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Khaleafi R, Zeleznjak J, Cordela S, Drucker S, Rovis TL, Jonjic S, Bar-On Y. Reovirus infection of tumor cells reduces the expression of NKG2D ligands, leading to impaired NK-cell cytotoxicity and functionality. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1231782. [PMID: 37753084 PMCID: PMC10518469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1231782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, reoviruses have been of major interest in immunotherapy because of their oncolytic properties. Preclinical and clinical trials, in which reovirus was used for the treatment of melanoma and glioblastoma, have paved the way for future clinical use of reovirus. However, little is known about how reovirus infection affects the tumor microenvironment and immune response towards infected tumor cells. Studies have shown that reovirus can directly stimulate natural killer (NK) cells, but how reovirus affects cellular ligands on tumor cells, which are ultimately key to tumor recognition and elimination by NK cells, has not been investigated. We tested how reovirus infection affects the binding of the NK Group-2 member D (NKG2D) receptor, which is a dominant mediator of NK cell anti-tumor activity. Using models of human-derived melanoma and glioblastoma tumors, we demonstrated that NKG2D ligands are downregulated in tumor cells post-reovirus-infection due to the impaired translation of these ligands in reovirus-infected cells. Moreover, we showed that downregulation of NKG2D ligands significantly impaired the binding of NKG2D to infected tumor cells. We further demonstrated that reduced recognition of NKG2D ligands significantly alters NK cell anti-tumor cytotoxicity in human primary NK cells and in the NK cell line NK-92. Thus, this study provides novel insights into reovirus-host interactions and could lead to the development of novel reovirus-based therapeutics that enhance the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Khaleafi
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jelena Zeleznjak
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sapir Cordela
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Shani Drucker
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tihana Lenac Rovis
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology/Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Yotam Bar-On
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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2
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Eguchi M, Hirata S, Ishigami I, Shuwari N, Ono R, Tachibana M, Tanuma M, Kasai A, Hashimoto H, Ogawara KI, Mizuguchi H, Sakurai F. Pre-treatment of oncolytic reovirus improves tumor accumulation and intratumoral distribution of PEG-liposomes. J Control Release 2023; 354:35-44. [PMID: 36586673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated liposomes (PEG-liposomes) are a promising drug delivery vehicle for tumor targeting because of their efficient tumor disposition profiles via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. However, tumor targeting of PEG-liposomes, particularly their delivery inside the tumors, is often disturbed by physical barriers in the tumor, including tumor cells themselves, extracellular matrices, and interstitial pressures. In this study, B16 melanoma tumor-bearing mice were injected intravenously with oncolytic reovirus before administration of PEG-liposomes to enhance PEG-liposomes' tumor disposition. Three days after reovirus administration, significant expression of reovirus sigma 3 protein, elevation of apoptosis-related gene expression, and activation of caspase 3 in the tumors were found. Apoptotic cells were found inside the tumors. These data indicated that reovirus efficiently replicated in the tumors and induced apoptosis of tumor cells. The tumor disposition levels of PEG-liposomes were approximately doubled by reovirus pre-administration, compared with a PBS-pretreated group. PEG-liposomes were widely distributed in the tumors of reovirus-pretreated mice, whereas in the PBS-pretreated group, PEG-liposomes were found mainly around or inside the blood vessels in the tumors. Pre-treatment with reovirus also improved the tumor accumulation of PEG-liposomes in human pancreatic BxPC-3 tumors. 3D imaging analysis of whole BxPC-3 tumors demonstrated that pretreatment with reovirus led to the enhancement of PEG-liposome accumulation inside the tumors. Combination treatment with reovirus and paclitaxel-loaded PEG-liposomes (PTX-PEG-liposomes) significantly suppressed B16 tumor growth. These results provide important information for clinical use of combination therapy of reovirus and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system (DDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Eguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiya Hirata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ikuho Ishigami
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naomi Shuwari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ono
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masashi Tachibana
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Tanuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Transdimensional Life Imaging Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Molecular Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Bioscience, Institute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ogawara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Functional Organoid for Drug Discovery, Center for Drug Discovery Resources Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 7-6-8 Saito, Asagi, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sakurai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, 1-6 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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van de Merbel AF, van der Horst G, van der Mark MH, Bots STF, van den Wollenberg DJM, de Ridder CMA, Stuurman D, Aalders T, Erkens-Schulz S, van Montfoort N, Karthaus WR, Mehra N, Smits M, Schalken JA, van Weerden WM, Hoeben RC, van der Pluijm G. Reovirus mutant jin-3 exhibits lytic and immune-stimulatory effects in preclinical human prostate cancer models. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:793-802. [PMID: 34135475 PMCID: PMC9209329 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer remains a challenging clinical problem. Despite the promising effects of immunotherapy in other solid cancers, prostate cancer has remained largely unresponsive. Oncolytic viruses represent a promising therapeutic avenue, as oncolytic virus treatment combines tumour cell lysis with activation of the immune system and mounting of effective anti-tumour responses. Mammalian Orthoreoviruses are non-pathogenic human viruses with a preference of lytic replication in human tumour cells. In this study, we evaluated the oncolytic efficacy of the bioselected oncolytic reovirus mutant jin-3 in multiple human prostate cancer models. The jin-3 reovirus displayed efficient infection, replication, and anti-cancer responses in 2D and 3D prostate cancer models, as well as in ex vivo cultured human tumour slices. In addition, the jin-3 reovirus markedly reduced the viability and growth of human cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts. The infection induced the expression of mediators of immunogenic cell death, interferon-stimulated genes, and inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the reovirus mutant jin-3 displays tumour tropism, and induces potent oncolytic and immunomodulatory responses in human prostate cancer models. Therefore, jin-3 reovirus represents an attractive candidate for further development as oncolytic agent for treatment of patients with aggressive localised or advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjanneke F. van de Merbel
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Geertje van der Horst
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike H. van der Mark
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Selas T. F. Bots
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diana J. M. van den Wollenberg
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M. A. de Ridder
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Experimental Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Debra Stuurman
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Experimental Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tilly Aalders
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sigrun Erkens-Schulz
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Experimental Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter R. Karthaus
- grid.51462.340000 0001 2171 9952Human Pathology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Niven Mehra
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Minke Smits
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jack A. Schalken
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wytske M. van Weerden
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Experimental Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C. Hoeben
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- grid.10419.3d0000000089452978Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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4
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Kim SY, Maitra R, Goel S. Multimodal immune activation abilities and characteristics of reovirus. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:14176-14185. [PMID: 35035763 PMCID: PMC8748157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Reovirus is a ubiquitous, non-pathogenic, double stranded RNA virus with anti-tumor properties. The virus's replicative potential is regulated by phosphorylation of protein kinase receptor (PKR). In cancers with RAS pathway activation which leads to dysregulation of PKR, the virus maintains its protein translational potential and induces oncolysis. Systemic chemotherapy remains the standard of care for metastatic colorectal cancer with the addition of biologic agents in KRAS wildtype subtypes. In KRAS mutant colorectal cancers, there has been no added benefit to biologic agents. The therapeutic potential of reovirus (Reolysin®, pelareorep, Oncolytic Inc., Calgary, Canada), which induces its oncolysis with RAS activation through multimodal immune mechanisms, has been demonstrated in preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we outline the specific immune mechanisms of reovirus induced oncolysis and provide both preclinical and clinical data on its applications in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Yeon Kim
- Montefiore Medical Center1695 Eastchester Road, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Radhashree Maitra
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University500 West 185th Street, New York 10033, USA
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Montefiore Medical Center1695 Eastchester Road, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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5
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Roulstone V, Mansfield D, Harris RJ, Twigger K, White C, de Bono J, Spicer J, Karagiannis SN, Vile R, Pandha H, Melcher A, Harrington K. Antiviral antibody responses to systemic administration of an oncolytic RNA virus: the impact of standard concomitant anticancer chemotherapies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002673. [PMID: 34301814 PMCID: PMC8728387 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic reovirus therapy for cancer induces a typical antiviral response to this RNA virus, including neutralizing antibodies. Concomitant treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapies has been hypothesized to improve the therapeutic potential of the virus. Chemotherapy side effects can include immunosuppression, which may slow the rate of the antiviral antibody response, as well as potentially make the patient more vulnerable to viral infection. Method Reovirus neutralizing antibody data were aggregated from separate phase I clinical trials of reovirus administered as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, carboplatin and paclitaxel doublet or cyclophosphamide. In addition, the kinetics of individual antibody isotypes were profiled in sera collected in these trials. Results These data demonstrate preserved antiviral antibody responses, with only moderately reduced kinetics with some drugs, most notably gemcitabine. All patients ultimately produced an effective neutralizing antibody response. Conclusion Patients’ responses to infection by reovirus are largely unaffected by the concomitant drug treatments tested, providing confidence that RNA viral treatment or infection is compatible with standard of care treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mansfield
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert J Harris
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie Twigger
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Christine White
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James Spicer
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
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6
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Spiesschaert B, Angerer K, Park J, Wollmann G. Combining Oncolytic Viruses and Small Molecule Therapeutics: Mutual Benefits. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3386. [PMID: 34298601 PMCID: PMC8306439 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The focus of treating cancer with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has increasingly shifted towards achieving efficacy through the induction and augmentation of an antitumor immune response. However, innate antiviral responses can limit the activity of many OVs within the tumor and several immunosuppressive factors can hamper any subsequent antitumor immune responses. In recent decades, numerous small molecule compounds that either inhibit the immunosuppressive features of tumor cells or antagonize antiviral immunity have been developed and tested for. Here we comprehensively review small molecule compounds that can achieve therapeutic synergy with OVs. We also elaborate on the mechanisms by which these treatments elicit anti-tumor effects as monotherapies and how these complement OV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Spiesschaert
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- ViraTherapeutics GmbH, 6063 Rum, Austria
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Katharina Angerer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - John Park
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach a.d. Riss, Germany;
| | - Guido Wollmann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (B.S.); (K.A.)
- Institute of Virology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Efremova MV, Spasova M, Heidelmann M, Grebennikov IS, Li ZA, Garanina AS, Tcareva IO, Savchenko AG, Farle M, Klyachko NL, Majouga AG, Wiedwald U. Room temperature synthesized solid solution AuFe nanoparticles and their transformation into Au/Fe Janus nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10402-10413. [PMID: 34096958 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Solid solution AuFe nanoparticles were synthesized for the first time under ambient conditions by an adapted method previously established for the Fe3O4-Au core-shell morphology. These AuFe particles preserved the fcc structure of Au incorporated with paramagnetic Fe atoms. The metastable AuFe can be segregated by transformation into Janus Au/Fe particles with bcc Fe and fcc Au upon annealing. The ferromagnetic Fe was epitaxially grown on low index fcc Au planes. This preparation route delivers new perspective materials for magnetoplasmonics and biomedical applications and suggests the reconsideration of existing protocols for magnetite-gold core-shell synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Efremova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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8
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Annels NE, Simpson GR, Denyer M, Arif M, Coffey M, Melcher A, Harrington K, Vile R, Pandha H. Oncolytic Reovirus-Mediated Recruitment of Early Innate Immune Responses Reverses Immunotherapy Resistance in Prostate Tumors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 20:434-446. [PMID: 33665363 PMCID: PMC7900644 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancers are considered "cold" tumors characterized by minimal T cell infiltrates, absence of a type I interferon (IFN) signature, and the presence of immunosuppressive cells. This non-inflamed phenotype is likely responsible for the lack of sensitivity of prostate cancer patients to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Oncolytic virus therapy can potentially overcome this resistance to immunotherapy in prostate cancers by transforming cold tumors into "hot," immune cell-infiltrated tumors. We investigated whether the combination of intratumoral oncolytic reovirus, followed by targeted blockade of Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibition and/or the immunomodulatory CD73/Adenosine system can enhance anti-tumor immunity. Treatment of subcutaneous TRAMP-C2 prostate tumors with combined intratumoral reovirus and anti-PD-1 or anti-CD73 antibody significantly enhanced survival of mice compared with reovirus or either antibody therapy alone. Only combination therapy led to rejection of pre-established tumors and protection from tumor re-challenge. This therapeutic effect was dependent on CD4+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NanoString immune profiling of tumors confirmed that reovirus increased tumor immune cell infiltration and revealed an upregulation of the immune-regulatory receptor, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). This expression of BTLA on innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and its ligand, Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), on T cells from reovirus-infected tumors was in keeping with a role for the HVEM-BTLA pathway in promoting the potent anti-tumor memory response observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola E. Annels
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Guy R. Simpson
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Mick Denyer
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Mehreen Arif
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech, Inc., 210, 1167 Kensington Crescent NW Calgary, AB T2N 1X7, Canada
| | - Alan Melcher
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW6 6JB, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW6 6JB, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
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9
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Reovirus and the Host Integrated Stress Response: On the Frontlines of the Battle to Survive. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020200. [PMID: 33525628 PMCID: PMC7910986 DOI: 10.3390/v13020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are continually exposed to stressful events, which are overcome by the activation of a number of genetic pathways. The integrated stress response (ISR) is a large component of the overall cellular response to stress, which ultimately functions through the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF2α) to inhibit the energy-taxing process of translation. This response is instrumental in the inhibition of viral infection and contributes to evolution in viruses. Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), an oncolytic virus that has shown promise in over 30 phase I–III clinical trials, has been shown to induce multiple arms within the ISR pathway, but it successfully evades, modulates, or subverts each cellular attempt to inhibit viral translation. MRV has not yet received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for general use in the clinic; therefore, researchers continue to study virus interactions with host cells to identify circumstances where MRV effectiveness in tumor killing can be improved. In this review, we will discuss the ISR, MRV modulation of the ISR, and discuss ways in which MRV interaction with the ISR may increase the effectiveness of cancer therapeutics whose modes of action are altered by the ISR.
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10
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Müller L, Berkeley R, Barr T, Ilett E, Errington-Mais F. Past, Present and Future of Oncolytic Reovirus. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3219. [PMID: 33142841 PMCID: PMC7693452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a "one size fits all" approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
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11
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Berry JTL, Muñoz LE, Rodríguez Stewart RM, Selvaraj P, Mainou BA. Doxorubicin Conjugation to Reovirus Improves Oncolytic Efficacy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2020; 18:556-572. [PMID: 32995480 PMCID: PMC7493048 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women in the United States. The triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype associates with higher rates of relapse, shorter overall survival, and aggressive metastatic disease. Hormone therapy is ineffective against TNBC, leaving patients with limited therapeutic options. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) preferentially infects and kills transformed cells, and a genetically engineered reassortant reovirus infects and kills TNBC cells more efficiently than prototypical strains. Reovirus oncolytic efficacy is further augmented by combination with topoisomerase inhibitors, including the frontline chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. However, long-term doxorubicin use correlates with toxicity to healthy tissues. Here, we conjugated doxorubicin to reovirus (reo-dox) to control drug delivery and enhance reovirus-mediated oncolysis. Our data indicate that conjugation does not impair viral biology and enhances reovirus oncolytic capacity in TNBC cells. Reo-dox infection promotes innate immune activation, and crosslinked doxorubicin retains DNA-damaging properties within infected cells. Importantly, reovirus and reo-dox significantly reduce primary TNBC tumor burden in vivo, with greater reduction in metastatic burden after reo-dox inoculation. Together, these data demonstrate that crosslinking chemotherapeutic agents to oncolytic viruses facilitates functional drug delivery to cells targeted by the virus, making it a viable approach for combination therapy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson T L Berry
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Luis E Muñoz
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Roxana M Rodríguez Stewart
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
| | - Bernardo A Mainou
- Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30032, USA
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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12
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Goel S, Ocean AJ, Parakrama RY, Ghalib MH, Chaudhary I, Shah U, Viswanathan S, Kharkwal H, Coffey M, Maitra R. Elucidation of Pelareorep Pharmacodynamics in A Phase I Trial in Patients with KRAS-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1148-1156. [PMID: 32156785 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutation is a negative predictive biomarker of anti-EGFR agents in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), and remains an elusive target. Pelareorep, a double-stranded RNA virus selectively replicates in KRAS-mutated cells, and is synergistic with irinotecan. A dose escalation trial of FOLFIRI/bevacizumab [irinotecan (150-180 mg/m2) and pelareorep (1 × 1010 TCID50-3 × 1010 TCID50)] was implemented in adult patients with oxaliplatin refractory/intolerant, KRAS-mutant mCRC. Pelareorep was administered intravenously over 1 hour on days 1-5 every 4 weeks. Additional studies included pharmacokinetics, tumor morphology, and immune responses. Among FOLFIRI-naïve patients, the highest dose of FOLFIRI/bevacizumab (180 mg/m2 irinotecan) and pelareorep (3 × 1010 TCID50) was well tolerated, without a dose-limiting toxicity. At the recommended phase II dose, 3 of 6 patients (50%) had a partial response; the median progression-free and overall survival (PFS, OS) were 65.6 weeks and 25.1 months, respectively. Toxicities included myelosuppression, fatigue, and diarrhea. Transmission electron microscopy revealed viral factories (viral collections forming vesicular structures), at various stages of development. Immunogold staining against viral capsid σ-1 protein demonstrated viral "homing" in the tumor cells. The nucleus displayed sufficient euchromatin regions suggestive of active transcription. Flow cytometry revealed rapid dendritic cell maturation (48 hours) with subsequent activation of cytotoxic T cells (7 days). The combination of pelareorep with FOLFIRI/bevacizumab is safe. The PFS and OS data are encouraging and deserve further exploration. Pelareorep leads to a clear recurrent immune stimulatory response with cytotoxic T-cell activation, and homes and replicates in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York. .,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Allyson J Ocean
- Department of Medical Oncology, New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ruwan Y Parakrama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Mohammad H Ghalib
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Imran Chaudhary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Umang Shah
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Himanshu Kharkwal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | | | - Radhashree Maitra
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York.,Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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13
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Igase M, Shibutani S, Kurogouchi Y, Fujiki N, Hwang CC, Coffey M, Noguchi S, Nemoto Y, Mizuno T. Combination Therapy with Reovirus and ATM Inhibitor Enhances Cell Death and Virus Replication in Canine Melanoma. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 15:49-59. [PMID: 31650025 PMCID: PMC6804779 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy using reovirus is a promising new anti-cancer treatment with potential for use in humans and dogs. Because reovirus monotherapy shows limited efficacy in human and canine cancer patients, the clinical development of a combination therapy is necessary. To identify candidate components of such a combination, we screened a 285-compound drug library for those that enhanced reovirus cytotoxicity in a canine melanoma cell line. Here, we show that exposure to an inhibitor of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated protein (ATM) enhances the oncolytic potential of reovirus in five of six tested canine melanoma cell lines. Specifically, the ATM inhibitor potentiated reovirus replication in cancer cells along with promoting the lysosomal activity, resulting in an increased proportion of caspase-dependent apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M compared to those observed with reovirus alone. Overall, our study suggests that the combination of reovirus and the ATM inhibitor may be an attractive option in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Igase
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Shusaku Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Hygiene, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurogouchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Fujiki
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Chung Chew Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Nemoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
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14
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Du Q, Jiang G, Li S, Liu Y, Huang Z. Docetaxel increases the risk of severe infections in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncoscience 2018; 5:220-238. [PMID: 30234144 PMCID: PMC6142895 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether docetaxel increases the risk of severe infections in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. A thorough literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was performed (up to February 28, 2017) without any language restrictions. In addition, we searched the www.clinicaltrials.gov website and checked each reference listed in the included studies, relevant reviews and guidelines. We also included randomized controlled trials that reported severe infections in patients with non-small cell lung cancer who were administered docetaxel. A meta- analysis was conducted using relative risk and random effects models in Stata 14.0 software. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were performed using Stata 14.0 software. We identified 354 records from the initial search, and this systematic review ultimately included 43 trials with 12,447 participants. The results of our meta- analysis showed that docetaxel increased the risk of severe infections [relative risk: 2.10, 95% confidence interval: 1.51-2.93, I2 = 69.6%, P = 0.000]. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the type of intervention was a major source of heterogeneity. Our systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that docetaxel is associated with the risk of severe infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcheng Du
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Guanming Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dongguan People's Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong 523018, China
| | - Silu Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.,Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524023, China
| | - Zunnan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China.,Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong 523808, China
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15
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Efremova MV, Naumenko VA, Spasova M, Garanina AS, Abakumov MA, Blokhina AD, Melnikov PA, Prelovskaya AO, Heidelmann M, Li ZA, Ma Z, Shchetinin IV, Golovin YI, Kireev II, Savchenko AG, Chekhonin VP, Klyachko NL, Farle M, Majouga AG, Wiedwald U. Magnetite-Gold nanohybrids as ideal all-in-one platforms for theranostics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11295. [PMID: 30050080 PMCID: PMC6062557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High-quality, 25 nm octahedral-shaped Fe3O4 magnetite nanocrystals are epitaxially grown on 9 nm Au seed nanoparticles using a modified wet-chemical synthesis. These Fe3O4-Au Janus nanoparticles exhibit bulk-like magnetic properties. Due to their high magnetization and octahedral shape, the hybrids show superior in vitro and in vivo T2 relaxivity for magnetic resonance imaging as compared to other types of Fe3O4-Au hybrids and commercial contrast agents. The nanoparticles provide two functional surfaces for theranostic applications. For the first time, Fe3O4-Au hybrids are conjugated with two fluorescent dyes or the combination of drug and dye allowing the simultaneous tracking of the nanoparticle vehicle and the drug cargo in vitro and in vivo. The delivery to tumors and payload release are demonstrated in real time by intravital microscopy. Replacing the dyes by cell-specific molecules and drugs makes the Fe3O4-Au hybrids a unique all-in-one platform for theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Efremova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Victor A Naumenko
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Spasova
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Anastasiia S Garanina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim A Abakumov
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia D Blokhina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel A Melnikov
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119034, Russian Federation
| | | | - Markus Heidelmann
- ICAN - Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Zi-An Li
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Zheng Ma
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Igor V Shchetinin
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Yuri I Golovin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- Derzhavin Tambov State University, Nanocenter, Tambov, 392000, Russian Federation
| | - Igor I Kireev
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander G Savchenko
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir P Chekhonin
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 119034, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia L Klyachko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Farle
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Alexander G Majouga
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation.
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation.
| | - Ulf Wiedwald
- National University of Science and Technology «MISIS», Moscow, 119049, Russian Federation.
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, 47057, Germany.
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16
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Phillips MB, Stuart JD, Rodríguez Stewart RM, Berry JT, Mainou BA, Boehme KW. Current understanding of reovirus oncolysis mechanisms. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:53-63. [PMID: 29942799 PMCID: PMC6005300 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s143808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is under development as a cancer virotherapy. Clinical trials demonstrate that reovirus-based therapies are safe and tolerated in patients with a wide variety of cancers. Although reovirus monotherapy has proven largely ineffective, reovirus sensitizes cancer cells to existing chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Clinical trials are underway to test the efficacy of reovirus in combination with chemotherapeutic and radiation regimens and to evaluate the effectiveness of reovirus in conjunction with immunotherapies. Central to the use of reovirus to treat cancer is its capacity to directly kill cancer cells and alter the cellular environment to augment other therapies. Apoptotic cell death is a prominent mechanism of reovirus cancer cell killing. However, reoviruses can also kill cancer cells through nonapoptotic mechanisms. Here, we describe mechanisms of reovirus cancer cell killing, highlight how reovirus is used in combination with existing cancer treatments, and discuss what is known as to how reovirus modulates cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Phillips
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Johnasha D Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Karl W Boehme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Recombinant viruses with other anti-cancer therapeutics: a step towards advancement of oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:216-226. [PMID: 29735993 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer as a disease is a multifaceted foe which sometimes succumbs to the prescribed treatment and sometimes develops resistance against various therapies. Conventional cancer therapies suffer from many limitations, the least of which is their specificity and systemic side effects. In a majority of cases, acquired mutations render the cancer cells resistant to therapy and lower the prognostic outcome. In the constant effort to devise a therapeutic moiety which can comprehensively eliminate cancer cells, oncolytic viruses provide an attractive avenue as they selectively infect and lyse cancer cells sparing normal cells from their effects. Viruses can be engineered for their host specificity and toxicity as a promising anti-cancer tool. As it is essential to devise a strategy to address all targets involved in cancer development and progression, the idea of using oncolytic viruses with enhanced anti-cancer activity through arming with foreign genes gained merit and is showing promising advent in clinical studies. The use of oncolytic viruses as an agent of combination therapy for cancer treatment also gained much attention in the recent past. This review focuses on the emerging role of oncolytic viruses as vital components of anti-cancer regimen presenting a new dimension in an ever-changing cancer therapy scenario.
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18
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Chaurasiya S, Chen NG, Warner SG. Oncolytic Virotherapy versus Cancer Stem Cells: A Review of Approaches and Mechanisms. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E124. [PMID: 29671772 PMCID: PMC5923379 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10040124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that a subset of cells within tumors are resistant to conventional treatment modalities and may be responsible for disease recurrence. These cells are called cancer stem cells (CSC), which share properties with normal stem cells including self-renewal, pluripotency, drug resistance, and the ability to maintain quiescence. While most conventional therapies can efficiently destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells comprising the bulk of a tumor, they often fail to kill the less abundant and quiescent CSCs. Furthermore, killing of only differentiated cells in the tumor may actually allow for enrichment of CSCs and thereby portend a bad prognosis. Therefore, targeting of CSCs is important to achieve long-term success in cancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses represent a completely different class of therapeutics that can kill cancer cells in a variety of ways, which differ from those of conventional therapies. Hence, CSCs that are inherently resistant to conventional therapies may be susceptible to oncolytic virus-mediated killing. Recent studies have shown that oncolytic viruses can efficiently kill CSCs in many types of cancer. Here, we discuss the mechanism through which CSCs can escape conventional therapies and how they may still be susceptible to different classes of oncolytic viruses. Furthermore, we provide a summary of recent studies that have tested oncolytic viruses on CSCs of different origins and discuss possible future directions for this fascinating subset of oncolytic virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyambabu Chaurasiya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Nanhai G Chen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Center for Gene Therapy, Department of Hematologic and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
- Gene Editing and Viral Vector Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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19
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Oncolytic vaccinia virus combined with radiotherapy induces apoptotic cell death in sarcoma cells by down-regulating the inhibitors of apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81208-81222. [PMID: 27783991 PMCID: PMC5348387 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced extremity melanoma and sarcoma present a significant therapeutic challenge, requiring multimodality therapy to treat or even palliate disease. These aggressive tumours are relatively chemo-resistant, therefore new treatment approaches are urgently required. We have previously reported on the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy (OV) delivered by isolated limb perfusion. In this report, we have improved therapeutic outcomes by combining OV with radiotherapy. In vitro, the combination of oncolytic vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and radiotherapy demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity. This effect was not due to increased viral replication, but mediated through induction of intrinsic apoptosis. GLV-1h68 therapy downregulated the anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins (MCL-1 and BCL-XL) and the downstream inhibitors of apoptosis, resulting in cleavage of effector caspases 3 and 7. In an in vivo ILP model, the combination of OV and radiotherapy significantly delayed tumour growth and prolonged survival compared to single agent therapy. These data suggest that the virally-mediated down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins may increase the sensitivity of tumour cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. Oncolytic virotherapy represents an exciting candidate for clinical development when delivered by ILP. Its ability to overcome anti-apoptotic signals within tumour cells points the way to further development in combination with conventional anti-cancer therapies.
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20
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Enhanced cytotoxicity of reovirus and radiotherapy in melanoma cells is mediated through increased viral replication and mitochondrial apoptotic signalling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48517-48532. [PMID: 27384486 PMCID: PMC5217035 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and replicate in cancer cells, providing us with a unique tool with which to target and kill tumour cells. These viruses come from a diverse range of viral families including reovirus type 3 Dearing (RT3D), a non-pathogenic human double-stranded RNA oncolytic virus, which has been shown to be an effective therapeutic agent, both as a mono-therapy and in combination with traditional chemotherapeutic drugs. This study investigated the interaction between RT3D and radiotherapy in melanoma cell lines with a BRAF mutant, Ras mutant or BRAF/Ras wild type genotype. The data indicates that RT3D combined with radiotherapy significantly increased cytotoxicity relative to either single agent, independent of genotype, both in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity was dependent on an increase in viral replication, mediated by CUG2 up-regulation and subsequent down-regulation of pPKR and p-eIF2α, leading to the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signalling resulting in increased cell death.
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21
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Yang Z, Chen JS, Wen JK, Gao HT, Zheng B, Qu CB, Liu KL, Zhang ML, Gu JF, Li JD, Zhang YP, Li W, Wang XL, Zhang Y. Silencing of miR-193a-5p increases the chemosensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:178. [PMID: 29216925 PMCID: PMC5721613 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Docetaxel-based chemotherapy failure in advanced prostate carcinoma has partly been attributed to the resistance of prostate cancer (PC) cells to docetaxel-induced apoptosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify mechanisms of docetaxel chemoresistance and to develop new combination therapies. METHODS miR-193a-5p level was evaluated by qPCR in prostate tissues and cell lines, and its expression in the tissues was also examined by in situ hybridization. PC cell line (PC3 cell) was transfected with miR-193a-5p mimic or its inhibitor, and then cell apoptosis and the expression of its downstream genes Bach2 and HO-1 were detected by TUNEL staining and Western blotting. Luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the effect of miR-193a-5p and Bach2 on HO-1 expression. Xenograft animal model was used to test the effect of miR-193a-5p and docetaxel on PC3 xenograft growth. RESULTS miR-193a-5p was upregulated in PC tissues and PC cell lines, with significant suppression of PC3 cell apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Mechanistically, miR-193a-5p suppressed the expression of Bach2, a repressor of the HO-1 gene, by directly targeting the Bach2 mRNA 3'-UTR. Docetaxel treatment modestly decreased Bach2 expression and increased HO-1 level in PC3 cells, whereas a modest increase of HO-1 facilitated docetaxel-induced apoptosis. Notably, docetaxel-induced miR-193a-5p upregulation, which in turn inhibits Bach2 expression and thus relieves Bach2 repression of HO-1 expression, partly counteracted docetaxel-induced apoptosis, as evidenced by the increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax expression. Accordingly, silencing of miR-193a-5p enhanced sensitization of PC3 cells to docetaxel-induced apoptosis. Finally, depletion of miR-193a-5p significantly reduced PC xenograft growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Silencing of miR-193a-5p or blockade of the miR-193a-5p-Bach2-HO-1 pathway may be a novel therapeutic approach for castration-resistant PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Yang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan E Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.,Department of Science and Technology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping W Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jin-Suo Chen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jin-Kun Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan E Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Hai-Tao Gao
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan E Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Chang-Bao Qu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Kai-Long Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Man-Li Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education of China, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 Zhongshan E Rd, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China.,Department of Emergency Medicine, The second hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China
| | - Jun-Fei Gu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jing-Dong Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Heping West Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China.
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22
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Cohn DE, Sill MW, Walker JL, O'Malley D, Nagel CI, Rutledge TL, Bradley W, Richardson DL, Moxley KM, Aghajanian C. Randomized phase IIB evaluation of weekly paclitaxel versus weekly paclitaxel with oncolytic reovirus (Reolysin®) in recurrent ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal cancer: An NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 146:477-483. [PMID: 28756871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether the addition of oncolytic reovirus (Reolysin®) to weekly paclitaxel prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in the treatment of women with recurrent or persistent ovarian, tubal or primary peritoneal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with recurrent or persistent epithelial ovarian, tubal, or peritoneal carcinoma, measurable or detectable disease, and three or fewer prior regimens were randomly assigned to paclitaxel (80mg/m2 intravenously days 1, 8, and 15 every 4weeks) or the combination of paclitaxel (80mg/m2 intravenously days 1, 8, and 15) plus reovirus 3×1010TCID50/day intravenously on days 1-5, both every 4weeks until disease progression or toxicity. The primary end point was PFS. The study was designed with 80% power for a one-sided alternative at a 10% level of significance to detect a reduction in the hazard by 37.5%. RESULTS The study accrued 108 patients, 100 of whom were evaluable for toxicity. Median PFS was 4.3months for paclitaxel and 4.4months for paclitaxel plus reovirus (hazard ratio, 1.11; 90% two-sided CI, 0.78 to 1.59; one-sided P=0.687). The proportion responding (overall response rate) to paclitaxel was 20% among 45 patients with measurable disease receiving paclitaxel alone, and 17.4% among the 46 patients treated with the combination. The asymptotic relative probability of responding was 0.87 (90% CI, 0.42 to 1.79). Severe adverse events were more common in the combination regimen than in paclitaxel arm for severe neutropenia (grade≥4, 12% versus 0%), and severe respiratory adverse events (grade≥3, 25% versus 2%). No deaths were considered treatment related. CONCLUSION The addition of reovirus to weekly paclitaxel in the treatment of women with recurrent or persistent ovarian, tubal or peritoneal cancer did not sufficiently reduce the hazard of progression or death to warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Cohn
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Michael W Sill
- NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group, Statistics & Data Management, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Joan L Walker
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
| | - David O'Malley
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States.
| | - Christa I Nagel
- Dept of Gynecologic Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States.
| | - Teresa L Rutledge
- Division of Gyn/Oncology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States.
| | - William Bradley
- Dept. of OB/GYN, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States.
| | - Debra L Richardson
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 95390-9032, United States.
| | - Katherine M Moxley
- Department of OB/GYN, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
| | - Carol Aghajanian
- Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 120021, United States.
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23
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a cancer treatment in which replication-competent viruses are used that specifically infect, replicate in and lyse malignant tumour cells, while minimizing harm to normal cells. Anecdotal evidence of the effectiveness of this strategy has existed since the late nineteenth century, but advances and innovations in biotechnological methods in the 1980s and 1990s led to a renewed interest in this type of therapy. Multiple clinical trials investigating the use of agents constructed from a wide range of viruses have since been performed, and several of these enrolled patients with urological malignancies. Data from these clinical trials and from preclinical studies revealed a number of challenges to the effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapy that have prompted the development of further sophisticated strategies. Urological cancers have a range of distinctive features, such as specific genetic mutations and cell surface markers, which enable improving both effectiveness and safety of oncolytic virus treatments. The strategies employed in creating advanced oncolytic agents include alteration of the virus tropism, regulating transcription and translation of viral genes, combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or gene therapy, arming viruses with factors that stimulate the immune response against tumour cells and delivery technologies to ensure that the viral agent reaches its target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Delwar
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Prostate Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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24
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Gong J, Sachdev E, Mita AC, Mita MM. Clinical development of reovirus for cancer therapy: An oncolytic virus with immune-mediated antitumor activity. World J Methodol 2016; 6:25-42. [PMID: 27019795 PMCID: PMC4804250 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v6.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is a double-stranded RNA virus with demonstrated oncolysis or preferential replication in cancer cells. The oncolytic properties of reovirus appear to be dependent, in part, on activated Ras signaling. In addition, Ras-transformation promotes reovirus oncolysis by affecting several steps of the viral life cycle. Reovirus-mediated immune responses can present barriers to tumor targeting, serve protective functions against reovirus systemic toxicity, and contribute to therapeutic efficacy through antitumor immune-mediated effects via innate and adaptive responses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the broad anticancer activity of wild-type, unmodified type 3 Dearing strain reovirus (Reolysin®) across a spectrum of malignancies. The development of reovirus as an anticancer agent and available clinical data reported from 22 clinical trials will be reviewed.
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25
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Simpson GR, Relph K, Harrington K, Melcher A, Pandha H. Cancer immunotherapy via combining oncolytic virotherapy with chemotherapy: recent advances. Oncolytic Virother 2016; 5:1-13. [PMID: 27579292 PMCID: PMC4996257 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s66083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are multifunctional anticancer agents with huge clinical potential, and have recently passed the randomized Phase III clinical trial hurdle. Both wild-type and engineered viruses have been selected for targeting of specific cancers, to elicit cytotoxicity, and also to generate antitumor immunity. Single-agent oncolytic virotherapy treatments have resulted in modest effects in the clinic. There is increasing interest in their combination with cytotoxic agents, radiotherapy and immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Similarly to oncolytic viruses, the benefits of chemotherapeutic agents may be that they induce systemic antitumor immunity through the induction of immunogenic cell death of cancer cells. Combining these two treatment modalities has to date resulted in significant potential in vitro and in vivo synergies through various mechanisms without any apparent additional toxicities. Chemotherapy has been and will continue to be integral to the management of advanced cancers. This review therefore focuses on the potential for a number of common cytotoxic agents to be combined with clinically relevant oncolytic viruses. In many cases, this combined approach has already advanced to the clinical trial arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy R Simpson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - Kate Relph
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Targeted Therapy, The Institute of Cancer Research/The Royal Marsden NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London
| | - Alan Melcher
- Targeted and Biological Therapies, Oncology and Clinical Research, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Targeted Cancer Therapy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford
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26
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Igase M, Hwang CC, Kambayashi S, Kubo M, Coffey M, Miyama TS, Baba K, Okuda M, Noguchi S, Mizuno T. Oncolytic reovirus synergizes with chemotherapeutic agents to promote cell death in canine mammary gland tumor. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2016; 80:21-31. [PMID: 26733729 PMCID: PMC4686031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oncolytic effects of reovirus in various cancers have been proven in many clinical trials in human medicine. Oncolytic virotherapy using reovirus for canine cancers is being developed in our laboratory. The objective of this study was to examine the synergistic anti-cancer effects of a combination of reovirus and low doses of various chemotherapeutic agents on mammary gland tumors (MGTs) in dogs. The first part of this study demonstrated the efficacy of reovirus in canine MGTs in vitro and in vivo. Reovirus alone exerted significant cell death by means of caspase-dependent apoptosis in canine MGT cell lines. A single injection of reovirus impeded growth of canine MGT tumors in xenografted mice, but was insufficient to induce complete tumor regression. The second part of this study highlighted the anti-tumor effects of reovirus in combination with low doses of paclitaxel, carboplatin, gemcitabine, or toceranib. Enhanced synergistic activity was observed in the MGT cell line treated concomitantly with reovirus and in all the chemotherapeutic agents except toceranib. In addition, combining reovirus with paclitaxel or gemcitabine at half dosage of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) enhanced cytotoxicity by activating caspase 3. Our data suggest that the combination of reovirus and low dose chemotherapeutic agents provides an attractive option in canine cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Igase
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Chung Chew Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Satoshi Kambayashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Matt Coffey
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Takako Shimokawa Miyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Kenji Baba
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Masaru Okuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
| | - Takuya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Igase, Noguchi, Mizuno), Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine (Kambayashi, Miyama, Baba, Okuda), and Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (Kubo), Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapeutics (Hwang) and Biomedical Science Center for Translational Research (Okuda, Noguchi, Mizuno), United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan; Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta (Coffey)
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27
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Evidence for Oncolytic Virotherapy: Where Have We Got to and Where Are We Going? Viruses 2015; 7:6291-312. [PMID: 26633468 PMCID: PMC4690862 DOI: 10.3390/v7122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The last few years have seen an increased interest in immunotherapy in the treatment of malignant disease. In particular, there has been significant enthusiasm for oncolytic virotherapy, with a large amount of pre-clinical data showing promise in animal models in a wide range of tumour types. How do we move forward into the clinical setting and translate something which has such potential into meaningful clinical outcomes? Here, we review how the field of oncolytic virotherapy has developed thus far and what the future may hold.
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28
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Mohamed A, Johnston RN, Shmulevitz M. Potential for Improving Potency and Specificity of Reovirus Oncolysis with Next-Generation Reovirus Variants. Viruses 2015; 7:6251-78. [PMID: 26633466 PMCID: PMC4690860 DOI: 10.3390/v7122936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses that specifically replicate in tumor over normal cells offer promising cancer therapies. Oncolytic viruses (OV) not only kill the tumor cells directly; they also promote anti-tumor immunotherapeutic responses. Other major advantages of OVs are that they dose-escalate in tumors and can be genetically engineered to enhance potency and specificity. Unmodified wild type reovirus is a propitious OV currently in phase I–III clinical trials. This review summarizes modifications to reovirus that may improve potency and/or specificity during oncolysis. Classical genetics approaches have revealed reovirus variants with improved adaptation towards tumors or with enhanced ability to establish specific steps of virus replication and cell killing among transformed cells. The recent emergence of a reverse genetics system for reovirus has provided novel strategies to fine-tune reovirus proteins or introduce exogenous genes that could promote oncolytic activity. Over the next decade, these findings are likely to generate better-optimized second-generation reovirus vectors and improve the efficacy of oncolytic reotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Randal N Johnston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Maya Shmulevitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
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29
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Downregulation of key regulatory proteins in androgen dependent prostate tumor cells by oncolytic reovirus. Virology 2015; 485:153-61. [PMID: 26264969 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As prostate tumor cell growth depends on hormones, androgen ablation is an effective therapy for prostate cancer (PCa). However, progression of PCa cells to androgen independent growth (castrate resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) results in relapse and mortality. Hypoxia, a microenvironment of low oxygen that modifies the activity of PCa regulatory proteins including the androgen receptor (AR), plays a critical role in progression to CRPC. Therapies targeting hypoxia and the AR may lengthen the time to CRPC progression thereby increasing survival time of PCa patients. Mammalian Orthoreovirus (MRV) has shown promise for the treatment of prostate tumors in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we found that MRV infection induces downregulation of proteins implicated in CRPC progression, interferes with hypoxia-induced AR activity, and induces apoptosis in androgen dependent cells. This suggests MRV possesses traits that could be exploited to create novel therapies for the inhibition of progression to CRPC.
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30
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Park SH, Breitbach CJ, Lee J, Park JO, Lim HY, Kang WK, Moon A, Mun JH, Sommermann EM, Maruri Avidal L, Patt R, Pelusio A, Burke J, Hwang TH, Kirn D, Park YS. Phase 1b Trial of Biweekly Intravenous Pexa-Vec (JX-594), an Oncolytic and Immunotherapeutic Vaccinia Virus in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1532-40. [PMID: 26073886 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen patients with treatment-refractory colorectal cancer were enrolled on a phase 1b study of Pexa-Vec (pexastimogene devacirepvec; JX-594), an oncolytic and immunotherapeutic vaccinia designed to selectively replicate in cancer cells. Pexa-Vec was administered intravenously every 14 days, at dose levels of 1 × 10(6), 1 × 10(7), or 3 × 10(7) plaque-forming units (pfu)/kg. The primary endpoint was to determine the maximum tolerated dose. Secondary endpoints were pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics as well as antitumor activity. Patients were heavily pretreated (mean 4.5 lines of therapy). All patients received at least two Pexa-Vec doses (median = 4; range = 2-4). No dose-limiting toxicities were reported, and the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The most common adverse events were grade 1/2 flu-like symptoms, generally lasting <24 hours. During the first and last cycles, genome pharmacokinetics were unchanged. Infectious pfu could be detected in plasma up to 2 hours after cycle 1 and up to 30 minutes after cycle 4 (when antivaccinia antibody titers are known to have peaked). Ten patients (67%) had radiographically stable disease. Given the acceptable safety profile of multiple intravenous Pexa-Vec infusions in patients with treatment-refractory colorectal cancer, further trials evaluating efficacy of intravenous Pexa-Vec, as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, is warranted in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Yeong Lim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Ki Kang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anne Moon
- SillaJen Biotherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA.,Current address: Aduro Biotech, Berkeley, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Adina Pelusio
- SillaJen Biotherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James Burke
- SillaJen Biotherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tae-Ho Hwang
- SillaJen, Inc., Busan, Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - David Kirn
- SillaJen Biotherapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Garant KA, Shmulevitz M, Pan L, Daigle RM, Ahn DG, Gujar SA, Lee PWK. Oncolytic reovirus induces intracellular redistribution of Ras to promote apoptosis and progeny virus release. Oncogene 2015; 35:771-82. [PMID: 25961930 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Reovirus is a naturally oncolytic virus that preferentially replicates in Ras-transformed cells and is currently undergoing clinical trials as a cancer therapeutic. Ras transformation promotes reovirus oncolysis by enhancing virion disassembly during entry, viral progeny production, and virus release through apoptosis; however, the mechanism behind the latter is not well understood. Here, we show that reovirus alters the intracellular location of oncogenic Ras to induce apoptosis of H-RasV12-transformed fibroblasts. Reovirus infection decreases Ras palmitoylation levels and causes accumulation of Ras in the Golgi through Golgi fragmentation. With the Golgi being the site of Ras palmitoylation, treatment of target cells with the palmitoylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), prompts a greater accumulation of H-RasV12 in the Golgi, and a dose-dependent increase in progeny virus release and subsequent spread. Conversely, tethering H-RasV12 to the plasma membrane (thereby preventing its movement to the Golgi) allows for efficient virus production, but results in basal levels of reovirus-induced cell death. Analysis of Ras downstream signaling reveals that cells expressing cycling H-RasV12 have elevated levels of phosphorylated JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), and that Ras retained at the Golgi body by 2BP increases activation of the MEKK1/MKK4/JNK signaling pathway to promote cell death. Collectively, our data suggest that reovirus induces Golgi fragmentation of target cells, and the subsequent accumulation of oncogenic Ras in the Golgi body initiates apoptotic signaling events required for virus release and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Garant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M Shmulevitz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - L Pan
- Division of Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto Western Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R M Daigle
- Department of Oceanography, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - D-G Ahn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - P W K Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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32
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Oncolytic vaccinia virus synergizes with irinotecan in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1539-52. [PMID: 26004084 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is complex clinical challenge for which there are limited treatment options. Chemotherapy with or without surgery provides moderate improvements in overall survival and quality of life; nevertheless the 5-year survival remains below 30%. Oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) shows strong anti-tumour activity in models of CRC, however transient delays in disease progression are insufficient to lead to long-term survival. Here we examined the efficacy of VV with oxaliplatin or SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) in CRC cell lines in vitro and VV with irinotecan in an orthotopic model of metastatic CRC. Synergistic improvements in in vitro cell killing were observed in multiple cell lines. Combination therapy was well tolerated in tumour-bearing mice and the median survival was significantly increased relative to monotherapy despite a drug-dependent decrease in the mean tumour titer. Increased apoptosis following in vitro and in vivo combination therapy was observed. In vitro cell cycle analysis showed increases in S-phase cells following infection occurred in both infected and uninfected cell populations. This corresponded to a 4-fold greater increase in apoptosis in the uninfected compared to infected cells following combination therapy. Combination treatment strategies are among the best options for patients with advanced cancers. VV is currently under clinical investigation in patients with CRC and the data presented here suggest that its combination with irinotecan may provide benefit to a subset of CRC patients. Further, investigation of this combination is necessary to determine the tumour characteristics responsible for mediating synergy.
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Roulstone V, Pedersen M, Kyula J, Mansfield D, Khan AA, McEntee G, Wilkinson M, Karapanagiotou E, Coffey M, Marais R, Jebar A, Errington-Mais F, Melcher A, Vile R, Pandha H, McLaughlin M, Harrington KJ. BRAF- and MEK-Targeted Small Molecule Inhibitors Exert Enhanced Antimelanoma Effects in Combination With Oncolytic Reovirus Through ER Stress. Mol Ther 2015; 23:931-942. [PMID: 25619724 PMCID: PMC4427871 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (RT3D) infection is selective for cells harboring a mutated/activated RAS pathway. Therefore, in a panel of melanoma cell lines (including RAS mutant, BRAF mutant and RAS/BRAF wild-type), we assessed therapeutic combinations that enhance/suppress ERK1/2 signaling through use of BRAF/MEK inhibitors. In RAS mutant cells, the combination of RT3D with the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720 (paradoxically increasing ERK1/2 signaling in this context) did not enhance reoviral cytotoxicity. Instead, and somewhat surprisingly, RT3D and BRAF inhibition led to enhanced cell kill in BRAF mutated cell lines. Likewise, ERK1/2 inhibition, using the MEK inhibitor PD184352, in combination with RT3D resulted in enhanced cell kill in the entire panel. Interestingly, TCID50 assays showed that BRAF and MEK inhibitors did not affect viral replication. Instead, enhanced efficacy was mediated through ER stress-induced apoptosis, induced by the combination of ERK1/2 inhibition and reovirus infection. In vivo, combined treatments of RT3D and PLX4720 showed significantly increased activity in BRAF mutant tumors in both immune-deficient and immune-competent models. These data provide a strong rationale for clinical translation of strategies in which RT3D is combined with BRAF inhibitors (in BRAF mutant melanoma) and/or MEK inhibitors (in BRAF and RAS mutant melanoma).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malin Pedersen
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Joan Kyula
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Mansfield
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Aadil A Khan
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Grainne McEntee
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech. Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Adel Jebar
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Alan Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Maitra R, Seetharam R, Tesfa L, Augustine TA, Klampfer L, Coffey MC, Mariadason JM, Goel S. Oncolytic reovirus preferentially induces apoptosis in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells, and synergizes with irinotecan. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2807-19. [PMID: 24798549 PMCID: PMC4058046 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is a double stranded RNA virus, with an intrinsic preference for replication in KRAS mutant cells. As 45% of human colorectal cancers (CRC) harbor KRAS mutations, we sought to investigate its efficacy in KRAS mutant CRC cells, and examine its impact in combination with the topoisimerase-1 inhibitor, irinotecan. Reovirus efficacy was examined in the KRAS mutant HCT116, and the isogenic KRAS WT Hke3 cell line, and in the non-malignant rat intestinal epithelial cell line. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and TUNEL staining. Combination treatment with reovirus and irintoecan was investigated in 15 CRC cell lines, including the HCT116 p21 isogenic cell lines. Reovirus preferentially induced apoptosis in KRAS mutant HCT116 cells compared to its isogenic KRAS WT derivative, and in KRAS mutant IEC cells. Reovirus showed a greater degree of caspase 3 activation with PARP 1 cleavage, and preferential inhibition of p21 protein expression in KRAS mutant cells. Reovirus synergistically induced growth inhibition when combined with irinotecan. This synergy was lost upon p21 gene knock out. Reovirus preferentially induces apoptosis in KRAS mutant colon cancer cells. Reovirus and irinotecan combination therapy is synergistic, p21 mediated, and represents a novel potential treatment for patients with CRC.
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Gupta-Saraf P, Miller CL. HIF-1α downregulation and apoptosis in hypoxic prostate tumor cells infected with oncolytic mammalian orthoreovirus. Oncotarget 2015; 5:561-74. [PMID: 24504474 PMCID: PMC3964229 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia has emerged as one of the most important drivers of tumor aggression, metastasis, and poor clinical outcome in many cancers.In prostate cancer (PCa), hypoxia has been strongly correlated to biochemical failure and local recurrence. However, current PCa treatment options do not address hypoxic cells highlighting a critical gap in existing therapies and the need for development of therapies that target hypoxic prostate tumor cells. Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) is an oncolytic virus that targets tumor cells over normal cells which has been shown to be safe and effective against many cancers in vitro, in animal models, and in human clinical trials. We found that MRVinfects and replicates in hypoxic prostate tumor cells to levels comparable to normoxic cells leading to apoptosis and cell death. In addition, the regulatory subunit (HIF-1α) of the master transcriptional regulator of hypoxia, HIF-1, was significantly downregulated in infected cells. HIF-1α downregulation was found to occur via ubiquitin-dependent proteasome-mediated degradation and translational inhibition. Virus-mediated HIF-1α degradation required the HIF-1α PAS domain and expression of the receptor for activated kinase C (RACK1) protein. These data provide evidence that MRV may be a viable therapeutic option for targeting hypoxic cells and HIF-1α in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Gupta-Saraf
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Abstract
Current mainstays in cancer treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal manipulation, and even targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab (herceptin) for breast cancer or Iressa (gefitinib) for non-small cell lung cancer among others are limited by lack of efficacy, cellular resistance, and toxicity. Dose escalation and combination therapies designed to overcome resistance and increase efficacy are limited by a narrow therapeutic index. Oncolytic viruses are one such group of new biological therapeutics that appears to have a wide spectrum of anticancer activity with minimal human toxicity. Since the malignant phenotype of tumors is the culmination of multiple mutations that occur in genes eventually leading to aberrant signaling pathways, oncolytic viruses either natural or engineered specifically target tumor cells taking advantage of this abnormal cellular signaling for their replication. Reovirus is one such naturally occurring double-stranded RNA virus that exploits altered signaling pathways (including Ras) in a myriad of cancers. The ability of reovirus to infect and lyse tumors under in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo conditions has been well documented previously by us and others. The major mechanism of reovirus oncolysis of cancer cells has been shown to occur through apoptosis with autophagy taking place during this process in certain cancers. In addition, the synergistic antitumor effects of reovirus in combination with radiation or chemotherapy have also been demonstrated for reovirus resistant and moderately sensitive tumors. Recent progress in our understanding of viral immunology in the tumor microenvironment has diverted interest in exploring immunologic mechanisms to overcome resistance exhibited by chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer. Thus, currently several investigations are focusing on immune potentiating of reovirus for maximal tumor targeting. This chapter therefore has concentrated on immunologic cell death induction with reovirus as a novel approach to cancer therapy used under in vitro and in vivo conditions, as well as in a clinical setting. Reovirus phase I clinical trials have shown indications of efficacy, and several phase II/III trials are ongoing at present. Reovirus's extensive preclinical efficacy, replication competency, and low toxicity profile in humans have placed it as an attractive anticancer therapeutic for ongoing clinical testing that are highlighted in this chapter.
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Clements D, Helson E, Gujar SA, Lee PW. Reovirus in cancer therapy: an evidence-based review. Oncolytic Virother 2014; 3:69-82. [PMID: 27512664 PMCID: PMC4918368 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s51321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reovirus, a double-stranded ribonucleic acid virus and benign human pathogen, preferentially infects and kills cancer cells in its unmodified form, and is one of the leading oncolytic viruses currently undergoing clinical trials internationally. With 32 clinical trials completed or ongoing thus far, reovirus has demonstrated clinical therapeutic applicability against a multitude of cancers, including but not limited to breast cancer, prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, malignant gliomas, advanced head and neck cancers, and metastatic ovarian cancers. Phase I trials have demonstrated that reovirus is safe to use via both intralesional/intratumoral and systemic routes of administration, with the most common adverse reactions being grade I/II toxicities, such as flu-like illness (fatigue, nausea, vomiting, headache, fever/chills, dizziness), diarrhea, and lymphopenia. In subsequent Phase II trials, reovirus administration was demonstrated to successfully decrease tumor size and promote tumor necrosis, thereby complementing compelling preclinical evidence of tumor destruction by the virus. Importantly, reovirus has been shown to be effective as a monotherapy, as well as in combination with other anticancer options, including radiation and chemotherapeutic agents, such as gemcitabine, docetaxel, paclitaxel, and carboplatin. Of note, the first Phase III clinical trial using reovirus in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin for the treatment of head and neck cancers is under way. Based on the evidence from clinical trials, we comprehensively review the use of reovirus as an anticancer agent, acknowledge key obstacles, and suggest future directions to ultimately potentiate the efficacy of reovirus oncotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Clements
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Erin Helson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Patrick Wk Lee
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zajakina A, Vasilevska J, Zhulenkovs D, Skrastina D, Spaks A, Plotniece A, Kozlovska T. High efficiency of alphaviral gene transfer in combination with 5-fluorouracil in a mouse mammary tumor model. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:460. [PMID: 24950740 PMCID: PMC4077127 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The combination of virotherapy and chemotherapy may enable efficient tumor regression that would be unachievable using either therapy alone. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of transgene delivery and the cytotoxic effects of alphaviral vector in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a mouse mammary tumor model (4 T1). Methods Replication-deficient Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vectors carrying genes encoding fluorescent proteins were used to infect 4 T1 cell cultures treated with different doses of 5-FU. The efficiency of infection was monitored via fluorescence microscopy and quantified by fluorometry. The cytotoxicity of the combined treatment with 5-FU and alphaviral vector was measured using an MTT-based cell viability assay. In vivo experiments were performed in a subcutaneous 4 T1 mouse mammary tumor model with different 5-FU doses and an SFV vector encoding firefly luciferase. Results Infection of 4 T1 cells with SFV prior to 5-FU treatment did not produce a synergistic anti-proliferative effect. An alternative treatment strategy, in which 5-FU was used prior to virus infection, strongly inhibited SFV expression. Nevertheless, in vivo experiments showed a significant enhancement in SFV-driven transgene (luciferase) expression upon intratumoral and intraperitoneal vector administration in 4 T1 tumor-bearing mice pretreated with 5-FU: here, we observed a positive correlation between 5-FU dose and the level of luciferase expression. Conclusions Although 5-FU inhibited SFV-mediated transgene expression in 4 T1 cells in vitro, application of the drug in a mouse model revealed a significant enhancement of intratumoral transgene synthesis compared with 5-FU untreated mice. These results may have implications for efficient transgene delivery and the development of potent cancer treatment strategies using alphaviral vectors and 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zajakina
- Department of Cell Biology, Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str,, 1, Riga LV-1067, Latvia.
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Shi L, Chen J, Zhong Q, Li M, Geng P, He J, Han Z, Sheng M, Tang H. Inactivated Sendai virus strain Tianjin, a novel genotype of Sendai virus, inhibits growth of murine colon carcinoma through inducing immune responses and apoptosis. J Transl Med 2013; 11:205. [PMID: 24007528 PMCID: PMC3844535 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet-inactivated, replication-defective Sendai virus particles (Z strain) have displayed antitumor effect through enhancing the immune responses or inducing apoptosis in a variety of carcinomas. Sendai virus strain Tianjin was isolated from the lungs of marmoset and proved to be a novel genotype of Sendai virus. In this study, we explored the antitumor effect and its mechanism of ultraviolet-inactivated, replication-defective Sendai virus strain Tianjin (UV-Tianjin) in mice bearing CT26 colon carcinoma. METHODS Three injections of UV-Tianjin were delivered into CT26 tumors growing on the back of BALB/c mice. Tumor size was measured in a blinded manner and survival rate of mice was calculated. In order to make clear antitumor mechanism of UV-Tianjin, the maturation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release from murine myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) was examined by flow cytometry or ELISA assay after induced by UV-Tianjin and compared with those of live virus. Moreover, real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry was performed to identify whether UV-Tianjin could induce infiltration of DCs, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells into tumors. The TUNEL assay was done to observe the apoptosis of CT26 tumor cells after UV-Tianjin injection. RESULTS In animal model, UV-Tianjin could obviously inhibit the growth of CT26 tumors and prolong the survival of the tumor-bearing mice compared with control group (P < 0.01). In vitro murine DCs stimulated by UV-Tianjin underwent dose-dependent maturation, similar to that elicited by live virus. And the secretion amount of IL-6 from DCs induced by UV-Tianjin was a little lower than that released in the presence of live virus. Real-time RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed that UV-Tianjin induced a remarkable infiltration of DCs, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells into tumors. The TUNEL assay showed that the apoptosis index of tumor tissues injected with UV-Tianjin was significantly higher than that of control group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated that UV-Tianjin alone could inhibit the growth of CT26 tumor in mice through enhancing host antitumor immunity and inducing apoptosis of tumor cells. Therefore, UV-Tianjin shows its prospect as a novel drug for carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Shi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical College, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Roulstone V, Twigger K, Zaidi S, Pencavel T, Kyula JN, White C, McLaughlin M, Seth R, Karapanagiotou EM, Mansfield D, Coffey M, Nuovo G, Vile RG, Pandha HS, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. Synergistic cytotoxicity of oncolytic reovirus in combination with cisplatin-paclitaxel doublet chemotherapy. Gene Ther 2013; 20:521-8. [PMID: 22895509 PMCID: PMC4821071 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic reovirus is currently under active investigation in a range of tumour types. Early phase studies have shown that this agent has modest monotherapy efficacy and its future development is likely to focus on combination regimens with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Indeed, phase I/II clinical trials have confirmed that reovirus can be safely combined with cytotoxic drugs, including a platin-taxane doublet regimen, which is currently being tested in a phase III clinical trial in patients with relapsed/metastatic head and neck cancer. Therefore, we have tested this triple (reovirus, cisplatin, paclitaxel) combination therapy in a panel of four head and neck cancer cell lines. Using the combination index (CI) method, the triple therapy demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity in vitro in both malignant and non-malignant cell lines. In head and neck cancer cell lines, this was associated with enhanced caspase 3 and 7 cleavage, but no increase in viral replication. In vitro analyses confirmed colocalisation of markers of reovirus infection and caspase 3. Triple therapy was significantly more effective than reovirus or cisplatin-paclitaxel in athymic nude mice. These data suggest that the combination of reovirus plus platin-taxane doublet chemotherapy has significant activity in head and neck cancer and underpin the current phase III study in this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Roulstone
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - K Twigger
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - S Zaidi
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - T Pencavel
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - JN Kyula
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - C White
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - M McLaughlin
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - R Seth
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - EM Karapanagiotou
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - D Mansfield
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
| | - M Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Nuovo
- Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - RG Vile
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - HS Pandha
- Postgraduate Medical School, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - AA Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, UK
| | - KJ Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Laboratory, Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chester Beatty Laboratories, The Institute of Cancer Research, Division of Cell Biology, London, UK
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Synergistic cytotoxicity of radiation and oncolytic Lister strain vaccinia in (V600D/E)BRAF mutant melanoma depends on JNK and TNF-α signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:1700-12. [PMID: 23624923 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive skin cancer that carries an extremely poor prognosis when local invasion, nodal spread or systemic metastasis has occurred. Recent advances in melanoma biology have revealed that RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling has a pivotal role in governing disease progression and treatment resistance. Proof-of-concept clinical studies have shown that direct BRAF inhibition yields impressive responses in advanced disease but these are short-lived as treatment resistance rapidly emerges. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop new targeted strategies for BRAF mutant melanoma. As such, oncolytic viruses represent a promising cancer-specific approach with significant activity in melanoma. This study investigated interactions between genetically-modified vaccinia virus (GLV-1h68) and radiotherapy in melanoma cell lines with BRAF mutant, Ras mutant or wild-type genotype. Preclinical studies revealed that GLV-1h68 combined with radiotherapy significantly increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis relative to either single agent in (V600D)BRAF/(V600E)BRAF mutant melanoma in vitro and in vivo. The mechanism of enhanced cytotoxicity with GLV-1h68/radiation (RT) was independent of viral replication and due to attenuation of JNK, p38 and ERK MAPK phosphorylation specifically in BRAF mutant cells. Further studies showed that JNK pathway inhibition sensitized BRAF mutant cells to GLV-1h68-mediated cell death, mimicking the effect of RT. GLV-1h68 infection activated MAPK signaling in (V600D)BRAF/(V600E)BRAF mutant cell lines and this was associated with TNF-α secretion which, in turn, provided a prosurvival signal. Combination GLV-1h68/RT (or GLV-1h68/JNK inhibition) caused abrogation of TNF-α secretion. These data provide a strong rationale for combining GLV-1h68 with irradiation in (V600D/E)BRAF mutant tumors.
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Hall K, Scott KJ, Rose A, Desborough M, Harrington K, Pandha H, Parrish C, Vile R, Coffey M, Bowen D, Errington-Mais F, Melcher AA. Reovirus-mediated cytotoxicity and enhancement of innate immune responses against acute myeloid leukemia. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:3-15. [PMID: 23515241 PMCID: PMC3559227 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reovirus is a naturally occurring oncolytic virus that has shown preclinical efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of tumor types and has now reached phase III testing in clinical trials. The anti-cancer activity of reovirus has been attributed to both its direct oncolytic activity and the enhancement of anti-tumor immune responses. In this study, we have investigated the direct effect of reovirus on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and its potential to enhance innate immune responses against AML, including the testing of primary samples from patients. Reovirus was found to replicate in and kill AML cell lines, and to reduce cell viability in primary AML samples. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon alpha (IFNα) and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (known as RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted]) were also secreted from AML cells in response to virus treatment. In addition, reovirus-mediated activation of natural killer (NK) cells, within the context of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, stimulated their anti-leukemia response, with increased NK degranulation and IFNγ production and enhanced killing of AML targets. These data suggest that reovirus has the potential as both a direct cytotoxic and an immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Hall
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James's University Hospital , Leeds, United Kingdom
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Kyula JN, Roulstone V, Karapanagiotou EM, Melcher AA, Harrington KJ. Oncolytic reovirus type 3 (Dearing) as a novel therapy in head and neck cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2013; 12:1669-78. [PMID: 23140488 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.745507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Locally advanced head and neck cancer carries a poor prognosis, even with standard combination (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy) treatment regimens. There is a pressing need for novel therapies with activity against this tumour type. Oncolytic reovirus type 3 (Dearing) is preferentially cytotoxic in tumour cells with an activated Ras signalling pathway and represents a promising novel therapy with relevance in head and neck cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the pre-clinical and clinical data that have underpinned the translational development of oncolytic reovirus thus far. In particular, we describe the iterative nature of the research programme through initial studies testing single-agent reovirus therapy and on to subsequent work in which reovirus has been combined with either radiotherapy or cytotoxic chemotherapy. We will trace the process by which oncolytic reovirus has reached Phase III evaluation in combination with carboplatin/paclitaxel in patients with platin-refractory, relapsed/metastatic head and neck cancer. EXPERT OPINION Reovirus is a self-amplifying, cancer-selective agent that offers huge potential advantages over standard chemotherapy, targeted small molecules or monoclonal antibodies. However, it is most likely that reovirus will show efficacy and be approved in combination with standard modalities (cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy) or other targeted agents, especially those that modulate signal transduction pathways. The next 5 years are critical for the development of oncolytic reovirus as an anti-cancer therapy and hinge on the ongoing Phase III trial in head and neck cancer and other Phase II programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan N Kyula
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Targeted Therapy Team, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
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Concurrent chemotherapy inhibits herpes simplex virus-1 replication and oncolysis. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:133-40. [PMID: 23348635 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) replication in cancer cells leads to their destruction (viral oncolysis) and has been under investigation as an experimental cancer therapy in clinical trials as single agents, and as combinations with chemotherapy. Cellular responses to chemotherapy modulate viral replication, but these interactions are poorly understood. To investigate the effect of chemotherapy on HSV-1 oncolysis, viral replication in cells exposed to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), irinotecan (CPT-11), methotrexate (MTX) or a cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) was examined. Exposure of colon and pancreatic cancer cells to 5-FU, CPT-11 or MTX in vitro significantly antagonizes both HSV-1 replication and lytic oncolysis. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation is required for efficient viral replication, and experimental inhibition of this response with an IκBα dominant-negative repressor significantly antagonizes HSV-1 replication. Nonetheless, cells exposed to 5-FU, CPT-11, TNF-α or HSV-1 activate NF-κB. Cells exposed to MTX do not activate NF-κB, suggesting a possible role for NF-κB inhibition in the decreased viral replication observed following exposure to MTX. The role of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF-2α) dephosphorylation was examined; HSV-1-mediated eIF-2α dephosphorylation proceeds normally in HT29 cells exposed to 5-FU, CPT-11 or MTX. This report demonstrates that cellular responses to chemotherapeutic agents provide an unfavorable environment for HSV-1-mediated oncolysis, and these observations are relevant to the design of both preclinical and clinical studies of HSV-1 oncolysis.
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Passer BJ, Cheema T, Wu S, Wu CL, Rabkin SD, Martuza RL. Combination of vinblastine and oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector expressing IL-12 therapy increases antitumor and antiangiogenic effects in prostate cancer models. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 20:17-24. [PMID: 23138870 PMCID: PMC3810211 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV)-1-based vectors selectively replicate in tumor cells causing direct killing, that is, oncolysis, while sparing normal cells. The oHSVs are promising anticancer agents, but their efficacy, when used as single agents, leaves room for improvement. We hypothesized that combining the direct oncolytic and antiangiogenic activities of the interleukin (IL)-12-secreting NV1042 oHSV with microtubule disrupting agents (MDAs) would be an effective means to enhance antitumor efficacy. Vinblastine (VB) was identified among several MDAs screened, which displayed consistent and potent cytotoxic killing of both prostate cancer and endothelial cell lines. In matrigel tube-forming assays, VB was found to be highly effective at inhibiting tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The combination of VB with NV1023 (the parental virus lacking IL-12) or NV1042 showed additive or synergistic activity against prostate cancer cell lines, and was not due to increased oHSV replication by VB. In athymic mice bearing CWR22 prostate tumors, VB in combination with NV1042 was superior to the combination of VB plus NV1023 in reducing tumor burden, appeared to be nontoxic and resulted in a statistically significant diminution in the number of CD31(+) cells as compared with other treatment groups. In human organotypic cultures using surgical samples from radical prostatectomies, both NV1023 and NV1042 were localized specifically to the epithelial cells of prostatic glands but not to the surrounding stroma. These data highlight the therapeutic advantage of combining the dual-acting antitumor and antiangiogenic activities of oHSVs and MDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Passer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Abstract
Medical therapy of patients with malignancy requires a paradigm shift through development of new drugs with a good safety record and novel mechanisms of activity. While there is no dearth of such molecules, one particular agent, "reovirus" is promising by its ability to target cancer cells with aberrant signaling pathways. This double-stranded RNA virus has been therapeutically formulated and has rapidly progressed from preclinical validation of anticancer activity to a phase III registration study in platinum refractory metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. During this process, reovirus has shown safety both as a single agent when administered intratumorally and intravenously, as well as in combination therapy, with multiple chemotherapeutics such as gemcitabine, carboplatin/paclitaxel, and docetaxel; and similarly with radiation. The scientific rationale for its development as an anticancer agent stems from the fact that it preferentially replicates in and induces lyses of cells with an activated Kras pathway. As documented in many previous studies, the initial observation of greater tropism in Kras-compromised situation might certainly not be the sole and possibly not even the predominant reason for enhanced virulence. All the same, scientists have emphasized on Kras optimistically due to its high prevalence in various types of cancers. Incidence of Kras mutation has been found to be highest in pancreatic cancer (85%-90%) followed by colorectal (35-45%) and lung (25-30%). Reovirus, in fact has the potential not only as a therapy but also as a tool to unravel the aberrant cellular pathway leading to carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhashree Maitra
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Reovirus-associated reduction of microRNA-let-7d is related to the increased apoptotic death of cancer cells in clinical samples. Mod Pathol 2012; 25:1333-44. [PMID: 22699519 PMCID: PMC4275064 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the in situ molecular correlates of infection from cancer patients treated with reovirus. Melanoma, colorectal, and ovarian cancer samples from such patients showed variable infection of the cancer cells but not the intermingled benign cells. RT in situ PCR showed most cancer cells contained the viral genome with threefold less having productive viral infection as documented by either tubulin or reoviral protein co-expression. Productive infection in the cancer cells was strongly correlated with co-expression of p38 and caspase-3 as well as apoptosis-related death (P<0.001). The cancer cell apoptotic death was due to a marked viral-induced inhibition of microRNA-let-7d that, in turn, upregulated caspase-3 activity. In summary, reovirus shows a striking tropism to cancer cells in clinical samples. A rate-limiting factor of reovirus-induced cancer cell death is productive viral infection that operates via the marked reduction of microRNA-let-7d and concomitant elevated caspase-3 expression.
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48
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2012; 6:402-16. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e3283573126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hiss DC, Fielding BC. Optimization and preclinical design of genetically engineered viruses for human oncolytic therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1427-47. [PMID: 22788715 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.707183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oncolytic viruses (OVs) occupy a strategic niche in the dynamic era of biological and gene therapy of human cancers. However, the use of OVs is the subject of close scrutiny due to impediments such as the insufficiency of patient generalizations posed by heterogeneous tumor responses to treatment, inherent or potentially lethal viral pathogenicities, unanticipated host- or immune-related adverse effects, and the emergence of virus-resistant cancer cells. These challenges can be overcome by the design and development of more definitive (optimized, targeted, and individualized) cancer virotherapeutics. AREAS COVERED The translation of current knowledge and recent innovations into rational treatment prospects hinges on an iterative loop of variables pertaining to genetically engineered viral oncolytic efficacy and safety profiles, mechanism-of-action data, potencies of synergistic oncolytic viral combinations with conventional tumor, immuno-, chemo-, and radiation treatment modalities, optimization of the probabilities of treatment successes in heterogeneous (virus-sensitive and -resistant) tumor cell populations by mathematical modeling, and lessons learned from preclinical studies and human clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that proof-of-principle is critical for the preclinical optimization of oncolytic viruses to target heterogeneous forms of cancer and to prioritize current concerns related to the efficacy and safety of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon C Hiss
- University of the Western Cape, Department of Medical Biosciences, Molecular Oncology Research Laboratory, Bellville, 7535, South Africa.
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