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Suderman RP, Hurtig MB, Grynpas MD, Kuzyk PRT, Changoor A. Effect of Press-Fit Size on Insertion Mechanics and Cartilage Viability in Human and Ovine Osteochondral Grafts. Cartilage 2024:19476035241247297. [PMID: 38651510 DOI: 10.1177/19476035241247297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The osteochondral allograft procedure uses grafts constructed larger than the recipient site to stabilize the graft, in what is known as the press-fit technique. This research aims to characterize the relationships between press-fit size, insertion forces, and cell viability in ovine and human osteochondral tissue. DESIGN Human (4 donors) and ovine (5 animals) articular joints were used to harvest osteochondral grafts (4.55 mm diameter, N = 33 Human, N = 35 Ovine) and create recipient sites with grafts constructed to achieve varying degrees of press fit (0.025-0.240 mm). Donor grafts were inserted into recipient sites while insertion forces were measured followed by quantification of chondrocyte viability and histological staining to evaluate the extracellular matrix. RESULTS Both human and ovine tissues exhibited similar mechanical and cellular responses to changes in press-fit. Insertion forces (Human: 3-169 MPa, Ovine: 36-314 MPa) and cell viability (Human: 16%-89% live, Ovine: 2%-76% live) were correlated to press-fit size for both human (force: r = 0.539, viability: r = -0.729) and ovine (force: r = 0.655, viability: r = -0.714) tissues. In both species, a press-fit above 0.14 mm resulted in reduced cell viability below a level acceptable for transplantation, increased insertion forces, and reduced linear correlation to press-fit size compared to samples with a press-fit below 0.14 mm. CONCLUSIONS Increasing press-fit size required increased insertion forces and resulted in reduced cell viability. Ovine and human osteochondral tissues responded similarly to impact insertion and varying press-fit size, providing evidence for the use of the ovine model in allograft-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Suderman
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Kierans Janigan Biomechanics Research Program, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M B Hurtig
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - M D Grynpas
- Kierans Janigan Biomechanics Research Program, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - P R T Kuzyk
- Kierans Janigan Biomechanics Research Program, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Changoor
- Kierans Janigan Biomechanics Research Program, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Changoor A, Suderman RP, Alshaygy I, Fuhrmann A, Akens MK, Safir O, Grynpas MD, Kuzyk PRT. Irregular porous titanium enhances implant stability and bone ingrowth in an intra-articular ovine model. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:2294-2307. [PMID: 35146795 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Two commercially available porous coatings, Gription and Porocoat, were compared for the first time in a challenging intra-articular, weight-bearing, ovine model. Gription has evolved from Porocoat and has higher porosity, coefficient of friction, and microtextured topography, which are expected to enhance bone ingrowth. Cylindrical implants were press-fit into the weight-bearing regions of ovine femoral condyles and bone ingrowth and fixation strength evaluated 4, 8, and 16 weeks postoperatively. Biomechanical push-out tests were performed on lateral femoral condyles (LFCs) to evaluate the strength of the bone-implant interface. Bone ingrowth was assessed in medial femoral condyles (MFCs) as well as implants retrieved from LFCs following biomechanical testing using backscattered electron microscopy and histology. By 16 weeks, Gription-coated implants exhibited higher force (2455 ± 1362 vs. 1002 ± 1466 N; p = 0.046) and stress (12.60 ± 6.99 vs. 5.14 ± 7.53 MPa; p = 0.046) at failure, and trended towards higher stiffness (11,510 ± 7645 vs. 5010 ± 8374 N/mm; p = 0.061) and modulus of elasticity (591 ± 392 vs. 256 ± 431 MPa; p = 0.061). A strong, positive correlation was detected between bone ingrowth in LFC implants and failure force (r = 0.93, p < 10-13 ). By 16 weeks, bone ingrowth in Gription-coated implants in MFCs was 10.50 ± 6.31% compared to 5.88 ± 2.77% in Porocoat (p = 0.095). Observations of the bone-implant interface, made following push-out testing, showed more bony material consistently adhered to Gription compared to Porocoat at all three time points. Gription provided superior fixation strength and bone ingrowth by 16 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Changoor
- Department of Surgery and Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Peter Suderman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Alshaygy
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Fuhrmann
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Barzilai Medical Centre, Ashkelon, Israel
| | - Margarete K Akens
- Department of Surgery and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oleg Safir
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul R T Kuzyk
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Irmak G, Gümüşderelioğlu M. Photo-activated platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-based patient-specific bio-ink for cartilage tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:065010. [PMID: 32985413 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab9e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, scientists focus on the development of tissue-specific and personalized bio-ink that can be used in 3D bioprinting technologies. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a person-specific source that is used as a therapeutic adjunct for the treatment of cartilage damage because it offers a cocktail of growth factors that are necessary for wound healing and tissue regeneration. However, PRP treatments in the clinic are not satisfactory and require upgrading, especially the point of maintaining bioactivity. In this study, we presented PRP as a photo-activated and photo-crosslinkable bio-ink in terms of tissue-specific structures for the first time. We achieved long-term and constant rate growth factor release and bioactivity protection of PRP with satisfactory mechanical characteristics. Photo-crosslinked PRP hydrogel was enabled by the addition of microwave-induced methacrylated gelatin (Gel-MA), which is connected to platelets in PRP via integrin receptors in its structure and chemically cross-linked upon UV irradiation (300-500 nm). Photo-activation of PRP was realized by a polychromatic light source in the near-infrared region (PAC, 600-1200 nm). Our results showed that Gel-MA/PRP hydrogels with the desired mechanical properties (low degradation rate and high mechanical strength) released growth factors at a constant rate for the long-term by the periodic PAC application. In vitro cell culture studies (viability, proliferation, morphology, histology, immunochemistry, biochemistry, gene expression analyses) proved that proliferation and differentiation of the ATDC5 cells increased in the periodically light-applied Gel-MA/PRP hydrogel without any external chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülseren Irmak
- Bioengineering Department, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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4
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Xia C, Mei S, Gu C, Zheng L, Fang C, Shi Y, Wu K, Lu T, Jin Y, Lin X, Chen P. Decellularized cartilage as a prospective scaffold for cartilage repair. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 101:588-595. [PMID: 31029352 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage lacks self-healing capacity, and there is no effective therapy facilitating cartilage repair. Osteoarthritis (OA) due to cartilage defects represents large and increasing healthcare burdens worldwide. Nowadays, the generation of scaffolds to preserve bioactive factors and the biophysical environment has received increasing attention. Furthermore, improved decellularization technology has provided novel insights into OA treatment. This review provides a comparative account of different cartilage defect therapies. Furthermore, some recent effective decellularization protocols have been discussed. In particular, this review focuses on the decellularization ratio of each protocol. Moreover, these protocols were compared particularly on the basis of immunogenicity and mechanical functionality. Further, various recellularization methods have been enlisted and the reparative capacity of decellularized cartilage scaffolds is evaluated herein. The advantages and limitations of different recellularization processes have been described herein. This provides a basis for the generation of decellularized cartilage scaffolds, thereby potentially promoting the possibility of decellularization as a clinical therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Mei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chenhui Gu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Orthopedics, 5th Affiliated Hospital, Lishui Municipal Central Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yiling Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kaiwei Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Tongtong Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongming Jin
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, China.
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5
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Pilichi S, Rocca S, Dattena M, Pool RR, Mara L, Sanna D, Masala G, Manunta ML, Dore S, Manunta A, Passino ES. Sheep embryonic stem-like cells engrafted into sheep femoral condyle osteochondral defects: 4-year follow-up. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:213. [PMID: 29954396 PMCID: PMC6022494 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage lacks a regenerative response. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a source of pluripotent cells for cartilage regeneration. Their use, however, is associated with a risk of teratoma development, which depends on multiple factors including the number of engrafted cells and their degree of histocompatibility with recipients, the immunosuppression of the host and the site of transplantation. Colonies of sheep embryonic stem-like (ES-like) cells from in vitro-produced embryos, positive for stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Oct 4, Nanog, Sox 2 and Stat 3 gene expression, and forming embryoid bodies, were pooled in groups of two-three, embedded in fibrin glue and engrafted into osteochondral defects in the left medial femoral condyles of 3 allogeneic ewes (ES). Empty defects (ED) and defects filled with cell-free glue (G) in the condyles of the controlateral stifle joint served as controls. After euthanasia at 4 years post-engraftment, the regenerated tissue was evaluated by macroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical (collagen type II) examinations and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay to prove the ES-like cells origin of the regenerated tissue. RESULTS No teratoma occurred in any of the ES samples. No statistically significant macroscopic or histological differences were observed among the 3 treatment groups. FISH was positive in all the 3 ES samples. CONCLUSIONS This in vivo preclinical study allowed a long-term evaluation of the occurrence of teratoma in non-immunosuppressed allogeneic adult sheep engrafted with allogeneic ES-like cells, supporting the safe and reliable application of ES cells in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pilichi
- Service of Research in Zootechnics, AGRIS Sardinia (Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia), Olmedo, 07040 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Dattena
- Service of Research in Zootechnics, AGRIS Sardinia (Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia), Olmedo, 07040 Sassari, Italy
| | - Roy Ransom Pool
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467 USA
| | - Laura Mara
- Service of Research in Zootechnics, AGRIS Sardinia (Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia), Olmedo, 07040 Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Sanna
- Service of Research in Zootechnics, AGRIS Sardinia (Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia), Olmedo, 07040 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Masala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Vienna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Simone Dore
- National Reference Centre for Sheep and Goat Mastitis, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sardinia, via Duca degli Abruzzi 8, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Andrea Manunta
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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6
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Liu X, Yang Y, Niu X, Lin Q, Zhao B, Wang Y, Zhu L. An in situ photocrosslinkable platelet rich plasma - Complexed hydrogel glue with growth factor controlled release ability to promote cartilage defect repair. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:179-187. [PMID: 28501713 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage injury is a great clinical challenge. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has attracted much attention for the repair of articular cartilage injury, because it contains various growth factors that are beneficial for wound repair. However, current administration methods of PRP have many shortcomings, such as unstable biological fixation and burst release of growth factors, all of which complicate its application in the repair of articular cartilage and compromise its therapeutic efficacy. In this study, based on our previously reported photoinduced imine crosslinking (PIC) reaction, we developed an in situ photocrosslinkable PRP hydrogel glue (HNPRP) through adding a photoresponsive hyaluronic acid (HA-NB) which could generate aldehyde groups upon light irradiation and subsequently react with amino groups, into autologous PRP. Our study showed that HNPRP hydrogel glue was cytocompatible and could be conveniently and rapidly prepared in situ, forming a robust hydrogel scaffold. In addition, our results demonstrated that HNPRP hydrogel not only achieved controlled release of growth factors, but also showed strong tissue adhesive ability. Therefore, HNPRP hydrogel was quite suitable for cartilage defect regeneration. Our further in vitro experiment showed that HNPRP hydrogel could promote the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes and bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). In vivo testing using a rabbit full-thickness cartilage defect model demonstrated that HNPRP hydrogel could achieve integrative hyaline cartilage regeneration and its therapeutic efficacy was better than thrombin activated PRP gel. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we have developed a photocrosslinkable platelet rich plasma (PRP) - complexed hydrogel glue (HNPRP) for cartilage regeneration. The in situ formed HNPRP hydrogel glue showed not only the controlled release ability of growth factors, but also strong tissue adhesiveness, which could resolve the current problems in clinical application of PRP. Furthermore, HNPRP hydrogel glue could promote integrative hyaline cartilage regeneration, and its reparative efficacy for cartilage defect was better than thrombin activated PRP gel. This study provided not only an effective repair material for cartilage regeneration, but also developed an advanced method for PRP application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' Hospital, 600 # Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' Hospital, 600 # Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xin Niu
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' Hospital, 600 # Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qiuning Lin
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bizeng Zhao
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' Hospital, 600 # Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Institute of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' Hospital, 600 # Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Linyong Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Institute of Fine Chemicals, East China University of Science and Technology, 130# Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Suitability of EGCG as a Means of Stabilizing a Porcine Osteochondral Xenograft. J Funct Biomater 2017; 8:jfb8040043. [PMID: 28946629 PMCID: PMC5748550 DOI: 10.3390/jfb8040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a non-crosslinked osteochondral xenograft would be mechanically inferior to native cartilage and vulnerable to premature degradation, we seek a safe and effective method of xenograft stabilization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacity for epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to stabilize a decellularized porcine osteochondral xenograft through collagen crosslinking. Our objectives were to assess the effects of EGCG on the degree of crosslinking, mechanical properties, collagenase resistance, cytotoxicity, and in vitro biocompatibility. EGCG is a green tea polyphenol that acts as a collagen crosslinker. Porcine osteochondral plugs were decellularized and then crosslinked by soaking in EGCG. The degree of crosslinking, cartilage compressive stiffness, cartilage-bone interface strength, coefficient of friction, and residual mass after collagenase exposure all increased with an increasing EGCG concentration. With the exception of the coefficient of friction, EGCG treatment could restore mechanical properties to levels equal to, or exceeding those, of native cartilage. EGCG treatment profoundly increased the enzymatic resistance, and 1% EGCG provided protection equivalent to 1% glutaraldehyde. EGCG up to 0.5 mM was essentially not cytotoxic to chondrocytes embedded in alginate, and autologous chondrocytes attached to decellularized, EGCG-fixed cartilage were all viable five days after seeding. Results demonstrate that EGCG has many beneficial effects on a decellularized osteochondral xenograft, and may be suitable for use in stabilizing such a graft prior to implantation for the repair of a defect.
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8
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Mumme M, Steinitz A, Nuss KM, Klein K, Feliciano S, Kronen P, Jakob M, von Rechenberg B, Martin I, Barbero A, Pelttari K. Regenerative Potential of Tissue-Engineered Nasal Chondrocytes in Goat Articular Cartilage Defects. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:1286-1295. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Mumme
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinic for Traumatologic Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amir Steinitz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clinic for Traumatologic Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katja M. Nuss
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MSRU), Equine Department, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Klein
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MSRU), Equine Department, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Feliciano
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kronen
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Veterinary Anaesthesia Services–International (VAS), Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Jakob
- Clinic for Traumatologic Surgery, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit (MSRU), Equine Department, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Martin
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Barbero
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karoliina Pelttari
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital of Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Manunta AF, Zedde P, Pilicchi S, Rocca S, Pool RR, Dattena M, Masala G, Mara L, Casu S, Sanna D, Manunta ML, Passino ES. The use of embryonic cells in the treatment of osteochondral defects of the knee: an ovine in vivo study. JOINTS 2016; 4:70-9. [PMID: 27602346 DOI: 10.11138/jts/2016.4.2.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE the aim of this study was to determine whether local delivery of embryonic stem-like (ESL) cells into osteochondral defects in the femoral condyles of sheep would enhance regeneration of hyaline articular cartilage. METHODS male ESL cells embedded in fibrin glue were engrafted into osteochondral defects in the medial condyles (ESL-M) of the left femur in 22 ewes. An identical defect was created in the medial condyle of the contralateral stifle joint and left untreated as a control (empty defect, ED). The ewes were divided into 5 groups. Four sheep each were euthanized at 1, 2, 6, and 12 months from surgery, and 6 ewes were euthanized 24 months post-implantation. To study the effect of varying loads on the long-term regeneration process, an identical defect was also created and ESL cell engraftment performed in the lateral condyle (ESL-L) of the left stifle joint of the animals in the 12- and 24-month groups. The evaluation of regenerated tissue was performed by biomechanical, macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical (collagen type II) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assays. RESULTS no significant differences were found between treated and control sites in the biomechanical assays at any time point. ESL cell grafts showed significantly greater macroscopic evidence of regeneration as compared to controls at 24 months after surgery; significantly better histological evidence of repair in ESL-M samples versus controls was found throughout the considered period. At 24 months from surgery there was significantly improved integration of graft edges with the host tissue in the ESL-M as compared to the ESL-L samples, demonstrating that load bearing positively affects the long-term regeneration process. CONCLUSIONS ESL cells enhanced the regeneration of hyaline cartilage. FISH confirmed that the regenerative tissue originated from ESL cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE ESL cells are able to self-renew for prolonged periods without differentiation and, most importantly, to differentiate into a large variety of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Zedde
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Hospital San Francesco, Nuoro, Italy
| | - Susanna Pilicchi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia Olmedo, Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Roy R Pool
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Maria Dattena
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia Olmedo, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gerolamo Masala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Mara
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia Olmedo, Sassari, Italy
| | - Sara Casu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia Olmedo, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniela Sanna
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia Olmedo, Sassari, Italy
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10
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Pinheiro A, Cooley A, Liao J, Prabhu R, Elder S. Comparison of natural crosslinking agents for the stabilization of xenogenic articular cartilage. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1037-46. [PMID: 26632206 PMCID: PMC6791374 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteochondral xenografts are potentially inexpensive, widely available alternatives to fresh allografts. However, antigen removal from xenogenic cartilage may damage the extracellular matrix and reduce compressive stiffness. Non-crosslinked xenogenic cartilage may also undergo rapid enzymatic degradation in vivo. We hypothesized that natural crosslinking agents could be used in place of glutaraldehyde to improve the mechanical properties and enzymatic resistance of decellularized cartilage. This study compared the effects of genipin (GNP), proanthocyanidin (PA), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), on the physical and mechanical properties of decellularized porcine cartilage. Glutaraldehyde (GA) served as a positive control. Porcine articular cartilage discs were decellularized in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and DNase I followed by fixation in 0.25% GNP, 0.25% PA, 0.25% EGCG, or 2.5% GA. Decellularization decreased DNA by 15% and GAG by 35%. For natural crosslinkers, the average degree of crosslinking ranged from approximately 50% (EGCG) to 78% (GNP), as compared to 83% for the GA control. Among the natural crosslinkers, only GNP significantly affected the disc diameter, and shrinkage was under 2%. GA fixation had no significant effect on disc diameter. Decellularization decreased aggregate modulus; GA and GNP, but not EGCG and PA, were able to restore it to its original level. GNP, PA, and GA conferred a similar, almost complete resistance to collagenase degradation. EGCG also conferred substantial resistance but to a lesser degree. Overall, the data support our hypothesis and suggest that natural crosslinkers may be suitable alternatives to glutaraldehyde for stabilization of decellularized cartilage. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1037-1046, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amand Pinheiro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, 44325, USA
| | - Avery Cooley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Jun Liao
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Raj Prabhu
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 39762, USA
| | - Steven Elder
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, 39762, USA
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Tatman PD, Gerull W, Sweeney-Easter S, Davis JI, Gee AO, Kim DH. Multiscale Biofabrication of Articular Cartilage: Bioinspired and Biomimetic Approaches. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015. [PMID: 26200439 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2015.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is the load-bearing tissue found inside all articulating joints of the body. It vastly reduces friction and allows for smooth gliding between contacting surfaces. The structure of articular cartilage matrix and cellular composition is zonal and is important for its mechanical properties. When cartilage becomes injured through trauma or disease, it has poor intrinsic healing capabilities. The spectrum of cartilage injury ranges from isolated areas of the joint to diffuse breakdown and the clinical appearance of osteoarthritis. Current clinical treatment options remain limited in their ability to restore cartilage to its normal functional state. This review focuses on the evolution of biomaterial scaffolds that have been used for functional cartilage tissue engineering. In particular, we highlight recent developments in multiscale biofabrication approaches attempting to recapitulate the complex 3D matrix of native articular cartilage tissue. Additionally, we focus on the application of these methods to engineering each zone of cartilage and engineering full-thickness osteochondral tissues for improved clinical implantation. These methods have shown the potential to control individual cell-to-scaffold interactions and drive progenitor cell differentiation into a chondrocyte lineage. The use of these bioinspired nanoengineered scaffolds hold promise for recreation of structure and function on the whole tissue level and may represent exciting new developments for future clinical applications for cartilage injury and restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip David Tatman
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - William Gerull
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Sean Sweeney-Easter
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Jeffrey Isaac Davis
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Albert O Gee
- 2 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington.,3 Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
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Pilichi S, Rocca S, Pool RR, Dattena M, Masala G, Mara L, Sanna D, Casu S, Manunta ML, Manunta A, Passino ES. Treatment with embryonic stem-like cells into osteochondral defects in sheep femoral condyles. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:301. [PMID: 25523522 PMCID: PMC4297431 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Articular cartilage has poor intrinsic capacity for regeneration because of its avascularity and very slow cellular turnover. Defects deriving from trauma or joint disease tend to be repaired with fibrocartilage rather than hyaline cartilage. Consequent degenerative processes are related to the width and depth of the defect. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) deriving from patients affected by osteoarthritis have a lower proliferative and chondrogenic activity, the systemic or local delivery of heterologous cells may enhance regeneration or inhibit the progressive loss of joint tissue. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are very promising, since they can self-renew for prolonged periods without differentiation and can differentiate into tissues from all the 3 germ layers. To date only a few experiments have used ESCs for the study of the cartilage regeneration in animal models and most of them used laboratory animals. Sheep, due to their anatomical, physiological and immunological similarity to humans, represent a valid model for translational studies. This experiment aimed to evaluate if the local delivery of male sheep embryonic stem-like (ES-like) cells into osteochondral defects in the femoral condyles of adult sheep can enhance the regeneration of articular cartilage. Twenty-two ewes were divided into 5 groups (1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 months after surgery). Newly formed tissue was evaluated by macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical (collagen type II) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assays. Results Regenerated tissue was ultimately evaluated on 17 sheep. Samples engrafted with ES-like cells had significantly better histologic evidence of regeneration with respect to empty defects, used as controls, at all time periods. Conclusions Histological assessments demonstrated that the local delivery of ES-like cells into osteochondral defects in sheep femoral condyles enhances the regeneration of the articular hyaline cartilage, without signs of immune rejection or teratoma for 24 months after engraftment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-014-0301-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pilichi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Olmedo, Sassari, 07040, Italy.
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Vienna, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
| | - Roy R Pool
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843-4467, TX, USA.
| | - Maria Dattena
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Olmedo, Sassari, 07040, Italy.
| | - Gerolamo Masala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Vienna, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
| | - Laura Mara
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Olmedo, Sassari, 07040, Italy.
| | - Daniela Sanna
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Olmedo, Sassari, 07040, Italy.
| | - Sara Casu
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Agency of Sardinia, Olmedo, Sassari, 07040, Italy.
| | - Maria L Manunta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, via Vienna, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
| | - Andrea Manunta
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine, University of Sassari, viale San Pietro, Sassari, 07100, Italy.
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Cissell DD, Hu JC, Griffiths LG, Athanasiou KA. Antigen removal for the production of biomechanically functional, xenogeneic tissue grafts. J Biomech 2013; 47:1987-96. [PMID: 24268315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Xenogeneic tissues are derived from other animal species and provide a source of material for engineering mechanically functional tissue grafts, such as heart valves, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Xenogeneic tissues, however, contain molecules, known as antigens, which invoke an immune reaction following implantation into a patient. Therefore, it is necessary to remove the antigens from a xenogeneic tissue to prevent immune rejection of the graft. Antigen removal can be accomplished by treating a tissue with solutions and/or physical processes that disrupt cells and solubilize, degrade, or mask antigens. However, processes used for cell and antigen removal from tissues often have deleterious effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the tissue, rendering the tissue unsuitable for implantation due to poor mechanical properties. Thus, the goal of an antigen removal process should be to reduce the antigen content of a xenogeneic tissue while preserving its mechanical functionality. To expand the clinical use of antigen-removed xenogeneic tissues as biomechanically functional grafts, it is essential that researchers examine tissue antigen content, ECM composition and architecture, and mechanical properties as new antigen removal processes are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek D Cissell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Leigh G Griffiths
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Spiller KL, Maher SA, Lowman AM. Hydrogels for the repair of articular cartilage defects. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:281-99. [PMID: 21510824 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The repair of articular cartilage defects remains a significant challenge in orthopedic medicine. Hydrogels, three-dimensional polymer networks swollen in water, offer a unique opportunity to generate a functional cartilage substitute. Hydrogels can exhibit similar mechanical, swelling, and lubricating behavior to articular cartilage, and promote the chondrogenic phenotype by encapsulated cells. Hydrogels have been prepared from naturally derived and synthetic polymers, as cell-free implants and as tissue engineering scaffolds, and with controlled degradation profiles and release of stimulatory growth factors. Using hydrogels, cartilage tissue has been engineered in vitro that has similar mechanical properties to native cartilage. This review summarizes the advancements that have been made in determining the potential of hydrogels to replace damaged cartilage or support new tissue formation as a function of specific design parameters, such as the type of polymer, degradation profile, mechanical properties and loading regimen, source of cells, cell-seeding density, controlled release of growth factors, and strategies to cause integration with surrounding tissue. Some key challenges for clinical translation remain, including limited information on the mechanical properties of hydrogel implants or engineered tissue that are necessary to restore joint function, and the lack of emphasis on the ability of an implant to integrate in a stable way with the surrounding tissue. Future studies should address the factors that affect these issues, while using clinically relevant cell sources and rigorous models of repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Spiller
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pensylvania, USA.
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Zscharnack M, Hepp P, Richter R, Aigner T, Schulz R, Somerson J, Josten C, Bader A, Marquass B. Repair of chronic osteochondral defects using predifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells in an ovine model. Am J Sports Med 2010; 38:1857-69. [PMID: 20508078 DOI: 10.1177/0363546510365296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat osteochondral defects caused by sports injuries or disease is of particular interest. However, there is a lack of studies in large-animal models examining the benefits of chondrogenic predifferentiation in vitro for repair of chronic osteochondral defects. HYPOTHESIS Chondrogenic in vitro predifferentiation of autologous MSCs embedded in a collagen I hydrogel currently in clinical trial use for matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation facilitates the regeneration of a chronic osteochondral defect in an ovine stifle joint. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS The optimal predifferentiation period of ovine MSCs within the type I collagen hydrogel in vitro was defined by assessment of several cellular and molecular biological parameters. For the animal study, osteochondral lesions (diameter 7 mm) were created at the medial femoral condyles of the hind legs in 10 merino sheep. To achieve a chronic defect model, implantation of the ovine MSCs/hydrogel constructs was not performed until 6 weeks after defect creation. The 40 defects were divided into 4 treatment groups: (1) chondrogenically predifferentiated ovine MSC/hydrogel constructs (preMSC-gels), (2) undifferentiated ovine MSC/hydrogel constructs (unMSC-gels), (3) cell-free collagen hydrogels (CF-gels), and (4) untreated controls (UCs). Evaluation followed after 6 months. RESULTS With regard to proteoglycan content, cell count, gel contraction, apoptosis, compressive properties, and progress of chondrogenic differentiation, a differentiation period of 14 days in vitro was considered optimal. After 6 months in vivo, the defects treated with preMSC-gels showed significantly better histologic scores with morphologic characteristics of hyaline cartilage such as columnarization and presence of collagen type II. CONCLUSION Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation with predifferentiated MSCs may be a promising approach for repair of focal, chronic osteochondral defects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results suggest an encouraging method for future treatment of focal osteochondral defects to prevent progression to osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zscharnack
- Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Center of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Dattena M, Pilichi S, Rocca S, Mara L, Casu S, Masala G, Manunta L, Manunta A, Passino ES, Pool RR, Cappai P. Sheep embryonic stem-like cells transplanted in full-thickness cartilage defects. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:175-87. [PMID: 19226519 DOI: 10.1002/term.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage regeneration is limited. Embryonic stem (ES) cell lines provide a source of totipotent cells for regenerating cartilage. Anatomical, biomechanical, physiological and immunological similarities between humans and sheep make this animal an optimal experimental model. This study examines the repair process of articular cartilage in sheep after transplantation of ES-like cells isolated from inner cell masses (ICMs) derived from in vitro-produced (IVP) vitrified embryos. Thirty-five ES-like colonies from 40 IVP embryos, positive for stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs), were pooled in groups of two or three, embedded in fibrin glue and transplanted into osteochondral defects in the medial femoral condyles of 14 ewes. Empty defect (ED) and cell-free glue (G) in the controlateral stifle joint served as controls. The Y gene sequence was used to detect ES-like cells in the repair tissue by in situ hybridization (ISH). Two ewes were euthanized at 1 month post-operatively, three each at 2 and 6 months and four at 12 months. Repairing tissue was examined by biomechanical, macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical (collagen type II) and ISH assays. Scores of all treatments showed no statistical significant differences among treatment groups at a given time period, although ES-like grafts showed a tendency toward a better healing process. ISH was positive in all ES-like specimens. This study demonstrates that ES-like cells transplanted into cartilage defects stimulate the repair process to promote better organization and tissue bulk. However, the small number of cells applied and the short interval between surgery and euthanasia might have negatively affected the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dattena
- AGRIS Sardegna, Laboratory of Biotechnology of Animal Reproduction, Department of Research in Animal Production, Sassari, Italy.
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Revell CM, Athanasiou KA. Success rates and immunologic responses of autogenic, allogenic, and xenogenic treatments to repair articular cartilage defects. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 15:1-15. [PMID: 19063664 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review examines current approaches available for articular cartilage repair, not only in terms of their regeneration potential, but also as a function of immunologic response. Autogenic repair techniques, including osteochondral plug transplantation, chondrocyte implantation, and microfracture, are the most widely accepted clinical treatment options due to the lack of immunogenic reactions, but only moderate graft success rates have been reported. Although suspended allogenic chondrocytes are shown to evoke an immune response upon implantation, allogenic osteochondral plugs and tissue-engineered grafts using allogenic chondrocytes exhibit a tolerable immunogenic response. Additionally, these repair techniques produce neotissue with success rates approaching those of currently available autogenic repair techniques, while simultaneously obviating their major hindrance of donor tissue scarcity. To date, limited research has been performed with xenogenic tissue, although several studies demonstrate the potential for its long-term success. This article focuses on the various treatment options for cartilage repair and their associated success rates and immunologic responses.
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Hetherington VJ, Kawalec-Carroll JS, Nadler D. Qualitative histological evaluation of photooxidized bovine osteochondral grafts in rabbits: a pilot study. J Foot Ankle Surg 2007; 46:223-9. [PMID: 17586433 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidation is a treatment that can render tissue less immunogenic and resistant to enzymatic degradation, while maintaining the mechanical properties of the material. The purpose of this study was to histologically examine the biocompatibility of photooxidized bovine osteochondral grafts when implanted into the rabbit. Two holes were drilled into the patellar groove of the rabbit knee. Photooxidized bovine osteochondral grafts were implanted into the holes. As a control, 1 surgically created hole in each rabbit was left to heal naturally. The animals were killed after 12 weeks. Histological analysis of the control sites indicated that fibrocartilage had begun to regenerate in the defect. Analysis of the grafts revealed a chronic, nonspecific inflammatory reaction. Active remodeling was observed in the graft bone, with "bridging" between host and graft bone evident. The articulating surface and majority of the graft cartilage remained undamaged. In a few instances, however, there was an inflammatory response to the base of the graft cartilage, near the subchondral plate. The surface of the graft cartilage was covered by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, and no viable chondrocytes were present. In most cases, there was no fusion between host and graft cartilage. The results from this study suggest that, while a biological reaction to the grafts occurred, the bone portion of the graft appeared to be in the process of remodeling, and the majority of the graft cartilage, most significantly the articulating surface, remained intact. Photooxidized osteochondral grafts show promise for use in the repair of osteochondral defects.
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Kawalec-Carroll JS, Hetherington VJ, Dockery DS, Shive C, Targoni OS, Lehmann PV, Nadler D, Prins D. Immunogenicity of unprocessed and photooxidized bovine and human osteochondral grafts in collagen-sensitive mice. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2006; 7:32. [PMID: 16545115 PMCID: PMC1459156 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-7-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autologous and allogeneic osteochondral grafts have been used to repair damaged or diseased cartilage. There are drawbacks to both of these methods, however. Another possible source for osteochondral grafting is photooxidized xenograft scaffolds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptive immune response to unprocessed and photooxidized xenogeneic osteochondral grafts in a collagen-sensitive mouse model. Methods Unprocessed and photooxidized bovine and human osteochondral grafts were used. The grafts were implanted subcutaneously in collagen-sensitive DBA/1LacJ mice for four or twelve weeks. ELISPOT assays were conducted with spleen cells to evaluate the number of collagen-specific T cells that produce IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 or IFN-γ. Serum was collected and ELISA assays were performed to determine the titers of collagen-specific and total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, or IgM antibodies. Histology was conducted on the retrieved osteochondral grafts. Results Results indicated that, with respect to adaptive T cell immunity, the photooxidized bovine grafts, unprocessed human grafts and photooxidized human grafts did not induce a significant response to collagen. The unprocessed bovine grafts, however, were slightly more immunogenic, inducing a weak immune response. With respect to antibody production, the bovine grafts were less immunogenic than the human grafts. Bovine collagen-specific IgG antibodies were not induced by these grafts, but production of IgM after twelve weeks was observed with both the unprocessed and photooxidized bovine grafts. In contrast, photooxidized human osteochondral grafts induced IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies, while the unprocessed human grafts did not. Pre-existing human collagen-specific IgM antibodies were present in all mice, including sham-operated negative controls that did not receive an implant. Histological analysis revealed some degree of fibrous encapsulation and inflammatory infiltrations in both bovine and human implants, whether unprocessed or photooxidized. Conclusion Both bovine and human cartilage grafts showed weak, but clear immunogenicity in the DBA/1LacJ mice, indicating that immunogenic collagen was still contained in the grafts, even after cleaning and photooxidation. The process of photooxidation is still important in osteochondral grafting, since it stabilizes the surface of the cartilage by cross-linking the collagen fibers, and allows for immediate load bearing and joint resurfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Douglas S Dockery
- Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine, 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Carey Shive
- Cellular Technology Ltd., 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Oleg S Targoni
- Cellular Technology Ltd., 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Ltd., 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Daniel Nadler
- Centerpulse Orthopedics, Ltd., Postfach 65, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Dustin Prins
- Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine, 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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Waselau AC, Nadler D, Müller JMV, Zlinszky K, Hilbe M, Auer JA, von Rechenberg B. The effect of cartilage and bone density of mushroom-shaped, photooxidized, osteochondral transplants: an experimental study on graft performance in sheep using transplants originating from different species. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2005; 6:60. [PMID: 16356173 PMCID: PMC1343563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in overall performance of osteochondral photooxidized grafts were studied in accordance of their species origin and a new, more rigorous cleansing procedure using alcohol during preparation. METHODS Photooxidized mushroom-shaped grafts of bovine, ovine, human and equine origin were implanted in the femoral condyles of 32 sheep (condyles: n = 64). No viable chondrocytes were present at the time of implantation. Grafts were evaluated at 6 months using plastic embedded sections of non-decalcified bone and cartilage specimens. Graft incorporation, the formation of cyst-like lesions at the base of the cartilage junction as well as cartilage morphology was studied qualitatively, semi-quantitatively using a score system and quantitatively by performing histomorphometrical measurements of percentage of bone and fibrous tissue of the original defects. For statistical analysis a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA- test) was applied. RESULTS Differences of graft performance were found according to species origin and cleansing process during graft preparation. According to the score system cartilage surface integrity was best for equine grafts, as well as dislocation or mechanical stability. The equine grafts showed the highest percentage for bone and lowest for fibrous tissue, resp. cystic lesions. The new, more rigorous cleansing process decreased cartilage persistence and overall graft performance. CONCLUSION Performance of grafts from equine origin was better compared to bovine, ovine and human grafts. The exact reason for this difference was not proven in the current study, but could be related to differences in density of cartilage and subchondral bone between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja C Waselau
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Nadler
- Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Centerpulse Biologics, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Jessika MV Müller
- Anesthesiology, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katalin Zlinszky
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Monika Hilbe
- Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Centerpulse Biologics, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Jörg A Auer
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Equine Hospital, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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Hetherington VJ, Kawalec JS, Dockery DS, Targoni OS, Lehmann PV, Nadler D. Immunologic testing of xeno-derived osteochondral grafts using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy human donors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2005; 6:36. [PMID: 15987525 PMCID: PMC1184085 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One means of treating osteoarthritis is with autologous or allogeneic osteochondral grafts. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the innate immunological response in humans toward xeno-derived osteochondral grafts that have been partially or entirely treated by the photooxidation process. Methods The antigens tested included bovine, porcine, ovine and equine osteochondral samples that have been treated in successive steps of photooxidation. ELISPOT assays were used to evaluate the production of IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and TNF-α by human monocytes in response to the antigens. Results Results indicated vigorous production of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in response to untreated bovine, porcine and equine specimens. This indicates that these samples are perceived as foreign, or stimulatory, by the human monocytes. There was no induction of IL-4 or IL-12, which is required for Th2 and Th1 immunity, respectively. In contrast, the processed bovine, porcine and equine samples did not induce significant activation of cells of the innate immune system. This occurred after the first step in processing (after cleaning in increasing strengths of ethanol). This suggests that the processing steps dramatically, if not completely, negated the immunostimulatory properties of the test sample. The results for the ovine samples indicate a reverse response. Conclusion The findings of the study suggest that photooxidized bovine, porcine or equine samples have the potential to be used as an osteochondral graft. Although the first step in processing reduced the immunological response, photooxidation is still necessary to retain the structure and mechanical integrity of the cartilage, which would allow for immediate joint resurfacing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill S Kawalec
- Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine, 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Douglas S Dockery
- Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine, 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Oleg S Targoni
- Cellular Technology Limited, 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Paul V Lehmann
- Cellular Technology Limited, 10515 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106 USA
| | - Daniel Nadler
- Centerpulse Orthopedics, Ltd., Postfach 65, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland
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Akens MK, Hurtig MB. Influence of species and anatomical location on chondrocyte expansion. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2005; 6:23. [PMID: 15904515 PMCID: PMC1166560 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine articular cartilage is often used to study chondrocytes in vitro. It is difficult to correlate in vitro studies using bovine chondrocytes with in vivo studies using other species such as rabbits and sheep. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of species, anatomical location and exogenous growth factors on chondrocyte proliferation in vitro. METHODS Equine (EQ), bovine (BO) and ovine (OV) articular chondrocytes from metacarpophalangeal (fetlock (F)), shoulder (S) and knee (K) joints were cultured in tissue culture flasks. Growth factors (rh-FGFb: 10 ng/ml; rh-TGFbeta: 5 ng/ml) were added to the cultures at days 2 and 4. On day 6, cells were counted and flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine cell size and granularity. A three factor ANOVA with paired Tukey's correction was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS After 6 days in culture, cell numbers had increased in control groups of EQ-F, OV-S, OV-F and BO-F chondrocytes. The addition of rh-FGFb led to the highest increase in cell numbers in the BO-F, followed by EQ-F and OV-S chondrocytes. The addition of rh-TGFbeta increased cell numbers in EQ-S and EQ-F chondrocytes, but showed nearly no effect on EQ-K, OV-K, OV-S, OV-F and BO-F chondrocytes. There was an overall difference with the addition of growth factors between the different species and joints. CONCLUSION Different proliferation profiles of chondrocytes from the various joints were found. Therefore, we recommend performing in vitro studies using the species and site where subsequent in vivo studies are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete K Akens
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Dept. of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mark B Hurtig
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Dept. of Clinical Studies, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Gole MD, Poulsen D, Marzo JM, Ko SH, Ziv I. Chondrocyte viability in press-fit cryopreserved osteochondral allografts. J Orthop Res 2004; 22:781-7. [PMID: 15183434 DOI: 10.1016/j.orthres.2003.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The viability of chondrocytes in press-fit glycerol-preserved osteochondral allografts was compared to that in fresh autografts, after transplantation into load-bearing and non-load-bearing sites in mature sheep stifle joints. We used macroscopic grading, tonometer pen indentation testing, histology, sulfate uptake and viability as determined by confocal-microscopy to assess cartilage condition. Despite there being no statistical differences between macroscopic appearance and tonometer testing of all grafts, confocal microscopy and histology demonstrated a positive effect of load-bearing placement on cryopreserved osteochondral allografts. Allografts transplanted into load-bearing sites demonstrated superior confocal microscopy-measured chondrocyte viability (77%+/-17%SD) than those transplanted into non-load-bearing sites (25%+/-2%). Load-bearing effect was not seen in autografts (78%+/-15%), and was comparable in adjacent cartilage (83%+/-9%). Similarly, load-bearing allografts demonstrated histological scoring closer to that of autografts and adjacent cartilage, all of which fared significantly better than non-load-bearing allografts. Load-bearing allografts had a greater amount of fibrocartilage than autografts or adjacent cartilage but less fibrocartilage than non-load-bearing allografts. Both autografts and allografts had non-significant increases in metabolism compared to adjacent cartilage as measured by sulfate-uptake. Load-bearing placement improved chondrocyte viability of glycerol cryopreserved osteochondral allograft following a press-fit implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura D Gole
- Orthopaedics Section, Veterans Administration--Western New York Health Care System, 124 Sherman Hall, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect on chondrocyte viability of 2 existing methods of harvesting osteochondral grafts used for articular cartilage resurfacing. TYPE OF STUDY Acute animal experiment. METHODS Power (P) trephine versus manual (M) punch harvesting was tested; 2.7-mm and 4.5-mm dowels were harvested from 8 femoral trochlea from 4 sheep using the Acufex MosaicPlasty system (Andover, MA). Grafts were harvested perpendicular to the articular surface to a depth of 10 mm under constant saline irrigation. Power trephine grafts (n = 46, 2.7 P; n = 45, 4.5 P) were harvested by coupling the serrated trephine to a standard orthopaedic nitrogen powered drill. Manual punch grafts (n = 41, 2.7 M; n=33, 4.5 M) were harvested by malleting the punch to the required depth, minimizing rocking, and only slightly turning the punch on removal. Five 40-microm-thick fresh cartilage sections oriented perpendicular to the articular surface were obtained from each graft and then stained with Syto 13 and ethidium bromide vital stains, and the proportion of live cells per field and physical damage were compared between groups. Masson's trichrome stain was used on paraffin-embedded histologic sections. RESULTS Power harvesting was technically more difficult and resulted in more gross and light microscopic damage to the osteochondral grafts. Chondrocyte viability was significantly greater for manual punch versus power harvesting of both graft sizes (P <.005). Chondrocyte viability was greater for 4.5 P versus 2.7 P grafts (P <.005), but no difference was found between the 2.7 M and 4.5 M groups (P =.357). CONCLUSIONS Chondrocyte viability is significantly greater using manual punch versus serrated power trephines when harvesting osteochondral grafts for cartilage resurfacing procedures. Power trephines should not be used for this procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study shows that the original method (power trephine) of harvesting osteochondral grafts results in great loss of chondrocyte viability versus manual punch harvesting and should no longer be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Evans
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Meyer DC, Jacob HAC, Nyffeler RW, Gerber C. In vivo tendon force measurement of 2-week duration in sheep. J Biomech 2004; 37:135-40. [PMID: 14672577 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9290(03)00260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tendon tension in vivo may be determined indirectly by measuring intratendinous pressure, by using a buckle transducer or by measuring the tendon strain. All of these methods require appropriate calibration, which is highly dependent on various variables. To measure the tendon load in vivo during a period of 2 weeks in sheep, a measurement technique has been developed using a force sensor interposed serially between the humeral head and the tendon end. Within a supporting frame, a flexion-sensitive force transducer is subjected to three-point bending stress. The load is transmitted by sutures from the tendon end through a hole in the sensor frame, orthogonal to the force transducer. In this configuration, the sensor measures the tensile force acting on the tendon, largely independent of the loading direction. The sensor was screwed to the humeral head and connected to the tendon end which was previously released from its insertion site along with a bone chip, using sutures. Connecting wires passed subcutaneously to a skin outlet about 30 cm away from the transducer. The sensor output was linear to the measured load up to 300 N, with maximum hysteresis of 18% full scale. All sensors worked in vivo without drift over a period of up to 14 days with no change in the calibration data. Forces up to 310 N have been recorded in vivo with daily tension measurements. This study shows that serial tendon tension measurement is feasible and allows for reliable, repeatable recording of the absolute tendon tension at the expense of tendon integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Meyer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Zürich, Balgrist, Forchstr. 340, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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