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Kassie SA, Astell AJ. Reimagining neuroscientific and andragogical principles for dementia care education. GERONTOLOGY & GERIATRICS EDUCATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38754018 DOI: 10.1080/02701960.2024.2346741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This article aims to explore the integration of Louis Cozolino's (2013) andragogical strategies with the tenets of person-centered dementia care practices to enhance dementia care education. The article examines the multiple dimensions of learning in adulthood, highlighting the role of neural plasticity and lifelong brain adaptation in shaping learning and experiential strategies. This in-depth evaluation underscores the significance of tailoring andragogical approaches to the needs of adult learners, who, in this context, are care providers for persons with dementia. This is done through proper understanding of the neurobiological realities and the unique learning needs of adults. Such tailored approaches can be aligned with the brain's adaptive nature by recognizing the intricate interplay of cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions. Highlighting the need for including lessons on the person-centered approach in dementia care education, the paper argues that adult learners - who are essentially part of the dementia care workforce - first need to learn, appreciate, and embrace the approach before applying it in their caregiving practices. This article presents an overarching argument that integration of Cozolino's principles of adult learning with tenets of person-centered dementia care could provide a robust framework for dementia care education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seada A Kassie
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Psychology, Middlesex University Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Arlene J Astell
- Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Occupational Sciences and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Rodolico A, Cutrufelli P, Brondino N, Caponnetto P, Catania G, Concerto C, Fusar-Poli L, Mineo L, Sturiale S, Signorelli MS, Petralia A. Mental Pain Correlates with Mind Wandering, Self-Reflection, and Insight in Individuals with Psychotic Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1557. [PMID: 38002517 PMCID: PMC10670292 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cognitive processes that contribute to mental pain in individuals with psychotic disorders is important for refining therapeutic strategies and improving patient outcomes. This study investigated the potential relationship between mental pain, mind wandering, and self-reflection and insight in individuals diagnosed with psychotic disorders. We included individuals diagnosed with a 'schizophrenia spectrum disorder' according to DSM-5 criteria. Patients in the study were between 18 and 65 years old, clinically stable, and able to provide informed consent. A total of 34 participants, comprising 25 males and 9 females with an average age of 41.5 years (SD 11.5) were evaluated. The Psychache Scale (PAS), the Mind Wandering Deliberate and Spontaneous Scale (MWDS), and the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) were administered. Statistical analyses involved Spearman's rho correlations, controlled for potential confounders with partial correlations, and mediation and moderation analyses to understand the indirect effects of MWDS and SRIS on PAS and their potential interplay. Key findings revealed direct correlations between PAS and MWDS and inverse correlations between PAS and SRIS. The mediation effects on the relationship between the predictors and PAS ranged from 9.22% to 49.8%. The largest statistically significant mediation effect was observed with the SRIS-I subscale, suggesting that the self-reflection and insight component may play a role in the impact of mind wandering on mental pain. No evidence was found to suggest that any of the variables could function as relationship moderators for PAS. The results underscore the likely benefits of interventions aimed at reducing mind wandering and enhancing self-reflection in psychotic patients (e.g., metacognitive therapy, mindfulness). Further research will be essential to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rodolico
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Pierfelice Cutrufelli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Natascia Brondino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Caponnetto
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
- Department of Educational Sciences, Section of Psychology, University of Catania, Via Teatro Greco 84, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Concerto
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Agostino Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Ludovico Mineo
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Serena Sturiale
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Salvina Signorelli
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonino Petralia
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.R.); (P.C.); (P.C.); (L.F.-P.); (L.M.); (M.S.S.); (A.P.)
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Gusein-zade NG, Slezkin AA, Allahyarov E. Statistical processing of time slices of electroencephalography signals during brain reaction to visual stimuli. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2023.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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4
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Hu M, Shealy T. Priming Engineers to Think About Sustainability: Cognitive and Neuro-Cognitive Evidence to Support the Adoption of Green Stormwater Design. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:896347. [PMID: 35645724 PMCID: PMC9130648 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.896347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Green infrastructure is the application of nature-based solutions like bioswales, rain gardens, and permeable pavements to reduce flooding in urban areas. These systems are underutilized in the design of the built environment. A barrier to their implementation is that design engineers tend to discount the tangential benefits of these greener systems and overweigh the associated risks. This study tested whether priming engineers to think about the environmental and social sustainability benefits of green infrastructure can influence what attributes engineers consider and how they weigh these attributes during the design decision-making process. Forty engineering students trained in stormwater design were asked to evaluate the implementation of a conventional stormwater design option and a green stormwater design option. Their preferred design option was recorded and the changes in their neuro-cognition were measured using functional near infrared-spectroscopy. Half of the engineers were asked to first consider the potential outcomes of these options on the environment and the surrounding community. Priming engineers to first consider environmental and social sustainability before considering the cost and risk of each option, significantly increased the perceived benefits the engineers believed green infrastructure could provide. The priming intervention also increased the likelihood that engineers would recommend the green infrastructure option. The engineers primed to think about environmental and social sustainability exhibited significantly lower oxy-hemoglobin in their ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and medial prefrontal cortex through multiple phases of the judgment and decision-making process. The intervention appears to increase cognitive representativeness or salience of the benefits for green infrastructure when engineers evaluate design alternatives. This relatively low-cost intervention, asking engineers to consider environmental and social sustainability for each design alternative, can shift engineering decision-making and change neuro-cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Hu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Knowing Who You Are: Neural Correlates of Self-concept Clarity and Happiness. Neuroscience 2022; 490:264-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang L. How self-reflection and resilience can affect pre-competition anxiety? Evidence from national competitive table tennis in adolescent players. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough previous studies have investigated pre-competition anxiety (PCA), the research examining how to promote the development of self-reflection and resilience in order to regulate PCA is limited. This study has three aims: to examine group differences age, gender, sport level, and exercise duration in (PCA), self-reflection and resilience; to test the relationships between PCA, self-reflection, and resilience; and to determine whether self-reflection and resilience can predict PCA. The included 82 male and 105 female adolescent Chinese table tennis player (ages 12–19). SPSS 25.0 software has used to drive ANOVA, Pearson correlations and regression analysis. The main result was that Pearson correlations demonstrated the strongest relationship between PCA, self-reflection, and resilience. The regression analysis model proved that self-insight predicted cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence; interpersonal assistance and emotional control predicted self-confidence; and emotional control predicted cognitive anxiety and somatic anxiety. The result of this study were consistent with those of previous studies: there was a significant relationship between PCA, self-reflection and resilience when using the Chinese Adolescent Resilience Scale, and there were some differences in the test of group differences. However, this study uncovered new evidence that interpersonal assistance and emotional control can predict PCA. Further research should focus on cross-cultural differences in the process of cultivating athlete self-reflection and resilience.
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Feelings of shame and guilt are associated with distinct neural activation in youth. Biol Psychol 2021; 159:108025. [PMID: 33484753 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Shame and guilt are moral emotions that play an important role in social functioning. There is limited knowledge about the neural underpinnings of these emotions, particularly in young people. In the current study, 36 healthy females (mean age 18.8 ± 1.9 years) underwent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, during which they reflected on their decisions about social moral dilemmas, and subsequently received negative or positive peer feedback. Ratings of shame and guilt were used as parametric modulators of brain activity. Shame was associated with decreased activity in the superior temporal sulcus and precentral gyrus during reflection. Guilt was associated with decreased activity in the precuneus during positive feedback, and in the hippocampus and supramarginal gyrus during negative feedback. Results suggest that shame and guilt are associated with activity in brain regions involved in social cognition and emotion regulation; however, they have distinct underlying neural circuitry that may be differentiated based on social evaluation.
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Chen X, Huang Y, Xiao M, Luo YJ, Liu Y, Song S, Gao X, Chen H. Self and the brain: Self-concept mediates the effect of resting-state brain activity and connectivity on self-esteem in school-aged children. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Kim JI, Lee JD, Hwang HJ, Ki SW, Park IH, Park TY. Altered subcallosal and posterior cingulate cortex-based functional connectivity during smoking cue and mental simulation processing in smokers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 97:109772. [PMID: 31647945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term cigarette smoking induces sensitization of incentive salience and conditioning of contextual cues which involves brain function alteration across multiple regions. Understanding how nicotine affects hub-based functional connectivities involved in affective and cognitive function can help us determine the treatment strategy for nicotine dependence. METHOD Functional MRI was conducted on 30 smokers and 30 non-smokers while mentally simulating neutral and smoking hand movements. Smoking cue and mental simulation processing-related changes in functional connectivity strengths of the subcallosal and posterior cingulate cortex (SCC and PCC) with major brain network nodes were examined. RESULTS Compared to non-smokers, smokers showed cue-induced SCC functional connectivities which were enhanced with the intraparietal sulcus and reduced with the medial prefrontal cortex. The PCC activation and functional connectivity enhancements with the anterior insula cortex and rostro-lateral prefrontal cortex was found during smoking mental simulation. The PCC-lateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity correlated with nicotine dependence severity. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that smokers can be identified by cue-induced SCC functional connectivity strength decline and increment in the default mode and dorsal attention network nodes. However, nicotine dependence was associated with smoking mental simulation-related PCC-lateral prefrontal cortex functional connectivity strength, suggesting that the development of nicotine dependence may depend on the strength of coupling between the default mode network and the central executive network at the cognitive level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong Il Kim
- Institute of Bio-Medical Convergence, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Future Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Doo Lee
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Wan Ki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Park
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Yong Park
- Department of Korean Traditional Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Cerebellar Structural Variations in Subjects with Different Hypnotizability. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:109-118. [PMID: 30022466 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypnotizability-the proneness to accept suggestions and behave accordingly-has a number of physiological and behavioral correlates (postural, visuomotor, and pain control) which suggest a possible involvement of cerebellar function and/or structure. The present study was aimed at investigating the association between cerebellar macro- or micro-structural variations (analyzed through a voxel-based morphometry and a diffusion tensor imaging approach) and hypnotic susceptibility. We also estimated morphometric variations of cerebral gray matter structures, to support current evidence of hypnotizability-related differences in some cerebral areas. High (highs, N = 12), and low (lows, N = 37) hypnotizable healthy participants (according to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, form A) were submitted to a high field (3 T) magnetic resonance imaging protocol. In comparison to lows, highs showed smaller gray matter volumes in left cerebellar lobules IV/V and VI at uncorrected level, with the results in left lobule IV/V maintained also at corrected level. Highs showed also gray matter volumes smaller than lows in right inferior temporal gyrus, middle and superior orbitofrontal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus, and supramarginal parietal gyrus, as well as in left gyrus rectus, insula, and middle temporal cortex at uncorrected level. Results of right inferior temporal gyrus survived also at corrected level. Analyses on micro-structural data failed to reveal any significant association. The here found morphological variations allow to extend the traditional cortico-centric view of hypnotizability to the cerebellar regions, suggesting that cerebellar peculiarities may sustain hypnotizability-related differences in sensorimotor integration and emotional control.
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11
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Apazoglou K, Küng AL, Cordera P, Aubry JM, Dayer A, Vuilleumier P, Piguet C. Rumination related activity in brain networks mediating attentional switching in euthymic bipolar patients. Int J Bipolar Disord 2019; 7:3. [PMID: 30637531 PMCID: PMC6330377 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-018-0137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mood disorder patients have a tendency to be more internally oriented, with difficulties in switching attentional focus, which might result in the generation of negative thoughts, such as rumination. The present study explored self-referential neural activity correlating with rumination tendency and attentional switching capacity in bipolar disorder. Methods Twenty euthymic bipolar patients and twenty matched healthy controls underwent a novel introspection task of switching between internally and externally focused attention during a word processing task, while their brain activity was assessed using functional MRI. Results During internal focus, higher activity in self-related regions (mPFC, PCC) was found in euthymic bipolar patients as compared to controls, verifying the hypothesis of exaggerated recruitment of self-referential processes in bipolar subjects. Switching from internal to external focus revealed higher parahippocampal activity in patients as compared to controls, additionally more pronounced when switching away from negative as compared to positive self-referential information. Furthermore, rumination traits correlated with activity in PCC, subgenual and pregenual ACC, and bilateral anterior insula during repetition of internal focus, specifically when evaluating negative words. Finally, we used ACC subregions that correlated with tendency to ruminate as seeds for a whole brain connectivity analysis. Patients showed stronger connectivity between sgACC (seed), pgACC, dPFC, and anterior insula during internal focus, whereas pgACC (seed) was more strongly connected to parahippocampal gyrus when switching from internal to external focus. Conclusions These findings reveal an overactive rumination-related network whose activity is enhanced by negative information in euthymic bipolar patients, which could possibly contribute to impaired switching of thoughts away from internal attention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40345-018-0137-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallia Apazoglou
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Lise Küng
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cordera
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Piguet
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Tarrant J, Viczko J, Cope H. Virtual Reality for Anxiety Reduction Demonstrated by Quantitative EEG: A Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1280. [PMID: 30087642 PMCID: PMC6066724 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While previous research has established that virtual reality (VR) can be successfully used in the treatment of anxiety disorders, including phobias and PTSD, no research has examined changes in brain patterns associated with the use of VR for generalized anxiety management. In the current study, we compared a brief nature-based mindfulness VR experience to a resting control condition on anxious participants. Self-reported anxiety symptoms and resting-state EEG were recorded across intervals containing quiet rest or the VR intervention. EEG activity was analyzed as a function of global power shifts in Alpha and Beta activity, and with sLORETA current source density estimates of cingulate cortex regions of interest. Results demonstrated that both a quiet rest control condition and the VR meditation significantly reduced subjective reports of anxiety and increased Alpha power. However, the VR intervention uniquely resulted in shifting proportional power from higher Beta frequencies into lower Beta frequencies, and significantly reduced broadband Beta activity in the anterior cingulate cortex. These effects are consistent with a physiological reduction of anxiety. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of VR for anxiety management and stress reduction programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Tarrant
- NeuroMeditation Institute, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jeremy Viczko
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Hannah Cope
- NeuroMeditation Institute, Corvallis, OR, United States
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13
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General anaesthesia as fragmentation of selfhood: insights from electroencephalography and neuroimaging. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121:233-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jiang H, White MP, Greicius MD, Waelde LC, Spiegel D. Brain Activity and Functional Connectivity Associated with Hypnosis. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:4083-4093. [PMID: 27469596 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypnosis has proven clinical utility, yet changes in brain activity underlying the hypnotic state have not yet been fully identified. Previous research suggests that hypnosis is associated with decreased default mode network (DMN) activity and that high hypnotizability is associated with greater functional connectivity between the executive control network (ECN) and the salience network (SN). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate activity and functional connectivity among these three networks in hypnosis. We selected 57 of 545 healthy subjects with very high or low hypnotizability using two hypnotizability scales. All subjects underwent four conditions in the scanner: rest, memory retrieval, and two different hypnosis experiences guided by standard pre-recorded instructions in counterbalanced order. Seeds for the ECN, SN, and DMN were left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), respectively. During hypnosis there was reduced activity in the dACC, increased functional connectivity between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC;ECN) and the insula in the SN, and reduced connectivity between the ECN (DLPFC) and the DMN (PCC). These changes in neural activity underlie the focused attention, enhanced somatic and emotional control, and lack of self-consciousness that characterizes hypnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Matthew P White
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Michael D Greicius
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Lynn C Waelde
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Spiegel
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
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15
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Thomann AK, Griebe M, Thomann PA, Hirjak D, Ebert MP, Szabo K, Reindl W, Wolf RC. Intrinsic neural network dysfunction in quiescent Crohn's Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11579. [PMID: 28912568 PMCID: PMC5599642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11792-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological factors and comorbidities play an important role in inflammatory bowel diseases. Such comorbidity could be associated with a specific neural phenotype. Brain regions associated with emotion regulation and self-referential processing, including areas assigned to the “default mode network” (DMN), could be promising candidates in this regard. We investigated the functional integrity of multiple intrinsic neural networks in remitted patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and sought to establish relationships between neural network connectivity and psychiatric symptoms. Fifteen CD patients in remission and 14 controls were investigated. We employed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 Tesla followed by a spatial Independent Component Analysis for fMRI data. Abnormal connectivity in CD patients was observed in DMN subsystems only (p < 0.05, cluster-corrected). Increased connectivity was found in the anterior cingulate and left superior medial frontal gyrus (aDMN) and the middle cingulate cortex (pDMN). Middle cingulate activity showed a significant association with anxiety scores in patients (p = 0.029). This study provides first evidence of selectively disrupted intrinsic neural network connectivity in CD and suggests abnormalities of self-referential neural networks. An increased sensitivity to self-related affective and somatic states in CD patients could account for these findings and explain a higher risk for anxiety symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Thomann
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Martin Griebe
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philipp A Thomann
- Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Mental Health, Odenwald District Healthcare Center, 64711, Erbach, Germany
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Szabo
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reindl
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Robert C Wolf
- Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
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Ikuta T, Matsuo K, Harada K, Nakashima M, Hobara T, Higuchi N, Higuchi F, Otsuki K, Shibata T, Watanuki T, Matsubara T, Yamagata H, Watanabe Y. Disconnectivity between Dorsal Raphe Nucleus and Posterior Cingulate Cortex in Later Life Depression. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:236. [PMID: 28824410 PMCID: PMC5539218 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has been repeatedly implicated as having a significant relationship with depression, along with its serotoninergic innervation. However, functional connectivity of the DRN in depression is not well understood. The current study aimed to isolate functional connectivity of the DRN distinct in later life depression (LLD) compared to a healthy age-matched population. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data from 95 participants (33 LLD and 62 healthy) were collected to examine functional connectivity from the DRN to the whole brain in voxel-wise fashion. The posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) bilaterally showed significantly smaller connectivity in the LLD group than the control group. The DRN to PCC connectivity did not show any association with the depressive status. The findings implicate that the LLD involves disruption of serotoninergic input to the PCC, which has been suggested to be a part of the reduced default mode network in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Ikuta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, University of MississippiUniversity, MS, United States
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Harada
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
| | - Mami Nakashima
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan.,Nagato-Ichinomiya HospitalShimonoseki, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Hobara
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Yamaguchi Grand Medical CenterHofu, Japan
| | - Naoko Higuchi
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Higuchi
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
| | - Koji Otsuki
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Shibata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan.,Shinwaen HospitalOnoda, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanuki
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
| | - Toshio Matsubara
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan.,Health Administration Center, Yamaguchi University Organization for University EducationYamaguchi City, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yamagata
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Watanabe
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi UniversityUbe, Japan
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17
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Yoon HJ, Kim JS, Shin YB, Choi SH, Lee SK, Kim JJ. Neural activity during self-referential working memory and the underlying role of the amygdala in social anxiety disorder. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:139-47. [PMID: 27260987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-referential processing, theory of mind, and working memory are distorted in social anxiety disorder (SAD). This study aimed to investigate characteristics of altered self-referential working memory processing and resting-state functional connectivity in patients with SAD. Twenty patients and 20 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at resting-state and while performing a working memory task containing faces with self-referential positive or negative comments and three memory phases (encoding, maintenance, and retrieval). Task-related results were compared between groups and tested for correlations. Resting-state connectivity between amygdala subregions and regions showing a task-related difference was also compared between groups. Patients compared to controls showed augmented memory for the negative comments, hyperactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction during encoding, and hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula during retrieval. At resting-state, increased connectivity of amygdala subregions with multiple task-related regions was found in patients. These findings suggest that the encoding process in SAD is accompanied by altered involvement of self-referential processing and theory of mind, whereas the retrieval process reflects impaired cognitive control. These memory-related processing may be affected by predisposing resting-state hyperconnectivity with the amygdala, and may underlie a hypersensitivity to negative comments and post-event reflection in SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Yoon
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Bin Shin
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Morin A. The “self-awareness–anosognosia” paradox explained: How can one process be associated with activation of, and damage to, opposite sides of the brain? Laterality 2016; 22:105-119. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2016.1173049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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White matter structures associated with loneliness in young adults. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17001. [PMID: 26585372 PMCID: PMC4653806 DOI: 10.1038/srep17001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lonely individuals may exhibit dysfunction, particularly with respect to social empathy and self-efficacy. White matter (WM) structures related to loneliness have not yet been identified. We investigated the association between regional WM density (rWMD) using the UCLA Loneliness Scale in 776 healthy young students aged 18-27 years old. Loneliness scores were negatively correlated with rWMD in eight clusters: the bilateral inferior parietal lobule (IPL), right anterior insula (AI), posterior temporoparietal junction (pTPJ), left posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), and rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC). The bilateral IPL, right AI, left pSTS, pTPJ, and RLPFC were strongly associated with Empathy Quotient (EQ), whereas the bilateral IPL, right AI, left pTPJ, and dmPFC were associated with General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) score. The neural correlates of loneliness comprise widespread reduction in WMD in areas related to self- and social cognition as well as areas associated with empathy and self-efficacy.
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20
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Roth L, Kaffenberger T, Herwig U, Brühl AB. Brain activation associated with pride and shame. Neuropsychobiology 2014; 69:95-106. [PMID: 24577108 DOI: 10.1159/000358090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-referential emotions such as shame/guilt and pride provide evaluative information about persons themselves. In addition to emotional aspects, social and self-referential processes play a role in self-referential emotions. Prior studies have rather focused on comparing self-referential and other-referential processes of one valence, triggered mostly by external stimuli. In the current study, we aimed at investigating the valence-specific neural correlates of shame/guilt and pride, evoked by the remembrance of a corresponding autobiographical event during functional magnetic resonance imaging. METHOD A total of 25 healthy volunteers were studied. The task comprised a negative (shame/guilt), a positive (pride) and a neutral condition (expecting the distractor). Each condition was initiated by a simple cue, followed by the remembrance and finished by a distracting picture. RESULTS Pride and shame/guilt conditions both activated typical emotion-processing circuits including the amygdala, insula and ventral striatum, as well as self-referential brain regions such as the bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Comparing the two emotional conditions, emotion-processing circuits were more activated by pride than by shame, possibly due to either hedonic experiences or stronger involvement of the participants in positive self-referential emotions due to a self-positivity bias. However, the ventral striatum was similarly activated by pride and shame/guilt. In the whole-brain analysis, both self-referential emotion conditions activated medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate regions, corresponding to the self-referential aspect and the autobiographical evocation of the respective emotions. CONCLUSION Autobiographically evoked self-referential emotions activated basic emotional as well as self-referential circuits. Except for the ventral striatum, emotional circuits were more active with pride than with shame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Roth
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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21
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Mel’nikov ME, Shtark MB, Korostyshevskaya AM, Sevelov AA, Petrovskii ED, Pokrovskii” MA, Rezakova MV, Ganenko YA, Il’ichevskii IN, Mazhirina KG, Mezentseva MP, Kosykh EP. Dynamic Mapping of the Brain in Substance-Dependent Individuals: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Bull Exp Biol Med 2014; 158:260-3. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-014-2736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Spada D, Verga L, Iadanza A, Tettamanti M, Perani D. The auditory scene: An fMRI study on melody and accompaniment in professional pianists. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:764-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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23
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Prochnow D, Brunheim S, Kossack H, Eickhoff SB, Markowitsch HJ, Seitz RJ. Anterior and posterior subareas of the dorsolateral frontal cortex in socially relevant decisions based on masked affect expressions. F1000Res 2014; 3:212. [PMID: 26236464 PMCID: PMC4516020 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4734.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Socially-relevant decisions are based on clearly recognizable but also not consciously accessible affective stimuli. We studied the role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) in decision-making on masked affect expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our paradigm permitted us to capture brain activity during a pre-decision phase when the subjects viewed emotional expressions below the threshold of subjective awareness, and during the decision phase, which was based on verbal descriptions as the choice criterion. Using meta-analytic connectivity modeling, we found that the preparatory phase of the decision was associated with activity in a right-posterior portion of the DLFC featuring co-activations in the left-inferior frontal cortex. During the subsequent decision a right-anterior and more dorsal portion of the DLFC became activated, exhibiting a different co-activation pattern. These results provide evidence for partially independent sub-regions within the DLFC, supporting the notion of dual associative processes in intuitive judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Prochnow
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunheim
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Hannes Kossack
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | | | - Rüdiger J. Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
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24
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Prochnow D, Brunheim S, Kossack H, Eickhoff SB, Markowitsch HJ, Seitz RJ. Anterior and posterior subareas of the dorsolateral frontal cortex in socially relevant decisions based on masked affect expressions. F1000Res 2014; 3:212. [PMID: 26236464 PMCID: PMC4516020 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.4734.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Socially-relevant decisions are based on clearly recognizable but also not consciously accessible affective stimuli. We studied the role of the dorsolateral frontal cortex (DLFC) in decision-making on masked affect expressions using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our paradigm permitted us to capture brain activity during a pre-decision phase when the subjects viewed emotional expressions below the threshold of subjective awareness, and during the decision phase, which was based on verbal descriptions as the choice criterion. Using meta-analytic connectivity modeling, we found that the preparatory phase of the decision was associated with activity in a right-posterior portion of the DLFC featuring co-activations in the left-inferior frontal cortex. During the subsequent decision a right-anterior and more dorsal portion of the DLFC became activated, exhibiting a different co-activation pattern. These results provide evidence for partially independent sub-regions within the DLFC, supporting the notion of dual associative processes in intuitive judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Prochnow
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunheim
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Hannes Kossack
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute for Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
| | - Hans J Markowitsch
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, D-33615, Germany
| | - Rüdiger J Seitz
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany
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25
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Brühl A, Rufer M, Kaffenberger T, Baur V, Herwig U. Neural circuits associated with positive and negative self-appraisal. Neuroscience 2014; 265:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Self-disturbances as a possible premorbid indicator of schizophrenia risk: a neurodevelopmental perspective. Schizophr Res 2014; 152:73-80. [PMID: 23932148 PMCID: PMC3877695 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-disturbances (SDs) are increasingly identified in schizophrenia and are theorized to confer vulnerability to psychosis. Neuroimaging research has shed some light on the neural correlates of SDs in schizophrenia. But, the onset and trajectory of the neural alterations underlying SDs in schizophrenia remain incompletely understood. We hypothesize that the aberrant structure and function of brain areas (e.g., prefrontal, lateral temporal, and parietal cortical structures) comprising the "neural circuitry of self" may represent an early, premorbid (i.e., pre-prodromal) indicator of schizophrenia risk. Consistent with neurodevelopmental models, we argue that "early" (i.e., perinatal) dysmaturational processes (e.g., abnormal cortical neural cell migration and mini-columnar formation) affecting key prefrontal (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex), lateral temporal cortical (e.g., superior temporal sulcus), and parietal (e.g., inferior parietal lobule) structures involved in self-processing may lead to subtle disruptions of "self" during childhood in persons at risk for schizophrenia. During adolescence, progressive neurodevelopmental alterations (e.g., aberrant synaptic pruning) affecting the neural circuitry of self may contribute to worsening of SDs. This could result in the emergence of prodromal symptoms and, eventually, full-blown psychosis. To highlight why adolescence may be a period of heightened risk for SDs, we first summarize the literature regarding the neural correlates of self in typically developing children. Next, we present evidence from neuroimaging studies in genetic high-risk youth suggesting that fronto-temporal-parietal structures mediating self-reflection may be abnormal in the premorbid period. Our goal is that the ideas presented here might provide future directions for research into the neurobiology of SDs during the pre-psychosis development of youth at risk for schizophrenia.
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27
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Ninaus M, Kober SE, Witte M, Koschutnig K, Stangl M, Neuper C, Wood G. Neural substrates of cognitive control under the belief of getting neurofeedback training. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:914. [PMID: 24421765 PMCID: PMC3872730 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning to modulate one's own brain activity is the fundament of neurofeedback (NF) applications. Besides the neural networks directly involved in the generation and modulation of the neurophysiological parameter being specifically trained, more general determinants of NF efficacy such as self-referential processes and cognitive control have been frequently disregarded. Nonetheless, deeper insight into these cognitive mechanisms and their neuronal underpinnings sheds light on various open NF related questions concerning individual differences, brain-computer interface (BCI) illiteracy as well as a more general model of NF learning. In this context, we investigated the neuronal substrate of these more general regulatory mechanisms that are engaged when participants believe that they are receiving NF. Twenty healthy participants (40-63 years, 10 female) performed a sham NF paradigm during fMRI scanning. All participants were novices to NF-experiments and were instructed to voluntarily modulate their own brain activity based on a visual display of moving color bars. However, the bar depicted a recording and not the actual brain activity of participants. Reports collected at the end of the experiment indicate that participants were unaware of the sham feedback. In comparison to a passive watching condition, bilateral insula, anterior cingulate cortex and supplementary motor and dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal areas were activated when participants actively tried to control the bar. In contrast, when merely watching moving bars, increased activation in the left angular gyrus was observed. These results show that the intention to control a moving bar is sufficient to engage a broad frontoparietal and cingulo-opercular network involved in cognitive control. The results of the present study indicate that tasks such as those generally employed in NF training recruit the neuronal correlates of cognitive control even when only sham NF is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ninaus
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Witte
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | | | - Matthias Stangl
- Aging and Cognition Research Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christa Neuper
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
- Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Institute for Knowledge Discovery, University of Technology GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Guilherme Wood
- Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria
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28
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Yuan C, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Liao W, Chen G, Northoff G, Lu G. Impaired self-referential processing in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A functional MRI study. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Van Overwalle F, Baetens K, Mariën P, Vandekerckhove M. Social cognition and the cerebellum: a meta-analysis of over 350 fMRI studies. Neuroimage 2013; 86:554-72. [PMID: 24076206 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis explores the role of the cerebellum in social cognition. Recent meta-analyses of neuroimaging studies since 2008 demonstrate that the cerebellum is only marginally involved in social cognition and emotionality, with a few meta-analyses pointing to an involvement of at most 54% of the individual studies. In this study, novel meta-analyses of over 350 fMRI studies, dividing up the domain of social cognition in homogeneous subdomains, confirmed this low involvement of the cerebellum in conditions that trigger the mirror network (e.g., when familiar movements of body parts are observed) and the mentalizing network (when no moving body parts or unfamiliar movements are present). There is, however, one set of mentalizing conditions that strongly involve the cerebellum in 50-100% of the individual studies. In particular, when the level of abstraction is high, such as when behaviors are described in terms of traits or permanent characteristics, in terms of groups rather than individuals, in terms of the past (episodic autobiographic memory) or the future rather than the present, or in terms of hypothetical events that may happen. An activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis conducted in this study reveals that the cerebellum is critically implicated in social cognition and that the areas of the cerebellum which are consistently involved in social cognitive processes show extensive overlap with the areas involved in sensorimotor (during mirror and self-judgments tasks) as well as in executive functioning (across all tasks). We discuss the role of the cerebellum in social cognition in general and in higher abstraction mentalizing in particular. We also point out a number of methodological limitations of some available studies on the social brain that hamper the detection of cerebellar activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Van Overwalle
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Kris Baetens
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Mariën
- Faculty of Arts, Department of Clinical and Experimental Neurolinguistics, CLIN, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, ZNA Middelheim Hospital, Lindendreef 1, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marie Vandekerckhove
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Crone JS, Höller Y, Bergmann J, Golaszewski S, Trinka E, Kronbichler M. Self-related processing and deactivation of cortical midline regions in disorders of consciousness. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:504. [PMID: 23986685 PMCID: PMC3752588 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-related stimuli activate anterior parts of cortical midline regions, which normally show task-induced deactivation. Deactivation in medial posterior and frontal regions is associated with the ability to focus attention on the demands of the task, and therefore, with consciousness. Studies investigating patients with impaired consciousness, that is, patients in minimally conscious state and patients with unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (formerly vegetative state), demonstrate that these patients show responses to self-related content in the anterior cingulate cortex. However, it remains unclear if these responses are an indication for conscious processing of stimuli or are due to automatic processing. To shed further light on this issue, we investigated responses of cortical midline regions to the own and another name in 27 patients with a disorder of consciousness and compared them to task-induced deactivation. While almost all of the control subjects responding to the own name demonstrated higher activation due to the self-related content in anterior midline regions and additional deactivation, none of the responding patients did so. Differences between groups showed a similar pattern of findings. Despite the relation between behavioral responsiveness in patients and activation in response to the own name, the findings of this study do not provide evidence for a direct association of activation in anterior midline regions and conscious processing. The deficits in processing of self-referential content in anterior midline regions may rather be due to general impairments in cognitive processing and not particularly linked to impaired consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sophia Crone
- Centre for Neurocognitive Research, Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg , Austria ; Department of Psychology and Centre for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria ; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University , Salzburg , Austria
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