Oliveira
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A McCulloch
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benedikt Hild
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ji Hoon Oh
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P Juliana Perez-Chaparro
- NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Choon K Sim
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ai Ing Lim
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Verena M Link
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michel Enamorado
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julia A Segre
- Microbial Genomics Section, Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; NIAID Microbiome Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Peng M, Zheng Q, Liu P, Liang X, Zhang M, Wang Y, Zhao Y. Developments in the study of gastrointestinal microbiome disorders affected by FGF19 in the occurrence and development of colorectal neoplasms. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4060-4069. [PMID: 31637718 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal neoplasms are a type of malignant digestive system tumor that has become the third-highest morbidity tumor in China and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The role of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome in bile acid metabolism, inflammation, and insulin resistance and its strong correlation with the occurrence and development of colorectal neoplasms have gradually led to it becoming a target area of tumor research. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 19 is a hormone that is secreted in mainly the ileum and can regulate bile acid biosynthesis, improve inflammation, and regulate insulin resistance. The relationship of the GI microbiome, FGF19 and its carcinogenic activities in colorectal neoplasms enticed us to search for potential targets and research ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of colorectal neoplasms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meichang Peng
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.,Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaowen Zheng
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiqi Liu
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinyun Liang
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Basic Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Somm E, Jornayvaz FR. Fibroblast Growth Factor 15/19: From Basic Functions to Therapeutic Perspectives. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:960-989. [PMID: 30124818 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Discovered 20 years ago, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)19, and its mouse ortholog FGF15, were the first members of a new subfamily of FGFs able to act as hormones. During fetal life, FGF15/19 is involved in organogenesis, affecting the development of the ear, eye, heart, and brain. At adulthood, FGF15/19 is mainly produced by the ileum, acting on the liver to repress hepatic bile acid synthesis and promote postprandial nutrient partitioning. In rodents, pharmacologic doses of FGF19 induce the same antiobesity and antidiabetic actions as FGF21, with these metabolic effects being partly mediated by the brain. However, activation of hepatocyte proliferation by FGF19 has long been a challenge to its therapeutic use. Recently, genetic reengineering of the molecule has resolved this issue. Despite a global overlap in expression pattern and function, murine FGF15 and human FGF19 exhibit several differences in terms of regulation, molecular structure, signaling, and biological properties. As most of the knowledge originates from the use of FGF19 in murine models, differences between mice and humans in the biology of FGF15/19 have to be considered for a successful translation from bench to bedside. This review summarizes the basic knowledge concerning FGF15/19 in mice and humans, with a special focus on regulation of production, morphogenic properties, hepatocyte growth, bile acid homeostasis, as well as actions on glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. Moreover, implications and therapeutic perspectives concerning FGF19 in human diseases (including obesity, type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, biliary disorders, and cancer) are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension, and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu R, Li X, Huang Z, Zhao D, Ganesh BS, Lai G, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Bajaj JS, Sanyal AJ, Zhou H. C/EBP homologous protein-induced loss of intestinal epithelial stemness contributes to bile duct ligation-induced cholestatic liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2018; 67:1441-1457. [PMID: 28926118 PMCID: PMC5859257 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired intestinal barrier function promotes the progression of various liver diseases, including cholestatic liver diseases. The close association of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) with inflammatory bowel disease highlights the importance of the gut-liver axis. It has been reported that bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced liver fibrosis is significantly reduced in C/EBP homologous protein knockout (CHOP-/- ) mice. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the current study, we demonstrate that BDL induces striking and acute hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses after 1 day, which return to normal after 3 days. No significant hepatocyte apoptosis is detected 7-14 days following BDL. However, the inflammatory response is significantly increased after 7 days, which is similar to what we found in human PSC liver samples. BDL-induced loss of stemness in intestinal stem cells (ISCs), disruption of intestinal barrier function, bacterial translocation, activation of hepatic inflammation, M2 macrophage polarization and liver fibrosis are significantly reduced in CHOP-/- mice. In addition, intestinal organoids derived from CHOP-/- mice contain more and longer crypt structures than those from wild-type (WT) mice, which is consistent with the upregulation of stem cell markers (leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5, olfactomedin 4, and SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 9) and in vivo findings that CHOP-/- mice have longer villi and crypts as compared to WT mice. Similarly, mRNA levels of CD14, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 are increased and stem cell proliferation is suppressed in the duodenum of patients with cirrhosis. CONCLUSION Activation of ER stress and subsequent loss of stemness of ISCs plays a critical role in BDL-induced systemic inflammation and cholestatic liver injury. Modulation of the ER stress response represents a potential therapeutic strategy for cholestatic liver diseases as well as other inflammatory diseases. (Hepatology 2018;67:1441-1457).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runping Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Xiaojiaoyang Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Zhiming Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Derrick Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Bhagyalaxmi Sukka Ganesh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Guanhua Lai
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - William M. Pandak
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Internal Medicine/GI Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23298
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gata4 is critical to maintain gut barrier function and mucosal integrity following epithelial injury. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36776. [PMID: 27827449 PMCID: PMC5101531 DOI: 10.1038/srep36776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier is critical to limit potential harmful consequences from exposure to deleterious luminal contents on the organism. Although this barrier is functionally important along the entire gut, specific regional regulatory mechanisms involved in the maintenance of this barrier are poorly defined. Herein, we identified Gata4 as a crucial regulator of barrier integrity in the mouse proximal intestinal epithelium. Conditional deletion of Gata4 in the intestine led to a drastic increase in claudin-2 expression that was associated with an important increase of gut barrier permeability without causing overt spontaneous inflammation. Administration of indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that causes enteritis, led to rapid and restricted proximal small intestinal injuries in Gata4 mutant mice as opposed to control mice. Comparative analysis of gene transcript profiles from indomethacin-challenged control and Gata4 mutant mice identified defects in epithelial cell survival, inflammatory cell recruitment and tissue repair mechanisms. Altogether, these observations identify Gata4 as a novel crucial regulator of the intestinal epithelial barrier and as a critical epithelial transcription factor implicated in the maintenance of proximal intestinal mucosal integrity after injury.
Collapse
|
8
|
Uribe JH, Collado-Romero M, Zaldívar-López S, Arce C, Bautista R, Carvajal A, Cirera S, Claros MG, Garrido JJ. Transcriptional analysis of porcine intestinal mucosa infected with Salmonella Typhimurium revealed a massive inflammatory response and disruption of bile acid absorption in ileum. Vet Res 2016; 47:11. [PMID: 26738723 PMCID: PMC4704413 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected pork meat is an important source of non-typhoidal human salmonellosis. Understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis is important for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies. Thus, hereby we study the transcriptional profiles along the porcine intestine during infection with Salmonella Typhimurium, as well as post-transcriptional gene modulation by microRNAs (miRNA). Sixteen piglets were orally challenged with S. Typhimurium. Samples from jejunum, ileum and colon, collected 1, 2 and 6 days post infection (dpi) were hybridized to mRNA and miRNA expression microarrays and analyzed. Jejunum showed a reduced transcriptional response indicating mild inflammation only at 2 dpi. In ileum inflammatory genes were overexpressed (e.g., IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, IL1RAP, TNFα), indicating a strong immune response at all times of infection. Infection also down-regulated genes of the FXR pathway (e.g., NR1H4, FABP6, APOA1, SLC10A2), indicating disruption of the bile acid absorption in ileum. This result was confirmed by decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum of infected pigs. Ileal inflammatory gene expression changes peaked at 2 dpi and tended to resolve at 6 dpi. Furthermore, miRNA analysis of ileum at 2 dpi revealed 62 miRNAs potentially regulating target genes involved in this inflammatory process (e.g., miR-374 and miR-451). In colon, genes involved in epithelial adherence, proliferation and cellular reorganization were down-regulated at 2 and 6 dpi. In summary, here we show the transcriptional changes occurring at the intestine at different time points of the infection, which are mainly related to inflammation and disruption of the bile acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juber Herrera Uribe
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Melania Collado-Romero
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Cristina Arce
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain.
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática, Universidad de Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Juan J Garrido
- Grupo de Genómica y Mejora Animal, Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, 14047, Córdoba, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|