1
|
Winardi W, Lo YP, Tsai HP, Huang YH, Tseng TT, Chung CL. CDDO, an Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Compound, Attenuates Vasospasm and Neuronal Cell Apoptosis in Rats Subjected to Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4688-4700. [PMID: 38785551 PMCID: PMC11119475 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding into the subarachnoid space. SAH is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment to prevent complications such as seizures, stroke, or other brain damage. Treatment options may include surgery, medication, or a combination of both. 2-Cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), a compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, is currently being investigated as a potential treatment for various diseases, including chronic kidney disease and pulmonary arterial hypertension. In this study, the effects of CDDO on rats subjected to SAH were evaluated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 6/group): (1) control group, (2) SAH group, (3) SAH + low-dose CDDO (10 mg/kg injected into the subarachnoid space at 24 h after SAH) group, and (4) SAH + high-dose CDDO (20 mg/kg) group. CDDO improved SAH-induced poor neurological outcomes and reduced vasospasm in the basal artery following SAH. It also decreased the SAH-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in both the cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples as determined by ELISA. A Western blot analysis confirmed an increase in the p-NF-κB protein level after SAH, but it was significantly decreased with CDDO intervention. Immunofluorescence staining highlighted the proliferation of microglia and astrocytes as well as apoptosis of the neuronal cells after SAH, and treatment with CDDO markedly reduced the proliferation of these glial cells and apoptosis of the neuronal cells. The early administration of CDDO after SAH may effectively mitigate neuronal apoptosis and vasospasm by suppressing inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William Winardi
- Department of Neurosurgery, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ping Lo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Pei Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (H.-P.T.); (T.-T.T.)
| | - Yu-Hua Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Tzu-Ting Tseng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (H.-P.T.); (T.-T.T.)
| | - Chia-Li Chung
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (H.-P.T.); (T.-T.T.)
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Onuma K, Watanabe K, Isayama K, Ogi S, Tokunaga Y, Mizukami Y. Bardoxolone methyl prevents metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by inhibiting macrophage infiltration. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38599607 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bardoxolone methyl (2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester, CDDO-Me) is a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which induces the expression of antioxidative-associated genes. CDDO-Me exerts protective effects against chronic inflammatory diseases in the kidneys and lungs. However, its pharmacological effects on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) caused by fat accumulation remain unknown. In this study, we examined the hepatoprotective effects of CDDO-Me in a diet-induced MASH mouse model and elucidated its pharmacological mechanisms using RNA-seq analysis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH CDDO-Me was orally administered to mice fed a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD), and histological, biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses were performed on livers of mice that developed MASH. KEY RESULTS CDDO-Me administration induced the expression of antioxidant genes and cholesterol transporters downstream of Nrf2 and significantly prevented the symptoms of MASH. Whole-transcriptome analysis revealed that CDDO-Me inhibited the inflammatory pathway that led to phagocyte recruitment, in addition to activating the Nrf2-dependent pathway. Among inflammatory pathways, CC chemokine ligands (CCL)3 and CCL4, which are downstream of NF-κB and are associated with the recruitment of macrophages expressing CC chemokine receptors (CCR)1 and CCR5, were released into the blood in MASH mice. However, CDDO-Me directly inhibited the expression of CCL3-CCR1 and CCL4-CCR5 in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, we revealed the potent hepatoprotective effect of CDDO-Me in a MASH mouse model and demonstrated that its pharmacological effects were closely associated with a reduction of macrophage infiltration, through CCL3-CCR1 and CCL4-CCR5 inhibition, in addition to Nrf2-mediated hepatoprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Onuma
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, UBE Corporation, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Keishiro Isayama
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ogi
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, UBE Corporation, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yasunori Tokunaga
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Division, UBE Corporation, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Mizukami
- Institute of Gene Research, Yamaguchi University Science Research Center, Yamaguchi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu C, Lin C, Lu Y, Tsai H, Lin C, Wu C. CDDO regulates central and peripheral sensitization to attenuate post-herpetic neuralgia by targeting TRPV1/PKC-δ/p-Akt signals. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18131. [PMID: 38426931 PMCID: PMC10906387 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a notorious neuropathic pain featuring persistent profound mechanical hyperalgesia with significant negative impact on patients' life quality. CDDO can regulate inflammatory response and programmed cell death. Its derivative also protects neurons from damages by modulating microglia activities. As a consequence of central and peripheral sensitization, applying neural blocks may benefit to minimize the risk of PHN. This study aimed to explore whether CDDO could generate analgesic action in a PHN-rats' model. The behavioural test was determined by calibrated forceps testing. The number of apoptotic neurons and degree of glial cell reaction were assessed by immunofluorescence assay. Activation of PKC-δ and the phosphorylation of Akt were measured by western blots. CDDO improved PHN by decreasing TRPV1-positive nociceptive neurons, the apoptotic neurons, and reversed glial cell reaction in adult rats. It also suppressed the enhanced PKC-δ and p-Akt signalling in the sciatic nerve, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn. Our research is the promising report demonstrating the analgesic and neuroprotective action of CDDO in a PHN-rat's model by regulating central and peripheral sensitization targeting TRPV1, PKC-δ and p-Akt. It also is the first study to elucidate the role of oligodendrocyte in PHN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Ching Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung University HospitalYilanTaiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyTaipei Veterans General HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Yang Lin
- Department of Nuclear MedicineKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Yi Lu
- Department of DermatologyKaohsiung Veterans General HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Post‐Baccalaureate Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineNational Sun Yat‐sen UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Shu‐Zen Junior College of Medicine and ManagementKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Hung‐Pei Tsai
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Lung Lin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chieh‐Hsin Wu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Center for Big Data ResearchKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research CenterKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee WS, Lee HJ, Yang JY, Shin HL, Choi SW, Kim JK, Seo WD, Kim EH. The Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Extracts from Oat Seedlings against Alzheimer's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:4103. [PMID: 36235754 PMCID: PMC9571310 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological or dietary advantages of germinated grains have been the subject of numerous discussions over the past decade. Around 23 million tons of oats are consumed globally, making up a sizeable portion of the global grain market. Oat seedlings contain more protein, beta-glucan, free amino acids, and phenolic compounds than seeds. The progressive neurodegenerative disorder of Alzheimer's is accompanied by worsening memory and cognitive function. A key indicator of this disorder is the unusual buildup of amyloid-beta protein (or Aβ) in human brains. In this context, oat seedling extract (OSE) has been identified as a new therapeutic candidate for AD, due to its antioxidant activity and AD-specific mechanism of action. This study directly investigated how OSE affected AD and its impacts by examining the cognitive function and exploring the inflammatory response mechanism. The dried oat seedlings were grounded finely with a grinder, inserted with 50% fermented ethanol 10 times (w/v), and extracted by stirring for 10 h at 45 °C. After filtering the extract by 0.22 um filter, some of it was used for UHPLC analysis. The results indicated that the treatment with OSE protects against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity in BV2 cells. Tg-5Xfad AD mice had strong deposition of Aβ throughout their brains, while WT mice did not exhibit any such deposition within their brains. A drastic reduction was observed in terms of numbers, as well as the size, of Aβ plaques within Tg-5Xfad AD mice exposed to OSE. This study indicated OSE's neuroprotective impacts against neurodegeneration, synaptic dysfunction, and neuroinflammation induced by amyloid-beta. Our results suggest that OSE acts as a neuroprotective agent to combat AD-specific apoptotic cell death, neuroinflammation, amyloid-beta accumulation, as well as synaptic dysfunction in AD mice's brains. Furthermore, the study indicated that OSE treatment affects JNK/ERK/p38 MAPK signaling, with considerable inhibition in p-JNK, p-p38, and p-ERK levels seen in the brain of OSE-treated Tg-5Xfad AD mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Seok Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Ji Yeong Yang
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Jellabuk-do, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 55365, Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Shin
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS), Korea Forest Service (KFS), Jinju 52817, Korea
| | - Sik-Won Choi
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS), Korea Forest Service (KFS), Jinju 52817, Korea
| | - Jong-Ki Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Korea
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Jellabuk-do, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 55365, Korea
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Nam-gu, Daegu 42472, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taylor E, Kim Y, Zhang K, Chau L, Nguyen BC, Rayalam S, Wang X. Antiaging Mechanism of Natural Compounds: Effects on Autophagy and Oxidative Stress. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27144396. [PMID: 35889266 PMCID: PMC9322024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural biological process that manifests as the progressive loss of function in cells, tissues, and organs. Because mechanisms that are meant to promote cellular longevity tend to decrease in effectiveness with age, it is no surprise that aging presents as a major risk factor for many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and diabetes. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the intracellular antioxidant and overproduction of reactive oxygen species, is known to promote the aging process. Autophagy, a major pathway for protein turnover, is considered as one of the hallmarks of aging. Given the progressive physiologic degeneration and increased risk for disease that accompanies aging, many studies have attempted to discover new compounds that may aid in the reversal of the aging process. Here, we summarize the antiaging mechanism of natural or naturally derived synthetic compounds involving oxidative stress and autophagy. These compounds include: 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) derivatives (synthetic triterpenoids derived from naturally occurring oleanolic acid), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, the active ingredient in honey bee propolis), xanthohumol (a prenylated flavonoid identified in the hops plant), guggulsterone (a plant steroid found in the resin of the guggul plant), resveratrol (a natural phenol abundantly found in grape), and sulforaphane (a sulfur-containing compound found in cruciferous vegetables).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Taylor
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA; (Y.K.); (K.Z.); (L.C.); (B.C.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Kaleb Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA; (Y.K.); (K.Z.); (L.C.); (B.C.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Lenne Chau
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA; (Y.K.); (K.Z.); (L.C.); (B.C.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Bao Chieu Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA; (Y.K.); (K.Z.); (L.C.); (B.C.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA; (Y.K.); (K.Z.); (L.C.); (B.C.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine-Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA 30024, USA; (Y.K.); (K.Z.); (L.C.); (B.C.N.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Casares L, Moreno R, Ali KX, Higgins M, Dayalan Naidu S, Neill G, Cassin L, Kiib AE, Svenningsen EB, Minassi A, Honda T, Poulsen TB, Wiel C, Sayin VI, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Olagnier D, de la Vega L. The synthetic triterpenoids CDDO-TFEA and CDDO-Me, but not CDDO, promote nuclear exclusion of BACH1 impairing its activity. Redox Biol 2022; 51:102291. [PMID: 35313207 PMCID: PMC8938334 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor BACH1 is a potential therapeutic target for a variety of chronic conditions linked to oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as cancer metastasis. However, only a few BACH1 degraders/inhibitors have been described. BACH1 is a transcriptional repressor of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), which is positively regulated by transcription factor NRF2 and is highly inducible by derivatives of the synthetic oleanane triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO). Most of the therapeutic activities of these compounds are due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which are widely attributed to their ability to activate NRF2. However, with such a broad range of action, these compounds have other molecular targets that have not been fully identified and could also be of importance for their therapeutic profile. Herein we identified BACH1 as a target of two CDDO-derivatives (CDDO-Me and CDDO-TFEA), but not of CDDO. While both CDDO and CDDO-derivatives activate NRF2 similarly, only CDDO-Me and CDDO-TFEA inhibit BACH1, which explains the much higher potency of these CDDO-derivatives as HMOX1 inducers compared with unmodified CDDO. Notably, we demonstrate that CDDO-Me and CDDO-TFEA inhibit BACH1 via a novel mechanism that reduces BACH1 nuclear levels while accumulating its cytoplasmic form. In an in vitro model, both CDDO-derivatives impaired lung cancer cell invasion in a BACH1-dependent and NRF2-independent manner, while CDDO was inactive. Altogether, our study identifies CDDO-Me and CDDO-TFEA as dual KEAP1/BACH1 inhibitors, providing a rationale for further therapeutic uses of these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Casares
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Rita Moreno
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Kevin X Ali
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maureen Higgins
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Sharadha Dayalan Naidu
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Graham Neill
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Lena Cassin
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | | | | | - Alberto Minassi
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794-3400, USA
| | | | - Clotilde Wiel
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Volkan I Sayin
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK
| | - David Olagnier
- Department of Biomedicine, Health, Aarhus University, 8000, Denmark
| | - Laureano de la Vega
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Triterpenoids impede the fibrillation and cytotoxicity of human islet amyloid polypeptide. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:189-200. [PMID: 34973981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) deposition to block its toxicity is an important strategy for the prevention and treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Natural compounds with pharmacological properties and low toxicity can serve as a good point to discover potential inhibitors of protein misfolding, which may be useful for the treatment of various amyloidosis-related diseases. Previous studies have reported that triterpenoids, such as maslinic acid (MA) and momordicin I (MI), can modulate glucose metabolism partially by reducing insulin resistance. However, the internal antidiabetic mechanism of these triterpenoids remains unclear. In this study, we examined the inhibition and disaggregation of MAandits isomer MI on the fibrillation of hIAPP using various experimental and computational approaches. The assembly behaviors and peptide-induced cytotoxicity of hIAPP could be effectively resisted by MA and MI. Moreover, the interaction of the two triterpenoids with hIAPP displayed a spontaneous and exothermic process. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulation results of different peptides revealed that MA and MI could bind to Asn and other non-polar residues near the core C-terminal region and reduce the oligomerization of hIAPP. The binding affinity was predominantly contributed by hydrophobic, electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. The present work provides valuable data for MA and MI to treat T2DM and amyloidosis-related diseases.
Collapse
|
8
|
Antrodia cinnamomea exerts an anti-hepatoma effect by targeting PI3K/AKT-mediated cell cycle progression in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:890-906. [PMID: 35256953 PMCID: PMC8897033 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea is extensively used as a traditional medicine to prevention and treatment of liver cancer. However, its comprehensive chemical fingerprint is uncertain, and the mechanisms, especially the potential therapeutic target for anti-hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are still unclear. Using UPLC‒Q-TOF/MS, 139 chemical components were identified in A. cinnamomea dropping pills (ACDPs). Based on these chemical components, network pharmacology demonstrated that the targets of active components were significantly enriched in the pathways in cancer, which were closely related with cell proliferation regulation. Next, HCC data was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database (GEO). The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and DisGeNET were analyzed by bioinformatics, and 79 biomarkers were obtained. Furtherly, nine targets of ACDP active components were revealed, and they were significantly enriched in PI3K/AKT and cell cycle signaling pathways. The affinity between these targets and their corresponding active ingredients was predicted by molecular docking. Finally, in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that ACDPs could reduce the activity of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and downregulate the expression of cell cycle-related proteins, contributing to the decreased growth of liver cancer. Altogether, PI3K/AKT-cell cycle appears as the significant central node in anti-liver cancer of A. Cinnamomea.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jin J, He H, Zhang X, Wu R, Gan L, Li D, Lu Y, Wu P, Wong WL, Zhang K. The in vitro and in vivo study of oleanolic acid indole derivatives as novel anti-inflammatory agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and mechanistic analysis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104981. [PMID: 34020279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA) is a well-known natural product possessing many important pharmacological activities; however, its weak bioactivities significantly restrict the potential application in drug development. The structural modification of oleanolic acid is an effective mean to enhance its bioactivity with lower toxicity but it is challenging. In the present study, we systematically synthesized a series of new 11-oxooleanolic acid derivatives and evaluated their anti-inflammatory activities with a LPS induced BV2 cells inflammation model and a 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced ear inflammation mice model. It was found that compounds 8 and 9 show more potent anti-inflammatory effects than OA and exhibit a low cytotoxicity. The possible mechanism of action was also investigated. The in vitro and in vivo results revealed that these two new 11-oxooleanolic acid derivatives may exert anti-inflammatory activities through the inhibition of NO, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, MCP-1 and MIP-1α) and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10), which may be caused by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, MAPKs and PI3K/Akt related inflammatory signaling pathways and the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. The results suggest that these two 11-oxooleanolic acid derivatives may be potential candidates for further anti-inflammatory drug development and our study demonstrated an important and practical strategy for drug discovery through the rational modification of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jin
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Hao He
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Rihui Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Lishe Gan
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China
| | - Yujing Lu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Panpan Wu
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China.
| | - Wing-Leung Wong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China.
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, PR China; International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen 529040, PR China; School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dual Effect of Soloxolone Methyl on LPS-Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217876. [PMID: 33114200 PMCID: PMC7660695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-extracted triterpenoids belong to a class of bioactive compounds with pleotropic functions, including antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this work, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of a semisynthetic derivative of 18βH-glycyrrhetinic acid (18βH-GA), soloxolone methyl (methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-18βH-olean-9(11),1(2)-dien-30-oate, or SM) in vitro on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and in vivo in models of acute inflammation: LPS-induced endotoxemia and carrageenan-induced peritonitis. SM used at non-cytotoxic concentrations was found to attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (II) and increase the level of reduced glutathione production by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, SM strongly suppressed the phagocytic and migration activity of activated macrophages. These effects were found to be associated with the stimulation of heme oxigenase-1 (HO-1) expression, as well as with the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Akt phosphorylation. Surprisingly, it was found that SM significantly enhanced LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in RAW264.7 cells via activation of the c-Jun/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling axis. In vivo pre-exposure treatment with SM effectively inhibited the development of carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in the peritoneal cavity, but it did not improve LPS-induced inflammation in the endotoxemia model.
Collapse
|
11
|
CDDO-Me Distinctly Regulates Regional Specific Astroglial Responses to Status Epilepticus via ERK1/2-Nrf2, PTEN-PI3K-AKT and NFκB Signaling Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9101026. [PMID: 33096818 PMCID: PMC7589507 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Cyano-3,12-dioxo-oleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me) is a triterpenoid analogue of oleanolic acid. CDDO-Me shows anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Furthermore, CDDO-Me has antioxidant properties, since it activates nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which is a key player of redox homeostasis. In the present study, we evaluated whether CDDO-Me affects astroglial responses to status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity) in the rat hippocampus in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reactive astrogliosis and astroglial apoptosis. Under physiological conditions, CDDO-Me increased Nrf2 expression in the hippocampus without altering activities (phosphorylations) of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and AKT. CDDO-Me did not affect seizure activity in response to pilocarpine. However, CDDO-Me ameliorated reduced astroglial Nrf2 expression in the CA1 region and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (ML), and attenuated reactive astrogliosis and ML astroglial apoptosis following SE. In CA1 astrocytes, CDDO-Me inhibited the PI3K/AKT pathway by activating PTEN. In contrast, CDDO-ME resulted in extracellular signal-related kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated Nrf2 upregulation in ML astrocytes. Furthermore, CDDO-Me decreased nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) phosphorylation in both CA1 and ML astrocytes. Therefore, our findings suggest that CDDO-Me may attenuate SE-induced reactive astrogliosis and astroglial apoptosis via regulation of ERK1/2-Nrf2, PTEN-PI3K-AKT, and NFκB signaling pathways.
Collapse
|
12
|
Piesche M, Roos J, Kühn B, Fettel J, Hellmuth N, Brat C, Maucher IV, Awad O, Matrone C, Comerma Steffensen SG, Manolikakes G, Heinicke U, Zacharowski KD, Steinhilber D, Maier TJ. The Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Nitro Fatty Acids and Other Michael Acceptor-Containing Drugs for the Treatment of Inflammation and Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1297. [PMID: 33013366 PMCID: PMC7495092 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro fatty acids (NFAs) are endogenously generated lipid mediators deriving from reactions of unsaturated electrophilic fatty acids with reactive nitrogen species. Furthermore, Mediterranean diets can be a source of NFA. These highly electrophilic fatty acids can undergo Michael addition reaction with cysteine residues, leading to post-translational modifications (PTM) of selected regulatory proteins. Such modifications are capable of changing target protein function during cell signaling or in biosynthetic pathways. NFA target proteins include the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), the pro-inflammatory and tumorigenic nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, the pro-inflammatory 5-lipoxygenases (5-LO) biosynthesis pathway as well as soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), which is essentially involved in the regulation of vascular tone. In several animal models of inflammation and cancer, the therapeutic efficacy of well-tolerated NFA has been demonstrated. This has already led to clinical phase II studies investigating possible therapeutic effects of NFA in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Albeit Michael acceptors feature a broad spectrum of bioactivity, they have for a rather long time been avoided as drug candidates owing to their presumed unselective reactivity and toxicity. However, targeted covalent modification of regulatory proteins by Michael acceptors became recognized as a promising approach to drug discovery with the recent FDA approvals of the cancer therapeutics, afatanib (2013), ibrutinib (2013), and osimertinib (2015). Furthermore, the Michael acceptor, neratinib, a dual inhibitor of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and epidermal growth factor receptor, was recently approved by the FDA (2017) and by the EMA (2018) for the treatment of breast cancer. Finally, a number of further Michael acceptor drug candidates are currently under clinical investigation for pharmacotherapy of inflammation and cancer. In this review, we focus on the pharmacology of NFA and other Michael acceptor drugs, summarizing their potential as an emerging class of future antiphlogistics and adjuvant in tumor therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Piesche
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.,Oncology Center, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jessica Roos
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Kühn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jasmin Fettel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nadine Hellmuth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Camilla Brat
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Isabelle V Maucher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Omar Awad
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany
| | - Carmela Matrone
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simon Gabriel Comerma Steffensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Medicine Faculty, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Animal Physiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Georg Manolikakes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ulrike Heinicke
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai D Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thorsten J Maier
- Department of Safety of Medicinal Products and Medical Devices, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines), Langen, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Covering: up to 2020The transcription factor NRF2 is one of the body's major defense mechanisms, driving transcription of >300 antioxidant response element (ARE)-regulated genes that are involved in many critical cellular processes including redox regulation, proteostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and primary metabolism. The transcription factor NRF2 and natural products have an intimately entwined history, as the discovery of NRF2 and much of its rich biology were revealed using natural products both intentionally and unintentionally. In addition, in the last decade a more sinister aspect of NRF2 biology has been revealed. NRF2 is normally present at very low cellular levels and only activated when needed, however, it has been recently revealed that chronic, high levels of NRF2 can lead to diseases such as diabetes and cancer, and may play a role in other diseases. Again, this "dark side" of NRF2 was revealed and studied largely using a natural product, the quassinoid, brusatol. In the present review, we provide an overview of NRF2 structure and function to orient the general reader, we will discuss the history of NRF2 and NRF2-activating compounds and the biology these have revealed, and we will delve into the dark side of NRF2 and contemporary issues related to the dark side biology and the role of natural products in dissecting this biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
CDDO-Me Inhibits Microglial Activation and Monocyte Infiltration by Abrogating NFκB- and p38 MAPK-Mediated Signaling Pathways Following Status Epilepticus. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051123. [PMID: 32370011 PMCID: PMC7290793 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity), microglial activation, and monocyte infiltration result in the inflammatory responses in the brain that is involved in the epileptogenesis. Therefore, the regulation of microglia/monocyte-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the therapeutic strategies for avoidance of secondary brain injury induced by SE. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me; RTA 402) is an activator of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates intracellular redox homeostasis. In addition, CDDO-Me has anti-inflammatory properties that suppress microglial proliferation and its activation, although the underlying mechanisms have not been clarified. In the present study, CDDO-Me ameliorated monocyte infiltration without vasogenic edema formation in the frontoparietal cortex (FPC) following SE, accompanied by abrogating monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expressions and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, CDDO-Me inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NFκB)-S276 phosphorylation and microglial transformation, independent of Nrf2 expression. Similar to CDDO-Me, SN50 (an NFκB inhibitor) mitigated monocyte infiltration by reducing MCP-1 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in the FPC following SE. Therefore, these findings suggest, for the first time, that CDDO-Me may attenuate microglia/monocyte-mediated neuroinflammation via modulating NFκB- and p38 MAPK-MCP-1 signaling pathways following SE.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nrf2 is the primary regulator of cellular oxidative stress. Activation of Nrf2 is regarded as a potential preventive and therapeutic strategy. However, aberrant hyperactivation of Nrf2 is found in a variety of cancers and promotes cancer progression and metastasis. Moreover, constitutive activation of Nrf2 confers cancer cells resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. Thus, inhibiting Nrf2 could be a new therapeutic strategy for cancer. With the aim of accelerating the discovery and development of novel Nrf2 inhibitors, we summarize the biological and pathological functions of Nrf2 in cancer. Furthermore, the recent studies of small molecular Nrf2 inhibitors and potential Nrf2 inhibitory mechanisms are also summarized in this review.
Collapse
|
16
|
Borella R, Forti L, Gibellini L, De Gaetano A, De Biasi S, Nasi M, Cossarizza A, Pinti M. Synthesis and Anticancer Activity of CDDO and CDDO-Me, Two Derivatives of Natural Triterpenoids. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224097. [PMID: 31766211 PMCID: PMC6891335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are natural compounds synthesized by plants through cyclization of squalene, known for their weak anti-inflammatory activity. 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), and its C28 modified derivative, methyl-ester (CDDO-Me, also known as bardoxolone methyl), are two synthetic derivatives of oleanolic acid, synthesized more than 20 years ago, in an attempt to enhance the anti-inflammatory behavior of the natural compound. These molecules have been extensively investigated for their strong ability to exert antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities, and to induce apoptosis and differentiation in cancer cells. Here, we discuss the chemical properties of natural triterpenoids, the pathways of synthesis and the biological effects of CDDO and its derivative CDDO-Me. At nanomolar doses, CDDO and CDDO-Me have been shown to protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress by increasing the transcriptional activity of the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). At doses higher than 100 nM, CDDO and CDDO-Me are able to modulate the differentiation of a variety of cell types, both tumor cell lines or primary culture cell, while at micromolar doses these compounds exert an anticancer effect in multiple manners; by inducing extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways, or autophagic cell death, by inhibiting telomerase activity, by disrupting mitochondrial functions through Lon protease inhibition, and by blocking the deubiquitylating enzyme USP7. CDDO-Me demonstrated its efficacy as anticancer drugs in different mouse models, and versus several types of cancer. Several clinical trials have been started in humans for evaluating CDDO-Me efficacy as anticancer and anti-inflammatory drug; despite promising results, significant increase in heart failure events represented an obstacle for the clinical use of CDDO-Me.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Borella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Luca Forti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.G.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (L.G.); (S.D.B.)
| | - Milena Nasi
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (M.N.); (A.C.)
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (R.B.); (L.F.); (A.D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39 059 205 5386; Fax: +39 059 205 5426
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mohtashami L, Shakeri A, Javadi B. Neuroprotective natural products against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: A review. Neurochem Int 2019; 129:104516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
CDDO-Me Attenuates Vasogenic Edema and Astroglial Death by Regulating NF-κB p65 Phosphorylations and Nrf2 Expression Following Status Epilepticus. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194862. [PMID: 31574956 PMCID: PMC6801369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Cyano-3,12-dioxo-oleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me) is a triterpenoid analogue of oleanolic acid that has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective activities. In the present study, we evaluate the effects of CDDO-Me on serum extravasation and astroglial death in the rat piriform cortex (PC) induced by status epilepticus (a prolonged seizure activity, SE) in order to propose an underlying pharmacological mechanism of CDDO-Me and its availability for treatment of vasogenic edema. CDDO-Me effectively mitigated serum extravasation and a massive astroglial loss in the PC following SE. CDDO-Me abrogated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) synthesis in activated microglia by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 serine 276 phosphorylation. CDDO-Me also abolished NF-κB threonine 435 phosphorylation in endothelial cells and TNF-α-mediated-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) signaling cascades, which trigger vasogenic edema following SE. Furthermore, CDDO-Me increased astroglial viability via the up-regulation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression. Therefore, our findings suggest that CDDO-Me may ameliorate SE-induced vasogenic edema formation by regulating NF-κB p65 phosphorylations in microglia as well as endothelial cells and enhancing Nrf2 expression in astrocytes, respectively.
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim JE, Park H, Choi SH, Kong MJ, Kang TC. CDDO-Me Selectively Attenuates CA1 Neuronal Death Induced by Status Epilepticus via Facilitating Mitochondrial Fission Independent of LONP1. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080833. [PMID: 31387295 PMCID: PMC6721758 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Cyano-3,12-dioxo-oleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me) is a triterpenoid analogue of oleanolic acid that exhibits promising anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. In addition, CDDO-Me affects cellular differentiation and cell cycle arrest, and irreversibly inhibits Lon protease-1 (LONP1). In the present study, we evaluate the effects of CDDO-Me on mitochondrial dynamics and its downstream effectors in order to understand the underlying mechanism of the neuronal death following status epilepticus (SE, a prolonged seizure activity). CDDO-Me increased dynamin-related proteins 1 (DRP1)-serine 616 phosphorylation via activating extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not protein kinase A (PKA) or protein phosphatases (PPs). In addition, CDDO-Me facilitated DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fissions, which selectively attenuated SE-induced CA1 neuronal death. Unlike CDDO-Me, LONP1 knockdown led to SE-induced massive degeneration of dentate granule cells, CA1 neurons and hilus interneurons without altering the expression and phosphorylation of DRP1, ERK1/2, JNK and PP2B. LONP1 knockdown could not inhibit SE-induced mitochondrial elongation in CA1 neurons. Co-treatment of CDDO-Me with LONP1 siRNA ameliorated only CA1 neuronal death, concomitant with abrogation of mitochondrial elongation induced by SE. Thus, our findings suggest that CDDO-Me may selectively attenuate SE-induced CA1 neuronal death by rescuing the abnormal mitochondrial machinery, independent of LONP1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hana Park
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Seo-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Min-Jeong Kong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
- Institute of Epilepsy Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Medrano-Jiménez E, Jiménez-Ferrer Carrillo I, Pedraza-Escalona M, Ramírez-Serrano CE, Álvarez-Arellano L, Cortés-Mendoza J, Herrera-Ruiz M, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Tortoriello J, Pedraza-Alva G, Pérez-Martínez L. Malva parviflora extract ameliorates the deleterious effects of a high fat diet on the cognitive deficit in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease by restoring microglial function via a PPAR-γ-dependent mechanism. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:143. [PMID: 31291963 PMCID: PMC6617588 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neuropathology strongly associated with the activation of inflammatory pathways. Accordingly, inflammation resulting from obesity exacerbates learning and memory deficits in humans and in animal models of AD. Consequently, the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents diminishes the risk for developing AD, but the side effects produced by these drugs limit their prophylactic use. Thus, plants natural products have become an excellent option for modern therapeutics. Malva parviflora is a plant well known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Methods The present study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of M. parviflora leaf hydroalcoholic extract (MpHE) on AD pathology in lean and obese transgenic 5XFAD mice, a model of familial AD. The inflammatory response and Amyloid β (Aβ) plaque load in lean and obese 5XFAD mice untreated or treated with MpHE was evaluated by immunolocalization (Iba-1 and GFAP) and RT-qPCR (TNF) assays and thioflavin-S staining, respectively. Spatial learning memory was assessed by the Morris Water Maze behavioral test. Microglia phagocytosis capacity was analyzed in vivo and by ex vivo and in vitro assays, and its activation by morphological changes (phalloidin staining) and expression of CD86, Mgl1, and TREM-2 by RT-qPCR. The mechanism triggered by the MpHE was characterized in microglia primary cultures and ex vivo assays by immunoblot (PPAR-γ) and RT-qPCR (CD36) and in vivo by flow cytometry, using GW9662 (PPAR-γ inhibitor) and pioglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist). The presence of bioactive compounds in the MpHE was determined by HPLC. Results MpHE efficiently reduced astrogliosis, the presence of insoluble Aβ peptides in the hippocampus and spatial learning impairments, of both, lean, and obese 5XFAD mice. This was accompanied by microglial cells accumulation around Aβ plaques in the cortex and the hippocampus and decreased expression of M1 inflammatory markers. Consistent with the fact that the MpHE rescued microglia phagocytic capacity via a PPAR-γ/CD36-dependent mechanism, the MpHE possess oleanolic acid and scopoletin as active phytochemicals. Conclusions M. parviflora suppresses neuroinflammation by inhibiting microglia pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and promoting microglia phagocytosis. Therefore, M. parviflora phytochemicals represent an alternative to prevent cognitive impairment associated with a metabolic disorder as well as an effective prophylactic candidate for AD progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-019-1515-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Medrano-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Itzia Jiménez-Ferrer Carrillo
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Martha Pedraza-Escalona
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Cristina E Ramírez-Serrano
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lourdes Álvarez-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.,Present address: CONACYT-Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, CP 06720, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Javier Cortés-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Maribel Herrera-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Enrique Jiménez-Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro Zamilpa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Jaime Tortoriello
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Sur, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Argentina No. 1, CP 62790, Xochitepec, Morelos, México
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunobiología, Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, CP, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jin X, Liu MY, Zhang DF, Zhong X, Du K, Qian P, Gao H, Wei MJ. Natural products as a potential modulator of microglial polarization in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2019; 145:104253. [PMID: 31059788 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of structure and function of neurons most common in elderly population, mainly including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Neuroinflammation caused by microglia as the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS) plays a contributory role in the onset and progression of NDs. Activated microglia, as in macrophages, to be heterogeneous, can polarize into M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) functional phenotypes. The former elaborate pro-inflammatory mediators promoting neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. In contrast, the latter generate anti-inflammatory mediators and neurotrophins that inhibit neuroinflammation and promote neuronal healing. Consistently, the regulation of microglial polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype appears as an outstanding therapeutic and preventive approach for NDs treatment. Although non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) currently used to alleviate M1 microglia-associated neuroinflammation responsible for the development of NDs, these drugs have different degrees of adverse effects and limited efficacy. As the advantages of novel structure, multi-target, high efficiency and low toxicity, natural products as the modulators of microglial polarization have attracted considerable concerns in the therapeutic areas of NDs. In this review, we mainly summarized the therapeutic potential of natural products and their various molecular mechanisms for NDs treatment through modulating microglial polarization. The aim of the current review is expected to be useful to develop innovative modulators of microglial polarization from natural products for the amelioration and treatment of NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ming-Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dong-Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Qian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Gao
- Division of Pharmacology Laboratory, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Jie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xue P, Hu X, Powers J, Nay N, Chang E, Kwon J, Wong SW, Han L, Wu TH, Lee DJ, Tseng H, Ko CC. CDDO-Me, Sulforaphane and tBHQ attenuate the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation via activating the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:637-643. [PMID: 30826055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic bone diseases are global public health concerns and are primarily caused by uncontrolled osteoclast (OC) formation and activation. During OC differentiation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulated by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) can serve as the signaling molecules to promote osteoclastic genes expression. Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (NRF2), a master mediator of cellular antioxidant response, also plays a critical role in OC differentiation through the regulation of redox homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the effects of three NRF2 inducers on osteoclastogenesis, including Bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me), Sulforaphane (SFN), and tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ). By treating RAW cells with three compounds, we found that NRF2 was activated and its downstream antioxidant genes were upregulated, and the RANKL-induced intracellular ROS production and osteoclastogenesis were impaired. Additionally, the expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATC1), C-FOS and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were inhibited after acute exposures (6 h) to the three compounds. Furthermore, suppressed the expression of osteoclast differentiation-associated genes, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CTSK), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP) were observed after prolonged exposures (5 days) to the compounds. Taken together, these results suggest that CDDO-Me, SFN and tBHQ attenuate RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidant response. Among these compounds, relatively low concentrations of CDDO-Me showed stronger active and inhibitory effects on antioxidant response and osteoclastogenesis, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Xiangxiang Hu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - James Powers
- Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Nicole Nay
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Emily Chang
- Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Jane Kwon
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Sing Wai Wong
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Lichi Han
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA; Medical College of Dalian University, Dalian, 116622, China
| | - Tai-Hsien Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Dong-Joon Lee
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA
| | - Henry Tseng
- Duke Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27516, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stark JC, Wallace E, Lim R, Leaw B. Characterization and Isolation of Mouse Primary Microglia by Density Gradient Centrifugation. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29553508 DOI: 10.3791/57065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the brain, are the first responders to inflammation or injury in the central nervous system. Recent research has revealed microglia to be dynamic, capable of assuming both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Both M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (pro-reparative) phenotypes play an important role in neuroinflammatory conditions such as perinatal brain injury, and exhibit differing functions in response to certain environmental stimuli. The modulation of microglial activation has been noted to confer neuroprotection thus suggesting microglia may have therapeutic potential in brain injury. However, more research is required to better understand the role of microglia in disease, and this protocol facilitates that. The protocol described below combines a density gradient centrifugation process to reduce cellular debris, with magnetic separation, producing a highly pure sample of primary microglial cells that can be used for in vitro experimentation, without the need for 2-3 weeks culturing. Additionally, the characterization steps yield robust functional data about microglia, aiding studies to better our understanding of the polarization and priming of these cells, which has strong implications in the field of regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Euan Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash University
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research
| | - Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chaudhari N, Ravanan P. Bardoxolone methyl induces neuritogenesis in Neuro2a cells. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:730-736. [PMID: 29935399 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402, CDDOMe) has been long known for its anti-inflammatory and exceptional cytotoxic activity. The biological responses to CDDOMe are truly dose dependent. And owing to the structural modifications introduced in its parent molecule oleanolic acid, CDDOMe is able to form reversible adducts with cellular proteins containing redox sensitive cysteine residues. This nature of CDDOMe makes it a multifunctional molecule targeting multiple signaling pathways. This study was initiated to study the response of Neuro2a, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line to CDDOMe. METHODS Neuro2a cells were treated with CDDOMe and all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for 4days and observed for neurite outgrowth. The neurite length was estimated using ImageJ software (Neuron growth plugin). Cell viability was investigated using MTT dye reduction and trypan blue dye exclusion method. Gene expression of differentiation markers was analyzed using quantitative PCR. Cellular localization of Tuj1 and synaptophysin in differentiated Neuro2a cells was observed using immunofluorescence. RESULTS CDDOMe ceased proliferation and induced dramatic neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells. These morphological changes were accompanied by time dependent increase in the mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, neurofilament 200 and synaptophysin. Besides, cytoskeleton protein Tuj1 and the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin were also observed to be localized in the neurites induced by CDDOMe. CONCLUSIONS These early shreds of evidence suggest that CDDOMe induces differentiation in Neuro2a cells at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.4μM and indeed contributes the existing knowledge on CDDOMe induced activities in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Chaudhari
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen JJ, Wang T, An CD, Jiang CY, Zhao J, Li S. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a mediator of inflammation-associated neurogenesis in Alzheimer's disease. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:793-811. [PMID: 27508959 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In early- or late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), inflammation, which is triggered by pathologic conditions, influences the progression of neurodegeneration. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a crucial mediator of neurogenesis, because it exhibits a remarkable activity-dependent regulation of expression, which suggests that it may link inflammation to neurogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that acute and chronic inflammation in AD differentially modulates neurotrophin functions, which are related to the roles of inflammation in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Recent studies also indicate novel mechanisms of BDNF-mediated neuroprotection, including the modulation of autophagy. Numerous research studies have demonstrated reverse parallel alterations between proinflammatory cytokines and BDNF during neurodegeneration; thus, we hypothesize that one mechanism that underlies the negative impact of chronic inflammation on neurogenesis is the reduction of BDNF production and function by proinflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lindenau JD, Altmann V, Schumacher-Schuh AF, Rieder CR, Hutz MH. Tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphisms are associated with Parkinson's disease age at onset. Neurosci Lett 2017; 658:133-136. [PMID: 28844731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been demonstrated through several different approaches. It was suggested an inflammation-derived oxidative stress and cytokine-dependent toxicity role in the nigrostriatal pathway degeneration and hasten progression of disease. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA) gene promoter polymorphisms might alter the expression of this cytokine contributing to the pro- and anti-inflammatory polarization. An increased TNFA expression might lead to inflammatory profile predominance. The aim of study was to determine if TNFA haplotypes are associated with PD age at onset. Five polymorphisms in TNFA gene were investigated in 226 patients with idiopathic PD in relation to age at onset. Haplotype grouping was based on allele expression. Logistic binary regression analysis showed that the genetic background leading to higher TNF-α expression confers a higher risk to develop PD earlier. Gender and ancestry did not differ between groups. High TNFA expression may contribute for faster dopaminergic neuron degeneration. In this context, a higher genetic pro-inflammatory profile confers a higher risk to develop PD earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana D Lindenau
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vivian Altmann
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos R Rieder
- Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Eidson LN, Kannarkat GT, Barnum CJ, Chang J, Chung J, Caspell-Garcia C, Taylor P, Mollenhauer B, Schlossmacher MG, Ereshefsky L, Yen M, Kopil C, Frasier M, Marek K, Hertzberg VS, Tansey MG. Candidate inflammatory biomarkers display unique relationships with alpha-synuclein and correlate with measures of disease severity in subjects with Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:164. [PMID: 28821274 PMCID: PMC5563061 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Efforts to identify fluid biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have intensified in the last decade. As the role of inflammation in PD pathophysiology becomes increasingly recognized, investigators aim to define inflammatory signatures to help elucidate underlying mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and aid in identification of patients with inflammatory endophenotypes that could benefit from immunomodulatory interventions. However, discordant results in the literature and a lack of information regarding the stability of inflammatory factors over a 24-h period have hampered progress. Methods Here, we measured inflammatory proteins in serum and CSF of a small cohort of PD (n = 12) and age-matched healthy control (HC) subjects (n = 6) at 11 time points across 24 h to (1) identify potential diurnal variation, (2) reveal differences in PD vs HC, and (3) to correlate with CSF levels of amyloid β (Aβ) and α-synuclein in an effort to generate data-driven hypotheses regarding candidate biomarkers of PD. Results Despite significant variability in other factors, a repeated measures two-way analysis of variance by time and disease state for each analyte revealed that serum IFNγ, TNF, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were stable across 24 h and different between HC and PD. Regression analysis revealed that C-reactive protein (CRP) was the only factor with a strong linear relationship between CSF and serum. PD and HC subjects showed significantly different relationships between CSF Aβ proteins and α-synuclein and specific inflammatory factors, and CSF IFNγ and serum IL-8 positively correlated with clinical measures of PD. Finally, linear discriminant analysis revealed that serum TNF and CSF α-synuclein discriminated between PD and HC with a minimum of 82% sensitivity and 83% specificity. Conclusions Our findings identify a panel of inflammatory factors in serum and CSF that can be reliably measured, distinguish between PD and HC, and monitor inflammation as disease progresses or in response to interventional therapies. This panel may aid in generating hypotheses and feasible experimental designs towards identifying biomarkers of neurodegenerative disease by focusing on analytes that remain stable regardless of time of sample collection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0935-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori N Eidson
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - George T Kannarkat
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Christopher J Barnum
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jianjun Chang
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jaegwon Chung
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Chelsea Caspell-Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, 145 N. Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, USA
| | - Peggy Taylor
- BioLegend, Inc., 180 Rustcraft Rd # 140, Dedham, Massachusetts, 02026, USA
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, 34128 Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Georg-August University Medical Center Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Program in Neuroscience and Division of Neurology, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa Brain & Mind Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Room 1412, Ottawa, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Larry Ereshefsky
- Follow the Molecule, 143 Voyage Mall, Marina del Rey, CA, 90292, USA
| | - Mark Yen
- PAREXEL International, Early Phase Unit, 1560 E. Chevy Chase Drive, Suite 140, Glendale, CA, 91206, USA
| | - Catherine Kopil
- Research Programs, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, 69 7th Avenue, 498, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Mark Frasier
- Research Programs, The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research, 69 7th Avenue, 498, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Kenneth Marek
- Yale-New Haven Hospital, 20 York Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Vicki S Hertzberg
- Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, 1520 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 605L Whitehead Biomedical Res. Bldg., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Joers V, Tansey MG, Mulas G, Carta AR. Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson's disease and animal models of the disease. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 155:57-75. [PMID: 27107797 PMCID: PMC5073045 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade the important concept has emerged that microglia, similar to other tissue macrophages, assume different phenotypes and serve several effector functions, generating the theory that activated microglia can be organized by their pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory and repairing functions. Importantly, microglia exist in a heterogenous population and their phenotypes are not permanently polarized into two categories; they exist along a continuum where they acquire different profiles based on their local environment. In Parkinson's disease (PD), neuroinflammation and microglia activation are considered neuropathological hallmarks, however their precise role in relation to disease progression is not clear, yet represent a critical challenge in the search of disease-modifying strategies. This review will critically address current knowledge on the activation states of microglia as well as microglial phenotypes found in PD and in animal models of PD, focusing on the expression of surface molecules as well as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production during the disease process. While human studies have reported an elevation of both pro- or anti-inflammatory markers in the serum and CSF of PD patients, animal models have provided insights on dynamic changes of microglia phenotypes in relation to disease progression especially prior to the development of motor deficits. We also review recent evidence of malfunction at multiple steps of NFκB signaling that may have a causal interrelationship with pathological microglia activation in animal models of PD. Finally, we discuss the immune-modifying strategies that have been explored regarding mechanisms of chronic microglial activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Joers
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Malú G Tansey
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna R Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leaw B, Zhu D, Tan J, Muljadi R, Saad MI, Mockler JC, Wallace EM, Lim R, Tolcos M. Human amnion epithelial cells rescue cell death via immunomodulation of microglia in a mouse model of perinatal brain injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:46. [PMID: 28241859 PMCID: PMC5330154 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0496-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) are clonogenic and have been proposed to reduce inflammatory-induced tissue injury. Perturbation of the immune response is implicated in the pathogenesis of perinatal brain injury; modulating this response could thus be a novel therapy for treating or preventing such injury. The immunomodulatory properties of hAECs have been shown in other animal models, but a detailed investigation of the effects on brain immune cells following injury has not been undertaken. Here, we investigate the effects of hAECs on microglia, the first immune responders to injury within the brain. METHODS We generated a mouse model combining neonatal inflammation and perinatal hyperoxia, both of which are risk factors associated with perinatal brain injury. On embryonic day 16 we administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or saline (control), intra-amniotically to C57Bl/6 J mouse pups. On postnatal day (P)0, LPS pups were placed in hyperoxia (65% oxygen) and control pups in normoxia for 14 days. Pups were given either hAECs or saline intravenously on P4. RESULTS At P14, relative to controls, LPS and hyperoxia pups had reduced body weight, increased density of apoptotic cells (TUNEL) in the cortex, striatum and white matter, astrocytes (GFAP) in the white matter and activated microglia (CD68) in the cortex and striatum, but no change in total microglia density (Iba1). hAEC administration rescued the decreased body weight and reduced apoptosis and astrocyte areal coverage in the white matter, but increased the density of total and activated microglia. We then stimulated primary microglia (CD45lowCD11b+) with LPS for 24 h, followed by co-culture with hAEC conditioned medium for 48 h. hAEC conditioned medium increased microglial phagocytic activity, decreased microglia apoptosis and decreased M1 activation markers (CD86). Stimulating hAECs for 24 h with LPS did not alter release of cytokines known to modulate microglia activity. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that hAECs can directly immunomodulate brain microglia, probably via release of trophic factors. This observation offers promise that hAECs may afford therapeutic utility in the management of perinatal brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Leaw
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Dandan Zhu
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Jean Tan
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Ruth Muljadi
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Mohamed I. Saad
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Joanne C. Mockler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Euan M. Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Rebecca Lim
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Mary Tolcos
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
MicroRNA-19b-3p Modulates Japanese Encephalitis Virus-Mediated Inflammation via Targeting RNF11. J Virol 2016; 90:4780-4795. [PMID: 26937036 PMCID: PMC4836334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02586-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can invade the central nervous system and consequently induce neuroinflammation, which is characterized by profound neuronal cell damage accompanied by astrogliosis and microgliosis. Albeit microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as major regulatory noncoding RNAs with profound effects on inflammatory response, it is unknown how astrocytic miRNAs regulate JEV-induced inflammation. Here, we found the involvement of miR-19b-3p in regulating the JEV-induced inflammatory responsein vitroandin vivo The data demonstrated that miR-19b-3p is upregulated in cultured cells and mouse brain tissues during JEV infection. Overexpression of miR-19b-3p led to increased production of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5, after JEV infection, whereas knockdown of miR-19b-3p had completely opposite effects. Mechanistically, miR-19b-3p modulated the JEV-induced inflammatory response via targeting ring finger protein 11, a negative regulator of nuclear factor kappa B signaling. We also found that inhibition of ring finger protein 11 by miR-19b-3p resulted in accumulation of nuclear factor kappa B in the nucleus, which in turn led to higher production of inflammatory cytokines.In vivosilencing of miR-19b-3p by a specific antagomir reinvigorates the expression level of RNF11, which in turn reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines, abrogates gliosis and neuronal cell death, and eventually improves the survival rate in the mouse model. Collectively, our results demonstrate that miR-19b-3p positively regulates the JEV-induced inflammatory response. Thus, miR-19b-3p targeting may constitute a thought-provoking approach to rein in JEV-induced inflammation. IMPORTANCE Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the major causes of acute encephalitis in humans worldwide. The pathological features of JEV-induced encephalitis are inflammatory reactions and neurological diseases resulting from glia activation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. Accumulating data indicate that miRNAs regulate a variety of cellular processes, including the host inflammatory response under pathological conditions. Recently, a few studies demonstrated the role of miRNAs in a JEV-induced inflammatory response in microglia; however, their role in an astrocyte-derived inflammatory response is largely unknown. The present study reveals that miR-19b-3p targets ring finger protein 11 in glia and promotes inflammatory cytokine production by enhancing nuclear factor kappa B activity in these cells. Moreover, administration of an miR-19b-3p-specific antagomir in JEV-infected mice reduces neuroinflammation and lethality. These findings suggest a new insight into the molecular mechanism of the JEV-induced inflammatory response and provide a possible therapeutic entry point for treating viral encephalitis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Haarberg KMK, Wymore Brand MJ, Overstreet AMC, Hauck CC, Murphy PA, Hostetter JM, Ramer-Tait AE, Wannemuehler MJ. Orally administered extract from Prunella vulgaris attenuates spontaneous colitis in mdr1a -/- mice. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2015; 6:223-237. [PMID: 26558156 PMCID: PMC4635162 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the ability of a Prunella vulgaris (P. vulgaris) ethanolic extract to attenuate spontaneous typhlocolitis in mdr1a-/- mice.
METHODS: Vehicle (5% ethanol) or P. vulgaris ethanolic extract (2.4 mg/d) were administered daily by oral gavage to mdr1a-/- or wild type FVBWT mice from 6 wk of age up to 20 wk of age. Clinical signs of disease were noted by monitoring weight loss. Mice experiencing weight loss in excess of 15% were removed from the study. At the time mice were removed from the study, blood and colon tissue were collected for analyses that included histological evaluation of lesions, inflammatory cytokine levels, and myeloperoxidase activity.
RESULTS: Administration of P. vulgaris extracts to mdr1a-/- mice delayed onset of colitis and reduced severity of mucosal inflammation when compared to vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice. Oral administration of the P. vulgaris extract resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) serum levels of IL-10 (4.6 ± 2 vs 19.4 ± 4), CXCL9 (1319.0 ± 277 vs 3901.0 ± 858), and TNFα (9.9 ± 3 vs 14.8 ± 1) as well as reduced gene expression by more than two-fold for Ccl2, Ccl20, Cxcl1, Cxcl9, IL-1α, Mmp10, VCAM-1, ICAM, IL-2, and TNFα in the colonic mucosa of mdr1a-/- mice compared to vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice. Histologically, several microscopic parameters were reduced (P < 0.05) in P. vulgaris-treated mdr1a-/- mice, as was myeloperoxidase activity in the colon (2.49 ± 0.16 vs 3.36 ± 0.06, P < 0.05). The numbers of CD4+ T cells (2031.9 ± 412.1 vs 5054.5 ± 809.5) and germinal center B cells (2749.6 ± 473.7 vs 4934.0 ± 645.9) observed in the cecal tonsils of P. vulgaris-treated mdr1a-/- were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) from vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice. Vehicle-treated mdr1a-/- mice were found to produce serum antibodies to antigens derived from members of the intestinal microbiota, indicative of severe colitis and a loss of adaptive tolerance to the members of the microbiota. These serum antibodies were greatly reduced or absent in P. vulgaris-treated mdr1a-/- mice.
CONCLUSION: The anti-inflammatory activity of P. vulgaris ethanolic extract effectively attenuated the severity of intestinal inflammation in mdr1a-/- mice.
Collapse
|
32
|
Amelioration of L-Dopa-Associated Dyskinesias with Triterpenoic Acid in a Parkinsonian Rat Model. Neurotox Res 2015; 29:126-34. [PMID: 26459303 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Levo-Dopa (L-Dopa) is widely used for the oral treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, chronic treatment with L-Dopa produces abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) known as dyskinesias. In this study, commercially available oleanolic acid (OA) that has been previously shown to ameliorate the toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in preconditioning studies was used to treat AIMs in a rat model for Parkinson's disease. The forelimb-use asymmetry test was used to measure Parkinson's disease-associated motor impairment. AIMs were measured after 21 days of L-Dopa administration. Glutathione levels were measured in blood, and catalase levels were measured in the substantia nigra and striatum of both the left and right hemispheres. We found that L-Dopa alone as well as L-Dopa and OA combination treatment attenuated the limb-use asymmetry caused by the unilateral injection of 6-OHDA. Chronic L-Dopa administration produced AIMs which were attenuated by treatment with OA. Catalase concentration decreased significantly in the striatum but not in the substantia nigra of the lesioned hemisphere. L-Dopa alone as well as the combined L-Dopa and OA treatment ameliorated the effects of 6-OHDA on catalase concentration. However, intervention with L-Dopa alone as well as with L-Dopa and OA did not affect plasma glutathione concentration. These results suggest that OA administration enhances the effect of catalase on reactive oxygen species following 6-OHDA injection. OA may provide possibilities as an adjunct treatment to prevent or attenuate the development of AIMs following chronic L-Dopa treatment in Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
|
33
|
CysLT 2 receptor mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial inflammation and consequent neurotoxicity in vitro. Brain Res 2015; 1624:433-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
34
|
Kim H, Hong JT, Park MH. Centella asiatica enhances neurogenesis and protects neuronal cells against H2O2-induced oxidative injury. J Biomed Res 2015. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2015.16.3.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
35
|
Kitsukawa M, Tsuchiyama H, Maeda A, Oshida K, Miyamoto Y. Immunosuppressive potential of bardoxolone methyl using a modified murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). J Toxicol Sci 2015; 39:545-50. [PMID: 25056779 DOI: 10.2131/jts.39.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me; bardoxolone methyl) is one of the synthetic oleanane triterpenoids (SOs). It is known that it is the strongest Nrf2/ARE signaling inducer of SOs and slightly inhibits immune response. Little was known about the immunomodulatory action of CDDO-Me in vivo. We assessed its immunosuppressive potential by using the modified mouse lymph node assay (LLNA) including immunosuppression-related gene expression analysis. In the modified LLNA, CDDO-Me showed a significant decrease in lymph node weight and changes in expressions of the immunosuppression-related genes, Zfp459 and Fmo2. It has been already reported that a decrease in lymph node weight was induced by several types of immunosuppressive chemicals such as calcineurin inhibitors, antimetabolites, steroids, and alkylators. In addition, changes in Zfp459 and Fmo2 expression was reported in response after only treatment of antimetabolites. From these results, CDDO-Me is considered to have an immunosuppressive action and similar mechanism to antimetabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kitsukawa
- Toxicology and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bardoxolone methyl prevents high-fat diet-induced alterations in prefrontal cortex signalling molecules involved in recognition memory. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:68-75. [PMID: 25584778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High fat (HF) diets are known to induce changes in synaptic plasticity in the forebrain leading to learning and memory impairments. Previous studies of oleanolic acid derivatives have found that these compounds can cross the blood-brain barrier to prevent neuronal cell death. We examined the hypothesis that the oleanolic acid derivative, bardoxolone methyl (BM) would prevent diet-induced cognitive deficits in mice fed a HF diet. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a lab chow (LC) (5% of energy as fat), a HF (40% of energy as fat), or a HF diet supplemented with 10mg/kg/day BM orally for 21weeks. Recognition memory was assessed by performing a novel object recognition test on the treated mice. Downstream brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling molecules were examined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of mice via Western blotting and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor binding. BM treatment prevented HF diet-induced impairment in recognition memory (p<0.001). In HF diet fed mice, BM administration attenuated alterations in the NMDA receptor binding density in the PFC (p<0.05), however, no changes were seen in the hippocampus (p>0.05). In the PFC and hippocampus of the HF diet fed mice, BM administration improved downstream BDNF signalling as indicated by increased protein levels of BDNF, phosphorylated tropomyosin related kinase B (pTrkB) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt), and increased phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) (p<0.05). BM administration also prevented the HF diet-induced increase in the protein levels of inflammatory molecules, phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (pJNK) in the PFC, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in both the PFC and hippocampus. In summary, these findings suggest that BM prevents HF diet-induced impairments in recognition memory by improving downstream BDNF signal transduction, increasing pAMPK, and reducing inflammation in the PFC and hippocampus.
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim H, Youn K, Yun EY, Hwang JS, Jeong WS, Ho CT, Jun M. Oleic acid ameliorates Aβ-induced inflammation by downregulation of COX-2 and iNOS via NFκB signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
38
|
Pratensein ameliorates β-amyloid-induced cognitive impairment in rats via reducing oxidative damage and restoring synapse and BDNF levels. Neurosci Lett 2015; 592:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
39
|
Sachdeva AK, Chopra K. Lycopene abrogates Aβ(1-42)-mediated neuroinflammatory cascade in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:736-44. [PMID: 25869595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation characterized by glial activation and release of proinflammatory mediators is considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-Amyloid1-42 (Aβ1-42)-induced learning and memory impairment in rats is believed to be associated with neuronal inflammation. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to investigate the effect of lycopene, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory carotenoid, in intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) Aβ1-42-induced neuroinflammatory cascade along with learning and memory impairment in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS I.c.v. Aβ1-42 was injected bilaterally followed by treatment with lycopene or rivastigmine for 14 days. Morris water maze and elevated plus maze tests were used to assess the memory function. Rats were sacrificed and brains harvested to evaluate various biochemical parameters and mitochondrial complex activities in postmitochondrial supernatant fractions of cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rat brains. The levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor growth factor β (TGF-β), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and caspase-3 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. RESULTS Lycopene remediated Aβ-induced learning and memory deficits in a dose-dependent manner. Aβ1-42-induced mitochondrial dysfunction along with surge of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-1β as well as NF-κB and caspase-3 activity in rat brain was significantly reduced with lycopene treatment. CONCLUSION The amelioration of Aβ1-42-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by lycopene could be linked, at least in part, to the inhibition of NF-κB activity and the down-regulation of expression of neuroinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that lycopene may be a potential candidate for AD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kamal Sachdeva
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014 India
| | - Kanwaljit Chopra
- Pharmacology Research Laboratory, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014 India.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Srinivasan M, Lahiri DK. Significance of NF-κB as a pivotal therapeutic target in the neurodegenerative pathologies of Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:471-87. [PMID: 25652642 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.989834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in molecular pathogenesis suggest that the chronic inflammation is a shared mechanism in the initiation and progression of multiple neurodegenerative diseases with diverse clinical manifestations such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple sclerosis (MS). Restricted cell renewal and regenerative capacity make the neural tissues extremely vulnerable to the uncontrolled inflammatory process leading to irreversible tissue damage. AREAS COVERED A predominant consequence of increased inflammatory signaling is the upregulation of the transcription factor, NF-κB with subsequent neuroprotective or deleterious effects depending on the strength of the signal and the type of NF-κB dimers activated. We discuss the interplay between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration keeping in focus NF-κB signaling as the point of convergence of multiple pathways associated with the development of the neurodegenerative pathologies, AD and MS. EXPERT OPINION Considerable interest exists in developing efficient NF-κB inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases. The review includes an overview of natural compounds and rationally designed agents that inhibit NF-κB and mediate neuroprotection in AD and MS. The key chemical moieties of the natural and the synthetic compounds provide efficient leads for the development of effective small molecule inhibitors that selectively target NF-κB activation; this would result in the desired benefit to risk therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mythily Srinivasan
- Indiana University School of Dentistry, Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA +1 317 278 9686 ; +1 317 278 3018 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Oleanolic Acid enhances the beneficial effects of preconditioning on PC12 cells. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2014; 2014:929854. [PMID: 25478286 PMCID: PMC4248335 DOI: 10.1155/2014/929854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning triggers endogenous protection against subsequent exposure to higher concentrations of a neurotoxin. In this study, we investigated whether exposure to oleanolic acid (OA) enhances the protective effects of preconditioning on PC12 cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). A concentration response curve was constructed using 6-OHDA (50, 150, 300, and 600 μM). The experiment consisted of 6 groups: untreated, OA only, Group 1: cells treated with 6-OHDA (50 μM) for 1 hour, Group 2: cells treated with 6-OHDA (150 μM) for 1 hour, Group 3: cells treated with 6-OHDA (50 μM) for 30 minutes followed 6 hours later by treatment with 6-OHDA (150 μM) for 30 minutes, and Group 4: cells treated as in group 3 but also received OA immediately after the second 6-OHDA treatment. Cell viability and apoptotic ratio were assessed using the MTT and Annexin V staining tests, respectively. In preconditioned cells, we found that cell viability remained high following exposure to 6-OHDA (150 μM). OA treatment enhanced the protective effects of preconditioning. Similarly, with the annexin V apoptosis test, preconditioning protected the cell and this was enhanced by OA. Therefore, preexposure of PC12 cells to low 6-OHDA concentration can protect against subsequent toxic insults of 6-OHDA and OA enhances this protection.
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang YY, Yang YX, Zhe H, He ZX, Zhou SF. Bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me) as a therapeutic agent: an update on its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 8:2075-88. [PMID: 25364233 PMCID: PMC4211867 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s68872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids have been used for medicinal purposes in many Asian countries because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, anticancer, and anticarcinogenic properties. Bardoxolone methyl, the C-28 methyl ester of 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) known as CDDO-Me or RTA 402, is one of the derivatives of synthetic triterpenoids. CDDO-Me has been used for the treatment of chronic kidney disease, cancer (including leukemia and solid tumors), and other diseases. In this review, we will update our knowledge of the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CDDO-Me, highlighting its clinical benefits and the underlying mechanisms involved. The role of the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1)/the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in the therapeutic activities of CDDO-Me will be discussed. CDDO-Me contains α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups on rings A and C that can generate reversible adducts with the thiol groups of Cys residues in target proteins such as Keap1 and IκB kinase. At low nanomolar concentrations, CDDO-Me protects the cells against oxidative stress via inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation, while CDDO-Me at low micromolar concentrations induces apoptosis by increasing reactive oxygen species and decreasinging intracellular glutathione levels. Through Keap1/Nrf2 and nuclear factor-κB pathways, this agent can modulate the activities of a number of important proteins that regulate inflammation, redox balance, cell proliferation and programmed cell death. In a Phase I trial in cancer patients, CDDO-Me was found to have a slow and saturable oral absorption, a relatively long terminal phase half-life (39 hours at 900 mg/day), nonlinearity (dose-dependent) at high doses (600-1,300 mg/day), and high interpatient variability. As a multifunctional agent, CDDO-Me has improved the renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes. CDDO-Me has shown a promising anticancer effect in a Phase I trial. This agent is generally well tolerated, but it may increase adverse cardiovascular events. Presently, it is being further tested for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease, cancer, and pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yin-Xue Yang
- Department of Colon-rectal Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xu He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Research Center and Sino-US Joint Laboratory for Medical Sciences, Guiyang Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Caltana L, Rutolo D, Nieto ML, Brusco A. Further evidence for the neuroprotective role of oleanolic acid in a model of focal brain hypoxia in rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 79:79-87. [PMID: 25280833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic brain injury is a dynamic process involving oxidative stress, inflammation, cell death and the activation of endogenous adaptive and regenerative mechanisms depending on the activation of transcription factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha. Accordingly, we have previously described a new focal hypoxia model by direct intracerebral cobalt chloride injection. In turn, oleanolic acid, a plant-derived triterpenoid, has been extensively used in Asian countries for its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. A variety of novel pharmacological effects have been attributed to this triterpenoid, including beneficial effects on neurodegenerative disorders--including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis--due to its immunomodulatory activities at systemic level, as well as within the central nervous system. In this context, we hypothesize that this triterpenoid may be capable of exerting neuroprotective effects in ischemic brain, suppressing glial activities that contribute to neurotoxicity while promoting those that support neuronal survival. In order to test this hypothesis, we used the intraperitoneal administration of oleanoic acid in adult rats for seven days previous to focal cortical hypoxia induced by cobalt chloride brain injection. We analyzed the neuroprotective effect of oleanoic acid from a morphological point of view, focusing on neuronal survival and glial reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caltana
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Damián Rutolo
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Luisa Nieto
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, CSIC-UVA, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alicia Brusco
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia, IBCN (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Turner MD, Nedjai B, Hurst T, Pennington DJ. Cytokines and chemokines: At the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2563-2582. [PMID: 24892271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1273] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation occurs as a result of exposure of tissues and organs to harmful stimuli such as microbial pathogens, irritants, or toxic cellular components. The primary physical manifestations of inflammation are redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function to the affected area. These processes involve the major cells of the immune system, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, T-cells, and B-cells. However, examination of a range of inflammatory lesions demonstrates the presence of specific leukocytes in any given lesion. That is, the inflammatory process is regulated in such a way as to ensure that the appropriate leukocytes are recruited. These events are in turn controlled by a host of extracellular molecular regulators, including members of the cytokine and chemokine families that mediate both immune cell recruitment and complex intracellular signalling control mechanisms that characterise inflammation. This review will focus on the role of the main cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors in the pathophysiology of auto-inflammatory disorders, pro-inflammatory disorders, and neurological disorders involving inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Turner
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Belinda Nedjai
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tara Hurst
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Pennington
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Synthesis and biological evaluation of amino acid methyl ester conjugates of 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid against the production of nitric oxide (NO). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:532-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is complicated and difficult to fully understand, it might need multiple drug-discovery strategies to combat the disease. Regardless of the cause of AD, neuronal death in the brain plays a key role in AD progression and is directly linked to neuroinflammation. Thus, the regulation of neuroinflammatory processes might be a practical strategy for the treatment of AD. This review highlights the development of anti-neuroinflammatory agents that have shown promise in vitro or in vivo by attenuating microglial activation or cognitive decline. The agents are categorized based on the related signaling pathways, including the receptor for advanced glycation end products, p38 MAPKs, NF-κB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; and inhibitors against microglial activation lacking clear mechanisms. These anti-neuroinflammatory agents support the concept and represent important chemical probes for the development of anti-neuroinflammatory drugs for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
|
47
|
Lopez DH, Fiol-deRoque MA, Noguera-Salvà MA, Terés S, Campana F, Piotto S, Castro JA, Mohaibes RJ, Escribá PV, Busquets X. 2-hydroxy arachidonic acid: a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72052. [PMID: 24015204 PMCID: PMC3754997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a family of COX1 and COX2 inhibitors used to reduce the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators. In addition, inflammation often leads to a harmful generation of nitric oxide. Efforts are being done in discovering safer NSAIDs molecules capable of inhibiting the synthesis of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and nitric oxide to reduce the side effects associated with long term therapies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The analogue of arachidonic acid (AA), 2-hydroxy-arachidonic acid (2OAA), was designed to inhibit the activities of COX1 and COX2 and it was predicted to have similar binding energies as AA for the catalytic sites of COX1 and COX2. The interaction of AA and 2OAA with COX1 and COX2 was investigated calculating the free energy of binding and the Fukui function. Toxicity was determined in mouse microglial BV-2 cells. COX1 and COX2 (PGH2 production) activities were measured in vitro. COX1 and COX2 expression in human macrophage-like U937 cells were carried out by Western blot, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR analysis. NO production (Griess method) and iNOS (Western blot) were determined in mouse microglial BV-2 cells. The comparative efficacy of 2OAA, ibuprofen and cortisone in lowering TNF-α serum levels was determined in C57BL6/J mice challenged with LPS. We show that the presence of the -OH group reduces the likelihood of 2OAA being subjected to H* abstraction in COX, without altering significantly the free energy of binding. The 2OAA inhibited COX1 and COX2 activities and the expression of COX2 in human U937 derived macrophages challenged with LPS. In addition, 2OAA inhibited iNOS expression and the production of NO in BV-2 microglial cells. Finally, oral administration of 2OAA decreased the plasma TNF-α levels in vivo. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate the potential of 2OAA as a NSAID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Lopez
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria A. Fiol-deRoque
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Maria A. Noguera-Salvà
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Silvia Terés
- Lipopharma Therapeutics, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Federica Campana
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fischiano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Stefano Piotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Salerno, Fischiano, Salerno, Italy
| | - José A. Castro
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Raheem J. Mohaibes
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Pablo V. Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biomedicine, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Biology-IUNICS, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Progranulin does not bind tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and is not a direct regulator of TNF-dependent signaling or bioactivity in immune or neuronal cells. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9202-13. [PMID: 23699531 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5336-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein expressed in neurons and glia that is implicated in neuronal survival on the basis that mutations in the GRN gene causing haploinsufficiency result in a familial form of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recently, a direct interaction between PGRN and tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR I/II) was reported and proposed to be a mechanism by which PGRN exerts anti-inflammatory activity, raising the possibility that aberrant PGRN-TNFR interactions underlie the molecular basis for neuroinflammation in frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathogenesis. Here, we report that we find no evidence for a direct physical or functional interaction between PGRN and TNFRs. Using coimmunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) we replicated the interaction between PGRN and sortilin and that between TNF and TNFRI/II, but not the interaction between PGRN and TNFRs. Recombinant PGRN or transfection of a cDNA encoding PGRN did not antagonize TNF-dependent NFκB, Akt, and Erk1/2 pathway activation; inflammatory gene expression; or secretion of inflammatory factors in BV2 microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Moreover, PGRN did not antagonize TNF-induced cytotoxicity on dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells. Last, co-addition or pre-incubation with various N- or C-terminal-tagged recombinant PGRNs did not alter lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory gene expression or cytokine secretion in any cell type examined, including BMDMs from Grn+/- or Grn-/- mice. Therefore, the neuroinflammatory phenotype associated with PGRN deficiency in the CNS is not a direct consequence of the loss of TNF antagonism by PGRN, but may be a secondary response by glia to disrupted interactions between PGRN and Sortilin and/or other binding partners yet to be identified.
Collapse
|
49
|
Pranski EL, Dalal NV, Sanford CV, Herskowitz JH, Gearing M, Lazo C, Miller GW, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Betarbet RS. RING finger protein 11 (RNF11) modulates susceptibility to 6-OHDA-induced nigral degeneration and behavioral deficits through NF-κB signaling in dopaminergic cells. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 54:264-79. [PMID: 23318928 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic activation of the NF-κB pathway is associated with progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Given the role of neuronal RING finger protein 11 (RNF11) as a negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway, in this report we investigated the function of RNF11 in dopaminergic cells in PD-associated neurodegeneration. We found that RNF11 knockdown in an in vitro model of PD mediated protection against 6-OHDA-induced toxicity. In converse, over-expression of RNF11 enhanced 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic cell death. Furthermore, by directly manipulating NF-κB signaling, we showed that the observed RNF11-enhanced 6-OHDA toxicity is mediated through inhibition of NF-κB-dependent transcription of TNF-α, antioxidants GSS and SOD1, and anti-apoptotic factor BCL2. Experiments in an in vivo 6-OHDA rat model of PD recapitulated the in vitro results. In vivo targeted RNF11 over-expression in nigral neurons enhanced 6-OHDA toxicity, as evident by increased amphetamine-induced rotations and loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons as compared to controls. This enhanced toxicity was coupled with the downregulation of NF-κB transcribed GSS, SOD1, BCL2, and neurotrophic factor BDNF mRNA levels, in addition to decreased TNF-α mRNA levels in ventral mesenchephalon samples. In converse, knockdown of RNF11 was associated with protective phenotypes and increased expression of above-mentioned NF-κB transcribed genes. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that RNF11-mediated inhibition of NF-κB in dopaminergic cells exaggerates 6-OHDA toxicity by inhibiting neuroprotective responses while loss of RNF11 inhibition on NF-κB activity promotes neuronal survival. The decreased expression of RNF11 in surviving cortical and nigral tissue detected in PD patients, thus implies a compensatory response in the diseased brain to PD-associated insults. In summary, our findings demonstrate that RNF11 in neurons can modulate susceptibility to 6-OHDA toxicity through NF-κB mediated responses. This neuron-specific role of RNF11 in the brain has important implications for targeted therapeutics aimed at preventing neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Pranski
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kaidery NA, Banerjee R, Yang L, Smirnova NA, Hushpulian DM, Liby KT, Williams CR, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Ratan RR, Sporn MB, Beal MF, Gazaryan IG, Thomas B. Targeting Nrf2-mediated gene transcription by extremely potent synthetic triterpenoids attenuate dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:139-57. [PMID: 22746536 PMCID: PMC3514006 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear, ample empirical evidence suggests that oxidative stress is a major player in the development of PD and in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxicity. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that upregulates a battery of antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven antioxidative and cytoprotective genes that defend against oxidative stress. AIMS We evaluated whether the strategy of activation of Nrf2 and its downstream network of cytoprotective genes with small molecule synthetic triterpenoids (TP) attenuate MPTP-induced PD in mice. RESULTS We show that synthetic TP are thus far the most potent and direct activators of the Nrf2 pathway using a novel Neh2-luciferase reporter. They upregulate several cytoprotective genes, including those involved in glutathione biosynthesis in vitro. Oral administration of TP that were structurally modified to penetrate the brain-induced messenger RNA and protein levels for a battery of Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective genes reduced MPTP-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, and ameliorated dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice. The neuroprotective effect of these TP against MPTP neurotoxicity was dependent on Nrf2, since treatment with TP in Nrf2 knockout mice failed to block against MPTP neurotoxicity and induce Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective genes. INNOVATION Extremely potent synthetic TP that are direct activators of the Nrf2 pathway block dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP mouse model of PD. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that activation of Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling by synthetic TP is directly associated with their neuroprotective effects against MPTP neurotoxicity and suggest that targeting the Nrf2/ARE pathway is a promising approach for therapeutic intervention in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|