1
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bardoxolone methyl (RTA 402, CDDOMe) has been long known for its anti-inflammatory and exceptional cytotoxic activity. The biological responses to CDDOMe are truly dose dependent. And owing to the structural modifications introduced in its parent molecule oleanolic acid, CDDOMe is able to form reversible adducts with cellular proteins containing redox sensitive cysteine residues. This nature of CDDOMe makes it a multifunctional molecule targeting multiple signaling pathways. This study was initiated to study the response of Neuro2a, a mouse neuroblastoma cell line to CDDOMe. METHODS Neuro2a cells were treated with CDDOMe and all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for 4days and observed for neurite outgrowth. The neurite length was estimated using ImageJ software (Neuron growth plugin). Cell viability was investigated using MTT dye reduction and trypan blue dye exclusion method. Gene expression of differentiation markers was analyzed using quantitative PCR. Cellular localization of Tuj1 and synaptophysin in differentiated Neuro2a cells was observed using immunofluorescence. RESULTS CDDOMe ceased proliferation and induced dramatic neurite outgrowth in Neuro2a cells. These morphological changes were accompanied by time dependent increase in the mRNA levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, neurofilament 200 and synaptophysin. Besides, cytoskeleton protein Tuj1 and the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin were also observed to be localized in the neurites induced by CDDOMe. CONCLUSIONS These early shreds of evidence suggest that CDDOMe induces differentiation in Neuro2a cells at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.4μM and indeed contributes the existing knowledge on CDDOMe induced activities in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namrata Chaudhari
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Palaniyandi Ravanan
- Apoptosis and Cell Survival Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bakovic M, Filipovic N, Ferhatovic Hamzic L, Kunac N, Zdrilic E, Vitlov Uljevic M, Kostic S, Puljak L, Vukojevic K. Changes in neurofilament 200 and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the cardiac innervation of diabetic rats during aging. Cardiovasc Pathol 2017; 32:38-43. [PMID: 29175663 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in sensory and sympathetic innervation during diabetes mellitus (DM) can be a predictor of arrhythmias, silent myocardial ischemia, and chronic heart failure, but knowledge about these changes is still unsatisfactory. We analyzed whether prolonged DM induces changes in density of sensory and sympathetic nerve terminals of rat's heart and whether it contributes to cardiomyopathy during aging. DM was induced by i/p injecting 55 mg/kg streptozotocin to male Sprague-Dawley rats, while a control group received a citrate buffer. DM in the rats was validated by measuring blood glucose level. Animals were sacrificed after 2 weeks, 2 months, 6 months, and 12 months. Five areas of cardiac sections were analyzed. Antibodies raised against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and neurofilament 200 kDa (NF 200) were used to detect sympathetic and sensory fibers. TH immunoreactive fiber density increased in DM groups 2 weeks after induction, reaching a peek after 2 months, while in the later stages of DM (6 and 12 months), there was no significant difference compared to control. NF 200 immunoreactive fiber density increased 2 weeks after induction compared to control. There was no consistent pattern of change during the given period in both the DM or control groups. In the DM group, we found thickening of the left ventricle wall (P<.05) as the sign of cardiomyopathy. Our findings suggest that hyperglycemia as a hallmark of DM in early stages can lead to proliferation of sympathetic and sensory nerve terminals. This finding can contribute to a better understanding of the occurrence of arrhythmias and silent myocardial ischemia in DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Bakovic
- Laboratory for Neurocardiology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Natalija Filipovic
- Laboratory for Neurocardiology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lejla Ferhatovic Hamzic
- Laboratory for Pain Reaserch, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nenad Kunac
- Department of Pathology, Citology and Forensic medicine, University Hospital Split, Spinciceva 1, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Elena Zdrilic
- Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Vitlov Uljevic
- Laboratory for Neurocardiology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Sandra Kostic
- Laboratory for Microscopy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Livia Puljak
- Laboratory for Pain Reaserch, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- Laboratory for Neurocardiology, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; Laboratory for Microscopy, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hernandez-Viadel ML, Rodrigo R, Felipo V. Selective regional alterations in the content or distribution of neuronal and glial cytoskeletal proteins in brain of rats chronically exposed to 2,5-hexanedione. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 18:333-41. [PMID: 15068133 DOI: 10.1191/0748233702th154oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hexane is used in many industrial processes and induces neurotoxic effects in the central and peripheral nervous system. Hexane is metabolized to 2,5-hexanedione, which is the neurotoxic agent. Continued exposure to hexane or 2,5-hexanedione results in loss of sensorial and motor function in arms and legs and to alterations in axonal neurofilament proteins. The effects of 2,5-hexanedione on different cytoskeletal proteins in different brain areas have not been studied in detail. The aim of this work was to study the effects of chronic exposure of rats to 2,5-hexanedione (1% in the drinking water) on tubulin, neurofilament NF-L, microtubule-associated protein MAP-2, and on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), in cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex. The amount of each protein was determined by immunoblotting and its distribution was analysed by immunohistochemistry. The results obtained show a regional selectivity in the 2,5-hexanedione effects on cytoskeletal proteins. NF-L content decreased in all brain areas. MAP-2 decreased in cerebellum and hippocampus and tubulin decreased only in cerebellum. GFAP decreased only in cerebral cortex, but its distribution was altered in cerebellum, with increased content in the granular layer and decreased content in the molecular layer. The area most affected was the cerebellum, where all the proteins analysed were altered. These cytoskeletal proteins alterations may impair the transfer of information involved in the regulation by the cerebellum of motor function and contribute to the altered motor performance in rats exposed to 2,5-hexanedione and humans exposed to hexane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Luz Hernandez-Viadel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Citológicas, Fundación Valenciana de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Amadeo de Saboya, 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lavrnja I, Savic D, Parabucki A, Dacic S, Laketa D, Pekovic S, Stojiljkovic M. Effect of stab injury in the rat cerebral cortex on temporal pattern of expression of neuronal cytoskeletal proteins: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:155-62. [PMID: 25592752 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence now points to the critical role of the cytoskeleton in neurodegeneration. In the present study, using an immunohistochemical approach, we have shown that cortical stab injury (CSI) in adult Wistar rats significantly affects temporal pattern of expression of neurofilament proteins (NFs), a major cytoskeleton components of neurons, and microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2). At 3 days post-injury (dpi) most of the NFs immunoreactivity was found in pyknotic neurons and in fragmentized axonal processes in the perilesioned cortex. These cytoskeletal alterations became more pronounced by 10dpi. At the subcellular level CSI also showed significant impact on NFs and MAP-2 expression. Thus, at 3dpi most of the dendrites disappeared, while large neuronal somata appeared like open circles pointing to membrane disintegration. Conversely, at 10dpi neuronal perikarya and a few new apical dendrites were strongly labeled. Since aberrant NF phosphorylation is a pathological hallmark of many human neurodegenerative disorders, as well as is found after stressor stimuli, the present results shed light into the expression of neurofilaments after the stab brain injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Lavrnja
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Danijela Savic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Parabucki
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Dacic
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Laketa
- Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Pekovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Stojiljkovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Celikbilek A, Tanik N, Sabah S, Borekci E, Akyol L, Ak H, Adam M, Suher M, Yilmaz N. Elevated neurofilament light chain (NFL) mRNA levels in prediabetic peripheral neuropathy. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4017-22. [PMID: 24733614 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that peripheral nerve injury occurs during the early stages of disease with mild glycemic dysregulation. Two proteins, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neurofilament light chain (NFL), have been examined previously as possible markers of neuronal damage in the pathophysiology of neuropathies. Herein, we aimed to determine the potential value of circulatory NSE and NFL mRNA levels in prediabetic patients and in those with peripheral neuropathy. This prospective clinical study included 45 prediabetic patients and 30 age- and sex-matched controls. All prediabetic patients were assessed with respect to diabetes-related microvascular complications, such as peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. mRNA levels of NSE and NFL were determined in the blood by real-time polymerase chain reaction. NSE mRNA levels were similar between prediabetic and control groups (p > 0.05), whereas NFL mRNA levels were significantly higher in prediabetics than in controls (p < 0.001). NSE mRNA levels did not significantly differ between prediabetic patients with and without peripheral neuropathy (p > 0.05), while NFL mRNA levels were significantly higher in prediabetics with peripheral neuropathy than in those without (p = 0.038). According to correlation analysis, NFL mRNA levels were positively correlated with the Douleur Neuropathique 4 questionnaire score in prediabetic patients (r = 0.302, p = 0.044). This is the first study to suggest blood NFL mRNA as a surrogate marker for early prediction of prediabetic peripheral neuropathy, while NSE mRNA levels may be of no diagnostic value in prediabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asuman Celikbilek
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, Bozok University, 66200, Yozgat, Turkey,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Arons M, Pilmane M, Vasilevskis É, Shchegolev A, Évans I. [Morphological changes in the lumbar dorsal root ganglion of the domestic porcine after pulsed radiofrequency stimulation]. Anesteziol Reanimatol 2013:26-30. [PMID: 24341038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) is a percutaneous minimal invasive procedure that can be used when conservative pain therapy methods have been ineffective. The effectiveness of PRF was demonstrated in various good quality randomized control studies, but mechanisms of action are still unclear. The aim of our study is to analyse the histological effects of PRF on the domestic porcine dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and evaluate the expression of biomarkers in gangliocytes. 3 domestic porcines were investigated. Under general anaesthesia and X-ray control, DRG PRF was performed. Four lumbar DRGs (L1, L2, L3, L4) were randomly treated. The opposite side DRGs was used as control. One month after the procedure the animal was euthanized. The lumbar region of the spine was placed in 10% formaldehyde for a month. After this fixation DRG samples were prepared for slide analysis. They were embedded in paraffin in order to obtain 3 microm thick sections, which were then cut by microtome and collected on slide glasses. Using standard immunohistochemical reactions, the materials were tinted to define biomarkers NF, GFAP, Hsp-70 expression and apoptosis by TUNEL kit. The number of cells with NF (26.0 +/- 3.0 vs 16.1 +/- 3.3; p < 0.05), GFAP (12.0 +/- 1.3 vs 3.2 +/- 0.9; p < 0.05) and Hsp-70 (10.0 +/- 1.6 vs 4.2 +/- 1.0; p < 0.05) expression, were larger in the PRF side comparing with the control side. Additionally, glial cells in spinal ganglia of both sides demonstrated immunoreactivity. The instances of apoptosis were not significantly different, in statistical terms, between the control and experimental sides (18.0 +/- 4.0 vs 20.0 +/- 4.0; p = 0.35). PRF in spinal gangliocytes of lumbar region increases neural tissue cytoskeleton factors like NF and GFAP suggesting about active regeneration processes into the cells 1 month after the procedure. Spinal gangliocytes one month after PRF treatment notably increases Hsp-70 expression suggesting about activation of cellular activity and inhibitory role reducing of oxidative stress. Similar number of apoptotic cells in spinal ganglia of lumbar region after PRF and control side suggests about inhibitory role of PRF on programmed cell death and stimulation of cell survival.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu Z, Gao W, Wang Y, Zhang W, Liu H, Li Z. Neuregulin-1β regulates outgrowth of neurites and migration of neurofilament 200 neurons from dorsal root ganglial explants in vitro. Peptides 2011; 32:1244-8. [PMID: 21515322 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) signaling has multiple functions in neurons. To assess NRG-1β on neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration in vitro, organotypic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal culture model was established. Neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration were evaluated using this culture model in the presence (5nmol/L, 10nmol/L, 20nmol/L) or absence of NRG-1β. Neurofilament 200 (NF-200)-immunoreactive (IR) neurons were determined as the migrating neurons. The number of nerve fiber bundles extended from DRG explant increased significantly in the presence of NRG-1β (5nmol/L, 23.0±2.2, P<0.05; 10nmol/L, 27.0±2.7, P<0.001; 20nmol/L, 30.8±3.7, P<0.001) as compared with that in the absence of NRG-1β (19.0±2.2). The number of neurons migrating from DRG explants increased significantly in the presence of NRG-1β (5nmol/L, 39.6±5.0, P<0.05; 10nmol/L, 54.6±6.7, P<0.001; 20nmol/L, 62.2±5.7, P<0.001) as compared with that in the absence of NRG-1β (31.6±4.0). Moreover, the increase of the number of nerve fiber bundles and the number of migrating NF-200-IR neurons was dose-dependent for NRG-1β addition. The data in this study imply that NRG-1β promotes neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration from DRG explants in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44 Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Beneng K, Renton T, Yilmaz Z, Yiangou Y, Anand P. Cannabinoid receptor CB1-immunoreactive nerve fibres in painful and non-painful human tooth pulp. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17:1476-9. [PMID: 20705472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor CB1 is involved in modulation of neuronal hypersensitivity and pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate CB1 receptor levels for the first time in dental pain. A total of 19 patients due for molar extraction were divided into two groups, those with existing dental pain (n=9), and those with no history of pain (n=10). Immunohistochemistry and computer image analysis was used to evaluate CB1-positive nerve fibres in tooth pulp, with neurofilament-immunostaining as a structural nerve marker. CB1-immunoreactive nerve fibres were scattered throughout the tooth pulp and often seen in nerve bundles, but the fibres did not penetrate the subodontoblastic layer. There was no statistically significant change in the CB1 nerve fibre percentage area in the painful group compared to the non-painful group (p=0.146); the neurofilament fibres were significantly reduced in the painful group compared to the controls (p=0.028), but there was no difference in the ratio of CB1 to neurofilaments between the two groups. Thus, CB1 expression is maintained by nerve fibres in painful human dental pulp, and peripherally-restricted CB1 agonists currently in development may advance the treatment of dental pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Beneng
- Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Oral Surgery Department, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao F, Wu T, Lau A, Jiang T, Huang Z, Wang XJ, Chen W, Wong PK, Zhang DD. Nrf2 promotes neuronal cell differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:867-79. [PMID: 19573594 PMCID: PMC2748111 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2 has emerged as a master regulator of the endogenous antioxidant response, which is critical in defending cells against environmental insults and in maintaining intracellular redox balance. However, whether Nrf2 has any role in neuronal cell differentiation is largely unknown. In this report, we have examined the effects of Nrf2 on cell differentiation using a neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y. Retinoic acid (RA) and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate, two well-studied inducers of neuronal differentiation, are able to induce Nrf2 and its target gene NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. RA-induced Nrf2 up-regulation is accompanied by neurite outgrowth and an induction of two neuronal differentiation markers, neurofilament-M and microtubule-associated protein 2. Overexpression of Nrf2 in SH-SY5Y cells promotes neuronal differentiation, whereas inhibition of endogenous Nrf2 expression inhibited neuronal differentiation. More remarkably, the positive role of Nrf2 in neuronal differentiation was verified ex vivo in primary neuron culture. Primary neurons isolated from Nrf2-null mice showed a retarded progress in differentiation, compared to those from wild-type mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel role for Nrf2 in promoting neuronal cell differentiation, which will open new perspectives for therapeutic uses of Nrf2 activators in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tongde Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexandria Lau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Zheping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Weimin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Donna D. Zhang
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Donna D. Zhang, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, 1703 E Mabel St, Tucson, AZ, 85721. Tel: 1-520-626-9918, Fax: 1-520 626 2466;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shen ZX, Lü HB, Li XM, Xu DQ, Hu JZ, Wang XY. [Tetramethylpyrazine accelerated spinal cord repair through regulation of caspase-3 and neurofilament protein expression: an acute spinal cord injury model in rats]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2008; 33:693-699. [PMID: 18772508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of tetramethylpyrazine on spinal cord repair through hypothesized pathways including regulation of caspase-3, neurofilament protein NF-L, NF-H, and NF-M expression. METHODS Allenos weight drop method was used to establish acute spinal cord injury (SCI) rat model at T10 section and was conducted in 80 adult Sprague Dawley rats that were subsequently divided into pseudo-therapy group (sodium chloride group, n=40) and tetramethylpyrazine group (treatment group, n=40). Eight normal rats were included into the pseudo-surgery normal group (n=1 for each time point). The function of spinal cord was evaluated with animal behavioral scores by measuring modified Rivilin loxotic plate degree and counting BBB score at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 d postoperatively. The injured spinal cord tissue samples were harvested at 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d postoperatively (n=5 for each time point) for the preparation of continuous histological sections that were analyzed the expression of caspase-3,NF-L,NF-H, and NF-M by immunohistochemistry method. RESULTS At postoperative Day 7, 14, and 21, animal behavioral scores revealed higher modified Rivlin loxotic plate degree and BBB scores in the treatment group when compared with those of the control group (P<0.05). The cells in the injured spinal cord tissue expressed significantly less caspase-3 and significantly more NF (NF-L, NF-H and NF-M) in the treatment group than those in the control group at Day 3, 7, and 14 (P<0.05). There was positive correlation between modified Rivlin loxotic plate degree and NF expression, BBB score and NF expression; and negative correlations between BBB score and caspase-3 expression, caspase-3 expression and NF expression. CONCLUSION Tetramethylpyrazine improves spinal cord healing through regulation of caspase-3 and neurofilament protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-xiang Shen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008; Department of Spinal Surgery, First Peopleos Hospital of Yueyang, Yueyang 414000, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan YM, Pang CP, Harvey AR, Cui Q. Marked effect of RhoA-specific shRNA-producing plasmids on neurite growth in PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 2008; 440:170-5. [PMID: 18556119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to promote neurite outgrowth, we constructed a plasmid producing RhoA-specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) to block RhoA expression and tested its actions in PC12 cells. Our results show that the shRNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) successfully suppressed RhoA expression. As a consequence of RhoA knockdown, F-actin levels were significantly reduced and processes were markedly induced. These processes express two neurite markers, neurofilament and betaIII tubulin. This study demonstrates that plasmid-producing shRNA specific for RhoA can act as an effective tool to induce neurite outgrowth and further confirms the neurite growth-inhibitory role of RhoA. This shRNA may thus be a useful tool in promoting neurite outgrowth and could be applicable in neural repair after CNS injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- You-Ming Fan
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oh HS, Lee MC, Kim HS, Lee JS, Lee JH, Kim MK, Woo YJ, Kim JH, Kim HI, Kim SU. Pathophysiologic characteristics of balloon cells in cortical dysplasia. Childs Nerv Syst 2008; 24:175-83. [PMID: 17899129 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-007-0453-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTS Balloon cells are histopathological hallmarks of cortical malformations, i.e., focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) of the Taylor type or the cortical tubers of tuberous sclerosis, and they are believed to be the epileptogenic substrate and cause therapeutic drug resistant epilepsy in man. This study was carried out to investigate the developmental histogenesis and epileptogenesis of balloon cells in FCD. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used an immunohistochemical approach to examine the expressions of primitive neuroepithelial cell antigens (CD34, nestin, and vimentin), ionotrophic glutamate receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A/B, GluR1, GluR2, GluR3, GluR4, and GluR5/6/7), and P-glycoprotein in balloon cells from FCD and normal cerebral cortex epileptogenic lesions. CONCLUSION Balloon cells presented in clusters or as scattered cells throughout FCD lesions involving the gray and white matter. We found the balloon cells to be classifiable into three subtypes based on glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament protein (NF-L) immunohistochemistry, i.e., as neuronal, astrocytic, and uncommitted. Immunopositivity for nestin, CD34, and vimentin in balloon cells of FCD suggests that they may be derived from the abnormal development and differentiation of neural stem cells. Moreover, it appears that epileptogenesis in cortical dysplasia is partly caused by the upregulations of some glutamate receptor subunit proteins (NR1, NR2A/B, GluR1, and GluR3) in balloon cells and dysplastic neurons. We speculate that the presence of the drug resistance protein P-glycoprotein in balloon cells might explain medically refractory epilepsy in FCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sik Oh
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Center for Biomedical Human Resources (BK-21), 5 Hakdong, Dongku, Gwangju, 501-746, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ling ZH, Sun XH. [Expression of glutamate receptor 2 in retinal ganglion cells in the eyes with chronic elevated intraocular pressure: experiment with rats]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007; 87:2727-2729. [PMID: 18167256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of selective damage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma. METHODS (1) The right eyes of 12 SD rats underwent ligation of 2 episcleral veins and subconjunctival injection 5-fluoro-uracilum so as to establish chronic elevated intraocular pressure glaucoma rat model. Six SD rats were used as controls. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured every week. (2) One week and 4 weeks after the operation 6 glaucoma rats and 3 control rats were killed with their eyes taken out to undergo immuno-histological assays to observe the expression of glutamate receptor (GluR)-2 and neurofilament (NF)-68 in the RGCs with different sizes by confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS (1) The IOP was increased since 1 week after the operation. The elevated IOP was consistently maintained for up to 4 weeks in the glaucoma group. (2) All the RGCs of both groups were NF-68 positive, especially the larger RGCs. (3) GluR2 was not expressed in the larger RGCs of both the glaucoma and control groups, and was expressed in the small and intermediate RGCs of the glaucoma group up to the end of experiment. However, 4 weeks after the operation the residual NF-68 positive larger RGCs of the glaucoma group showed GluR-2 expression. CONCLUSION The vulnerability of the RGCs may be related to the specific deficiency of GluR-2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-hong Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, EENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang YM, Zhao YQ, Tian W. [Experimental study on effect of Suifukang in promoting repairing and regeneration of nerve fibers in spinal cord]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2007; 27:724-7. [PMID: 17879538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the change in expressions of nerve growth related protein (GAP-43) and neurofilament (NF) after experimental injury of spinal cord, and the regulatory effect of Chinese medicine Suifukang (SFK) on them. METHODS Forty-eight from the 54 selected adult SD rats were established into spinal cord injury model by making hemitransection at the T12 level, and randomly divided into two groups, the SFK group feed with SKF contained liquor and the model group feeding with equal volume of saline. The another 6 rats were untreated and taken as the normal group. All rats were sacrificed in batches at different time points of day 3, 7, 15 and 30 after modeling. The spinal cord was obtained for determining the optic density (OD) of positive expression of GAP-43 and NF with immunohistochemical stain by microscopic and semi-quantitative image analysis. RESULTS (1) OD of NF in the model group was obviously decreased on day 7, showing significant difference to that in the normal group and that in the SFK group (P < 0.05), and it maintained at low level after then, while the OD of NF in the SFK group was obviously higher than that in the model group (P < 0.05), it arrived the peak on day 15 and then dropped near the level in the normal group on day 30; (2) OD and of GAP-43 in the model group obviously decreased on day 3 (P < 0.05), showing significant difference to that in the normal group (P < 0.05), then it returned to approach to the level in the normal group on day 7. It was higher in the SFK group than in the model group on day 3, and maintained the high level to day 7, at that time, it was still higher than that in the model group and also higher than that in the normal group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION SFK can promote the repair and regeneration of injured nerve fibers in spinal cord by up-regulating the expression of GAP-43 and NF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-ming Huang
- Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Trimarchi JM, Stadler MB, Roska B, Billings N, Sun B, Bartch B, Cepko CL. Molecular heterogeneity of developing retinal ganglion and amacrine cells revealed through single cell gene expression profiling. J Comp Neurol 2007; 502:1047-65. [PMID: 17444492 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During development of the central nervous system (CNS), cycling uncommitted progenitor cells give rise to a variety of distinct neuronal and glial cell types. As these different cell types are born they progress from newly specified cells to fully differentiated neurons and glia. In order to define the developmental processes of individual cell types, single cell expression profiling was carried out on developing ganglion and amacrine cells of the murine retina. Individual cells from multiple developmental stages were isolated and profiled on Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays. Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization on dissociated retinas was used to verify and extend the microarray results by allowing quantitative measurements of a large number of cells coexpressing two genes. Together, these experiments have yielded an expanded view of the processes underway in developing retinal ganglion and amacrine cells, as well as several hundred new marker genes for these cell types. In addition, this study has allowed for the definition of some of the molecular heterogeneity both between developing ganglion and amacrine cells and among subclasses of each cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Trimarchi
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Studies on the axonal transport of neurofilament proteins in cultured neurons have shown they move at fast rates, but their overall rate of movement is slow because they spend most of their time not moving. Using correlative light and electron microscopy, we have shown that these proteins move in the form of assembled neurofilament polymers. However, the polypeptide composition of these moving polymers is not known. To address this, we visualized neurofilaments in cultured neonatal mouse sympathetic neurons using GFP-tagged neurofilament protein M and performed time-lapse fluorescence microscopy of naturally occurring gaps in the axonal neurofilament array. When neurofilaments entered the gaps, we stopped them in their tracks using a rapid perfusion and permeabilization technique and then processed them for immunofluorescence microscopy. To compare moving neurofilaments to the total neurofilament population, most of which are stationary at any point in time, we also performed immunofluorescence microscopy on neurofilaments in detergent-splayed axonal cytoskeletons. All neurofilaments, both moving and stationary, contained NFL, NFM, peripherin and alpha-internexin along>85% of their length. NFH was absent due to low expression levels in these neonatal neurons. These data indicate that peripherin and alpha-internexin are integral and abundant components of neurofilament polymers in these neurons and that both moving and stationary neurofilaments in these neurons are complex heteropolymers of at least four different neuronal intermediate filament proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Millecamps S, Gowing G, Corti O, Mallet J, Julien JP. Conditional NF-L transgene expression in mice for in vivo analysis of turnover and transport rate of neurofilaments. J Neurosci 2007; 27:4947-56. [PMID: 17475803 PMCID: PMC6672085 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5299-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated mice with doxycycline control of a human neurofilament light (NF-L) transgene in the context of the absence (tTA;hNF-L;NF-L(-/-)) or presence (tTA;hNF-L;NF-L(+/-)) of endogenous mouse NF-L proteins. Doxycycline treatment caused the rapid disappearance of human NF-L (hNF-L) mRNA in tTA;hNF-L mice, but the hNF-L proteins remained with a half-life of 3 weeks in the brain. In the sciatic nerve, the disappearance of hNF-L proteins after doxycycline treatment occurred in synchrony along the sciatic nerve, suggesting a proteolysis of NF proteins along the entire axon. The presence of permanent NF network in tTA;hNF-L;NF-L(+/-) mice further stabilized and extended longevity of hNF-L proteins by several months. Surprisingly, after cessation of doxycycline treatment, there was no evidence of leading front of newly synthesized hNF-L proteins migrating into sciatic nerve axons devoid of NF structures. The hNF-L proteins detected at weekly intervals reappeared and accumulated in synchrony at similar rate along nerve segments, a phenomenon consistent with a fast hNF-L transport into axons. We estimated the hNF-L transport rate to be of approximately 10 mm/d in axons devoid of NF structures based on the use of an adenovirus encoding tet-responsive transcriptional activator to transactivate the hNF-L transgene in hypoglossal motor neurons. These results provide in vivo evidence that the stationary NF network in axons is a key determinant of half-life and transport rate of NF proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Millecamps
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France, and
| | - Geneviève Gowing
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Olga Corti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U679, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75651 Paris, Cedex 13, France
| | - Jacques Mallet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7091, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France, and
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval, Department of Anatomy and Physiology of Laval University, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thyagarajan A, Strong MJ, Szaro BG. Post-transcriptional control of neurofilaments in development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:2088-97. [PMID: 17428473 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tight coordination of the expression of neurofilament subunits is integral to the normal development and function of the nervous system. Imbalances in their expression are increasingly implicated in the induction of neurodegeneration in which formation of neurofilamentous aggregates is central to the pathology. Neurofilament expression can be controlled not only at the transcriptional level but also through post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA localization, stability, and translational efficiency. The critical role that post-transcriptional mechanisms play in maintaining neurofilament homeostasis is highlighted, for example, by the human disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in which selective destabilization of NF-L mRNA (or failure to stabilize it) is associated with the formation of neurofilamentous aggregates - a hallmark of the disease process. This review discusses the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and associated ribonucleoproteins that have been implicated to date in controlling neurofilament expression during normal development and in disrupting neurofilament homeostasis during neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Thyagarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Neuroscience Research Center, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Defaweux V, Dorban G, Antoine N, Piret J, Gabriel A, Jacqmot O, Falisse-Poirier N, Flandroy S, Zorzi D, Heinen E. Neuroimmune connections in jejunal and ileal Peyer’s patches at various bovine ages: potential sites for prion neuroinvasion. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 329:35-44. [PMID: 17406903 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During preclinical stages of cattle orally infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the responsible agent is confined to ileal Peyer's patches (IPP), namely in nerve fibers and in lymph follicles, before reaching the peripheral and central nervous systems. No infectivity has been reported in other bovine lymphoid organs, including jejunal Peyer's patches (JPP). To determine the potential sites for prion neuroinvasion in IPP, we analyzed the mucosal innervation and the interface between nerve fibers and follicular dendritic cells (FDC), two dramatic influences on neuroinvasion. Bovine IPP were studied at three ages, viz., newborn calves, calves less than 12 months old, and bovines older than 24 months, and the parameters obtained were compared with those of JPP. No differences in innervation patterns between IPP and JPP were found. The major difference observed was that, in calves of less than 12 months, IPP were the major mucosal-associated lymphoid organ that possessed a large number of follicles with extended FDC networks. Using a panel of antibodies, we showed that PP in 24-month-old bovines were highly innervated at various strategic sites assumed to be involved in the invasion and replication of the BSE pathogen: the suprafollicular dome, T cell area, and germinal centers. In PP in calves of less than 12 months old, no nerve fibers positive for the neurofilament markers NF-L (70 kDa) and NF-H (200 kDa) were observed in contact with FDC. Thus, in view of the proportion of these protein subunits present in neurofilaments, the innervation of the germinal centers can be said to be an age-dependent dynamic process. This variation in innervation might influence the path of neuroinvasion and, thus, the susceptibility of bovines to the BSE agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Defaweux
- Institute of Human Histology, Department of Morphology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rau KK, Jiang N, Johnson RD, Cooper BY. Heat sensitization in skin and muscle nociceptors expressing distinct combinations of TRPV1 and TRPV2 protein. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:2651-62. [PMID: 17287441 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00840.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recordings were made from small and medium diameter dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons that expressed transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins. Physiologically characterized skin nociceptors expressed either TRPV1 (type 2) or TRPV2 (type 4) in isolation. Other nociceptors co-expressed both TRP proteins and innervated deep tissue sites (gastrocnemius muscle, distal colon; type 5, type 8) and skin (type 8). Subpopulations of myelinated (type 8) and unmyelinated (type 5) nociceptors co-expressed both TRPs. Cells that expressed TRPV1 were excellent transducers of intense heat. Proportional inward currents were obtained from a threshold of approximately 46.5 to approximately 56 degrees C. In contrast, cells expressing TRPV2 alone (52 degrees C threshold) did not reliably transduce the intensity of thermal events. Studies were undertaken to assess the capacity of skin and deep nociceptors to exhibit sensitization to repeated intense thermal stimuli [heat-heat sensitization (HHS)]. Only nociceptors that expressed TRPV2, alone or in combination with TRPV1, exhibited HHS. HHS was shown to be Ca(2+) dependent in either case. Intracellular Ca(2+) dependent pathways to HHS varied with the pattern of TRP protein expression. Cells co-expressing both TRPs modulated heat reactivity through serine/threonine phosphorylation or PLA(2)-dependent pathways. Cells expressing only TRPV2 may have relied on tyrosine kinases for HHS. We conclude that heat sensitization in deep and superficial capsaicin and capsaicin-insensitive C and Adelta nociceptors varies with the distribution of TRPV1 and TRPV2 proteins. The expression pattern of these proteins are specific to subclasses of physiologically identified C and A fiber nociceptors with highly restricted tissue targets.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Capsaicin/analogs & derivatives
- Capsaicin/pharmacology
- Colon/innervation
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/physiology
- Histocytochemistry
- Hot Temperature
- Male
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/innervation
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Muscles/innervation
- Muscles/metabolism
- Muscles/physiology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/physiology
- Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated/physiology
- Neurofilament Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Skin/innervation
- Skin/metabolism
- TRPV Cation Channels/biosynthesis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K K Rau
- Dept. of Oral Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Div. of Neuroscience, Box 100416, JHMHC, Univ. of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ge WW, Volkening K, Leystra-Lantz C, Jaffe H, Strong MJ. 14-3-3 protein binds to the low molecular weight neurofilament (NFL) mRNA 3′ UTR. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 34:80-7. [PMID: 17098443 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that altered stability of low molecular weight neurofilament (NFL) mRNA in lumbar spinal cord homogenates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is associated with altered expression of trans-acting 3' UTR mRNA binding proteins. We have identified two hexanucleotide motifs as the main cis elements and, using LC/MS/MS of peptide digests of NFL 3' UTR interacting proteins from human spinal cord, observed that 14-3-3 proteins interact with these motifs. 14-3-3 beta, zeta, tau, gamma, and eta isoforms were found to be expressed in human spinal cord. Each isoform was expressed in vitro and shown to interact with NFL 3' UTR mRNA. Mutation of one or both motifs resulted in decreased 14-3-3 interaction, changes in predicted mRNA structure or alteration in stability of the mRNA. These data show a novel interaction for 14-3-3 with NFL mRNA, and suggests that 14-3-3 may play a role in regulating NFL mRNA stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wen Ge
- Cell Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, 100 Perth Drive, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5K8
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ljungberg MC, Bhattacharjee MB, Lu Y, Armstrong DL, Yoshor D, Swann JW, Sheldon M, D'Arcangelo G. Activation of mammalian target of rapamycin in cytomegalic neurons of human cortical dysplasia. Ann Neurol 2006; 60:420-9. [PMID: 16912980 DOI: 10.1002/ana.20949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cortex of patients with cortical dysplasia contains several abnormal cell types. Among the dysplastic cells, cytomegalic neurons are known to be electrically hyperactive and may contribute to epileptic activity. In this study, we sought to identify molecular markers of cytomegalic neurons in focal or hemispheric cortical dysplasia and to determine whether the activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is abnormally high in these cells. METHODS Microarray analysis of gene expression in large dysplastic cells microdissected from cortical dysplasia surgical specimens was used to identify markers of cytomegalic neurons. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis of cortical sections was used to validate the microarray results and to probe the activity of mTOR in cytomegalic neurons using phospho-specific antibodies directed against known mTOR targets. RESULTS We demonstrate that the neurofilament heavy chain is a reliable marker of cytomegalic neurons and that targets of the mTOR kinase, such as the ribosomal protein S6, eIF4G, and Akt, are hyperphosphorylated in these dysplastic neurons. INTERPRETATION We conclude that mTOR kinase hyperactivation is a molecular mechanism underlying the development of cytomegalic neurons. This finding may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for childhood epilepsy associated with cortical dysplasia.
Collapse
|
23
|
Song F, Zhao X, Zhou G, Zhu Y, Xie K. Carbon Disulfide-Induced Alterations of Neurofilaments and Calpains Content in Rat Spinal Cord. Neurochem Res 2006; 31:1491-9. [PMID: 17120161 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the mechanism of carbon disulfide-induced neuropathy, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The rats in two experimental groups were treated with carbon disulfide by gavage at dosages of 300 and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, five times per week for 12 weeks. Spinal cords of carbon disulfide-intoxicated rats and their age-matched controls were Triton-extracted and ultracentrifuged to yield a pellet fraction of neurofilament (NF) polymer and a corresponding supernatant fraction. Then, the contents of NF triplet proteins (NF-H, NF-M, NF-L) and two calpain isoforms (m-calpain and mu-calpain) in both fractions were determined by immunoblotting. In the meantime, the mRNA levels of NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L in spinal cords were quantified using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that in the pellet fraction, the contents of three NF subunits in both treated groups decreased significantly except NF-L in low dose group. In the supernatant fraction, the pattern of NFs alteration varied according to dose-levels. Compared to controls, three neurofilmant subunits in the high dose group displayed significant reduction consistently. However, in the low dose group, they remained unaffected. As for calpains, the contents of mu-calpain in both fractions increased significantly regardless of carbon disulfide dose-levels. Meanwhile, m-calpain demonstrated a significant decline in the supernatant fraction, and remained unchangeable in the pellet fraction compared to the control group. Furthermore, the levels of mRNA expression of NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L genes were elevated consistently in CS(2)-treated groups. These findings suggested that carbon disulfide intoxication was associated with obvious alterations of NFs content in rat spinal cord, which might be involved in the development of carbon disulfide neurotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuyong Song
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fedorov VV, Hucker WJ, Dobrzynski H, Rosenshtraukh LV, Efimov IR. Postganglionic nerve stimulation induces temporal inhibition of excitability in rabbit sinoatrial node. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H612-23. [PMID: 16565321 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00022.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vagal stimulation results in complex changes of pacemaker excitability in the sinoatrial node (SAN). To investigate the vagal effects in the rabbit SAN, we used optical mapping, which is the only technology that allows resolving simultaneous changes in the activation pattern and action potentials morphologies. With the use of immunolabeling, we identified the SAN as a neurofilament 160-positive but connexin 43-negative region ( n = 5). Normal excitation originated in the SAN center with a cycle length (CL) of 405 ± 14 ms ( n = 14), spread anisotropically along the crista terminalis (CT), and failed to conduct toward the septum. Postganglionic nerve stimulation (PNS, 400–800 ms) reduced CL by 74 ± 7% transiently and shifted the leading pacemaker inferiorly (78%) or superiorly (22%) from the SAN center by 2–10 mm. In the intercaval region between the SAN center and the septal block zone, PNS produced an 8 ± 1-mm2 region of transient hyperpolarization and inexcitability. The first spontaneous or paced excitation following PNS could not enter this region for 500–1,500 ms. Immunolabeling revealed that the PNS-induced inexcitable region is located between the SAN center and the block zone and has a 2.5-fold higher density of choline acetyltransferase than CT but is threefold lower than the SAN center. The fact that the inexcitability region does not coincide with the most innervated area indicates that the properties of the myocytes themselves, as well as intercellular coupling, must play a role in the inexcitability induction. Optically mapping revealed that PNS resulted in transient loss of pacemaker cell excitability and unidirectional entrance conduction block in the periphery of SAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Fedorov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington Univ., Campus Box 1097, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The NG2 proteoglycan is of general interest after spinal cord injury because it is expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPCs), which contribute to central nervous system remyelination; however, NG2 may inhibit axon regeneration. We and others have examined the spatiotemporal expression of NG2 after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we extend those observations and provide a comprehensive analysis of the distribution, phenotype, and colocalization of NG2 cells with axons in a clinically relevant model of spinal contusion. Because contusion models mimic the majority of human SCI, this information is important for understanding endogenous processes that promote and/or prevent repair. The data demonstrate that NG2 levels rise significantly between 3 and 7 days postinjury (dpi) and remain elevated chronically throughout the lesions. NG2 within the lesions could be derived from an array of infiltrating cells; thus, a panel of antibodies was used to investigate NG2 cell phenotypes. First, platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor (PDGFalphaR) colocalization was examined because OPCs normally express both markers. PDGFalphaR cells were present in lesions at all times examined. However, only 37% of NG2 cells coexpressed PDGFalphaR at 14 dpi, which dropped to <1% by 70 dpi. This contrasts with the nearly complete overlap in spared tissue surrounding the lesion. In contrast, 40% to 60% of NG2 cells expressed p75 and approximately 84% expressed Sox10, suggesting that many NG2 cells were nonmyelinating Schwann cells. Despite rising levels of NG2, we noted robust and sustained axon growth into the lesions, many of which were located along NG2 profiles. Thus, spinal contusion produces an NG2-rich environment into which axons grow and in which the source of NG2 appears considerably different from that in surrounding spared tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana M McTigue
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Spinal Trauma and Repair (STAR) Laboratories, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao XL, Zhang TL, Zhang CL, Han XY, Yu SF, Li SX, Cui N, Xie KQ. Expression changes of neurofilament subunits in the central nervous system of hens treated with tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP). Toxicology 2006; 223:127-35. [PMID: 16697097 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) could induce degeneration of long, large diameter axons within the central and peripheral nervous system of susceptible species including human being and hens, which is referred to as organophosphorus-ester induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). The mechanisms involved are not understood. Neuropathologic observations suggested that neurofilament subunits (NFs) could be a main target of TOCP in the peripheral nervous system. Our previous study also showed that NFs in protein levels significantly decreased in sciatic nerves of hens treated with TOCP. In this study, to determine whether the decrement of NFs proteins in sciatic nerves was due to reductions in NF gene expression or protein degradation, hens were treated with a single dose of 750 mg/kg body weight TOCP by gavage, and sacrificed on 21 day post-exposure. Cerebral cortexes and spinal cords were sampled. Transcriptional changes of NFs including high molecular weight neurofilament (NF-H), middle molecular weight neurofilament (NF-M), low molecular weight neurofilament (NF-L), and glyceraldehydes-3-phoaphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as inner inference in cerebral cortexes and spinal cords were analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed that all of three NFs mRNA in cerebral cortexes down-regulated significantly. However, in spinal cords, there was only NF-M decreased, both of NF-H and NF-L kept unaffected. The protein levels of NFs in pellet and supernatant fractions of cerebral cortexes and spinal cords were also determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting. We noticed that all NFs protein declined in pellet of cerebral cortexes, but NF-M reduction was not significant compared with that of control hens. NF-H and NF-M proteins in supernatant of cerebral cortexes exhibited significant increase, while NF-L level showed remarkable decline. In spinal cords, apart from NF-L in pellet were significantly increased, both of NF-H and NF-M in pellet and supernatant, as well as NF-L in supernatant fractions were manifested dramatic reduction compared with the pattern of control. The quantitative analyses revealed that the change magnitude in protein levels was much greater than that in mRNA levels in hens' central nervous system after TOCP administration. These findings suggest that the NFs disturbance in protein levels is closely associated with the decreases in sciatic nerves observed in our previous work after TOCP exposure, rather than that in mRNA levels, and the NFs alterations in protein levels may be one of the responsible factors for the OPIDN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua West Road, Jinan 250012, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Piepoli T, Jakupoglu C, Gu W, Lualdi E, Suarez-Merino B, Poliani PL, Cattaneo MG, Ortino B, Goplen D, Wang J, Mola R, Inverardi F, Frassoni C, Bjerkvig R, Steinlein O, Vicentini LM, Brüstle O, Finocchiaro G. Expression studies in gliomas and glial cells do not support a tumor suppressor role for LGI1. Neuro Oncol 2006; 8:96-108. [PMID: 16533756 PMCID: PMC1871933 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2005-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of LGI1 in glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines and LGI1 mutations in families with autosomal dominant epilepsy imply a role for LGI1 in glial cells as well as in neurons. Although we and others could not find LGI1 mutations in malignant gliomas, our initial studies appeared to support the idea that LGI1 is poorly expressed or absent in these tumors. Microarray data suggested that LGI1 could be involved in the control of matrix metalloproteinases, and we found that tumors derived from U87 glioblastoma cells overexpressing LGI1 were less aggressive than U87 control tumors. To our surprise, we observed that LGI1 expression after differentiation of murine neural stem cells was robust in neurons but negligible in glial cells, in agreement with immunohistochemistry studies on rodent brain. This observation could suggest that the variable levels of LGI1 expression in gliomas reflect the presence of neurons entrapped within the tumor. To test this hypothesis, we investigated LGI1 expression in parallel with expression of the neuronal marker NEF3 by real-time PCR on 30 malignant gliomas. Results showed a strong, positive correlation between the expression levels of these two genes (P < 0.0001). Thus, our data confirm that LGI1 is involved in cell-matrix interactions but suggest that its expression is not relevant in glial cells, implying that its role as a tumor suppressor in gliomas should be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Address correspondence to Gaetano Finocchiaro, Istituto Nazionale Neurologico Besta, via Celoria 11, 20133 Milan, Italy (
)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
1 We investigated the neuritogenic action of nitric oxide (NO)-generating agents and their mechanisms of action in a subclone of rat pheochromocytoma, PC12h cells. 2 NO donors such as sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.05-1 microM), NOR1 (5-100 microM), NOR2 (5-20 microM), NOR3 (5-20 microM), NOR4 (5-100 microM), or S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP, 10-100 microM) significantly induced neurite outgrowth. 3 NOR4-induced neurite outgrowth was accompanied by expression of neurofilament 200 kDa subunit (NF200) protein, an axonal marker, and was significantly inhibited by an NO scavenger, a soluble GC inhibitor, and a PKG inhibitor: 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazole-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO, 20-100 microM), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 100 microM) and KT5823 (0.2-1 microM), respectively. 4 The intracellular cGMP concentration of cells was markedly increased by treatment with NOR4 (100 microM). 5 A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase inhibitor, PD98059 (10-50 microM), abolished the NOR4-induced neurite outgrowth. In agreement with this observation, NOR4 did phosphorylate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2, substrates of MAPK kinase. 6 A membrane-permeable cGMP analog, 8-Br-cGMP (1 mM) also induced significant neurite outgrowth. The 8-Br-cGMP-induced neurite outgrowth was almost completely inhibited by both KT5823 (0.5 microM) and PD98059 (50 microM). Moreover, sustained ERK phosphorylation was observed in the 8-Br-cGMP-treated PC12h cells. 7 These results suggest that NO itself has the ability to induce neurite outgrowth and that NO-induced ERK activation involves the NO-cGMP-PKG signaling pathway in PC12h cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matsumi Yamazaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1181, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fuentes-Santamaria V, Stein BE, McHaffie JG. Neurofilament proteins are preferentially expressed in descending output neurons of the cat the superior colliculus: A study using SMI-32. Neuroscience 2006; 138:55-68. [PMID: 16426768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Revised: 10/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Physiological studies indicate that the output neurons in the multisensory (i.e. intermediate and deep) laminae of the cat superior colliculus receive converging information from widespread regions of the neuraxis, integrate this information, and then relay the product to regions of the brainstem involved in the control of head and eye movements. Yet, an understanding of the neuroanatomy of these converging afferents has been hampered because many terminals contact distal dendrites that are difficult to label with the neurochemical markers generally used to visualize superior colliculus output neurons. Here we show that the SMI-32 antibody, directed at the non-phosphorylated epitopes of high molecular weight neurofilament proteins, is an effective marker for these superior colliculus output neurons. It is also one that can label their distal dendrites. Superior colliculus sections processed for SMI-32 revealed numerous labeled neurons with varying morphologies within the deep laminae. In contrast, few labeled neurons were observed in the superficial laminae. Neurons with large somata in the lateral aspects of the deep superior colliculus were particularly well labeled, and many of their secondary and tertiary dendrites were clearly visible. Injections of the fluorescent biotinylated dextran amine into the pontine reticular formation revealed that approximately 80% of the SMI-32 immunostained neurons also contained retrogradely transported biotinylated dextran amine, indicating that SMI-32 is a common cytoskeletal component expressed in descending output neurons. Superior colliculus output neurons also are known to express the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, and many SMI-32 immunostained neurons also proved to be parvalbumin immunostained. These studies suggest that SMI-32 can serve as a useful immunohistochemical marker for detailing the somatic and dendritic morphology of superior colliculus output neurons and for facilitating evaluations of their input/output relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Fuentes-Santamaria
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1010, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tucker BA, Rahimtula M, Mearow KM. A procedure for selecting and culturing subpopulations of neurons from rat dorsal root ganglia using magnetic beads. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 16:50-7. [PMID: 16309950 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresprot.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Current protocols for preparing primary sensory neuron cultures are inadequate when studying individual subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The DRG is made up of a heterogeneous population of cells, making it difficult to study treatment effects on any given population in mass cultures. Thus, we describe a procedure using magnetic beads from Dynal to select and plate viable populations of neurons based on expression of specific cell surface markers. We show that, by the use of the lectin IB4, we can select a highly enriched viable subpopulation of GDNF-responsive DRG neurons, leaving a viable population of non-selected IB4-ve, Trk+ve neurons. Key factors for successful cultures are (i) quick and careful dissection of DRGs from 4- to 5-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats, (ii) adequate removal of debris and non-neuronal contamination and (iii) gentle handling of bead-bound cells during selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Budd A Tucker
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences-M5352, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 300 Prince Philip Dr, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3V6
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wang Y, Yamada K, Tanaka Y, Ishikawa K, Inagaki N. Expression of ABCA2 protein in human vestibular schwannoma and peripheral nerve. J Neurol Sci 2005; 232:59-63. [PMID: 15850583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABCA2, which belongs to the A subclass of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily, is predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, the myelin-forming cells in brain and peripheral nerve, respectively. Here, we demonstrate by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry that ABCA2 is expressed in benign vestibular schwannomas, which contain neither axons nor compact myelin. The expression patterns of ABCA2 in combination with other markers showed phenotypic heterogeneity in schwannomas. The majority of cells in fascicular Antoni type A areas coexpressed ABCA2, Ca2+-binding protein S100beta, and p75 nerve growth factor receptor. In contrast, considerably varied expression levels of ABCA2 and p75 were more prominent in hypocellular type B areas than in type A areas. These data suggest that ABCA2 may be useful as a marker for cellular characterization of schwannomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yao XL, Zhang C, Lu XL, Feng S, Deng Y, Liu Z. [Experimental research on effect of human mesenchymal stem cells induced by shenqi fuzheng injection in cerebral infarction]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2005; 25:629-32. [PMID: 16089142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of shenqi fuzheng injection (SFI) in inducing differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in brain stem and its effect on nervous function in model rats of cerebral infarction. METHODS Middle cerebral artery occlusion model rats were made, and hMSCs was injected into their brain after being amplified in vitro and incubated with SFI for 0.5 h, then the survival, migration and differentiation of hMSCs in brain stem as well as the change of nervous function in model rats were observed. RESULTS The post-transplantation reject reaction to hMSCs was low, it could survive as long as 6 weeks or more. No difference in area of infarction was shown before and after transplantation. Immunohistochemical staining showed that hMSCs expressed human neuron specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament (NF) and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). The limb-kinetic function and tactile perception were improved in the model rats. CONCLUSION SFI can induce hMSCs differentiate into neurons in vivo, and hMSCs may be the ideal germinal cells for treating cerebral infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-li Yao
- The First Hospital Affiliated to Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yao X, Zhang C, Feng S, Lu X, Liu Z, Deng Y. [The genes change of hMSC before and after the differentation into neuron-like cells]. Zhong Yao Cai 2005; 28:476-81. [PMID: 16209263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the genes change of hMSC before and after differentiation into neuron-like cells. METHODS hMSC were separated from marrow, cultured and expanded in culture medium. After hMSC being induced to differentiate with Shenqiye, Neuron-specific enolase (MSE), neurofilament (NF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected by immunocytochemistry respectively. Using semi-quantitiative RT-PCR to detect ten genes change in hMSC before and after differentiation. Two genes were used to detect the gene sequence. RESULTS When treated with the inducer--Shenqiye, hMSC exhibited neuronal phenotype. The expressions of NSE and NF in the neuron-like cells were positive, but the glial astrocyte marker GFAP was not found. hMSC expressed germline, ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal genes prior to neurogenasis. After differentiation, germline genes did not express, while the expressions of endodermal and mesodermal genes were weakened. Ectodermal and neuronal genes expressed stronger. CONCLUSION hMSC express multipotentiality, and the neural differentiation comprises quantitative modulation of gene expression rather than simple on-off switching of neural specific genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yao XL, Zhang C, Feng SW, Feng HY, Liu ZG, Deng YB. [Gene reversion of induced differentiation of adult human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into neuron-like cells]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2005; 25:513-6. [PMID: 15897121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe gene reversion during differentiation of human adult bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into neuron-like cells induced by Shenqiye. METHODS The MSCs were separated, cultured and expanded in the culture medium and induced to differentiate into neuron-like cells with Shenqiye. The expressions of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament (NF), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were detected by immunocytochemical method, and the changes of 10 genes of the cells after differentiation were detected by reverse transcriptional PCR. RESULTS The MSCs exhibited neuronal phenotype when treated with Shenqiye and the neuron-like cells were positive for expressions of NSE and NF but not for glial astrocyte marker GFAP. After withdrawal of Shenqiye from the medium, the neuron-like cells were reversed to MSC, flat or spindal in morphology. The gene expression profiles of the redifferentiated cells were similar to those of undifferentiated MSCs. CONCLUSION Shenqiye can induce MSC differentiation into neuron-like cells during and after which gene reversion may occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-li Yao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Liu TY, Zhang C, Xiao LL, Yao XL, Feng SW, Zeng Y. [Induced differentiation of human cord blood monocytes into neuron-like cells in vitro]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2005; 25:152-5. [PMID: 15698992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To probe the conditions for inducing human cord blood monocytes to differentiate into neuron-like cells. METHODS The mononuclear cells were isolated from human umbilical cord blood samples and plated in 25-mm culture flasks containing DMEM/F12 medium. The fifth passage of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were induced by beta-mercaptoe- thanol (beta-ME), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and conditioned medium for neuron induction, respectively, to differentiate into neuron-like cells. The expression of nestin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and neurofilament (NF) on the treated cells were detected by immunocytochemical method. RESULTS Nestin expression were found in 6.7% of the primary, 12.4% of the second passage, 20.8% of the fifth passage of MSCs, respectively. Thirty-six percent of cell cultures treated with the conditioned medium for neuron induction were immunoreactive for NSE and NF, and 33% of the cells induced by beta-ME and 25% of the cells by DMSO also expressed NSE and NF. CONCLUSION Cord blood MSCs possess some features of neural stem cells, and have the capacity to differentiate into neuron-like cells under proper conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510089, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lavenex P, Lavenex PB, Amaral DG. Nonphosphorylated high-molecular-weight neurofilament expression suggests early maturation of the monkey subiculum. Hippocampus 2005; 14:797-801. [PMID: 15382249 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the distribution of nonphosphorylated high-molecular-weight neurofilaments (NF-H) in the hippocampal formation of infant (3-week-old and 3-month-old) and adult (9-17-year-old) macaque monkeys in order to obtain neuroanatomical evidence of the maturity of these structures shortly after birth. We employed the monoclonal antibody SMI-32, a well-characterized antibody raised against nonphosphorylated NF-H, the expression of which is believed to reflect the maturation of certain neuronal populations. Patterns of SMI-32 immunoreactivity differed dramatically between infant and adult monkeys. In adults, nonphosphorylated NF-H expression was prominent in the CA3 and CA2 fields of the hippocampus, in the subiculum and in the entorhinal cortex. In infants, only the subiculum stained heavily for nonphosphorylated NF-H. These findings suggest that different subregions of the primate hippocampal formation mature at different times during development. The subiculum, the major source of efferent projections from the hippocampal formation toward subcortical structures, matures early during development. In contrast, the entorhinal cortex, the main interface of the hippocampal formation with the neocortex, matures relatively later. These findings have direct implications for the type of information processing that might be subserved by the primate hippocampal formation shortly after birth, as well as for the emergence of particular behavioral and memory processes during postnatal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lavenex
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, California National Primate Research Center and M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ernsberger U, Esposito L, Partimo S, Huber K, Franke A, Bixby JL, Kalcheim C, Unsicker K. Expression of neuronal markers suggests heterogeneity of chick sympathoadrenal cells prior to invasion of the adrenal anlagen. Cell Tissue Res 2004; 319:1-13. [PMID: 15565470 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-004-0996-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the distribution of neural crest-derived precursors and the expression of catecholaminergic and neuronal markers in developing adrenal tissue of chick embryos. Undifferentiated neural crest cells are found in presumptive adrenal regions from embryonic day 3 (E3) onward. An increasing proportion of cells expressing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA indicates catecholaminergic differentiation of precursors not only in primary sympathetic ganglia, but also in presumptive adrenal regions. Whereas precursors and differentiating cells show mesenchymal distribution until E5, discrete adrenal anlagen form during E6. Even during E5, catecholaminergic cells with low or undetectable neurofilament M (NF-M) mRNA expression prevail in positions at which adrenal anlagen become distinct during E6. The predominance of TH-positive and NF-M-negative cells is maintained throughout embryogenesis in adrenal tissue. RNA encoding SCG10, a pan-neuronal marker like NF-M, is strongly expressed throughout adrenal anlagen during E6 but is found at reduced levels in chromaffin cells compared with neuronal cells at E15. Two additional neuronal markers, synaptotagmin 1 and neurexin 1, are expressed at low to undetectable levels in developing chromaffin cells throughout embryogenesis. The developmental regulation of neuronal markers shows at least three different patterns among the four mRNAs analyzed. Importantly, there is no generalized downregulation of neuronal markers in developing adrenal anlagen. Thus, our observations question the classical concept of chromaffin differentiation from a common sympathoadrenal progenitor expressing neuronal properties and suggest alternative models with changing instructive signals or separate progenitor populations for sympathetic neuronal and chromaffin endocrine cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, INF 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dubey M, Hoda S, Chan WKH, Pimenta A, Ortiz DD, Shea TB. Reexpression of vimentin in differentiated neuroblastoma cells enhances elongation of axonal neurites. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:245-9. [PMID: 15378517 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vimentin (Vm) is initially expressed by early neuronal precursors in situ and in culture. Vm is essential for neuritogenesis at least in culture and is gradually replaced by neurofilaments (NFs) because of down-regulation of Vm expression. This period is accompanied by a slowing of axonal elongation. We examined whether continued expression of Vm could foster continued axonal elongation. NB2a/d1 cells differentiated with dibutyryl cAMP were transfected with constructs expressing Vm or the middle-molecular-weight NF subunit (NF-M) each conjugated to green fluorescent protein (GFP). Axonal neurites of cells expressing GFP-Vm were 30% longer than those of nonexpressing cells, or cells expressing GFP-M, and exhibited a decrease in neurite caliber. Expression of GFP-M did not enhance axonal neurite length but significantly increased caliber. These findings provide further evidence of a role for Vm in axonal outgrowth. Culturing of nontransfected cells on laminin increased neurite length, but cells expressing GFP-Vm demonstrated an equivalent increase whether cultured on laminin or culture plastic. Axonal neurites of cells expressing GFP-Vm turned to avoid a nonfavorable substrate (nitrocellulose), but culturing of these cells on nitrocellulose did not impair axonal outgrowth. These latter findings indicate that the more robust outgrowth following reexpression of Vm is independent of a favorable or nonfavorable substrate but that axonal neurites of these cells still interact with the substrate to the extent that the substrate can influence directionality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Dubey
- Center for Cellular Neurobiology and Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schimmelpfeng J, Weibezahn KF, Dertinger H. Quantification of NGF-dependent neuronal differentiation of PC-12 cells by means of neurofilament-L mRNA expression and neuronal outgrowth. J Neurosci Methods 2004; 139:299-306. [PMID: 15488244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2003] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the degree of neuronal development of PC-12 cell differentiation can be quantified by the expression of neurofilament-L (NF-L) mRNA, when an optimal concentration of NGF (50 ng/ml) is used. During the first 7 days of NGF treatment, the relative amount of NF-L mRNA was found to increase continuously and to correlate with the outgrowth of neurites in a statistically significant way. Thus, mRNA expression is, under these conditions, a suitable means for reliably monitoring the differentiation of PC-12 cells as early as after 3 days of NGF treatment. The results obtained with 5 ng/ml NGF differ from those with 50 ng/ml: during the first 3 days of NGF treatment, neuronal outgrowth was less than with 50 ng/ml, although the NF-L mRNA levels did not depend significantly on NGF concentration. Beyond day 3, NF-L mRNA levels did not increase further at 5 ng/ml as opposed to 50 ng/ml NGF. These differences point to different signal transduction processes involved in neuronal differentiation at high and low NGF concentration. Expression of NF-L protein in response to NGF treatment was also demonstrated. In summary, our results stress that stable and sustained differentiation of PC-12 cells can only be achieved with 50 ng/ml NGF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schimmelpfeng
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institute for Medical Engineering and Biophysics, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Coli A, Giacomini PG, Bigotti G, Ferraro S, Alessandrini M, Del Vecchio M, Massi G. Aberrant neurofilament protein and synaptophysin expression in malignant melanoma of the nasal cavity. Histopathology 2004; 44:193-5. [PMID: 14764067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
41
|
Perez-Olle R, Lopez-Toledano MA, Liem RKH. The G336S variant in the human neurofilament-M gene does not affect its assembly or distribution: importance of the functional analysis of neurofilament variants. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:759-74. [PMID: 15290901 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.7.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neurofilament medium (hNFM) subunit is one of the 3 neurofilament (NF) polypeptides, which are the most abundant intermediate filament (IF) proteins in post-mitotic neurons. The formation of neurofilamentous aggregates is a pathological hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases, including the Lewy bodies found in Parkinson disease (PD). A Gly336Ser (G336S) variant in the rod domain of hNFM has recently been described in a patient with early-onset autosomal-dominant PD. In this study, we have generated a mammalian expression vector encoding the variant hNFM cDNA and characterized its effects on the formation of heteropolymeric IFs in heterologous cell lines. We have also investigated the distribution of the (G336S) hNFM variant protein in neuronal CAD cells, as well as the effects of the variant on the distribution of other cellular organelles and proteins. Our results demonstrate that the G336S variant does not affect the formation of IF networks nor the distribution of the variant hNFM protein. Our data suggest that if the G336S variant is involved in the development of PD, it does not appear to be due to defects in the assembly and distribution of NFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Perez-Olle
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Vannucchi MG, Midrio P, Zardo C, Faussone-Pellegrini MS. Neurofilament formation and synaptic activity are delayed in the myenteric neurons of the rat fetus with gastroschisis. Neurosci Lett 2004; 364:81-5. [PMID: 15196682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastroschisis is a malformation characterized by prenatal evisceration of the midgut into the amniotic cavity. Because of the harmful effects of the amniotic fluid, the intestinal loops appear matted, thickened, and covered by a peel. At birth, the newborn presents altered intestinal motility. In a previous publication, we reported a delay in the myenteric ganglia organization and neuronal maturity in a rat model of gastroschisis. In the present study, the neurofilament formation and synaptic activity were immunohistochemically investigated in the myenteric neurons of this animal model. The expression of low, medium and high molecular weight neurofilament proteins and of a protein of the synaptic vesicles, the synaptophysin, were similar to those found at earlier embryonic ages. These findings demonstrate delayed cytoskeletal organization and reduced synaptic activity in the myenteric neurons in the rat model of gastroschisis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cho T, Tiffany-Castiglioni E. Neurofilament 200 as an indicator of differences between mipafox and paraoxon sensitivity in Sy5Y neuroblastoma cells. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2004; 67:987-1000. [PMID: 15205030 DOI: 10.1080/15287390490447287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds produce potent neurotoxic effects in humans, including organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). This investigation examined the potential for the 200-kD neurofilament protein (NF200) and other neuronal proteins to serve as indicators for neurite damage in a differentiated SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell culture system. Mipafox, which induces OPIDN, increased NF200 protein expression in SY5Y cells differentiated with human recombinant beta-nerve growth factor (NGF, 20 ng/ml) in a concentration-dependent manner, compared to NGF controls, when SY5Y cells were exposed to 0.3 or 30 microM mipafox during the last 5 days of neurite extension (experimental set A). However, mipafox produced little change in NF200 protein expression in SY5Y cells exposed continuously throughout neurite elongation (experimental set B). Paraoxon (up to 30 microM), which does not produce OPIDN, did not produce any change in NF200 expression in set A or set B. The upregulation of NF200 by mipafox may represent a compensatory response to neurite degeneration. Two other neuronal proteins, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) and microtubule-associated protein 2ab (MAP2ab), showed no changes in response to OP treatment in NGF-treated cells. Protein expression of NF200 was shown to be an indicator by which the sensitivities of SY5Y cells to mipafox and paraoxon were distinguishable at the molecular level. These results indicate an alternative approach and test system for investigating structure-activity relationships of OPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taehyeon Cho
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health and Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
The expression of several neuronal intermediate filament (NIF) proteins was investigated in the tongue of metamorphosing tadpoles (stage 38-45 of Gosner) and in adult individuals of the frog, Rana esculenta by means of immunohistochemistry. Results showed that nerve fibres at early stages of tongue development expressed peripherin (a NIF protein usually found in differentiating neurones) as well as the light- and medium molecular weight NIF polypeptide subunits (NF-L and NF-M, respectively); in the adult frog, peripherin was still found in nerve fibres reaching the fungiform papilla together with NF-M, but NF-L immunoreactivity was absent therein. Clusters of epithelial cells expressing peripherin were found in the early developing tongue before differentiation of taste organs, and NF-L and NF-H immunoreactivities were present in basal (Merkel) cells of the adult frog taste disc. Results indicate that neurones innervating the adult frog's taste disc maintain a certain plasticity in their cytoskeleton and that neuronal-like cells are present in the undifferentiated and differentiated tongue epithelium possibly playing a role in the developing and mature taste organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Zuwala
- Department of Comparative Anatomy, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, 30-060 Kraków, Ingardena 6, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nguyen MD, Shu T, Sanada K, Larivière RC, Tseng HC, Park SK, Julien JP, Tsai LH. A NUDEL-dependent mechanism of neurofilament assembly regulates the integrity of CNS neurons. Nat Cell Biol 2004; 6:595-608. [PMID: 15208636 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 05/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton controls the architecture and survival of central nervous system (CNS) neurons by maintaining the stability of axons and dendrites. Although neurofilaments (NFs) constitute the main cytoskeletal network in these structures, the mechanism that underlies subunit incorporation into filaments remains a mystery. Here we report that NUDEL, a mammalian homologue of the Aspergillus nidulans nuclear distribution molecule NudE, is important for NF assembly, transport and neuronal integrity. NUDEL facilitates the polymerization of NFs through a direct interaction with the NF light subunit (NF-L). Knockdown of NUDEL by RNA interference (RNAi) in a neuroblastoma cell line, primary cortical neurons or post-natal mouse brain destabilizes NF-L and alters the homeostasis of NFs. This results in NF abnormalities and morphological changes reminiscent of neurodegeneration. Furthermore, variations in levels of NUDEL correlate with disease progression and NF defects in a mouse model of neurodegeneration. Thus, NUDEL contributes to the integrity of CNS neurons by regulating NF assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minh Dang Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building, Room 856-8, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tan YH, Yang CZ, Zhao CH, Qi J, Peng H, Wang JX, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Lan L. [Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in multidrug resistance in K562/A02 by cDNA microarray]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2004; 26:328-32. [PMID: 15312340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the molecular mechanism underlying multidrug resistance (MDR) and identify unknown genes that might be involved in drug resistance development in K562/A02 cells. METHODS K562/A02 was induced by gradually increasing the ADM concentration in culture medium of K562 cells, the differential expression of associated genes between K562 and K562/A02 was determined with cDNA microarray. Overexpression of neurofilament protein NF-H gene in K562/A02 cells was confirmed with RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Anti-sense oligodeoxynucleotides were transfected into K562/A02 cells by lipofectamine in order to further analyze the role of NF-H in drug resistance. RESULTS Comparing with the expression profiles, we found upregulation of 5 transcripts and downregulation of 7 transcripts in response to MDR of K562/A02 cells. The overexpression of NF-H, one of the 5 upregulated genes, was confirmed. After being treated with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides of NF-H and mdr1, the cellular adriamycin concentration increased significantly, but antisense NF-H alone did not have significant effect on drug resistance phenotype. CONCLUSION The development of MDR in K562/A02 cells is multifactorial. NF-H may be involved in the drug resistance of K562/A02, which may provide a new marker of diagnosis and a new target of therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-hong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, CAMS & PUMC, Tianjin 300020, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Voelker CCJ, Garin N, Taylor JSH, Gähwiler BH, Hornung JP, Molnár Z. Selective neurofilament (SMI-32, FNP-7 and N200) expression in subpopulations of layer V pyramidal neurons in vivo and in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 14:1276-86. [PMID: 15166101 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhh089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There are two main types of layer V pyramidal neurons in rat cortex. Type I neurons have tufted apical dendrites extending into layer I, produce bursts of action potentials and project to subcortical targets (spinal cord, superior colliculus and pontine nuclei). Type II neurons have apical dendrites, which arborize in layers II-IV, do not produce bursts of action potentials and project to ipsilateral and contralateral cortex. The specific expression of different genes and proteins in these two distinct layer V neurons is unknown. To distinguish between distinct subpopulations, fluorescent microspheres were injected into subcortical targets (labeling type I neurons) or primary somatosensory cortex (labeling type II neurons) of adult rats. After transport, cortical sections were processed for immunohistochemistry using various antibodies. This study demonstrated that antigens recognized by SMI-32, N200 and FNP-7 antibodies were only expressed in subcortical (type I)--but not in contralateral (type II)--projecting neurons. NR1, NR2a/b, PLCbeta1, BDNF, NGF and TrkB antigens were highly expressed in all neuronal subpopulations examined. Organotypic culture experiments demonstrated that the development of neurofilament expression and laminar specificity does not depend on the presence of the subcortical targets. This study suggests specific markers for the subcortical projecting layer V neuron subpopulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C J Voelker
- Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Park Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chen J, Zhu WG, Chen QS, Lu L, Chen XM. [Studies on the effects of lead on the growth and differentiation of hippocampal neural cells as well as the expression of Oct-2]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2004; 38:151-4. [PMID: 15182478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to explore the effects of lead on the growth and development of cultured hippocampal neural cells and on the expression of Oct-2, the II subtype POU domain protein. METHODS Experiment cell model was established using primary culture of hippocampal neural cells from SD rat embryos. Target cells were exposed to lead acetate in the different concentrations, i.e. 10(-1), 10(0), 10(1), 10(2), 10(3) micromol/L, while the control group was given the same quantity of the culture medium. The immunohistochemistry method was utilized to detect the expressions of Neurofilament (NF) and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP), the markers for neuron and astrocyte, respectively, and the expression of Oct-2 as well. RESULTS The results showed that 10 micromol/L lead acetate treatment caused diminishing of neuronal cell body and the decreases of both axon lengths and inter-cellular connections. In addition, 1 micromol/L lead acetate significantly increased the number of GFAP-positive cells compared with the control group (P < 0.05). By image analysis system, 1 micromol/L lead acetate treatment was found to induce a statistically significant increase of the positive area rate concerning Oct-2 expression in hippocampal neurons and astrocytes, while both positive area rate and integral density of light of Oct-2 expression were found to increase markedly in the groups treated by 10 micromol/L lead acetate (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Lead acetate treatment may contribute to the inhibitions of both growth and differentiation of hippocampus neurons, and to the stimulation of glial cell hyperplasia simultaneously. In addition, the CNS impairments caused by lead is partly correlated with the enhancement of Oct-2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sanelli TR, Sopper MM, Strong MJ. Sequestration of nNOS in neurofilamentous aggregate bearing neurons in vitro leads to enhanced NMDA-mediated calcium influx. Brain Res 2004; 1004:8-17. [PMID: 15033415 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2003] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The significance of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) co-localization to neurofilamentous (NF) aggregates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is unknown. In this study, we have used dissociated motor neurons from either C57BL/6 or mice that over-express the human low molecular weight neurofilament protein (hNFL+/+) to examine the relationship between NF aggregate formation, SOD1 and nNOS co-localization, and the regulation of NMDA-mediated calcium influx in vitro. The intracellular distribution of NF aggregates, SOD1 and nNOS was examined by confocal microscopy and NMDA-induced alterations in intracellular calcium levels using either Oregon green fluorescence or FURA-2 photometric imaging. Cell death was assessed using an antibody to activated caspase-3. C57 Bl/6 motor neurons expressed nNOS in a punctate manner, whereas SOD1 was distributed homogeneously throughout the cytosol. In contrast, hNFL+/+ motor neurons demonstrated co-localization of SOD1 and nNOS by day 9 post-plating, preceding the formation of NF aggregates. Both proteins co-localized to NF aggregates once formed. With NMDA stimulation, aggregate-bearing hNFL+/+ motor neurons demonstrated significant increases in intracellular calcium, whereas only a minimal alteration in intracellular calcium was observed in C57 Bl/6 neurons. Following stimulation with 100 microM NMDA, 75.5+/-5.5% of hNFL+/+ neurons became apoptotic, whereas only 16.3+/-5.3% of C57 Bl/6 were. These observations suggest that the presence of NF aggregates results in a failure of regulation of NMDA-mediated calcium influx, and that this occurs due to the sequestration of nNOS to the NF aggregate, preventing its down-regulation of the NMDA receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Sanelli
- Robarts Research Institute and Department of Pathology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Guest PC, Knowles MR, Molon-Noblot S, Salim K, Smith D, Murray F, Laroque P, Hunt SP, De Felipe C, Rupniak NM, McAllister G. Mechanisms of action of the antidepressants fluoxetine and the substance P antagonist L-000760735 are associated with altered neurofilaments and synaptic remodeling. Brain Res 2004; 1002:1-10. [PMID: 14988027 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants are widely prescribed in the treatment of depression, although the mechanism of how they exert their therapeutic effects is poorly understood. To shed further light on their mode of action, we have attempted to identify a common proteomic signature in guinea pig brains after chronic treatment with two different antidepressants. Both fluoxetine and the substance P receptor (NK(1)R) antagonist (SPA) L-000760735 altered cortical expression of multiple heat shock protein 60 forms along with neurofilaments and related proteins that are critical determinants of synaptic structure and function. Analysis of NK(1)R-/- mice showed similar alterations of neurofilaments confirming the specificity of the effects observed with chronic NK(1)R antagonist treatment. To determine if these changes were associated with structural modification of synapses, we carried out electron microscopic analysis of cerebral cortices from fluoxetine-treated guinea pigs. This showed an increase in the percentage of synapses with split postsynaptic densities (PSDs), a phenomenon that is characteristic of activity-dependent synaptic rearrangement. These findings suggest that cortical alterations of the neurofilament pathway and increased synaptic remodeling are associated with the mechanism of these two antidepressant drug treatments and may contribute to their psychotherapeutic actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Guest
- Neuroscience Research Centre, Merck, Sharp and Dohme, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|