1
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Cobanoglu HB, Koprucu ER. Non-squamous Cancers of the Larynx. Curr Oncol Rep 2024; 26:625-632. [PMID: 38668924 PMCID: PMC11168984 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-024-01535-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although non-squamous tumors of the larynx are really rare, they may not always be viewed from the same perspective in the multidisciplinary treatment approach once the diagnosis is made. In this review, non-squamous tumors of the larynx and current approaches in treatment will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS When the studies and meta-analyses presented in the last 5 years are evaluated, it is seen that these tumors usually show non-specific symptoms. Due to their submucosal location, the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis is often advanced. In the literature, treatment may vary in these particular cases. The majority of non-squamous tumors of the larynx includes minor salivary gland tumors, neuroendocrine carcinomas, sarcomas, cartilage tumors, and malignant melanomas. Once treating a patient with these diagnoses, it should be kept in mind that the histopathological subtype is almost as important as the stage of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bengu Cobanoglu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| | - Erdal Rahman Koprucu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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2
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Fenta BD, Aregawi AB, Geremew TT, Fenta BK. Kaposi's Sarcoma with Primary Lymph Node Involvement in a Retroviral Infected (RVI) Patient. Int Med Case Rep J 2024; 17:311-319. [PMID: 38618189 PMCID: PMC11012622 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s458320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
One kind of angioproliferative disorder is Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Growth of spindle-shaped cells, edema, inflammation, and neoangiogenesis are its defining features. Because it lacks the typical indicators of malignancy, it is classified as an intermediate neoplasm. People who are immunocompromised, receiving organ transplants, or receiving antiretroviral therapy are linked to KS. Although lymph node involvement by KS is extremely uncommon, when it does occur, it usually manifests as either the epidemic form in (Human Immuno-deficiency) HIV-positive patients or the endemic form in Africans. There are four primary clinical manifestations of KS that have been documented: endemic, epidemic, iatrogenic, and classic. The diagnosis of KS is made by history, physical examination, and tissue biopsy. When treating localized disease, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may be sufficient to either improve or completely eradicate the illness. Nonetheless, chemotherapy and HAART would be necessary in the case of widespread illness. Here, we present the case of a 28-year-old female patient who is HIV positive and has a viral load that is not detected. She presented with generalized lymphadenopathy of 8 months duration. She had no cutaneous manifestations. The lymphadenopathy involved the tonsils, axilla, inguinal, and an unusual site, intraparotid on both sides. After a pathologic examination of the lymph nodes, she was found to have epidemic-type KS and was treated with HAART and chemotherapy. In our nation, we are not aware of any published case reports pertaining to a case like this. The purpose of this case report is to raise physicians' awareness of this uncommon ailment and to encourage them to suspect KS when HIV patients exhibit generalized lymphadenopathy. The early initiation of systemic treatment is lifesaving for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizunesh Dires Fenta
- Department of Pathology, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
| | - Alazar Berhe Aregawi
- Department of Surgery, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
| | - Teketel Tadesse Geremew
- Department of Pathology, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanu Kelemework Fenta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yanet Internal Medicine Specialized Center, Hawassa, Sidama, Ethiopia
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3
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Belabbes FZ, Fadili H, Allaoui A, Kaikani W, Agharbi FZ. Iatrogenic Kaposi's Sarcoma: A Unique Case Unraveling Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Therapeutic Implications. Cureus 2024; 16:e57279. [PMID: 38690506 PMCID: PMC11057916 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), linked to human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), manifests in various clinical forms with iatrogenic KS uniquely tied to immune dysregulation induced by medical interventions. This study describes a 58-year-old male of sub-Saharan origin with a medical history of segmental and focal hyalinosis treated with methylprednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil. The patient developed skin lesions on both thighs, accompanied by post-prandial vomiting and abdominal pain. Clinical examination revealed flesh-colored nodules on the thighs and inguinal lymphadenopathy. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of KS, exhibiting positive nuclear labeling to anti-HHV8 and negative HIV serology. Additionally, radiological findings from the thoracic-abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan significantly contribute to our understanding of the multiorgan involvement associated with KS in this case, providing valuable insights for diagnosis and therapeutic considerations. This case highlights the iatrogenic subtype of KS, linked to immunosuppression from prior medical interventions. Notably, gastrointestinal involvement was evident, with lesions in the stomach and small intestine. Intravenous paclitaxel administration resulted in a positive clinical response. This study underscores the importance of clinical vigilance, endoscopic evaluation, and early intervention in the nuanced diagnosis and management of iatrogenic KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zahra Belabbes
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, MAR
| | - Hajar Fadili
- Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, MAR
| | - Abir Allaoui
- Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, MAR
| | - Wafaa Kaikani
- Medical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, MAR
| | - Fatima Zahra Agharbi
- Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, MAR
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Batool S, Draper EC, Jo VY, Sethi RKV. Primary Classic Kaposi Sarcoma of the Parotid Gland in an HIV-Negative Patient. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 150:275-277. [PMID: 38206612 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2023.4254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This case report describes an HIV-negative man in his 60s of Mediterranean descent with hypertension, Hashimoto thyroiditis, nephrolithiasis, and gout who presented with a lump on the right side of his face and was subsequently diagnosed with Kaposi sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Batool
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center for Surgery and Public Health and Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth C Draper
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vickie Y Jo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rosh K V Sethi
- Center for Surgery and Public Health and Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Otolaryngology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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5
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Arbune M, Padurariu-Covit MD, Tiutiuca C, Mihailov R, Niculet E, Arbune AA, Tatu AL. Unusual Localization of AIDS-Related Kaposi's Sarcoma in a Heterosexual Male during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Report. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:47. [PMID: 38393136 PMCID: PMC10892696 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma is an AIDS-defining illness and remains the most frequent tumor arising in HIV-infected patients with multifactorial etiology. We present a case of a 30-year-old Caucasian male with an 18-year history of HIV infection. The patient was presented with a one-week history of fever, non-productive cough, and skin lesions. There was an associated weakness and weight loss in a duration of 6 months. Clinical examination showed fever, generalized lymphadenopathy, lower limb edema, ascites, and violaceous cutaneous eruption comprising patches, plaques, and nodules. He also had a red nodule on the left conjunctiva, as well as on his oral mucosa. His CD4+ count was below 10/mm3 and ARN-HIV viral load was above 100,000 c/mL, in relation to the antiretroviral failure after five drug regimens. The role of co-infections in oncogenesis and the course of Kaposi's sarcoma were considered in recent studies. Delayed diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma in the present case resulted in a negative impact for this patient during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Arbune
- Medical Clinic Department, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania; (M.A.); (A.-L.T.)
- Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania
| | - Monica-Daniela Padurariu-Covit
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania
- Hematology Department, Sf. Apostol Andrei Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Carmen Tiutiuca
- Surgery Clinic Department, Dunarea de Jos University, 800578 Galati, Romania; (C.T.); (R.M.)
- Ophthalmology Department, Sf. Apostol Andrei Emergency County Hospital, 800008 Galati, Romania
| | - Raul Mihailov
- Surgery Clinic Department, Dunarea de Jos University, 800578 Galati, Romania; (C.T.); (R.M.)
- General Surgery Department, Sf. Apostol Andrei Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania
| | - Elena Niculet
- Morphological and Functional Sciences Department, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania;
- Pathology Department, Sf. Apostol Andrei Emergency County Hospital, 800578 Galati, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center for Dermatological Interface Research, 800010 Galati, Romania;
| | - Anca-Adriana Arbune
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center for Dermatological Interface Research, 800010 Galati, Romania;
- Neurology Department, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 077086 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alin-Laurentiu Tatu
- Medical Clinic Department, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania; (M.A.); (A.-L.T.)
- Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases, 800179 Galati, Romania
- Multidisciplinary Integrated Center for Dermatological Interface Research, 800010 Galati, Romania;
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Ozer EE, Soydemir GP, Bolukbas MK, Kocbiyik A. Radiotherapy result of a case of Kaposi's sarcoma located on the vocal cord. J Cancer Res Ther 2024; 20:469-471. [PMID: 38554367 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_226_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an angiogenic tumor. KS lesions frequently develop in the skin and oral cavity mucosa in the head and neck regions, and pure laryngeal localization is extremely rare. We reported a 64-year-old male patient without HIV, HBV, and HCV positivity presented with a hemangiomatous lesion detected incidentally in the right vocal cord. Biopsy was taken for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation. Examination revealed that spindle cells were of vascular origin and expressed HHV-8, a specific marker associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated an increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the vocal cord. The patient was treated with a 30 Gy volumetric arc plan. Disease-free follow-up continues in the first year after low-dose definitive RT. This is the first case report of KS in the vocal cord in which the most detailed data about RT were shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Eda Ozer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Dr. Tevfik Saglam Street, Bakirkoy-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen P Soydemir
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Dr. Tevfik Saglam Street, Bakirkoy-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kirli Bolukbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Dr. Tevfik Saglam Street, Bakirkoy-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Kocbiyik
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Dr. Tevfik Saglam Street, Bakirkoy-Istanbul, Turkey
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7
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Krygier J, Sass U, Meiers I, Marneffe A, de Vicq de Cumptich M, Richert B. Kaposi Sarcoma of the Nail Unit: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Skin Appendage Disord 2023; 9:465-469. [PMID: 38058540 PMCID: PMC10697768 DOI: 10.1159/000532114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kaposi sarcoma is an angioproliferative neoplasm. Its manifestations are well known but nail involvement seems extremely underreported. Case Presentation A 55-year-old man presented with a 6-month history of a growing subungual tumor affecting the third right toe. After surgical excision, histological examination revealed a Kaposi sarcoma. Discussion We report a case of Kaposi sarcoma with nail involvement of only one toe as the first and unique manifestation, which is exceptional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Krygier
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Pierre and Brugmann University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ursula Sass
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Pierre and Brugmann University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Meiers
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Pierre and Brugmann University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alice Marneffe
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Pierre and Brugmann University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marine de Vicq de Cumptich
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Pierre and Brugmann University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Richert
- Department of Dermatology, Saint-Pierre and Brugmann University Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Ciolofan MS, Anghelina F, Mogoantă CA, Vlăescu AN, Mitroi MR, Căpitănescu AN, Florou C, Istrate-Ofiţeru AM, Iovănescu G. Kaposi's sarcoma of the larynx: case series. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2023; 64:559-565. [PMID: 38184837 PMCID: PMC10863688 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.64.4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) represents a type of cancer that usually arises on the skin and very rarely in other organs. KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) commonly arises in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Laryngeal involvement of KS is very rare. Our study comprised of three cases with laryngeal KS. All cases were solved through surgical excision of the tumor. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry examinations revealed laryngeal KS. Laryngeal KS should be managed through surgical resection, followed by oncological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mircea Sorin Ciolofan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Florin Anghelina
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Carmen Aurelia Mogoantă
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Mihaela Roxana Mitroi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Alina Nicoleta Căpitănescu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania
| | - Charoula Florou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, General University Hospital of Larissa, Greece
| | | | - Gheorghe Iovănescu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timişoara, Romania
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9
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Debordes PA, Hamoudi C, Di Marco A. Metastatic Kaposi sarcoma in a non-HIV patient leading to metacarpal lysis then upper-limb amputation: a case report. Case Reports Plast Surg Hand Surg 2023; 10:2251581. [PMID: 37655127 PMCID: PMC10467514 DOI: 10.1080/23320885.2023.2251581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of a HIV-seronegative 57 year-old man, with known classic Kaposi's disease and in whom a secondary localization in the upper left limb led to carpal and metacarpal lysis in the left hand. This unfavorable local evolution led to left transhumeral amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceyran Hamoudi
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antonio Di Marco
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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10
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Portella R, Ponce CC, Patzina RA, Ardengh JC, Calanca R. Disseminated Kaposi Sarcoma Associated With Cytomegalovirus Proctitis in People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV): A Major Diagnostic Dilemma. Cureus 2023; 15:e42039. [PMID: 37593320 PMCID: PMC10431931 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a vascular tumor of low malignancy. Lesions may vary in shape, color, and size. Angiogenesis, spindle-shaped cells, and inflammatory infiltration are the main histologic features of the condition. Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) infection and immune dysfunction play a key role in the development of KS. We report a case of a 40-year-old man with disseminated KS (DKS) who underwent an endoscopic examination. Colonoscopy revealed an ulcer in the anal canal. Biopsy and immunohistochemistry (IHC) confirmed the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) proctitis, a rare and underreported pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Portella
- Infectious Diseases, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
| | | | - Rosely Antunes Patzina
- Pathology, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BRA
- Pathology, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
| | - Jose C Ardengh
- Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, BRA
- Diagnostic Imaging, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BRA
- Digestive Endoscopy, Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
| | - Richard Calanca
- Digestive Endoscopy, Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, BRA
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11
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Chiesa-Estomba CM, Barillari MR, Mayo-Yáñez M, Maniaci A, Fakhry N, Cammaroto G, Ayad T, Lechien JR. Non-Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Larynx: A State-of-the-Art Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1084. [PMID: 37511697 PMCID: PMC10381862 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Non-squamous cell laryngeal carcinoma includes endothelial tumors, such as minor salivary gland tumors, lymphoepithelial tumors, neuroendocrine tumors, soft and hard tissue sarcomas, and malignant melanomas. (2) Methods: A state-of-the-art review using the MEDLINE/PUBMED, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases was performed. (3) Conclusions: In order to optimize overall treatment outcomes, a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach to the management of non-SCC of the larynx must be adopted universally; a national or international registry on non-SCC laryngeal cancer can be useful to improve understanding about the behavior of this kind of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M Chiesa-Estomba
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Donostia University Hospital, Osakidetza, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Maria Rosaria Barillari
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
- Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, Italy
| | - Miguel Mayo-Yáñez
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonino Maniaci
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "GF Ingrassia", ENT Section, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolas Fakhry
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, APHM, La Conception University Hospital, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Giovanni Cammaroto
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Morgagni Pierantoni Hospital, 47100 Forli, Italy
| | - Tareck Ayad
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- Head & Neck Study Group, Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), 13005 Marseille, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), 91190 Paris, France
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12
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Barron K, Omiunu A, Celidonio J, Cruz-Mullane A, Din-Lovinescu C, Chemas-Velez MM, Baredes S, Eloy JA, Fang CH. Kaposi Sarcoma of the Larynx: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 168:269-281. [PMID: 35671149 DOI: 10.1177/01945998221105059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Kaposi sarcoma (KS) of the larynx is a rare disease with few cases reported in the literature. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of laryngeal KS, including patient characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library. REVIEW METHODS A systematic review of the published English literature was conducted. An electronic search and bibliographic examination of articles pertaining to laryngeal KS were performed. Demographic data, tumor site, treatment strategies, follow-up, and outcome were analyzed. RESULTS A total 77 cases from 50 articles were included in the review. The mean age was 47.6 years (range, 8-81). There was an 8.6:1 male:female ratio. The most common presenting symptoms were dyspnea (n = 35) and hoarseness (n = 25). Laryngeal KS arose most frequently in the supraglottic region (n = 16). Chemotherapy alone (n = 27) was the most common treatment modality in patients with AIDS-associated KS, and surgical excision alone (n = 7) was most common in patients with other subtypes of KS (eg, classic, transplant associated). Average follow-up was 20.4 months (range, 0.75-120). Most patients with AIDS-associated KS died of other causes (n = 25), but most patients with other subtypes of KS were alive with no evidence of disease at follow-up (n = 13). CONCLUSION This review contains the largest pool of laryngeal KS cases to date. Long-term outcomes were generally unfavorable, often due to advanced HIV disease at the time of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendyl Barron
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ariel Omiunu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph Celidonio
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexandra Cruz-Mullane
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Corina Din-Lovinescu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Maria Manuela Chemas-Velez
- Department of Otolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Soly Baredes
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jean Anderson Eloy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology and Facial Plastic Surgery, Saint Barnabas Medical Center-RWJBarnabas Health, Livingston, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christina H Fang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, The University Hospital of Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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13
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Alsawadi H, Al-Somali A, Najmi H, Al-Mubarak F. Isolated Kaposi's Sarcoma of the Bulbar Conjunctiva as an Initial Manifestation of AIDS: A Case Report. Case Rep Ophthalmol 2023; 14:411-417. [PMID: 37901616 PMCID: PMC10601798 DOI: 10.1159/000532106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a malignant vascular endothelium-cell-derived tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8. It is one of the most common tumors among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients; however, isolated KS is rarely reported as the initial presentation. This study describes a rare case in which isolated KS of the bulbar conjunctiva was the first presenting symptom leading to the diagnosis of HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a 39-year-old man. The patient, who had no prior medical history, presented to the ophthalmology clinic with an isolated large, dark-reddish mass in the left bulbar conjunctiva and subconjunctival hemorrhage. The mass was first identified 6 months prior and had continued to grow since then. KS was confirmed based on the analysis of the incisional biopsy sample, subsequently prompting an HIV test, which was positive. This report highlights the recognition of KS as a relevant ocular complication and potential initial manifestation of AIDS. Additionally, KS should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any vascular lesion, even when present at uncommon sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hend Alsawadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hatim Najmi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dhahran Eye Specialist Hospital, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Al-Mubarak
- Department of Pathology, Dammam Regional Laboratory and Blood Bank, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Roy P, Parisapogu A, Agrawal H. Pneumonia or Kaposi Sarcoma: Beneath the Dyspnea With Non-compliance of HIV. Cureus 2022; 14:e30152. [PMID: 36397886 PMCID: PMC9646360 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus is the cause of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), the most prevalent cancer related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome. About 90% of the time, KS is accompanied by cutaneous lesions; however, systemic illness can develop without cutaneous involvement. Today’s highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era has seen a decrease in the prevalence of KS. In immunocompromised individuals, it may be challenging to differentiate between pneumonia and the clinical characteristics of pulmonary KS, which might make diagnosis more challenging. HAART is the first-line therapy for KS, and its usage has reduced the incidence of KS. Depending on how severe the illness is, systemic chemotherapy could be helpful. We report the case of a young man who presented with pulmonary symptoms in the presence of a pharyngeal mass and was later found to have bilateral pulmonary metastasis. Interestingly, this diagnosis was made in the absence of classic cutaneous lesions. The patient was counseled for quality of life with medication and intervention compliance, and a consultation with an oncologist was set up.
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15
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Suster D. Spindle cell tumors of the mediastinum. Ann Diagn Pathol 2022; 60:152018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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16
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Kaposi Sarcoma, a Trifecta of Pathogenic Mechanisms. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12051242. [PMID: 35626397 PMCID: PMC9140574 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12051242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma is a rare disease with four known variants: classic, epidemic, endemic and iatrogenic (transplant-related), all caused by an oncogenic virus named Human Herpes Virus 8. The viral infection in itself, along with the oncogenic properties of HHV8 and with immune system dysfunction, forms the grounds on which Kaposi’s Sarcoma may develop. Infection with HHV8 occurs through saliva via close contacts, blood, blood products, solid organ donation and, rarely, vertical transmission. Chronic inflammation and oncogenesis are promoted by a mix of viral genes that directly promote cell survival and transformation or interfere with the regular cell cycle and cell signaling (of particular note: LANA-1, v-IL6, vBCL-2, vIAP, vIRF3, vGPCR, gB, K1, K8.1, K15). The most common development sites for Kaposi’s sarcoma are the skin, mucocutaneous zones, lymph nodes and visceral organs, but it can also rarely appear in the musculoskeletal system, urinary system, endocrine organs, heart or eye. Histopathologically, spindle cell proliferation with slit-like vascular spaces, plasma cell and lymphocyte infiltrate are characteristic. The clinical presentation is heterogenic depending on the variant; some patients have indolent disease and others have aggressive disease. The treatment options include highly active antiretroviral therapy, surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. A literature search was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed, SCOPUS and Google Scholar databases with a combination of keywords with the aim to provide critical, concise, and comprehensive insights into advances in the pathogenic mechanism of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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17
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Meriem H, Bouhairi MEL, Ben Yahya I. Non HIV oral Kaposi Sarcoma: Rare case report literature review. ADVANCES IN ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adoms.2021.100225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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18
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Pulmonary Kaposi Sarcoma without Respiratory Symptoms and Skin Lesions in an HIV-Naïve Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:228-242. [PMID: 35447880 PMCID: PMC9025598 DOI: 10.3390/idr14020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal lympho-angioproliferative, mesenchymal low-grade tumor associated with a γ2-herpesvirus, named Kaposi sarcoma-associated virus or human herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8). The lung is considered a usual anatomical location of KS, despite being infrequent, often in association with extensive mucocutaneous lesions and very uncommonly as an isolated event. We report a case of a pulmonary KS (pKS) in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) naïve patient, which was atypical due to a lack of cutaneous involvement and an absence of respiratory symptoms. The pKS was initially identified as a tumoral suspected nodular lesion and only after immunohistochemical analysis was it characterized as KS. Furthermore, the diagnosis of pKS led to the discovery of the HIV-seropositive status of the patient, previously unknown. Our report underlines the importance of considering pKS even without skin lesions and as a first manifestation of HIV infection. We also reviewed literature on the current knowledge about pKS in people living with HIV (PLWH) to underline how one of the most common HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated tumors can have a challenging localization and be difficult to recognize.
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19
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Thakkar P, Banks JM, Rahat R, Brandini DA, Naqvi AR. Viruses of the oral cavity: Prevalence, pathobiology and association with oral diseases. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2311. [PMID: 34854161 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human oral cavity contains a plethora of habitats and tissue environments, such as teeth, tongue, and gingiva, which are home to a rich microbial flora including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Given the exposed nature of the mouth, oral tissues constantly encounter infectious agents, forming a complex ecological community. In the past, the discussion of microbiological aspects of oral disease has traditionally focused on bacteria and fungi, but viruses are attracting increasing attention as pathogens in oral inflammatory diseases. Therefore, understanding viral prevalence, pathogenicity, and preference regarding oral tissues is critical to understanding the holistic effects of viruses on oral infections. Recent investigations have demonstrated the abundance of certain viruses in oral inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association between viruses and disease. Human herpesviruses are the most extensively studied viruses in different oral inflammatory diseases. However, challenges in viral detection and the lack of reproducible in vitro and in vivo infection models have limited our progress in understanding viruses and their contribution to oral diseases. This review presents a summary of major mammalian viruses and associated diseases in the human oral cavity. The emergence of a recent pathogen SARS-CoV-2 and its tropism for salivary and periodontal tissues further highlights the relevance of the oral cavity in host-pathogen interaction. Understanding how these different viruses present clinically and influence oral health will advance our understanding of multifactorial oral diseases and their association with viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pari Thakkar
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan M Banks
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rani Rahat
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniela A Brandini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Connolly SP, McGrath J, Sui J, Muldoon EG. Rare, disseminated Kaposi sarcoma in advanced HIV with high-burden pulmonary and skeletal involvement. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/12/e245448. [PMID: 34853045 PMCID: PMC8638125 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-245448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of a 30-year-old man who presented to our institution with hypoxia and widespread pulmonary infiltrates managed initially as COVID-19 before receiving a new diagnosis of HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) with widespread pulmonary and skeletal involvement. Initial differential diagnoses included Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, disseminated mycobacterial infection and bacillary angiomatosis. A bone marrow biopsy showed heavy infiltration by spindle cells, staining strongly positive for human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) and CD34, suggesting symptomatic, disseminated KS as the unifying diagnosis. The patient commenced cytotoxic therapy with weekly paclitaxel, with a clinical and radiological response. To our knowledge, this case is among the most severe described in the literature, which we discuss, along with how COVID-19 initially hindered developing a therapeutic allegiance with the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Connolly
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland .,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jonathan McGrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eavan G Muldoon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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21
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a form of cancer that primarily appears on the skin but can potentially involve internal organs. There are several types of KS. The purpose of this article is to discuss the manifestations of KS and their appearance on imaging, the differential diagnoses associated with these findings, and molecular markers associated with KS that can aid appropriate diagnosis and therapy.
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22
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Brambilla L, Maronese CA, Bortoluzzi P, Barberi F, Tourlaki A. Mucosal Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-negative patients: a large case series from a single, tertiary referral center in Italy. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:1120-1125. [PMID: 33830512 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal involvement in HIV-negative Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is uncommon but has potentially serious repercussions on patient care. Evidence regarding its epidemiology and optimal management is limited. Invasive endoscopic staging at diagnosis and periodically during follow-up is currently recommended by major guidelines. MATERIALS AND METHODS We reviewed the clinical records of 1,308 HIV-negative KS patients followed at our dedicated KS outpatient service. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes for cases with biopsy proven mucosal lesions were collected. RESULTS Mucosal involvement was documented in 53 patients (4.1% of our cohort), being present at diagnosis in 28 (52.8%) and occurring at a later time in the remaining 25 (47.2%) patients, with a mean latency of 8 years (±7.7). Oral cavity (43.4%) and glans penis (39.6%) were the most frequently involved anatomical sites. Of those with available treatment response data, complete response (CR) of mucosal KS was appreciated in 41 cases (93.2%), while partial response (PR) and stable disease (SD) were documented in one (2.3%) and two cases (4.5%), respectively. Same-site recurrences were noticed in seven patients (17.1%). CONCLUSION Mucosal involvement in HIV-negative KS is rare, and its recurrence, if properly treated, appears to be infrequent. Thus, routine invasive monitoring in this setting may be unnecessary. We propose a tailored approach based on the clinical manifestations of each patient, limiting the indication of invasive procedures to the first evaluation and in case of significant clinical worsening or to monitor known mucosal localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Brambilla
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Maronese
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bortoluzzi
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Barberi
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Athanasia Tourlaki
- Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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23
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Vinh D, Ahn A, Mohyuddin N. HIV-Positive Patient With an Obstructing Laryngeal Mass. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 146:667-668. [PMID: 32379290 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vinh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Annie Ahn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nadia Mohyuddin
- Weill Cornell College of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Methodist ENT Specialists, Houston
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24
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High CD4 count and bone marrow infiltration in untreated hiv-associated Kaposi sarcoma: A case report and literature review. CURRENT PROBLEMS IN CANCER: CASE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpccr.2021.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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25
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Chen SA, Wang LT, Chen ZH, Yang FP, Zhu QY, Chen HY, Luo XQ. Extensive cutaneous iatrogenic Kaposi's sarcoma after bullous pemphigoid treatment with oral methylprednisolone: a rare Chinese case report. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:300060520982829. [PMID: 33496629 PMCID: PMC7841242 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520982829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune disease that requires immunosuppressive
therapy. Systemic corticosteroids are considered the standard treatment for
moderate-to-severe BP. Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a rare multifocal endothelial
tumour that affects the skin, mucosa and viscera. As an angioproliferative
disease of obscure aetiopathogenesis and histogenesis, KS is associated with
human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). This current case report describes a rare
occurrence of extensive cutaneous KS in a 60-year-old Chinese male patient after
oral methylprednisolone treatment for BP with an emphasis on its pathological
characterization. A total of more than 40 nodules were found on his trunk and
lower limbs covering more than 20% of his body surface area. Immunohistochemical
staining of biopsy samples from the lesion showed the patient was positive for
HHV-8, CD31, CD34, XIIIa, ERG and Ki-67. The Epstein–Barr virus test showed the
patient tested negative for immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgM, but was positive for
IgG. Immunosuppression associated with the treatment for BP may activate a
latent HHV-8 infection and induce the development of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-An Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Ting Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Hua Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan-Ping Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Yuan Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hu-Yan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qun Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Naimi Z, Mahjoubi K, Adouni O, Abidi R, Driss M, Nasr C. Kaposi's sarcoma of the larynx: an unusual location in an HIV-negative patient (a case report). Pan Afr Med J 2020; 37:206. [PMID: 33505574 PMCID: PMC7813656 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2020.37.206.26175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck involvement of Kaposi’s sarcoma is rarely encountered, especially for the Mediterranean classic subtype. Here we report a case of non-AIDS related laryngeal Kaposi’s sarcoma in a 77-year-old Tunisian man complaining of 4-month history of hoarseness and dysphagia. The patient underwent exclusive local radiotherapy with a prescription dose of 45 Gy delivered in 1.8 Gy daily fractions. He remained complaint-free for 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Naimi
- University of Tunis El Manar, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khalil Mahjoubi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Adouni
- Department of Pathology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rim Abidi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha Driss
- Department of Pathology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chiraz Nasr
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Salah Azaiez Institute, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
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27
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Chemas-Velez MM, Rodríguez-Ruiz MT, Vargas MJ, Jimenez Fandiño LH. Kaposi's sarcoma of the larynx: An unusual presentation. Case report. OTOLARYNGOLOGY CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xocr.2020.100237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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28
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Paral K, Krausz T. Vascular tumors of the mediastinum. MEDIASTINUM (HONG KONG, CHINA) 2020; 4:25. [PMID: 35118293 PMCID: PMC8794384 DOI: 10.21037/med-20-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tumors represent only a sliver of all tumors affecting the mediastinum, but they pose diagnostic challenges due to significant overlap among entities, ever-evolving classification schemes, and the exquisite rarity of some of the entities not only in the mediastinum but in pathology practice as a whole. Most of the vascular tumors are better known to the practice of soft tissue pathology, from which some of the knowledge of clinical behavior can be extrapolated. For example, the stratification of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) into two biologically separate categories has effectively translated from the somatic soft tissues to the thorax. For other entities, the effective validation of soft tissue parameters is hindered by the small numbers of reported mediastinal cases. Many of the treatment modalities have also transferred over, with the key differences resting on the difficulty in achieving complete surgical resection for mediastinal tumors as opposed to those in the somatic soft tissues. Accordingly, systemic drug therapies have emerged as attractive options for some of the mediastinal vascular tumors, such as kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) and Kaposi sarcoma (KS). The categories presented herein mirror the classification scheme set forth by the 5th Edition WHO Classification of Soft Tissue and Bone Tumors. This review focuses on the biologically aggressive vascular neoplasms while limiting discussion of the benign entities to relevant comparisons in the differential diagnoses. While distinguishing among the benign entities has academic importance, in practice, the stakes are far higher for diagnosing the biologically aggressive tumors given their marked heterogeneity in clinical outcomes. Practical advice for problem areas in pathology will be reviewed alongside tumor pathobiology, including the latest in molecular diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Paral
- Section of Dermatopathology, Consolidated Pathology Consultants, Libertyville, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Krausz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Mohammadzadeh I, Qujeq D, Yousefi T, Ferns GA, Maniati M, Vaghari-Tabari M. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing: A new therapeutic approach in the treatment of infection and autoimmunity. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1603-1621. [PMID: 32344465 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein9) may be viewed as an adaptive bacterial immune system. When a virus infects a bacterium, a fragment of the virus genome is inserted into the CRISPR sequence of the bacterial genome as a memory. When the bacterium becomes infected again with the same virus, an RNA molecule that is a transcript of the memory sequence, directs Cas9, an endonuclease, to the complementary region of the virus genome, and Cas9 disables the virus by a double-strand break. In recent years, studies have shown that by designing synthetic RNA molecules and delivering them along with Cas9 into eukaryotic cells, different regions of the cell's genome can be targeted and manipulated. These findings have drawn much attention to this new technology and it has been shown that CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing can be used to treat some human diseases. These include infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases. In this review article, in addition to a brief overview of the biology of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we collected the most recent findings on the applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology for better investigation of the pathogenesis and treatment of viral infections (human immunodeficiency virus infection, hepatitis virus infections, and onco-virus infections), non-viral infections (parasitic, fungal, and bacterial infections), and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Durdi Qujeq
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center (CMBRC), Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Tooba Yousefi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Department of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Mahmood Maniati
- English Department, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Vaghari-Tabari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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30
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Rare Laryngeal Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Case Report and Innovative Surgical Approach. ARS MEDICA TOMITANA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/arsm-2019-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma is an angioproliferative neoplasm that usually appears on the skin, but can also involve all organs and anatomic locations. The atypical manifestations of Kaposi’s sarcoma can mislead the diagnosis, which can result in a poor case management. The authors present a HIV-negative patient with Kaposi’s sarcoma with both usual and unusual locations such as the larynx, eyelids and bones. In the pre-therapeutic balance, we used NBI, which showed an intensely vascularized tumor in the larynx. The chosen method for treatment consisted in subtotal epiglotectomy performed under TransOral UltraSonic Surgery (TOUSS) approach. The use of TOUSS endoscopic surgery helped reduce the time of hospitalization, the patient did not need a nasogastric tube and was orally fed from the first postoperative day, with a better and faster functional recovery.
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31
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Grewer A, Bleyer M, Mätz-Rensing K, Hahn AS, Rüggeberg T, Babaryka G, Zimmermann A, Pöhlmann S, Kaul A. Kaposi Sarcoma in Mantled Guereza. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1552-1555. [PMID: 31310216 PMCID: PMC6649314 DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.181804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a novel Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus–related rhadinovirus (Colobine gammaherpesvirus 1) in a mantled guereza (Colobus guereza kikuyensis). The animal had multiple oral tumors characterized by proliferation of latent nuclear antigen 1–positive spindle cells and was not co-infected with immunosuppressive simian viruses, suggesting that it had Kaposi sarcoma caused by this novel rhadinovirus.
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Primary Sarcomas of the Larynx: A Single Institutional Experience with Ten Cases. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 14:707-714. [PMID: 31813100 PMCID: PMC7413934 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas infrequently arise in the larynx where the vast majority of tumors are of epithelial origin. Given their rarity, studies of these lesions are limited in number. In this series, we describe our institutional experience with ten primary sarcomas of the larynx encountered over an 18 year period, comprising 1.9% of all laryngeal malignancies observed in this timeframe. The cases include four chondrosarcomas and one example each of osteosarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma, well-differentiated liposarcoma, Kaposi sarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. Patients included nine males and one female, with a mean age of 59 years (range 34-75). The mean clinical follow-up time was 3.4 years (range 0-12 years). Clinically, all patients presented with vocal and/or respiratory symptoms, and all received surgical treatment with the exception of the case of Kaposi sarcoma. Of the nine patients who underwent surgical excision, two, both chondrosarcomas, experienced local recurrence. No instances of distant metastasis or death of disease had occurred at the time of preparation of this manuscript. In conclusion, primary sarcomas of the larynx are rare but tend to present with early symptoms. This likely allows for earlier detection and intervention as compared to their counterparts in other deep soft tissue locations. Pathologically, it is important, although difficult in some cases, to distinguish these neoplasms from sarcomatoid carcinoma and reactive processes. Careful morphologic and immunohistochemical evaluation, as well as correlation with the clinical and radiologic findings, is important for accurate tumor classification.
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Sharma S, Kurra C, Hyska-Campbell M, Taylor K, Hernandez M, Palma C, Alkhasawneh A, Wasserman P. Kaposi Sarcoma mimicking pedal osteomyelitis in a patient with HIV. Radiol Case Rep 2019; 14:1495-1499. [PMID: 31660095 PMCID: PMC6807071 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) is an angio-proliferative mesenchymal neoplasm that typically affects the skin. In the setting of AIDS, it is usually disseminated, commonly involving noncutaneous sites like oral cavity, lymph nodes, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal systems. Musculoskeletal system involvement by KS is rare, and when encountered, it typically involves the axial skeleton (vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and pelvis) and/or maxillofacial bones. This report describes an unusual case of a 44-year old patient with HIV, who presented with a foot ulcer that fit the typical clinical features of osteomyelitis until MRI of the foot demonstrated atypical findings that challenged the original clinical diagnosis. This case highlights the role that advanced diagnostic imaging plays in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal Kaposi Sarcoma and serves as a reminder to radiologists to include Kaposi Sarcoma in the differential of multifocal osteolytic lesions in patients with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville FL, USA
| | - Chandana Kurra
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville FL, USA
| | | | - Kristin Taylor
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville FL, USA
| | | | - Christine Palma
- Department of Podiatry, University of Florida, Jacksonville FL, USA
| | - Ahmad Alkhasawneh
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, Jacksonville FL, USA
| | - Paul Wasserman
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Jacksonville FL, USA
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Nair V, Sheikh F, Hirschwerk D, Fahmy A, Bhaskaran M, Grodstein E, Winnick A, Maki R, Teperman L, Molmenti E. An unusual case of Kaposi sarcoma masquerading as cystitis in a kidney transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 2019; 21:e13132. [DOI: 10.1111/tid.13132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Nair
- Department of Medicine Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Fatima Sheikh
- Department of Medicine Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - David Hirschwerk
- Department of Medicine Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Ahmed Fahmy
- Department of Surgery Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Department of Medicine Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Elliot Grodstein
- Department of Surgery Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Aaron Winnick
- Department of Surgery Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Robert Maki
- Department of Medicine Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Lewis Teperman
- Department of Surgery Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
| | - Ernesto Molmenti
- Department of Surgery Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell Manhasset New York
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Verdecia J, Warda F, Rechcigl K, Sokanovic M, Isache C. Kaposi sarcoma with musculoskeletal manifestations in a well-controlled HIV patient. IDCases 2019; 17:e00571. [PMID: 31275805 PMCID: PMC6587020 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We present here a case of relapsed HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), manifesting as a plantar ulcer with underlying bone involvement in a patient with well-controlled HIV. Radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging of the patient's right foot showed bone destruction suggestive of osteomyelitis. However, when a bone biopsy was done, this was consistent with KS, without any signs of bone infection. Patient was initially diagnosed with KS four years prior. He was successfully treated at the time with doxorubicin, radiation therapy, and began HIV therapy. At the time of the KS recurrence, his HIV viral load was undetectable and his CD4 count was over 900 cells/uL (CD4 percentage of 42%). Musculoskeletal (MSK) involvement in KS is a rare manifestation of this disease. The argest series of skeletal KS in people living with HIV by Papanastasopoulos at el. showed a prevalence of only 1.1%. The radiological features of MSK-KS are generally lytic osseous lesions, but presentations may differ. Bone biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, as many other infectious and neoplastic processes can mimic MSK-KS radiographically. In the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV who are diagnosed with MSK-KS appear to have a substantially improved survival rate than previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdecia
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida-COM, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Firas Warda
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida-COM, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Kevin Rechcigl
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida-COM, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Mladen Sokanovic
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida-COM, Jacksonville, United States
| | - Carmen Isache
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida-COM, Jacksonville, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida-COM, Jacksonville, United States
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Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an endothelial tumor etiologically related to Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. The aim of our study was to screen out candidate genes of KSHV infected endothelial cells and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms by bioinformatics methods. Microarray datasets GSE16354 and GSE22522 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between endothelial cells and KSHV infected endothelial cells were identified. And then, functional enrichment analyses of gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed. After that, Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) was used to investigate the potential protein-protein interaction (PPI) network between DEGs, Cytoscape software was used to visualize the interaction network of DEGs and to screen out the hub genes. A total of 113 DEGs and 11 hub genes were identified from the 2 datasets. GO enrichment analysis revealed that most of the DEGs were enrichen in regulation of cell proliferation, extracellular region part and sequence-specific DNA binding; KEGG pathway enrichments analysis displayed that DEGs were mostly enrichen in cell cycle, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, and Insulin signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study identified a host of DEGs and hub genes in KSHV infected endothelial cells which may serve as potential key biomarkers and therapeutic targets, helping us to have a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Gong
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
| | - Xiu-Juan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Xuhui District, Shanghai
| | - Xiong-Ming Pu
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Kang
- Department of Dermatology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Yeak J, Iqbal T, Zahari M, Ismail F. Total resolution of ocular Kaposi sarcoma with different treatment approaches - a case series and review of literature. Int J STD AIDS 2019; 30:802-809. [PMID: 31046617 DOI: 10.1177/0956462418825353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative disease that can vary from low-grade to aggressive and lethal multicentric vascular lesions, which can involve various locations, commonly mucocutaneous, lymph nodes, and visceral organs. It can also involve unusual sites such as the eye, central or peripheral nervous system, larynx, and many other anatomical sites. We describe three cases of ocular KS, which resolved completely following different treatment modalities. All three cases were known HIV-positive individuals with low CD4 cell counts. Case 1 received pegylated doxorubicin, case 2 received local radiotherapy, and case 3 received only highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). All three cases responded well to their respective therapy. Ocular KS is generally responsive to treatment. Initiation of HAART can achieve a remarkable response. In large or resistant cases, other treatment modalities can be considered to achieve resolution of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Yeak
- University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cipriano P, Nabais I, Melo N, Alves AR. Chylous ascites in disseminated Kaposi sarcoma: an unusual manifestation as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:e228406. [PMID: 30904896 PMCID: PMC6510130 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-228406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A 29-year-old man with diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain and multiple purple papular lesions, neither pruriginous nor painful, was diagnosed with HIV-1 infection and disseminated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) with gastrointestinal involvement. He was started on highly active antiretroviral therapy immediately, as well as doxorubicin. Three weeks later, the patient developed bilateral moderate pleural effusion and large-volume ascites compatible with chylothorax and chylous ascites. An immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) reaction was assumed. KS flare was associated with lymphatic obstruction and infiltration of thoracic duct by the tumour itself with leakage of chylous into pleural and peritoneal cavities. KS is the most common tumour in HIV patients and the existence of related effusions is not uncommon. KS-related chylothorax is an unusual manifestation of KS; there are only four cases described in the literature of chylous ascites related to KS-HIV. Overall survival is improving in KS but explosive and debilitating IRIS reactions can explain cases with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Cipriano
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Cascais, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Inês Nabais
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Cascais, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Nuno Melo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Cascais, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Ana Rafaela Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Cascais, Cascais, Portugal
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Bisceglia M, Minenna E, Altobella A, Sanguedolce F, Panniello G, Bisceglia S, Ben-Dor DJ. Anaplastic Kaposi's Sarcoma of the Adrenal in an HIV-negative Patient With Literature Review. Adv Anat Pathol 2019; 26:133-149. [PMID: 30212382 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a peculiar tumor of viral etiology, with the HHV8 rhadinovirus playing a fundamental role in its development. Several epidemiological categories of KS have been identified, of which the sporadic, endemic, iatrogenic, and the epidemic are the main ones. Several histologic disease morphologies have been described, such as inflammatory, angiomatous, spindle cell, mixed, and the anaplastic (sarcomatous) subtypes. The skin of the limbs is most commonly affected, but any other organ or site may be involved. Microscopically KS may enter the differential diagnosis with several different entities, and for this purpose the immunohistochemical detection of the viral latent nuclear antigen-1 (LNA-1) may be crucial. Sporadic KS is usually benign, but rarely it may be aggressive. Anaplastic histology heralds an ominous course in any clinical context. We report a case of anaplastic retroperitoneal KS, occurring in an HIV-negative adult man. This patient presented with a huge left suprarenal mass, which was totally resected, and initially diagnosed as inflammatory leiomyosarcoma, because of the monomorphic spindle cell tumor morphology. After 12 years the tumor recurred locally as an unresectable mass, which was biopsied and examined. At the time of recurrence, the histologic slides of the primary tumor were reviewed, and the previous diagnosis was changed to that of atypical KS. Histologically the recurrent tumor showed both spindle cell and epithelioid appearances. Strongly diffuse HHV8/LAN-1 immunopositivity was documented in both tumors. The final diagnosis for the entire case was anaplastic KS. Then, the patient died in a few months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bisceglia
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Etromapmax Pole, Lesina (FG)
| | - Elena Minenna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, University of Foggia
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Bisceglia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Polyclinic of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - David J Ben-Dor
- Department of Pathology, The Barzilai Medical Center, Ashkelon, Israel
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40
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Cherian S, Umerah OM, Tufail M, Panchal RK. Chylothorax in a patient with HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma. BMJ Case Rep 2019; 12:12/1/e227641. [PMID: 30674495 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-227641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a 33-year-old man with a background of HIV and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), who presented with a right sided chylothorax. He was managed with percutaneous chest drainage and talc pleurodesis, in addition to his chemotherapy and antiretroviral therapy for KS and HIV, respectively. Good clinical control of the chylothorax remained 4 months post drainage. This case report summarises the approach to investigating and managing pleural effusion, and in particular chylothorax, in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Cherian
- Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital Department of Respiratory Disorders Lung Disorders and Thoracic Medicine, Leicester, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Institute for Lung Health, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Onyeka Maureen Umerah
- Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital Department of Respiratory Disorders Lung Disorders and Thoracic Medicine, Leicester, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Institute for Lung Health, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Muhammad Tufail
- Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital Department of Respiratory Disorders Lung Disorders and Thoracic Medicine, Leicester, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Institute for Lung Health, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rakesh K Panchal
- Respiratory Medicine, Glenfield Hospital Department of Respiratory Disorders Lung Disorders and Thoracic Medicine, Leicester, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Institute for Lung Health, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Abstract
Endothelins were discovered more than thirty years ago as potent vasoactive compounds. Beyond their well-documented cardiovascular properties, however, the contributions of the endothelin pathway have been demonstrated in several neuroinflammatory processes and the peptides have been reported as clinically relevant biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases. Several studies report that endothelin-1 significantly contributes to the progression of neuroinflammatory processes, particularly during infections in the central nervous system (CNS), and is associated with a loss of endothelial integrity at the blood brain barrier level. Because of the paucity of clinical trials with endothelin-1 antagonists in several infectious and non-infectious neuroinflammatory diseases, it remains an open question whether the 21 amino acid peptide is a mediator/modulator rather than a biomarker of the progression of neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the potential roles of endothelins in the pathology of neuroinflammatory processes, including infectious diseases of viral, bacterial or parasitic origin in which the synthesis of endothelins or its pharmacology have been investigated from the cell to the bedside in several cases, as well as in non-infectious inflammatory processes such as neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimers Disease or central nervous system vasculitis.
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42
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Temelkova I, Tronnier M, Terziev I, Wollina U, Lozev I, Goldust M, Tchernev G. A Series of Patients with Kaposi Sarcoma (Mediterranean/Classical Type): Case Presentations and Short Update on Pathogenesis and Treatment. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1688-1693. [PMID: 30337990 PMCID: PMC6182508 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Kaposi’s sarcoma was first described in 1872 by Moritz Kaposi. To date, it is considered a malignant disease is originating from the endothelial cells of the lymphatic vessels believed to be infected with HHV-8. The current classification defines four major epidemiological forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma: classical, endemic, AIDS-associated, and iatrogenic. CASE REPORT: A 90-year-old male is presented with multiple plaques- and tumour-shaped brown-violet formations located on an erythematous-livid base in the area of both feet and both shanks. Two samples were taken from the lesions on the skin of the shanks, with histopathological examination and the subsequent immunohistochemistry showing Kaposi’s sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: Kaposi sarcoma is a disease that causes difficulties both in diagnostic and therapeutic respect. The only sure way to determine the correct diagnosis is immunohistochemical staining with the anti-HHV8 antibody. Despite the wide range of systematic and local treatment options, there is still no unified algorithm and a unified strategy for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Temelkova
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev Nr 79, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Tronnier
- Helios Klinikum GMBH-Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology Senator-Braun-Allee 33 Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
| | - Ivan Terziev
- Universitetska Mnogoprofilno Bolnitsa za Aktivno Lechenie "Tsaritsa Yoanna"-Common and Clinical Pathology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden-Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Friedrichstrasse 41, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ilia Lozev
- Medical Institute of the Ministry of Interior-Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Georgi Tchernev
- Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior (MVR), Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev Nr 79, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Onkoderma-Policlinic for Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, General Skobelev 26, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Jin C, Minhas H, Kaur A, Kodali S, Gotlieb V. A Case of Ocular Kaposi's Sarcoma Successfully Treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) Combined with Docetaxel. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2018; 19:1074-1077. [PMID: 30197412 PMCID: PMC6140454 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.910374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Patient: Male, 24 Final Diagnosis: Ocular Kaposi’s sarcoma Symptoms: Eyelid swelling • red eye Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Biopsy Specialty: Oncology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongfei Jin
- Department of Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hamza Minhas
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sreenath Kodali
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir Gotlieb
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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44
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Pontejo SM, Murphy PM, Pease JE. Chemokine Subversion by Human Herpesviruses. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:465-478. [PMID: 30165356 DOI: 10.1159/000492161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses use diverse molecular mechanisms to exploit and evade the immune response. Herpesviruses, in particular, encode functional chemokine and chemokine receptor homologs pirated from the host, as well as secreted chemokine-binding proteins with unique structures. Multiple functions have been described for herpesvirus chemokine components, including attraction of target cells, blockade of leukocyte migration, and modulation of gene expression and cell entry by the virus. Here we review current concepts about how human herpesvirus chemokines, chemokine receptors, and chemokine-binding proteins may be used to shape a proviral state in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio M Pontejo
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philip M Murphy
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - James E Pease
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United
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45
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Schulberg S, Al-Feghali V, Bain K, Shehebar J. Non-cutaneous AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma presenting as recurrent rectal abscesses. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-225749. [PMID: 30131417 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-225749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma is a fatal disease that typically presents with cutaneous manifestations in immunocompromised individuals. There are a small number of documented cases where patients diagnosed with this disease present without cutaneous lesions. We present a 35-year-old man with recurrent rectal abscesses and fistula-in-ano, which required multiple drainage procedures. Further investigation revealed a diagnosis of HIV-AIDS, and biopsy of a rectal mass confirmed the diagnosis of visceral Kaposi's sarcoma, despite the absence of cutaneous involvement. Workup revealed hepatic metastasis and a second pulmonary primary malignancy. The patient denied chemotherapy or further intervention and was subsequently lost to follow-up. Prompt diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma and initiation of treatment is vital to decrease disease progression. A high index of suspicion should be present in immunocompromised patients, and clinicians must recognise atypical presentations in order to improve long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Schulberg
- Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Hospital-Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Vanessa Al-Feghali
- Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Hospital-Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Bain
- Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Hospital-Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Josef Shehebar
- Department of Surgery, NYU Langone Hospital-Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York, USA
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46
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Soon GST, Petersson F, Thong MKT, Tan CL. Primary Nasopharyngeal Kaposi Sarcoma as Index Diagnosis of AIDS in a Previously Healthy Man. Head Neck Pathol 2018; 13:664-667. [PMID: 30039355 PMCID: PMC6854163 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0954-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A 38-year-old, previously healthy man presented with blood-stained saliva and epistaxis. A 3 mm nasopharyngeal lesion was found. A biopsy was performed and microscopic examination revealed a Kaposi sarcoma. The patient was subsequently found to be positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma in the presence of HIV infection advanced his disease to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Primary manifestation of Kaposi sarcoma in the nasopharynx is extremely rare. The histologic differential diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma in this unusual site, especially without the clinical history of immunosuppression, is broad. Awareness that nasopharynx can be a primary involvement site of Kaposi sarcoma and serves as index diagnosis of AIDS is important given its serious clinical implication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyneth S T Soon
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fredrik Petersson
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark K T Thong
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Char Loo Tan
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
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Lorei NC, Lucas MJ, Logemann NF. Tattoo-induced hemangioma: An exploration of the potential for vascular proliferations following tattoo-related trauma. J Cutan Pathol 2018; 45:721-724. [PMID: 29920738 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the rising popularity of tattoos, many physicians have seen complications of their application, usually transient and inflammatory in nature, although both benign and malignant neoplasms have been reported as well. We present an unusual case of a hemangioma arising after tattoo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Lorei
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Matthew J Lucas
- Department of Dermatology, Winn Army Community Hospital, Fort Stewart, Georgia
| | - Nicholas F Logemann
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Dermatology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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Deregulation of HDAC5 by Viral Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Plays an Essential Role in Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Induced Lymphangiogenesis. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.02217-17. [PMID: 29339432 PMCID: PMC5770555 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02217-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent for Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), which is one of the most common HIV-associated neoplasms. The endothelium is the thin layer of squamous cells where vascular blood endothelial cells (BECs) line the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are in direct contact with lymphatic vessels. The KS lesions contain a prominent compartment of neoplastic spindle morphology cells that are closely related to LECs. Furthermore, while KSHV can infect both LECs and BECs in vitro, its infection activates genetic programming related to lymphatic endothelial cell fate, suggesting that lymphangiogenic pathways are involved in KSHV infection and malignancy. Here, we report for the first time that viral interferon regulatory factor 3 (vIRF3) is readily detected in over 40% of KS lesions and that vIRF3 functions as a proangiogenic factor, inducing hypersprouting formation and abnormal growth in a LEC-specific manner. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that vIRF3 interacted with histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), which is a signal-responsive regulator for vascular homeostasis. This interaction blocked the phosphorylation-dependent cytosolic translocation of HDAC5 and ultimately altered global gene expression in LECs but not in BECs. Consequently, vIRF3 robustly induced spindle morphology and hypersprouting formation of LECs but not BECs. Finally, KSHV infection led to the hypersprouting formation of LECs, whereas infection with a ΔvIRF3 mutant did not do so. Collectively, our data indicate that vIRF3 alters global gene expression and induces a hypersprouting formation in an HDAC5-binding-dependent and LEC-specific manner, ultimately contributing to KSHV-associated pathogenesis. Several lines of evidences indicate that KSHV infection of LECs induces pathological lymphangiogenesis and that the results resemble KS-like spindle morphology. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that KSHV vIRF3 is readily detected in over 40% of various KS lesions and functions as a potent prolymphangiogenic factor by blocking the phosphorylation-dependent cytosolic translocation of HDAC5, which in turn modulates global gene expression in LECs. Consequently, vIRF3-HDAC5 interaction contributes to virus-induced lymphangiogenesis. The results of this study suggest that KSHV vIRF3 plays a crucial role in KSHV-induced malignancy.
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Mudau A, Makhanya NZ, Suleman FE. Disseminated Kaposi sarcoma presenting in unusual locations: A case report. SA J Radiol 2017; 21:1260. [PMID: 31754485 PMCID: PMC6837792 DOI: 10.4102/sajr.v21i2.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common malignancy associated with HIV infection. It usually affects the skin, the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. It is generally described in the setting of CD4 counts < 150 cells/mm3 – 200 cells/mm3. We describe a case of recurrence of KS with a rare presentation of breast and musculoskeletal involvement in the setting of a CD4 count of 374 cell/mm3 and an undetectable viral load. The patient was on highly active antiretroviral therapy for 5 years at the time of the second presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adziambei Mudau
- Department of Radiology, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Gramolelli S, Ojala PM. Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-induced endothelial cell reprogramming supports viral persistence and contributes to Kaposi's sarcoma tumorigenesis. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 26:156-162. [PMID: 29031103 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an endothelial tumor causally linked to Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) infection. At early stages of KS, inflammation and aberrant neoangiogenesis are predominant, while at late stages the disease is characterized by the proliferation of KSHV-infected spindle cells (SC). Since KSHV infection modifies the endothelial cell (EC) identity, the origin of SCs remains elusive. Yet, pieces of evidence indicate the lymphatic origin. KSHV-infected ECs display increased proliferative, angiogenic and migratory capacities which account for KS oncogenesis. Here we propose a model in which KSHV reprograms the EC identity, induces DNA damage and establishes a dysregulated gene expression program involving interplay of latent and lytic genes allowing continuous reinfection of ECs attracted to the tumor by the secretion of virus-induced cellular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gramolelli
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Päivi M Ojala
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, P.O. Box 63 (Haartmaninkatu 8), University of Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland; Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Section of Virology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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