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Mahmood K, Akhtar HH, Qutab HG, Ramzan N, Sharif R, Rehman A, Khalid A, Mehran MT. Solution processed high performance perovskite solar cells based on a silver nanowire-titanium dioxide hybrid top electrode. RSC Adv 2022; 12:35350-35357. [PMID: 36540254 PMCID: PMC9732838 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06778a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Longer silver nanowires (AgNWs) > 50 μm and even 90 μm in length have been produced via a polyol method by just changing the stirring speed at a temperature of 130 °C. As-synthesized longer AgNWs are further utilized to construct transparent conductive AgNWs films by a facile drop-casting technique that attained a sheet resistance of 14.5 Ω sq-1 and transmittance over 85%, which is higher than ITO film. The use of a AgNWs/TiO2 hybrid electrode decreases the sheet resistance to 8.3 Ω sq-1, which is attributed to the enhancement of connections between AgNWs by filling the empty spaces between nanowires and TiO2 nanoparticles. Transparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on the basis of these AgNWs and AgNWs/TiO2 hybrid top electrodes were made and examined. Due to the light scattering nature of TiO2 nanoparticles, optical transmittance of the AgNWs/TiO2 hybrid electrode enhances to some extent after the coating of a TiO2 layer. Both cell efficiencies and stability of the PSCs are enhanced by using the AgNWs/TiO2 top electrode. A power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.65% was attained for perovskite devices based on only the AgNW electrode with a sheet resistance of 14.5 Ω sq-1. A PCE of 14.53% was achieved after coating with TiO2 nanoparticles, indicating the layer effect of TiO2 coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmood
- Department of Chemical & Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus 3½ Km. Khurrianwala - Makkuana By-Pass Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Husnanin Akhtar
- Department of Chemical & Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus 3½ Km. Khurrianwala - Makkuana By-Pass Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Haji Ghulam Qutab
- Department of Chemical & Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus 3½ Km. Khurrianwala - Makkuana By-Pass Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ramzan
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ChE), University of Engineering & Technology (UET) Lahore Pakistan
| | - Rabia Sharif
- Department of Chemical & Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus 3½ Km. Khurrianwala - Makkuana By-Pass Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Chemical & Polymer Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus 3½ Km. Khurrianwala - Makkuana By-Pass Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Arshi Khalid
- Department of Humanities & Basic Sciences, University of Engineering & Technology Lahore, Faisalabad Campus 3½ Km. Khurrianwala - Makkuana By-Pass Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Taqi Mehran
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology NUST H-12 Islamabad Pakistan
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Funabe M, Satoh D, Ando R, Daiguji H, Matsui J, Ishizaki M, Kurihara M. A solvent-compatible filter-transfer method of semi-transparent carbon-nanotube electrodes stacked with silver nanowires. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:783-795. [PMID: 36452272 PMCID: PMC9704098 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2144092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-density films of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can be used as a semi-transparent top electrode for all-solution-processed film devices; however, their semiconductor characteristics vary depending on the experimental factors in their dispersion into solvents, and the sublayers are damaged as a result of solvent incompatibility. In this study, we report a solvent-compatible filter-transfer method for SWNT films stacked with silver nanowires (AgNWs), and evaluate the semiconductor characteristics through the p/n heterojunction with a Si wafer (SWNT/Si). AgNWs and SWNTs were successively filtered through their aqueous dispersion solutions using a membrane filter. The stacked semi-transparent films (AgNW/SWNT films with controlled densities) were successfully transferred onto glass plates and Si wafers. The transmittance at 550 nm revealed a window between 60% and 80% with a narrow sheet resistance range between 11 and 23 Ω □-1. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of SWNT/Si was improved to 11.2% in a junction area of 0.031 cm2 through the use of spin-coated Nafion resins; however, the accumulated resistance of SWNTs drastically reduced the PCE to 2% as the area increased to ≥0.5 cm2. AgNWs maintained the PCE within a range of 10.7% to 8.6% for an area ranging from 0.031 cm2 to 1.13 cm2. All of the photovoltaic parameters were dependent on the junction areas, suggesting that AgNWs function as an effective current-collector layer on the semiconductor layer of SWNTs without direct contact of AgNWs with the Si surface. In addition, we report a solvent-compatible experiment for transferring AgNW/SWNT films onto a solvent-sensitive perovskite material (CH3NH3PbI3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikuto Funabe
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Daiki Satoh
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Rin Ando
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Jun Matsui
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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High-Performance Transparent PEDOT: PSS/CNT Films for OLEDs. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082067. [PMID: 34443898 PMCID: PMC8398071 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Improved OLED systems have great potential for next-generation display applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and the conductive polymers poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) have attracted great interest for advanced applications, such as optoelectronic products. In this paper, the simultaneous enhancement of the conductivity, roughness, and adhesion properties of transparent conductive films with PEDOT: PSS/CNTs is reported. These films prepared by a simple spin-coating process were successfully used to produce high-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an improved lifetime. Addition of PEDOT: PSS lowered the film sheet resistance and CNTs helped to enhance the stability and maintain the lifetime of the OLEDs. In addition, treatment with methanol and nitric acid changed the morphology of the polymer film, which led to greatly reduced sheet resistance, enhanced substrate adhesion, and reduced film roughness. The best performance of the film (PEDOT: PSS: CNT = 110: 1, W/W) was 100.34 Ω/sq.@ 90.1 T%. High transmittance, low sheet resistance, excellent adhesion, and low roughness (3.11 nm) were achieved synchronously. The fabricated OLED demonstrated a low minimum operating voltage (3 V) and could endure high voltage (20 V), at which its luminance reached 2973 cd/m2. Thus, the incorporation of CNTs within PEDOT: PSS electrodes has great potential for the improvement of the performance of OLED devices.
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Koylan S, Tunca S, Polat G, Durukan MB, Kim D, Kalay YE, Ko SH, Unalan HE. Highly stable silver-platinum core-shell nanowires for H 2O 2 detection. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13129-13141. [PMID: 34477796 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01976g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (Ag NW) networks have great potential to replace commercial transparent conducting oxides due to their superior properties in conjunction with their competitive cost, availability and mechanical flexibility. However, there are still challenges to overcome for the large scale utilization of Ag NWs in devices due to oxidation/sulfidation of NWs, which leads to performance loss. Here, we develop a solution-based strategy to deposit a thin platinum (Pt) shell layer (15 nm) onto Ag NWs to improve their chemical, environmental and electrochemical stabilities. Environmental and thermal stabilities of the core-shell NW networks were monitored under different relative humidity conditions (RH of 43, 75 and 85%) and temperature settings (75 °C for 120 hours and 150 °C for 40 hours) and compared to those of bare Ag NWs. Afterwards, stability of core-shell NW networks in hydrogen peroxide was investigated and compared to that of bare Ag NW networks. The potential window for electrochemical stability of the Ag NW networks was broadened to 0-1 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) upon Pt deposition, while bare Ag NWs were stable only in the 0-0.6 V range. Moreover, Ag-Pt core-shell NWs were used for the detection of hydrogen peroxide, where a high sensitivity of 0.04 μA μM-1 over a wide linear range of concentrations (16.6-990.1 μM) with a low detection limit (10.95 μM) was obtained for the fabricated sensors. All in all, this highly effective and simple strategy to improve the stability of Ag NWs will certainly open new avenues for their large-scale utilization in various electrochemical and sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Koylan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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Ma C, Liu YF, Bi YG, Zhang XL, Yin D, Feng J, Sun HB. Recent progress in post treatment of silver nanowire electrodes for optoelectronic device applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12423-12437. [PMID: 34259675 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02917g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the economical and practical solution synthesis and coating strategies, silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been considered as one of the most suitable alternative materials to replace commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent electrodes. The primitive AgNW electrode cannot meet the requirements for preparing high performance optoelectronic devices due to its high contact resistance, large surface roughness and poor stability. Thus, various post-treatments for AgNW film optimization are needed before its actual applications, such as welding treatment to decrease contact resistance and passivation to increase film stability. This review investigates recent progress on the preparation and optimization of AgNWs. Moreover, some unique fabrication strategies to produce highly oriented AgNW films with unique anisotropic properties have also been carried out with detailed analysis. The representative devices based on the AgNW electrode have been summarized and discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
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Joo H, Jung D, Sunwoo SH, Koo JH, Kim DH. Material Design and Fabrication Strategies for Stretchable Metallic Nanocomposites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906270. [PMID: 32022440 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductive nanocomposites fabricated by integrating metallic nanomaterials with elastomers have become a vital component of human-friendly electronics, such as wearable and implantable devices, due to their unconventional electrical and mechanical characteristics. Understanding the detailed material design and fabrication strategies to improve the conductivity and stretchability of the nanocomposites is therefore important. This Review discusses the recent technological advances toward high performance stretchable metallic nanocomposites. First, the effect of the filler material design on the conductivity is briefly discussed, followed by various nanocomposite fabrication techniques to achieve high conductivity. Methods for maintaining the initial conductivity over a long period of time are also summarized. Then, strategies on controlled percolation of nanomaterials are highlighted, followed by a discussion regarding the effects of the morphology of the nanocomposite and postfabricated 3D structures on achieving high stretchability. Finally, representative examples of applications of such nanocomposites in biointegrated electronics are provided. A brief outlook concludes this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Joo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjun Jung
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Dong K, Peng X, Wang ZL. Fiber/Fabric-Based Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Flexible/Stretchable and Wearable Electronics and Artificial Intelligence. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902549. [PMID: 31348590 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Integration of advanced nanogenerator technology with conventional textile processes fosters the emergence of textile-based nanogenerators (NGs), which will inevitably promote the rapid development and widespread applications of next-generation wearable electronics and multifaceted artificial intelligence systems. NGs endow smart textiles with mechanical energy harvesting and multifunctional self-powered sensing capabilities, while textiles provide a versatile flexible design carrier and extensive wearable application platform for their development. However, due to the lack of an effective interactive platform and communication channel between researchers specializing in NGs and those good at textiles, it is rather difficult to achieve fiber/fabric-based NGs with both excellent electrical output properties and outstanding textile-related performances. To this end, a critical review is presented on the current state of the arts of wearable fiber/fabric-based piezoelectric nanogenerators and triboelectric nanogenerators with respect to basic classifications, material selections, fabrication techniques, structural designs, and working principles, as well as potential applications. Furthermore, the potential difficulties and tough challenges that can impede their large-scale commercial applications are summarized and discussed. It is hoped that this review will not only deepen the ties between smart textiles and wearable NGs, but also push forward further research and applications of future wearable fiber/fabric-based NGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Dong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Peng
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
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8
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Preparation of Transparent Conductive Electrode via Layer-By-Layer Deposition of Silver Nanowires and Its Application in Organic Photovoltaic Device. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 10:nano10010046. [PMID: 31878159 PMCID: PMC7022465 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Solution processed transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) were fabricated via layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition of silver nanowires (AgNWs). First, the AgNWs were coated on (3-Mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane modified glass substrates. Then, multilayer AgNW films were obtained by using 1,3-propanedithiol as a linker via LBL deposition, which made it possible to control the optical transmittance and sheet resistance of multilayer thin films. Next, thermal annealing of AgNW films was performed in order to agent their electrical conductivity. AgNW monolayer films were characterized by UV-Vis spectrometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and sheet resistance measurement by four-point probe method. The high performances were achieved with multilayer films, which provided sheet resistances of 9 Ω/sq, 11 Ω/sq with optical transmittances of 71%, 70% at 550 nm, which are comparable to commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. Finally, an organic photovoltaic device was fabricated on the AgNW multilayer electrodes for demonstration purpose, which exhibited power conversion efficiency of 1.1%.
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Ahn J, Gu J, Hwang B, Kang H, Hwang S, Jeon S, Jeong J, Park I. Printed fabric heater based on Ag nanowire/carbon nanotube composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:455707. [PMID: 31349233 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab35eb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for smart fabrics has inspired extensive research in the field of nanomaterial-based wearable heaters. However, existing stretchable heaters employ polymer substrates, and hence require additional substrate-fabric bonding that can result in high thermal contact resistance. Moreover, currently used stretchable fabric heaters suffer from high sheet resistance and require complex fabrication processes. In addition, conventional fabrication methods do not allow for patternability, thus hindering the fabrication of wearable heaters with diverse designs. Herein, we propose an improved spray coating method well suited for the preparation of patternable heaters on commercial fabrics, combining the structural stability of carbon nanotubes with the high electrical conductivity of Ag nanowires to fabricate a stretchable fabric heater with excellent mechanical (stretchability ≈ 50%) and electrical (sheet resistance ≈ 22 Ω sq-1) properties. The fabricated wearable heater reaches typical operating temperatures of 35 °C-55 °C at a low driving voltage of 3-5 V with a proper surface power density of 26.6-72.2 [Formula: see text] (heater area: [Formula: see text]) and maintains a stable heating temperature for more than 30 h. This heater shows a stable performance even when folded or rolled, thus being well suited for the practical wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseong Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea. Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
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10
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Martinez PM, Ishteev A, Fahimi A, Velten J, Jurewicz I, Dalton AB, Collins S, Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA. Silver Nanowires on Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Sheets for Flexible, Transparent Electrodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32235-32243. [PMID: 31411850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexible, free-standing transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) with simultaneously tunable transmittances up to 98% and sheet resistances down to 11 Ω/sq were prepared by a facile spray-coating method of silver nanowires (AgNWs) onto dry-spun multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) aerogels. Counterintuitively, the transmittance of the hybrid electrodes can be increased as the mass density of AgNWs within the MWNT aerogels increases; however, the final achievable transmittance depends on the initial transparency of the MWNT aerogels. Simultaneously, a strong decrease in sheet resistance is obtained when AgNWs form a percolated network along the MWNT aerogel. Additionally, anisotropic reduction in sheet resistance and polarized transmittance of AgNW/MWNT aerogels is achieved with this method. The final AgNW/MWNT hybrid TCEs transmittance and sheet resistance can be fine-tuned by spray-coating mechanisms or by choosing initial MWNT aerogel density. Thus, a wide range of AgNW/MWNT hybrid TCEs with optimized optoelectronic properties can be achieved depending of the requirements needed. Finally, the free-standing AgNW/MWNT hybrid TCEs can be laminated onto a wide range of substrates without the need of a bonding aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Martinez
- University of Texas at Dallas , NanoTech Institute , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
- University of Texas at Dallas , Department of Chemistry , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Arthur Ishteev
- National University of Science and Technology , MISiS , Leninskiy prospect , Moscow , 119049 , Russia
- ITMO University , 49 Kronverksky Pr. St . Petersburg , 197101 , Russia
| | - Azin Fahimi
- University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , United Kingdom
| | - Josef Velten
- University of Texas at Dallas , NanoTech Institute , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Izabela Jurewicz
- University of Surrey , Guildford , Surrey GU2 7XH , United Kingdom
| | - Alan B Dalton
- University of Sussex , Falmer , Brighton BN1 9RH , United Kingdom
| | - Steve Collins
- University of Texas at Dallas , NanoTech Institute , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
- University of Texas at Dallas , Department of Chemistry , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Ray H Baughman
- University of Texas at Dallas , NanoTech Institute , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
- University of Texas at Dallas , Department of Chemistry , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
| | - Anvar A Zakhidov
- University of Texas at Dallas , NanoTech Institute , Richardson , Texas 75080 , United States
- National University of Science and Technology , MISiS , Leninskiy prospect , Moscow , 119049 , Russia
- ITMO University , 49 Kronverksky Pr. St . Petersburg , 197101 , Russia
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Bobinger M, Haider M, Goliya Y, Albrecht A, Becherer M, Lugli P, Rivadeneyra A, Russer J. On the sintering of solution-based silver nanoparticle thin-films for sprayed and flexible antennas. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:485701. [PMID: 30207543 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae0e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on the fabrication and characterization of sub-300 nm electrode films based on solution-processed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Following the deposition of the electrode material using a scalable and homogenous spray process, the films are treated with thermal or photonic sintering to promote the coalescence of the nanoparticles and in turn decrease the resistivity of the films. After sintering, a resistivity of 63 ± 13 nΩ m is achieved for the AgNP films, which is only by a factor of four larger than the literature value for bulk silver. Both post-deposition treatments show a similar performance with regard to the achieved resistivity. However, photonic sintering avoids the need for thermal annealing at substrate temperatures of 150 °C and above. In addition, the photonic sintering process can easily be embedded in a roll-to-roll process and is extremely fast with light exposure times below 3 ms. Thus, this manufacturing technique paves the way for the use of flexible substrates in electronics. As a simple and practical application, we present the use of AgNP films for antennas operating in the 5 GHz band on flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate. An original coplanar design is employed for the fabrication of antennas with a single conductive layer that exhibit a maximum return loss and radiation of -27 dB and 95%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bobinger
- Institute for Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, D-80333 Munich, Germany
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12
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Mock J, Bobinger M, Bogner C, Lugli P, Becherer M. Aqueous Synthesis, Degradation, and Encapsulation of Copper Nanowires for Transparent Electrodes. NANOMATERIALS 2018; 8:nano8100767. [PMID: 30274162 PMCID: PMC6215155 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanowires (CuNWs) have increasingly become subjected to academic and industrial research, which is attributed to their good performance as a transparent electrode (TE) material that competes with the one of indium tin oxide (ITO). Recently, an environmentally friendly and aqueous synthesis of CuNWs was demonstrated, without the use of hydrazine that is known for its unfavorable properties. In this work, we extend the current knowledge for the aqueous synthesis of CuNWs by studying their up-scaling potential. This potential is an important aspect for the commercialization and further development of CuNW-based devices. Due to the scalability and homogeneity of the deposition process, spray coating was selected to produce films with a low sheet resistance of 7.6 Ω/sq. and an optical transmittance of 77%, at a wavelength of 550 nm. Further, we present a comprehensive investigation of the degradation of CuNWs when subjected to different environmental stresses such as the exposure to ambient air, elevated temperatures, high electrical currents, moisture or ultraviolet (UV) light. For the oxidation process, a model is derived to describe the dependence of the breakdown time with the temperature and the initial resistance. Finally, polymer coatings made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), as well as oxide coatings composed of electron beam evaporated silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are tested to hinder the oxidation of the CuNW films under current flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Mock
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marco Bobinger
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Bogner
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano-Bozen, Italy.
| | - Markus Becherer
- Chair of Nanoelectronics, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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Lu H, Ren X, Ouyang D, Choy WCH. Emerging Novel Metal Electrodes for Photovoltaic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703140. [PMID: 29356408 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging novel metal electrodes not only serve as the collector of free charge carriers, but also function as light trapping designs in photovoltaics. As a potential alternative to commercial indium tin oxide, transparent electrodes composed of metal nanowire, metal mesh, and ultrathin metal film are intensively investigated and developed for achieving high optical transmittance and electrical conductivity. Moreover, light trapping designs via patterning of the back thick metal electrode into different nanostructures, which can deliver a considerable efficiency improvement of photovoltaic devices, contribute by the plasmon-enhanced light-mattering interactions. Therefore, here the recent works of metal-based transparent electrodes and patterned back electrodes in photovoltaics are reviewed, which may push the future development of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Lu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Ren
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Dan Ouyang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wallace C H Choy
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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Sohn H, Kim S, Shin W, Lee JM, Lee H, Yun DJ, Moon KS, Han IT, Kwak C, Hwang SJ. Novel Flexible Transparent Conductive Films with Enhanced Chemical and Electromechanical Sustainability: TiO 2 Nanosheet-Ag Nanowire Hybrid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2688-2700. [PMID: 29215259 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive films (TCFs) of TiO2 nanosheet (TiO2 NS) and silver nanowire (Ag NW) network hybrid were prepared through a simple and scalable solution-based process. The as-formed TiO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid TCF shows a high optical transmittance (TT: 97% (90.2% including plastic substrate)) and low sheet resistance (Rs: 40 Ω/sq). In addition, the TiO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid TCF exhibits a long-time chemical/aging and electromechanical stability. As for the chemical/aging stability, the hybrid TCF of Ag NW and TiO2 NS reveals a retained initial conductivity (ΔRs/Rs < 1%) under ambient oxidant gas over a month, superior to that of bare Ag NW (ΔRs/Rs > 4000%) or RuO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid (ΔRs/Rs > 200%). As corroborated by the density functional theory simulation, the superb chemical stability of TiO2 NS-Ag NW hybrid is attributable to the unique role of TiO2 NS as a barrier, which prevents Ag NW's chemical corrosion via the attenuated adsorption of sulfidation molecules (H2S) on TiO2 NS. With respect to the electromechanical stability, in contrast to Ag NWs (ΔR/R0 ∼ 152.9%), our hybrid TCF shows a limited increment of fractional resistivity (ΔR/R0 ∼ 14.4%) after 200 000 cycles of the 1R bending test (strain: 6.7%) owing to mechanically welded Ag NW networks by TiO2 NS. Overall, our unique hybrid of TiO2 NS and Ag NW exhibits excellent electrical/optical properties and reliable chemical/electromechanical stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiesang Sohn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University , 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Seong-Ju Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Korea
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15
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Choi H, Seok Woo J, Tark Han J, Park SY. Fabrication of water-dispersible single-walled carbon nanotube powder using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:465706. [PMID: 29063866 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa8c24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion of nanocarbon materials in liquid media, via solution processing such as spraying, printing, spinning, etc. is one of the prerequisites for practical applications. Here we report that water-dispersible single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were prepared through successive treatments with chlorosulfuric acid (CSA)/H2O2 and N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) monohydrate. The powder of the CSA/H2O2- and NMO-treated SWCNTs (N-SWCNTs) could be readily redispersed in water in concentrations as high as 1 g l-1 without requiring a dispersant. The mechanism responsible for the high dispersity of the N-SWCNT powder in polar solvents, including water, was elucidated based on the high polarity of the NMO molecule. In order to highlight the wide applicability of the N-SWCNTs, they were used successfully to prepare conducting thin films by spray-coating plastic substrates with an aqueous hybrid solution containing the N-SWCNTs and Ag nanowires (NWs). In addition, a flexible, large-area thin-film heater was prepared based on the N-SWCNT/AgNW hybrid film with a transmittance of 93% and sheet resistance of 30 Ω sq-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejun Choi
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, #1370 Sangyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Shi R, Cao L, Wang Z, Sun T, Lin J, Liu J, Huang W. High-yield and rapid synthesis of ultrathin silver nanowires for low-haze transparent conductors. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27760h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrathin nanowires for low haze transparent conductors have been rapidly synthesized in high yield by using the conucleants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Yingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Rui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Lijun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Zhan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Jianjian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Juqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE)
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)
- Jiangsu National Synergistic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM)
- Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)
- Nanjing 211816
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17
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Kim S, Lee SJ, Cho S, Shin S, Jeong U, Myoung JM. Improved stability of transparent PEDOT:PSS/Ag nanowire hybrid electrodes by using non-ionic surfactants. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8292-8295. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02557b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A T-PEDOT:PSS/Ag NW hybrid electrode was developed to enhance the mechanical stability of Ag NWs and used for flexible ECL displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
- Research and Development Center
| | - Su Jeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
| | - Sangbaie Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)
- Pohang 37673
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Myoung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Republic of Korea
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18
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Giordano MC, Repetto D, Mennucci C, Carrara A, Mongeot FBD. Template-assisted growth of transparent plasmonic nanowire electrodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:495201. [PMID: 27827344 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/49/495201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-organized nanowire arrays are confined by glancing-angle Au deposition on nanopatterned glass templates prepared by ion beam sputtering. The semi-transparent 1D nanowire arrays are extended over large cm2 areas and are endowed with excellent electrical conductivity competitive with the best transparent conductive oxides (sheet resistance in the range of 5-20 Ohm sq-1). In addition, the nanowires support localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonances, which are easily tunable into the visible and near infrared spectrum and are selectively excited with incident light polarized perpendicularly to the wires. Such substrates, thus, behave as multifunctional nanoelectrodes, which combine good optoelectronic performance with dichroic plasmonic excitation. The electrical percolation process of the Au nanoelectrodes was monitored in situ during growth at glancing angle, both on flat and nanopatterned glass templates. In the first case, we observed a universal scaling of the differential percolation rate, independently of the glancing deposition angle, while deviations from the universal scaling were observed when Au was confined on nanopatterned templates. In the latter case, the pronounced shadowing effect promotes the growth of locally connected 1D Au nanosticks on the 'illuminated' ripple ridges, thus, introducing strong anisotropies with respect to the case of a 2D percolating network.
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19
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Totally embedded hybrid thin films of carbon nanotubes and silver nanowires as flat homogenous flexible transparent conductors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38453. [PMID: 27929125 PMCID: PMC5144093 DOI: 10.1038/srep38453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a great need for viable alternatives to today’s transparent conductive film using largely indium tin oxide. We report the fabrication of a new type of flexible transparent conductive film using silver nanowires (AgNW) and single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) networks which are fully embedded in a UV curable resin substrate. The hybrid SWCNTs-AgNWs film is relatively flat so that the RMS roughness of the top surface of the film is 3 nm. Addition of SWCNTs networks make the film resistance uniform; without SWCNTs, sheet resistance of the surface composed of just AgNWs in resin varies from 20 Ω/sq to 107 Ω/sq. With addition of SWCNTs embedded in the resin, sheet resistance of the hybrid film is 29 ± 5 Ω/sq and uniform across the 47 mm diameter film discs; further, the optimized film has 85% transparency. Our lamination-transfer UV process doesn’t need solvent for sacrificial substrate removal and leads to good mechanical interlocking of the nano-material networks. Additionally, electrochemical study of the film for supercapacitors application showed an impressive 10 times higher current in cyclic voltammograms compared to the control without SWCNTs. Our fabrication method is simple, cost effective and enables the large-scale fabrication of flat and flexible transparent conductive films.
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20
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Fairfield JA, Rocha CG, O'Callaghan C, Ferreira MS, Boland JJ. Co-percolation to tune conductive behaviour in dynamical metallic nanowire networks. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18516-18523. [PMID: 27782246 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr06276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanowire networks act as self-healing smart materials, whose sheet resistance can be tuned via an externally applied voltage stimulus. This memristive response occurs due to modification of junction resistances to form a connectivity path across the lowest barrier junctions in the network. While most network studies have been performed on expensive noble metal nanowires like silver, networks of inexpensive nickel nanowires with a nickel oxide coating can also demonstrate resistive switching, a common feature of metal oxides with filamentary conduction. However, networks made from solely nickel nanowires have high operation voltages which prohibit large-scale material applications. Here we show, using both experiment and simulation, that a heterogeneous network of nickel and silver nanowires allows optimization of the activation voltage, as well as tuning of the conduction behavior to be either resistive switching, memristive, or a combination of both. Small percentages of silver nanowires, below the percolation threshold, induce these changes in electrical behaviour, even for low area coverage and hence very transparent films. Silver nanowires act as current concentrators, amplifying conductivity locally as shown in our computational dynamical activation framework for networks of junctions. These results demonstrate that a heterogeneous nanowire network can act as a cost-effective adaptive material with minimal use of noble metal nanowires, without losing memristive behaviour that is essential for smart sensing and neuromorphic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Fairfield
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - C G Rocha
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - C O'Callaghan
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - M S Ferreira
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - J J Boland
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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21
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Yu L, Shearer C, Shapter J. Recent Development of Carbon Nanotube Transparent Conductive Films. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13413-13453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LePing Yu
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Cameron Shearer
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
| | - Joseph Shapter
- Centre for Nanoscale Science
and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia 5042
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22
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Abstract
The advance in lifestyle, modern industrialization and future technological revolution are always at high expense of energy consumption. Unfortunately, there exist serious issues such as limited storage, high cost and toxic contamination in conventional fossil fuel energy sources. Instead, solar energy represents a renewable, economic and green alternative in the future energy market. Among the photovoltaic technologies, organic photovoltaics (OPVs) demonstrate a cheap, flexible, clean and easy-processing way to convert solar energy into electricity. However, OPVs with a conventional device structure are still far away from industrialization mainly because of their short lifetime and the energy-intensive deposition of top metal electrode. To address the stability and cost issue simultaneously, an inverted device structure has been introduced into OPVs, bridging laboratory research with practical application. In this review, recent progress in device structures, working mechanisms, functions and advances of each component layer as well their correlations with the efficiency and stability of inverted OPVs are reviewed and illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.
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23
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Lee H, Kim I, Kim M, Lee H. Moving beyond flexible to stretchable conductive electrodes using metal nanowires and graphenes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1789-1822. [PMID: 26733118 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06851g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable and/or flexible electrodes and their associated electronic devices have attracted great interest because of their possible applications in high-end technologies such as lightweight, large area, wearable, and biointegrated devices. In particular, metal nanowires and graphene derivatives are chosen for electrodes because they show low resistance and high mechanical stability. Here, we review stretchable and flexible soft electrodes by discussing in depth the intrinsic properties of metal NWs and graphenes that are driven by their dimensionality. We investigate these properties with respect to electronics, optics, and mechanics from a chemistry perspective and discuss currently unsolved issues, such as how to maintain high conductivity and simultaneous high mechanical stability. Possible applications of stretchable and/or flexible electrodes using these nanodimensional materials are summarized at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanleem Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Ikjoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Meeree Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Hyoyoung Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), and Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea. and Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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24
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Mao Y, Guo J, Hu C, Yang H, Yang Y, Chen S. A low-cost, highly-conductive polyvinyl alcohol flexible film with Ag-microsheets and AgNWs as fillers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17851k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-cost, high-conductivity flexible conductive films were fabricated using Ag-microsheets, Ag-nanowires (AgNWs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as conducting agents. The flexible conductive film shows good conductivity under stretching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyun Mao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- University of Macau
- Avenida da Universidade
- Taipa
| | - Junmei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming
- China
| | - Changyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming
- China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming
- China
| | - Yuwen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming
- China
| | - Song Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies for Comprehensive Utilization of Platinum Metals
- Kunming Institute of Precious Metals
- Kunming
- China
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25
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Mallikarjuna K, Hwang HJ, Chung WH, Kim HS. Photonic welding of ultra-long copper nanowire network for flexible transparent electrodes using white flash light sintering. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25548a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A schematic representation of the white flash light welding process of a percolated Cu NW network electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mallikarjuna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
| | - Hyun-Jun Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
| | - Wan-Ho Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
| | - Hak-Sung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Hanyang University
- Seoul 133-791
- South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
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26
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An X, Ma J, Wang K, Zhan M. Growth of silver nanowires on carbon fiber to produce hybrid/waterborne polyurethane composites with improved electrical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun An
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
| | - Maosheng Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 People's Republic of China
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27
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28
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Sam FLM, Dabera GDMR, Lai KT, Mills CA, Rozanski LJ, Silva SRP. Hybrid metal grid-polymer-carbon nanotube electrodes for high luminance organic light emitting diodes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:345202. [PMID: 25100801 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/34/345202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) incorporating grid transparent conducting electrodes (TCEs) with wide grid line spacing suffer from an inability to transfer charge carriers across the gaps in the grids to promote light emission in these areas. High luminance OLEDs fabricated using a hybrid TCE composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS PH1000) or regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)-wrapped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (rrP3HT-SWCNT) in combination with a nanometre thin gold grid are reported here. OLEDs fabricated using the hybrid gold grid/PH1000 TCE have a luminance of 18 000 cd m(-2) at 9 V; the same as the reference indium tin oxide (ITO) OLED. The gold grid/rrP3HT-SWCNT OLEDs have a lower luminance of 8260 cd m(-2) at 9 V, which is likely due to a rougher rrP3HT-SWCNT surface. These results demonstrate that the hybrid gold grid/PH1000 TCE is a promising replacement for ITO in future plastic electronics applications including OLEDs and organic photovoltaics. For applications where surface roughness is not critical, e.g. electrochromic devices or discharge of static electricity, the gold grid/rrP3HT-SWCNT hybrid TCE can be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laurent M Sam
- Advanced Technology Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
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29
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Lee J, Woo JY, Kim JT, Lee BY, Han CS. Synergistically enhanced stability of highly flexible silver nanowire/carbon nanotube hybrid transparent electrodes by plasmonic welding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:10974-10980. [PMID: 24972024 DOI: 10.1021/am502639n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report highly transparent and flexible AgNW/SWCNT hybrid networks on PET substrates combined with plasmonic welding for securing ultrahigh stability in mechanical and electrical properties under severe bending. Plasmonic welding produces local heating and welding at the junction of AgNWs and leads strong adhesion between AgNW and SWCNT as well as between hybrid structure and substrate. The initial sheet resistance of plasmon treated AgNW/SWCNT hybrid film was 26 Ω sq(-1), with >90% optical transmittance over the wavelength range 400-2700 nm. Following 200 cycles of convex/concave bending with a bending radius of 5 mm, the sheet resistance changed from 26 to 29 Ω sq(-1). This hybrid structure combined with the plasmonic welding process provided excellent stability, low resistance, and high transparency, and is suitable for highly flexible electronics applications, including touch panels, solar cells, and OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsoo Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University , Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136713, Korea
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30
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Woo JY, Kim KK, Lee J, Kim JT, Han CS. Highly conductive and stretchable Ag nanowire/carbon nanotube hybrid conductors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:285203. [PMID: 24971604 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/28/285203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating stretchable conductors through simple, cost-effective and scalable methods is a challenge. Here, we report on an approach used to develop nanowelded Ag nanowire/single-walled carbon nanotube (AgNW/SWCNT) hybrid films to be used as high-performance stretchable conductors. Plasmonic welding, which was done at the junctions of AgNWs in order to form hybrid AgNW/SWCNT conductors on an Ecoflex substrate, enabled excellent electrical and mechanical stability under large tensile strains of over 480% without the need to pre-strain. Furthermore, we demonstrate highly stretchable circuits that are used to power LED arrays. The LED arrays are formed using the plasmonic-welded AgNW/SWCNT/Ecoflex hybrid material, which demonstrates suitability for interconnector applications in flexible electronics.
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31
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Cui L, Du Z, Zou W, Li H, Zhang C. The in situ growth of silver nanowires on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and their application in transparent conductive thin films. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02691h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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32
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Tsuchiya K, Li Y, Saka M. Consistent melting behavior induced by Joule heating between Ag microwire and nanowire meshes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:239. [PMID: 24910578 PMCID: PMC4032351 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The melting behavior of an Ag microwire mesh induced by Joule heating was numerically investigated and compared with that of the corresponding Ag nanowire mesh with the same structure but different geometrical and physical properties of the wire itself. According to the relationship of melting current and melting voltage during the melting process, a similar repetitive zigzag pattern in melting behavior was discovered in both meshes. On this basis, a dimensionless parameter defined as figure of merit was proposed to characterize the current-carrying ability of the mesh. The consistent feature of figure of merit in both meshes indicates that the melting behavior of the Ag nanowire mesh can be predicted from the present results of the corresponding Ag microwire mesh with the same structure but made from a different wire (e.g., different size, different material) through simple conversion. The present findings can provide fundamental insight into the reliability analysis on the metallic nanowire mesh-based transparent conductive electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Tsuchiya
- Department of Nanomechanics, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Nanomechanics, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Masumi Saka
- Department of Nanomechanics, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-01, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Wang J, Zhang J, Sundramoorthy AK, Chen P, Chan-Park MB. Solution-processed flexible transparent conductors based on carbon nanotubes and silver grid hybrid films. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:4560-4565. [PMID: 24675812 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In a simple, cost-effective, and solution-based process, a thin-film of single-walled carbon nanotubes is hybridized on a PET film which has been patterned with solution self-assembled Ag nanoparticles. Such a flexible and transparent electrode exhibits a sheet resistance down to ∼5.8 Ω sq(-1) at ∼83.7% optical transmittance. The hybrid films are stable under ambient conditions and offer excellent bendability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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Lee KS, Park YH, Roy AK, Park B, Park SY, In I. Formulation of Silver Nanowire–Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Transparent Electrodes by Using Catechol-functionalized Poly(vinylpyrrolidone). CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.131172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Seok Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation
| | - Young Ho Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation
| | - Arup Kumer Roy
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation
| | - Byoungnam Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hongik University
| | - Sung Young Park
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation
| | - Insik In
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation
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Electrically robust metal nanowire network formation by in-situ interconnection with single-walled carbon nanotubes. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4804. [PMID: 24763208 PMCID: PMC3999447 DOI: 10.1038/srep04804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the junction resistance between metallic nanowires is a crucial factor for high performance of the network-structured conducting film. Here, we show that under current flow, silver nanowire (AgNW) network films can be stabilised by minimizing the Joule heating at the NW-NW junction assisted by in-situ interconnection with a small amount (less than 3 wt%) of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). This was achieved by direct deposition of AgNW suspension containing SWCNTs functionalised with quadruple hydrogen bonding moieties excluding dispersant molecules. The electrical stabilisation mechanism of AgNW networks involves the modulation of the electrical transportation pathway by the SWCNTs through the SWCNT-AgNW junctions, which results in a relatively lower junction resistance than the NW-NW junction in the network film. In addition, we propose that good contact and Fermi level matching between AgNWs and modified SWCNTs lead to the modulation of the current pathway. The SWCNT-induced stabilisation of the AgNW networks was also demonstrated by irradiating the film with microwaves. The development of the high-throughput fabrication technology provides a robust and scalable strategy for realizing high-performance flexible transparent conductor films.
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Du J, Pei S, Ma L, Cheng HM. 25th anniversary article: carbon nanotube- and graphene-based transparent conductive films for optoelectronic devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:1958-1991. [PMID: 24591083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201304135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)- and graphene (G)-based transparent conductive films (TCFs) are two promising alternatives for commonly-used indium tin oxide-based TCFs for future flexible optoelectronic devices. This review comprehensively summarizes recent progress in the fabrication, properties, modification, patterning, and integration of CNT- and G-TCFs into optoelectronic devices. Their potential applications and challenges in optoelectronic devices, such as organic photovoltaic cells, organic light emitting diodes and touch panels, are discussed in detail. More importantly, their key characteristics and advantages for use in these devices are compared. Despite many challenges, CNT- and G-TCFs have demonstrated great potential in various optoelectronic devices and have already been used for some products like touch panels of smartphones. This illustrates the significant opportunities for the industrial use of CNTs and graphene, and hence pushes nanoscience and nanotechnology one step towards practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Du
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
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Im HG, Jin J, Ko JH, Lee J, Lee JY, Bae BS. Flexible transparent conducting composite films using a monolithically embedded AgNW electrode with robust performance stability. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:711-715. [PMID: 24284890 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05348b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the performance of an all-in-one flexible hybrid conducting film employing a monolithically embedded AgNW transparent electrode and a high-performance glass-fabric reinforced composite substrate (AgNW-GFRHybrimer film). Specifically, we perform in-depth investigations on the stability of the AgNW-GFRHybrimer film against heat, thermal oxidation, and wet chemicals to demonstrate the potential of the hybrid conducting film as a robust electrode platform for thin-film optoelectronic devices. With the ease of large-area processability, smooth surface topography, and robust performance stability, the AgNW-GFRHybrimer film can be a promising platform for high-performance optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Gyun Im
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Jiu J, Sugahara T, Nogi M, Araki T, Suganuma K, Uchida H, Shinozaki K. High-intensity pulse light sintering of silver nanowire transparent films on polymer substrates: the effect of the thermal properties of substrates on the performance of silver films. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:11820-11828. [PMID: 24126689 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03152g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowire (AgNW) films with a random mesh structure have attracted considerable attention as high-performance flexible transparent electrodes that can replace the expensive and brittle ITO-sputtered films widely used in displays, touch screens, and solar cells. Methods such as heating, pressure treatment, and light treatment are usually used to obtain an optically transparent and electrically conductive film comparable to those of commercial ITO. However, the adhesion between the AgNW film and the substrate is so weak that other overcoatings or extra treatments are necessary. Here, a high-intensity pulsed light (HIPL) sintering technique was developed to rapidly and simply sinter the AgNW film and thus achieve strong adhesion and even high conductivity on these flexible polymer substrates which will be widely applied to the printing of electronic devices. The conductivity of the AgNW film closely depended on the thermal performance of substrates, and the adhesion was determined by the soft state of the substrate surface originating from the glass transition or melting of substrates with light intensity. The rapid sintering technique can be popularized to fabricate new devices on these polymer substrates by considering the thermal properties of the substrate to improve the performance of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinting Jiu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (ISIR), Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Osaka 567-0047, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Lee D, Lee H, Ahn Y, Jeong Y, Lee DY, Lee Y. Highly stable and flexible silver nanowire-graphene hybrid transparent conducting electrodes for emerging optoelectronic devices. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7750-7755. [PMID: 23842732 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr02320f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A new AgNW-graphene hybrid transparent conducting electrode (TCE) was prepared by dry-transferring a chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer graphene onto a pristine AgNW TCE. The AgNW-graphene hybrid TCE exhibited excellent optical and electrical properties as well as mechanical flexibility. The AgNW-graphene hybrid TCE showed highly enhanced thermal oxidation and chemical stabilities because of the superior gas-barrier property of the graphene protection layer. Furthermore, the organic solar cells with the AgNW-graphene hybrid TCE showed excellent photovoltaic performance as well as superior long-term stability under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwa Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), 50-1 Sang-Ri, Hyeonpung-Myeon, Dalseong-Gun, Daegu, 711-873, Korea
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