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Bhat N, Mani A. Dysregulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:2323. [PMID: 37242206 PMCID: PMC10222271 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent condition affecting approximately a quarter of the global population. It is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, economic burden, and healthcare costs. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the liver, known as steatosis, which can progress to more severe stages such as steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This review focuses on the mechanisms that contribute to the development of diet-induced steatosis in an insulin-resistant liver. Specifically, it discusses the existing literature on carbon flux through glycolysis, ketogenesis, TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle), and fatty acid synthesis pathways in NAFLD, as well as the altered canonical insulin signaling and genetic predispositions that lead to the accumulation of diet-induced hepatic fat. Finally, the review discusses the current therapeutic efforts that aim to ameliorate various pathologies associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arya Mani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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2
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Akl MG, Widenmaier SB. Immunometabolic factors contributing to obesity-linked hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1089124. [PMID: 36712976 PMCID: PMC9877434 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1089124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major public health concern that is promoted by obesity and associated liver complications. Onset and progression of HCC in obesity is a multifactorial process involving complex interactions between the metabolic and immune system, in which chronic liver damage resulting from metabolic and inflammatory insults trigger carcinogenesis-promoting gene mutations and tumor metabolism. Moreover, cell growth and proliferation of the cancerous cell, after initiation, requires interactions between various immunological and metabolic pathways that provide stress defense of the cancer cell as well as strategic cell death escape mechanisms. The heterogenic nature of HCC in addition to the various metabolic risk factors underlying HCC development have led researchers to focus on examining metabolic pathways that may contribute to HCC development. In obesity-linked HCC, oncogene-induced modifications and metabolic pathways have been identified to support anabolic demands of the growing HCC cells and combat the concomitant cell stress, coinciding with altered utilization of signaling pathways and metabolic fuels involved in glucose metabolism, macromolecule synthesis, stress defense, and redox homeostasis. In this review, we discuss metabolic insults that can underlie the transition from steatosis to steatohepatitis and from steatohepatitis to HCC as well as aberrantly regulated immunometabolic pathways that enable cancer cells to survive and proliferate in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss therapeutic modalities targeted at HCC prevention and regression. A full understanding of HCC-associated immunometabolic changes in obesity may contribute to clinical treatments that effectively target cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- May G. Akl
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Scott B. Widenmaier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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3
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da Cruz LL, Vesentini G, Sinzato YK, Villaverde AISB, Volpato GT, Damasceno DC. Effects of high-fat diet-induced diabetes on autophagy in the murine liver: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci 2022; 309:121012. [PMID: 36179817 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate whether diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) has the potential to alter the process of autophagy in the murine liver. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed with electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science). Study design, population, intervention, outcome, and risk of bias were analyzed. Given the availability of studies, a quantitative meta-analysis including 23 studies was performed. KEY FINDINGS The search found 5754 articles, with 48 matching the eligibility criteria, comprising of 1033 animals. The meta-analysis showed that diabetic murines fed with HFD presented an absence of p62 degradation (SMD 4.63, 95 % CI 2.02 to 7.24, p = 0.0005; I2 = 77 %), higher expression of p-mTOR/mTOR (SMD 5.20, 95 % CI 1.00 to 9.39, p = 0.01; I2 = 78 %), and a decreased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio (SMD -2.02, 95 % CI -3.96 to -0.09, p = 0.04; I2 = 85 %) when compared to nondiabetic murines. When associated with streptozotocin, the animals presented decreased ATG-7 and LC3-II. The meta-regression results showed a decrease in autophagy responses due to increased glycemic levels, fat content, and long-term exposure to HFD, and advanced animal age. The common and species-specific protein responses were also consistent with the inhibition of autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE The normal process of autophagy mechanisms in the liver is less competent after HFD consumption. The destabilization of (auto)phagolysosomes contributes to the perpetuation of diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lopes da Cruz
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil; Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Giovana Vesentini
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Yuri Karen Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Ana Izabel Silva Balbin Villaverde
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Barreby E, Chen P, Aouadi M. Macrophage functional diversity in NAFLD - more than inflammation. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:461-472. [PMID: 35534573 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have diverse phenotypes and functions due to differences in their origin, location and pathophysiological context. Although their main role in the liver has been described as immunoregulatory and detoxifying, changes in macrophage phenotypes, diversity, dynamics and function have been reported during obesity-related complications such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD encompasses multiple disease states from hepatic steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. Obesity and insulin resistance are prominent risk factors for NASH, a disease with a high worldwide prevalence and no approved treatment. In this Review, we discuss the turnover and function of liver-resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and monocyte-derived hepatic macrophages. We examine these populations in both steady state and during NAFLD, with an emphasis on NASH. The explosion in high-throughput gene expression analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) within the last 5 years has revolutionized the study of macrophage heterogeneity, substantially increasing our understanding of the composition and diversity of tissue macrophages, including in the liver. Here, we highlight scRNA-seq findings from the last 5 years on the diversity of liver macrophages in homeostasis and metabolic disease, and reveal hepatic macrophage function beyond their classically described inflammatory role in the progression of NAFLD and NASH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Barreby
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ping Chen
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Myriam Aouadi
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Peng Y, Wang L, Zhao X, Lai S, He X, Fan Q, He H, He M. Puerarin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial injury via the 14-3-3γ/PKCε pathway activating adaptive autophagy. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Köhler N, Höring M, Czepukojc B, Rose TD, Buechler C, Kröhler T, Haybaeck J, Liebisch G, Pauling JK, Kessler SM, Kiemer AK. Kupffer cells are protective in alcoholic steatosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Papachristoforou E, Ramachandran P. Macrophages as key regulators of liver health and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 368:143-212. [PMID: 35636927 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous population of innate immune cells and key cellular components of the liver. Hepatic macrophages consist of embryologically-derived resident Kupffer cells (KC), recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and capsular macrophages. Both the diversity and plasticity of hepatic macrophage subsets explain their different functions in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis and in injury processes in acute and chronic liver diseases. In this review, we assess the evidence for macrophage involvement in regulating both liver health and injury responses in liver diseases including acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver disease (CLD) (including liver fibrosis) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In healthy livers, KC display critical functions such as phagocytosis, danger signal recognition, cytokine release, antigen processing and the ability to orchestrate immune responses and maintain immunological tolerance. However, in most liver diseases there is a striking hepatic MDM expansion, which orchestrate both disease progression and regression. Single-cell approaches have transformed our understanding of liver macrophage heterogeneity, dynamics, and functions in both human samples and preclinical models. We will further discuss the new insights provided by these approaches and how they are enabling high-fidelity work to specifically identify pathogenic macrophage subpopulations. Given the important role of macrophages in regulating injury responses in a broad range of settings, there is now a huge interest in developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting macrophages. Therefore, we also review the current approaches being used to modulate macrophage function in liver diseases and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage subpopulations as a novel treatment strategy for patients with liver disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Papachristoforou
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ramachandran
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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8
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Cicuéndez B, Ruiz-Garrido I, Mora A, Sabio G. Stress kinases in the development of liver steatosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Metab 2021; 50:101190. [PMID: 33588102 PMCID: PMC8324677 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an important component of metabolic syndrome and one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide. This disorder is closely linked to hepatic insulin resistance, lipotoxicity, and inflammation. Although the mechanisms that cause steatosis and chronic liver injury in NAFLD remain unclear, a key component of this process is the activation of stress-activated kinases (SAPKs), including p38 and JNK in the liver and immune system. This review summarizes findings which indicate that the dysregulation of stress kinases plays a fundamental role in the development of steatosis and are important players in inducing liver fibrosis. To avoid the development of steatohepatitis and liver cancer, SAPK activity must be tightly regulated not only in the hepatocytes but also in other tissues, including cells of the immune system. Possible cellular mechanisms of SAPK actions are discussed. Hepatic JNK triggers steatosis and insulin resistance, decreasing lipid oxidation and ketogenesis in HFD-fed mice. Decreased liver expression of p38α/β in HFD increases lipogenesis. Hepatic p38γ/δ drive insulin resistance and inhibit autophagy, which may lead to steatosis. Macrophage p38α/β promote cytokine production and M1 polarization, leading to lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Myeloid p38γ/δ contribute to cytokine production and neutrophil migration, protecting against steatosis, diabetes and NAFLD. JNK1 and p38γ induce HCC while p38α blocks it. However, deletion of hepatic JNK1/2 induces cholangiocarcinoma. SAPK are potential therapeutic target for metabolic disorders, steatohepatitis and liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Cicuéndez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ruiz-Garrido
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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9
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TLR4/AP-1-Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Intervention Attenuates Insulin Sensitivity and Liver Steatosis. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:2960517. [PMID: 33013197 PMCID: PMC7519185 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2960517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance has been shown to be the common pathogenesis of many metabolic diseases. Metainflammation is one of the important characteristics of insulin resistance. Macrophage polarization mediates the production and development of metainflammation. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates macrophage activity and is probably the intersection of immunity and metabolism, but the detailed mechanism is probably not fully understood. Activated protein 1 (AP1) signaling pathway is very important in macrophage activation-mediated inflammation. However, it is unclear whether AP1 signaling pathway mediates metabolic inflammation in the liver. We aimed to investigate the effects of macrophage TLR4-AP1 signaling pathway on hepatocyte metabolic inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid deposition, as well as to explore the potential of TLR4-AP1 as new intervention targets of insulin resistance and liver steatosis. TLR4 and AP1 were silenced in the RAW264.7 cells by lentiviral siRNA transfection. In vivo transduction of lentivirus was administered in mice fed with high-fat diet. Insulin sensitivity and inflammation were evaluated in the treated cells or animals. Our results indicated that TLR4/AP-1 siRNA transfection alleviated high-fat diet-induced systemic and hepatic inflammation, obesity, and insulin resistance in mice. Additionally, TLR4/AP-1 siRNA transfection mitigated palmitic acid- (PA-) induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells and metabolic abnormalities in cocultured AML hepatocytes. Herein, we propose that TLR4-AP1 signaling pathway activation plays a crucial role in high fat- or PA-induced metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance in hepatocytes. Intervention of the TLR4 expression regulates macrophage polarization and metabolic inflammation and further alleviates insulin resistance and lipid deposition in hepatocytes.
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10
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Remmerie A, Martens L, Scott CL. Macrophage Subsets in Obesity, Aligning the Liver and Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:259. [PMID: 32411096 PMCID: PMC7201095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of obesity is accompanied by a rising incidence in metabolic syndrome and related pathologies such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Macrophages are hypothesized to play central roles in these diseases, through their role as inflammatory mediators and as such are thought to be potential targets for future therapies. Recently, single cell technologies have revealed significant heterogeneity within the macrophage pool in both liver and adipose tissue in obesity. Thus current efforts are focused on dissecting this heterogeneity and understanding the distinct functions of the individual subsets. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge regarding macrophage heterogeneity, ontogeny and functions in the context of obese adipose tissue and fatty liver disease and attempt to align the distinct populations described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Remmerie
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Heterogeneity and Function, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Heterogeneity and Function, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L. Scott
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Heterogeneity and Function, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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11
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Kincaid HJ, Nagpal R, Yadav H. Microbiome-immune-metabolic axis in the epidemic of childhood obesity: Evidence and opportunities. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e12963. [PMID: 31663251 PMCID: PMC7771488 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity epidemic responsible for increase in diabetes, heart diseases, infections and cancer shows no signs of abating. Obesity in children is also on rise, indicating the urgent need of strategies for prevention and intervention that must begin in early life. While originally posited that obesity results from the simple concept of consuming more calories, or genetics, emerging research suggests that the bacteria living in our gut (gut microbiome) and its interactions with immune cells and metabolic organs including adipose tissues (microbiome-immune-metabolic axis) play significant role in obesity development in childhood. Specifically, abnormal changes (dysbiosis) in the gut microbiome, stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, and shifts in the metabolic functions of brown adipose tissue and the browning of white adipose tissue are associated with increased obesity. Many factors from as early as gestation appear to contribute in obesity, such as maternal health, diet, antibiotic use by mother and/or child, and birth and feeding methods. Herein, using evidence from animal and human studies, we discuss how these factors impact microbiome-immune-metabolic axis and cause obesity epidemic in children, and describe the gaps in knowledge that are warranted for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle J Kincaid
- Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine- Molecular Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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12
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Daemen S, Schilling JD. The Interplay Between Tissue Niche and Macrophage Cellular Metabolism in Obesity. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3133. [PMID: 32038642 PMCID: PMC6987434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The presence of chronic, low-grade inflammation appears to be an important mechanistic link between excess nutrients and clinical disease. The onset of these metabolic disorders coincides with changes in the number and phenotype of macrophages in peripheral organs, particularly in the liver and adipose tissue. Macrophage accumulation in these tissues has been implicated in tissue inflammation and fibrosis, contributing to metabolic disease progression. Recently, the concept has emerged that changes in macrophage metabolism affects their functional phenotype, possibly triggered by distinct environmental metabolic cues. This may be of particular importance in the setting of obesity, where both liver and adipose tissue are faced with a high metabolic burden. In the first part of this review we will discuss current knowledge regarding macrophage dynamics in both adipose tissue and liver in obesity. Then in the second part, we will highlight data linking macrophage metabolism to functional phenotype with an emphasis on macrophage activation in metabolic disease. The importance of understanding how tissue niche influences macrophage function in obesity will be highlighted. In addition, we will identify important knowledge gaps and outstanding questions that are relevant for future research in this area and will facilitate the identification of novel targets for therapeutic intervention in associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Daemen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joel D Schilling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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13
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Morgantini C, Jager J, Li X, Levi L, Azzimato V, Sulen A, Barreby E, Xu C, Tencerova M, Näslund E, Kumar C, Verdeguer F, Straniero S, Hultenby K, Björkström NK, Ellis E, Rydén M, Kutter C, Hurrell T, Lauschke VM, Boucher J, Tomčala A, Krejčová G, Bajgar A, Aouadi M. Liver macrophages regulate systemic metabolism through non-inflammatory factors. Nat Metab 2019; 1:445-459. [PMID: 32694874 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver macrophages (LMs) have been proposed to contribute to metabolic disease through secretion of inflammatory cytokines. However, anti-inflammatory drugs lead to only modest improvements in systemic metabolism. Here we show that LMs do not undergo a proinflammatory phenotypic switch in obesity-induced insulin resistance in flies, mice and humans. Instead, we find that LMs produce non-inflammatory factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7), that directly regulate liver metabolism. IGFBP7 binds to the insulin receptor and induces lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis via activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling. We further show that IGFBP7 is subject to RNA editing at a higher frequency in insulin-resistant than in insulin-sensitive obese patients (90% versus 30%, respectively), resulting in an IGFBP7 isoform with potentially higher capacity to bind to the insulin receptor. Our study demonstrates that LMs can contribute to insulin resistance independently of their inflammatory status and indicates that non-inflammatory factors produced by macrophages might represent new drug targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Morgantini
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Jager
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Université Nice Côte d'Azur, INSERM U1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Physiopathology of Obesity, Nice, France
| | - Xidan Li
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Laura Levi
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valerio Azzimato
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - André Sulen
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emelie Barreby
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Connie Xu
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Michaela Tencerova
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, KMEB, University of Southern Denmark, Odense University Hospital and Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik Näslund
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chanchal Kumar
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Translational Sciences, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisco Verdeguer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Straniero
- Metabolism Unit C2:94, Department of Medicine, and Center for Innovative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjell Hultenby
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Claudia Kutter
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tracey Hurrell
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aleš Tomčala
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Krejčová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, and Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bajgar
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, and Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Myriam Aouadi
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Center (ICMC), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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The role of macrophages in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 16:145-159. [PMID: 30482910 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its inflammatory and often progressive subtype nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are becoming the leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality worldwide, and a primary indication for liver transplantation. The pathophysiology of NASH is multifactorial and not yet completely understood; however, innate immunity is a major contributing factor in which liver-resident macrophages (Kupffer cells) and recruited macrophages play a central part in disease progression. In this Review, we assess the evidence for macrophage involvement in the development of steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in NASH. In this process, not only the polarization of liver macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype is important, but adipose tissue macrophages, especially in the visceral compartment, also contribute to disease severity and insulin resistance. Macrophage activation is mediated by factors such as endotoxins and translocated bacteria owing to increased intestinal permeability, factors released from damaged or lipoapoptotic hepatocytes, as well as alterations in gut microbiota and defined nutritional components, including certain free fatty acids, cholesterol and their metabolites. Reflecting the important role of macrophages in NASH, we also review studies investigating drugs that target macrophage recruitment to the liver, macrophage polarization and their inflammatory effects as potential treatment options for patients with NASH.
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15
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Gong XW, Xu YJ, Yang QH, Liang YJ, Zhang YP, Wang GL, Li YY. Effect of Soothing Gan (Liver) and Invigorating Pi (Spleen) Recipes on TLR4-p38 MAPK Pathway in Kupffer Cells of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:216-224. [PMID: 29335857 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of inflflammatory-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway in Kupffer cells (KCs) of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) rats and the intervention effect of soothing Gan (Liver) and invigorating Pi (Spleen) recipes on this pathway. METHODS After 1 week of acclimatization, 120 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups using a random number table (n=15 per group): normal group, model group, low-dose Chaihu Shugan Powder (, CHSG) group (3.2 g/kg), high-dose CHSG group (9.6 g/kg), low-dose Shenling Baizhu Powder (, SLBZ) group (10 g/kg), high-dose SLBZ (30 g/kg) group, and low- and highdose integrated recipe (L-IR, H-IR) groups. All rats in the model and treatment groups were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). The treatments were administrated by gastrogavage once daily and lasted for 26 weeks. The liver tissues were detected with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and oil red O staining. Levels of liver lipids, serum lipids and transaminases were measured. KCs were isolated from the livers of rats to evaluate the mRNA expressions of TLR4 and p38 MAPK by real-time flfluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and proteins expressions of TLR4, p-p38 MAPK and p38 MAPK by Western blot. Levels of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 in KCs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS After 26 weeks of HFD feeding, HE and oil red O staining showed that the NASH model rats successfully reproduced typical pathogenesis and histopathological features. Compared with the normal group, the model group exhibited significant increases in body weight, liver weight, liver index, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase as well as TC and TG levels in liver tissues, and significant decrease in serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01), while those indices were significantly ameliorated in the H-IR group (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01). Higher levels of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in KCs were observed in the model group compared with the normal group (Plt;0.01). Significant decreases in TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 were observed in the H-SLBZ, H-IR and L-IR groups compared with the model group (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01). The mRNA expressions of TLR4 and p38 MAPK and protein expressions of TLR4, p38 MAPK and p-p38 MAPK in KCs in the model group were significantly higher than the normal group (Plt;0.01), while those expression levels in the L-IR and H-IR groups were significantly lower than the model group (Plt;0.05 or Plt;0.01). CONCLUSION Inflflammation in KCs might play an important role in the pathogenesis of NASH in rats. The data demonstrated the importance of TLR4-p38MAPK signaling pathway in KCs for the anti-inflflammatory effect of soothing Gan and invigorating Pi recipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wen Gong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yong-Jian Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Qin-He Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yin-Ji Liang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yu-Pei Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guan-Long Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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16
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Kristensen MD, Lund MT, Hansen M, Poulsen SS, Ploug T, Dela F, Helge JW, Prats C. Macrophage Area Content and Phenotype in Hepatic and Adipose Tissue in Patients with Obesity Undergoing Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1921-1931. [PMID: 28921894 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate hepatic and adipose tissue macrophage content in subjects with obesity and the role of adipose tissue macrophages in weight loss-induced improved insulin sensitivity (IS). METHODS A cross-sectional and a longitudinal study were combined to investigate the role of macrophages in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue and the liver in obesity-induced impaired IS and improvements with weight loss. Macrophage markers (CD68, CD163, and CD206) in SAT, VAT, and the liver from patients with obesity were investigated. The same macrophage markers were investigated in SAT from 18 patients with obesity before and ∼18 months after a diet- and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass-induced weight loss. RESULTS SAT macrophage markers did not decrease with weight loss, but macrophage concentration may have increased, concomitant with improved IS. Hepatic macrophage markers did not correlate to VAT mass or macrophage markers, but they were higher in patients with obesity compared with patients without obesity. Hepatic anti-inflammatory macrophage markers correlated positively with hepatic IS. VAT and SAT macrophage markers did not correlate. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that decreased SAT macrophage content is not a primary driver for weight loss-induced IS improvements, but a better hepatic CD163 and CD206 macrophage profile may contribute to improved glycemic control. SAT macrophage markers were not predictive for VAT macrophage markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne D Kristensen
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael T Lund
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Merethe Hansen
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen S Poulsen
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorkil Ploug
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Dela
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clara Prats
- Center of Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen (UCPH), Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Hsiao PJ, Chiou HYC, Jiang HJ, Lee MY, Hsieh TJ, Kuo KK. Pioglitazone Enhances Cytosolic Lipolysis, β-oxidation and Autophagy to Ameliorate Hepatic Steatosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9030. [PMID: 28831172 PMCID: PMC5567271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease closely contributes to the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Even though pioglitazone has been reported to effectively lessen hepatic steatosis in human studies, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study is designed to investigate the regulation of cytosolic lipolysis, β-oxidation and autophagy by pioglitazone in a mice model of high fat diet (HFD) and cell model incubated with palmitic acid. Our results revealed hepatic steatosis was apparently induced by HFD and it was significantly reversed by pioglitazone. The serum insulin and hepatic triglyceride content was significantly decreased by co-administered pioglitazone with HFD. Hepatic expression of cytosolic-lipolysis related proteins (ATGL, HSL), β-oxidation (CPT-1A) and autophagy-related proteins (ATG7, LC3, LAL) was significantly enhanced by pioglitazone. Knockdown PPARα/PPARγ in AML12 cells significantly and proportionally reduced the expressions of ATGL, CPT-1A and LC3II, which was induced by pioglitazone. Furthermore, facilitation of the autophagic flux by pioglitazone was obviously blocked by lysosomal inhibitor, leupeptin, to demonstrate accumulation of the LC3II and intracellular lipid in AML12 cells. Our results demonstrated that pioglitazone attenuating the hepatic steatosis may be mediated by enhancing cytosolic lipolysis, β-oxidation and autophagy in a PPARα and PPARγ dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi-Jung Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Clair Chiou
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - He-Jiun Jiang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yueh Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Tusty-Jiuan Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
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18
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Kang YM, Kim F, Lee WJ. Role of NO/VASP Signaling Pathway against Obesity-Related Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes Metab J 2017; 41:89-95. [PMID: 28447436 PMCID: PMC5409001 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2017.41.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has quickly become a worldwide pandemic, causing major adverse health outcomes such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and cancers. Obesity-induced insulin resistance is the key for developing these metabolic disorders, and investigation to understand the molecular mechanisms involved has been vibrant for the past few decades. Of these, low-grade chronic inflammation is suggested as a critical concept in the development of obesity-induced insulin resistance, and the anti-inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO) signaling has been reported to be linked to improvement of insulin resistance in multiple organs involved in glucose metabolism. Recently, a body of evidence suggested that vasodilatory-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), a downstream mediator of NO signaling plays a crucial role in the anti-inflammatory effect and improvement of peripheral insulin resistance. These preclinical studies suggest that NO/VASP signaling could be an ideal therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction. In this review, we introduce studies that investigated the protective role of NO/VASP signaling against obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mi Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Francis Kim
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Woo Je Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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19
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Jager J, Aparicio-Vergara M, Aouadi M. Liver innate immune cells and insulin resistance: the multiple facets of Kupffer cells. J Intern Med 2016; 280:209-20. [PMID: 26864622 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, which affects 600 million adults worldwide, is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and insulin resistance. Current therapies for these metabolic disorders include weight management by lifestyle intervention or bariatric surgery and pharmacological treatment with the aim of regulating blood glucose. Probably because of their short-term effectiveness, these therapies have not been able to stop the rapidly rising prevalence of T2D over the past decades, highlighting an urgent need to develop new therapeutic strategies. The role of immune cells, such as macrophages, in insulin resistance has been extensively studied. Major advances have been made to elucidate the role of adipose tissue macrophages in these pathogeneses. Recently, anti-inflammatory drugs have been suggested as an alternative treatment for T2D, and clinical trials of these agents are currently ongoing. In addition, results of previous clinical trials using antibodies against inflammatory cytokines, which showed modest effects, are now being rigorously re-evaluated. However, it is still unclear how liver macrophages [termed Kupffer cells (KCs)], which constitute the major source of macrophages in the body, contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In this review, we will discuss the present understanding of the role of liver immune cells in the development of insulin resistance. We will particularly focus on KCs, which could represent an attractive target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jager
- Department of Medicine, KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-84, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Aparicio-Vergara
- Department of Medicine, KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-84, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Aouadi
- Department of Medicine, KI/AZ Integrated CardioMetabolic Center, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, C2-84, S-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Nati M, Haddad D, Birkenfeld AL, Koch CA, Chavakis T, Chatzigeorgiou A. The role of immune cells in metabolism-related liver inflammation and development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:29-39. [PMID: 26847547 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The low grade inflammatory state present in obesity promotes the progression of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). In Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), augmented hepatic steatosis is accompanied by aberrant intrahepatic inflammation and exacerbated hepatocellular injury. NASH is an important disorder and can lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and even neoplasia. The pathology of NASH involves a complex network of mechanisms, including increased infiltration of different subsets of immune cells, such as monocytes, T-lymphocytes and neutrophils, to the liver, as well as activation and in situ expansion of liver resident cells such as Kupffer cells or stellate cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances regarding understanding the role of the various cells of the innate and adaptive immunity in NASH development and progression, and discuss possible future therapeutic options and tools to interfere with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Nati
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, MTZ, Fiedlerstrasse 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Haddad
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, MTZ, Fiedlerstrasse 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Section of Metabolic Vascular Medicine, Medical Clinic III, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christian A Koch
- Division of Endocrinology, Endocrine Tumor Program, Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, MTZ, Fiedlerstrasse 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, MTZ, Fiedlerstrasse 42, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Effects of Soothing Liver and Invigorating Spleen Recipes on the IKKβ-NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Kupffer Cells of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:687690. [PMID: 26504479 PMCID: PMC4609424 DOI: 10.1155/2015/687690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes on steatohepatitis examining the IKKβ-NF-κB signaling pathway in KCs of NASH rats. SD male rats were randomly divided into 8 groups, and the NASH model was induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). After 26 weeks, liver tissue was examined in H&E stained sections and liver function was monitored biochemically. KCs were isolated by Seglen's method, with some modifications. The mRNA and protein expression of the IKKβ-NF-κB signaling pathway components was examined by quantitative PCR and Western blotting. The results show that the high-fat diet induced NASH in the rats, and the soothing liver recipe and invigorating spleen recipe decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 in KCs, as well as inhibiting the mRNA and protein expression of the IKKβ-NF-κB signaling pathway components. In conclusion, the experiment indicated the importance of the IKKβ-NF-κB signaling pathway in KCs for the anti-inflammatory effects of the soothing liver and invigorating spleen recipes.
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22
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Subtoxic Concentrations of Hepatotoxic Drugs Lead to Kupffer Cell Activation in a Human In Vitro Liver Model: An Approach to Study DILI. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:640631. [PMID: 26491234 PMCID: PMC4600928 DOI: 10.1155/2015/640631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) is an idiosyncratic adverse drug reaction leading to severe liver damage. Kupffer cells (KC) sense hepatic tissue stress/damage and therefore could be a tool for the estimation of consequent effects associated with DILI. Aim of the present study was to establish a human in vitro liver model for the investigation of immune-mediated signaling in the pathogenesis of DILI. Hepatocytes and KC were isolated from human liver specimens. The isolated KC yield was 1.2 ± 0.9 × 106 cells/g liver tissue with a purity of >80%. KC activation was investigated by the measurement of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI, DCF assay) and cell activity (XTT assay). The initial KC activation levels showed broad donor variability. Additional activation of KC using supernatants of hepatocytes treated with hepatotoxic drugs increased KC activity and led to donor-dependent changes in the formation of ROI compared to KC incubated with supernatants from untreated hepatocytes. Additionally, a compound- and donor-dependent increase in proinflammatory cytokines or in anti-inflammatory cytokines was detected. In conclusion, KC related immune signaling in hepatotoxicity was successfully determined in a newly established in vitro liver model. KC were able to detect hepatocyte stress/damage and to transmit a donor- and compound-dependent immune response via cytokine production.
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23
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Morinaga H, Mayoral R, Heinrichsdorff J, Osborn O, Franck N, Hah N, Walenta E, Bandyopadhyay G, Pessentheiner AR, Chi TJ, Chung H, Bogner-Strauss JG, Evans RM, Olefsky JM, Oh DY. Characterization of distinct subpopulations of hepatic macrophages in HFD/obese mice. Diabetes 2015; 64:1120-30. [PMID: 25315009 PMCID: PMC4375077 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current dogma is that obesity-associated hepatic inflammation is due to increased Kupffer cell (KC) activation. However, recruited hepatic macrophages (RHMs) were recently shown to represent a sizable liver macrophage population in the context of obesity. Therefore, we assessed whether KCs and RHMs, or both, represent the major liver inflammatory cell type in obesity. We used a combination of in vivo macrophage tracking methodologies and adoptive transfer techniques in which KCs and RHMs are differentially labeled with fluorescent markers. With these approaches, the inflammatory phenotype of these distinct macrophage populations was determined under lean and obese conditions. In vivo macrophage tracking revealed an approximately sixfold higher number of RHMs in obese mice than in lean mice, whereas the number of KCs was comparable. In addition, RHMs comprised smaller size and immature, monocyte-derived cells compared with KCs. Furthermore, RHMs from obese mice were more inflamed and expressed higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 than RHMs from lean mice. A comparison of the MCP-1/C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) chemokine system between the two cell types showed that the ligand (MCP-1) is more highly expressed in KCs than in RHMs, whereas CCR2 expression is approximately fivefold greater in RHMs. We conclude that KCs can participate in obesity-induced inflammation by causing the recruitment of RHMs, which are distinct from KCs and are not precursors to KCs. These RHMs then enhance the severity of obesity-induced inflammation and hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Morinaga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rafael Mayoral
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA Networked Biomedical Research Center on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jan Heinrichsdorff
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Olivia Osborn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Niclas Franck
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nasun Hah
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Evelyn Walenta
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gautam Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ariane R Pessentheiner
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Tyler J Chi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Heekyung Chung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Da Young Oh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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24
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Gruben N, Funke A, Kloosterhuis NJ, Schreurs M, Sheedfar F, Havinga R, Houten SM, Shiri-Sverdlov R, van de Sluis B, Kuivenhoven JA, Koonen DPY, Hofker MH. Cholesterol-induced hepatic inflammation does not underlie the predisposition to insulin resistance in dyslipidemic female LDL receptor knockout mice. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:956854. [PMID: 25815343 PMCID: PMC4359820 DOI: 10.1155/2015/956854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is considered a causal risk factor predisposing to insulin resistance. However, evidence is accumulating that inflammation confined to the liver may not be causal to metabolic dysfunction. To investigate this, we assessed if hepatic inflammation explains the predisposition towards insulin resistance in low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (Ldlr (-/-)) mice. For this, wild type (WT) and Ldlr (-/-) mice were fed a chow diet, a high fat (HF) diet, or a high fat, high cholesterol (HFC) diet for 2 weeks. Plasma lipid levels were elevated in chow-fed Ldlr (-/-) mice compared to WT mice. Although short-term HF or HFC feeding did not result in body weight gain and adipose tissue inflammation, dyslipidemia was worsened in Ldlr (-/-) mice compared to WT mice. In addition, dyslipidemic HF-fed Ldlr (-/-) mice had a higher hepatic glucose production rate than HF-fed WT mice, while peripheral insulin resistance was unaffected. This suggests that HF-fed Ldlr (-/-) mice suffered from hepatic insulin resistance. While HFC-fed Ldlr (-/-) mice displayed the anticipated increased hepatic inflammation, this did neither exacerbate systemic nor hepatic insulin resistance. Therefore, our results show that hepatic insulin resistance is unrelated to cholesterol-induced hepatic inflammation in Ldlr (-/-) mice, indicating that hepatic inflammation may not contribute to metabolic dysfunction per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Gruben
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Funke
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Niels J. Kloosterhuis
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke Schreurs
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Fareeba Sheedfar
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rick Havinga
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sander M. Houten
- Academic Medical Center, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Debby P. Y. Koonen
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
- *Debby P. Y. Koonen:
| | - Marten H. Hofker
- Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Netherlands
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Gruben N, Shiri-Sverdlov R, Koonen DPY, Hofker MH. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A main driver of insulin resistance or a dangerous liaison? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2329-2343. [PMID: 25128743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the key components of the metabolic syndrome and it eventually leads to the development of type 2 diabetes, making it one of the biggest medical problems of modern society. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are tightly associated with insulin resistance. While it is fairly clear that insulin resistance causes hepatic steatosis, it is not known if NAFLD causes insulin resistance. Hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation are believed to be the main drivers of hepatic insulin resistance in NAFLD. Here we give an overview of the evidence linking hepatic lipid accumulation to the development of insulin resistance, including the accumulation of triacylglycerol and lipid metabolites, such as diacylglycerol and ceramides. In particular, we discuss the role of obesity in this relation by reviewing the current evidence in terms of the reported changes in body weight and/or adipose tissue mass. We further discuss whether the activation or inhibition of inflammatory pathways, Kupffer cells and other immune cells influences the development of insulin resistance. We show that, in contrast to what is commonly believed, neither hepatic steatosis nor hepatic inflammation is sufficient to cause insulin resistance. Many studies show that obesity cannot be ignored as an underlying factor in this relationship and NAFLD is therefore less likely to be one of the main drivers of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanda Gruben
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Maastricht University, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Debby P Y Koonen
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marten H Hofker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Johnston-Cox H, Eisenstein AS, Koupenova M, Carroll S, Ravid K. The macrophage A2B adenosine receptor regulates tissue insulin sensitivity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98775. [PMID: 24892847 PMCID: PMC4043770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High fat diet (HFD)-induced type 2 diabetes continues to be an epidemic with significant risk for various pathologies. Previously, we identified the A2b adenosine receptor (A2bAR), an established regulator of inflammation, as a regulator of HFD-induced insulin resistance. In particular, HFD was associated with vast upregulation of liver A2bAR in control mice, and while mice lacking this receptor showed augmented liver inflammation and tissue insulin resistance. As the A2bAR is expressed in different tissues, here, we provide the first lead to cellular mechanism by demonstrating that the receptor's influence on tissue insulin sensitivity is mediated via its expression in macrophages. This was shown using a newly generated transgenic mouse model expressing the A2bAR gene in the macrophage lineage on an otherwise A2bAR null background. Reinstatement of macrophage A2bAR expression in A2bAR null mice fed HFD restored insulin tolerance and tissue insulin signaling to the level of control mice. The molecular mechanism for this effect involves A2bAR-mediated changes in cyclic adenosine monophosphate in macrophages, reducing the expression and release of inflammatory cytokines, which downregulate insulin receptor-2. Thus, our results illustrate that macrophage A2bAR signaling is needed and sufficient for relaying the protective effect of the A2bAR against HFD-induced tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary Johnston-Cox
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Eisenstein
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Milka Koupenova
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shannon Carroll
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katya Ravid
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Evans Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peres GB, Juliano MA, Aguiar JAK, Michelacci YM. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus affects lysosomal enzymes in rat liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:452-60. [PMID: 24820066 PMCID: PMC4086171 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It has been previously shown that dextran sulfate administered to diabetic rats
accumulates in the liver and kidney, and this could be due to a malfunction of the
lysosomal digestive pathway. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
expression and activities of lysosomal enzymes that act upon proteins and sulfated
polysaccharides in the livers of diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by
streptozotocin in 26 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old), while 26 age-matched controls
received only vehicle. The livers were removed on either the 10th or the
30th day of the disease, weighed, and used to evaluate the activity,
expression, and localization of lysosomal enzymes. A 50-60% decrease in the specific
activities of cysteine proteases, especially cathepsin B, was observed in
streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Expression (mRNA) of cathepsins B and L was
also decreased on the 10th, but not on the 30th day. Sulfatase
decreased 30% on the 30th day, while glycosidases did not vary (or
presented a transitory and slight decrease). There were no apparent changes in liver
morphology, and immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of cathepsin B in
hepatocyte granules. The decrease in sulfatase could be responsible for the dextran
sulfate build-up in the diabetic liver, since the action of sulfatase precedes
glycosidases in the digestive pathway of sulfated polysaccharides. Our findings
suggest that the decreased activities of cathepsins resulted from decreased
expression of their genes, and not from general lysosomal failure, because the levels
of glycosidases were normal in the diabetic liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Peres
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - M A Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J A K Aguiar
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Y M Michelacci
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Sica A, Invernizzi P, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization in liver homeostasis and pathology. Hepatology 2014; 59:2034-42. [PMID: 24115204 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resident and recruited macrophages are key players in the homeostatic function of the liver and in its response to tissue damage. In response to environmental signals, macrophages undergo polarized activation to M1 or M2 or M2-like activation states. These are extremes of a spectrum in a universe of activation states. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the polarized activation of mononuclear phagocytes. Resident and recruited macrophages are a key component of diverse homeostatic and pathological responses of hepatic tissue. Polarized macrophages interact with hepatic progenitor cells, integrate metabolic adaptation, mediate responses to infectious agents, orchestrate fibrosis in a yin-yang interaction with hepatic stellate cells, and are a key component of tumor-promoting inflammation. CONCLUSION A better understanding of macrophage diversity and plasticity in liver homeostasis and pathology may pave the way to innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sica
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy; DiSCAFF, University of Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Novara, Italy
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Kupffer Cells in Health and Disease. MACROPHAGES: BIOLOGY AND ROLE IN THE PATHOLOGY OF DISEASES 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121975 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1311-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Kupffer cells (KC), the resident macrophages of the liver, represent the largest population of mononuclear phagocytes in the body. Phenotypic, developmental, and functional aspects of these cells in steady state and in different diseases are the focus of this review. Recently it has become evident that KC precursors seed the liver already early in fetal development, and the population can be maintained independently from circulating monocytes. However, inflammatory conditions allow rapid differentiation of monocytes into mature cells that are indistinguishable from genuine KC. KC are located in the lumen of sinusoids that receive blood both from the portal vein, carrying nutrients and microbial products from the gut, and from the hepatic artery. This positions KC ideally for their prime function, namely surveillance and clearance of the circulation. As such, they are important in iron recycling by phagocytosing effete erythrocytes, for instance. The immunophenotype of KC, characterized by a wide variety of endocytic receptors, is indicative of this scavenger function. In maintaining homeostasis, KC have an ambivalent response to exogenous triggers. On the one hand, their surveillance function requires alert responses to potentially hazardous substances. On the other hand, continuous exposure of the cells to the trigger-rich content of blood originating from the gut dampens their responsiveness to further stimuli. This ambivalence is also reflected in their diverse roles in disease pathogenesis. For the latter, we sketch the contribution of KC by giving examples of their role in metabolic disease, infections, and liver injury.
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Abstract
Kupffer cells are a critical component of the mononuclear phagocytic system and are central to both the hepatic and systemic response to pathogens. Kupffer cells are reemerging as critical mediators of both liver injury and repair. Kupffer cells exhibit a tremendous plasticity; depending on the local metabolic and immune environment, then can express a range of polarized phenotypes, from the proinflammatory M1 phenotype to the alternative/M2 phenotype. Multiple M2 phenotypes can be distinguished, each involved in the resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Here, we have provided an update on recent research that has contributed to the developing delineation of the contribution of Kupffer cells to different types of liver injury, with an emphasis on alcoholic and nonalcoholic liver diseases. These recent advances in our understanding of Kupffer cell function and regulation will likely provide new insights into the potential for therapeutic manipulation of Kupffer cells to promote the resolution of inflammation and enhance wound healing in liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Dixon
- Liver Disease Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Despite skeletal muscle being considered by many as the source of insulin resistance, physiology tells us that the liver is a central and cardinal regulator of glucose homeostasis. This is sometimes underestimated because, in contrast with muscle, investigations of liver function are technically very difficult. Nevertheless, recent experimental and clinical research has demonstrated clearly that, due in part to its anatomic position, the liver is exquisitely sensitive to insulin and other hormonal and neural factors, either by direct intrahepatic mechanisms or indirectly by organ cross-talk with muscle or adipose tissue. Because the liver receives absorbed nutrients, these have a direct impact on liver function, whether via a caloric excess or via the nature of food components (eg, fructose, many lipids, and trans fatty acids). An emerging observation with a possibly great future is the increase in intestinal permeability observed as a consequence of high fat intake or bacterial modifications in microbiota, whereby substances normally not crossing the gut gain access to the liver, where inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid accumulation leads to fatty liver, a situation observed very early in the development of diabetes. The visceral adipose tissue located nearby is another main source of inflammatory substances and oxidative stress, and also acts on hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, resulting in stimulation of macrophages. Liberation of these substances, in particular triglycerides and inflammation factors, into the circulation leads to ectopic fat deposition and vascular damage. Therefore, the liver is directly involved in the development of the prediabetic cardiometabolic syndrome. Treatments are mainly metformin, and possibly statins and vitamin D. A very promising avenue is treatment of the leaky gut, which appears increasingly to be an important causal factor in hepatic insulin resistance and steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wiernsperger
- INSERM French Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1060, National Institute of Applied Sciences, Lyon, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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Zeng WQ, Zhang JQ, Li Y, Yang K, Chen YP, Liu ZJ. A new method to isolate and culture rat kupffer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70832. [PMID: 23967115 PMCID: PMC3743898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous methods for Kupffer cells (KCs) isolation require sophisticated skills and tedious procedures. Few studies have attempted to explore the self-renewal capacity of KCs in vitro. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish a simple method for rat KCs isolation and further investigate the mitotic potential of KCs in vitro. METHODS KCs were obtained by performing one-step perfusion, enzymatic tissue treatment, differential centrifugation and selective adherence. The proliferation ability of cultured KCs was determined by MTT assay and Propidium Iodide FACS analysis. Phagocytic assay and ED-1, ED-2 immunofluorescence were used to identify cell phenotype. After stimulation with LPS, the expression of surface antigens (MHCII, CD40, CD80, and CD86) and the production of cytokines (NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10) were measured for cell function identification. RESULTS KCs were isolated with certain numbers and reasonable purities. The KCs were able to survive until at least passage 5 (P5), and at P3 showed equally strong phagocytic activity as primary KCs (P0). After stimulation with LPS, the change in the expression of surface antigens and the production of cytokines for P3 cells was similar to that for P0 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a simple and efficient method for KCs isolation, and reveals that self-renewing KCs have the same phagocytic activity and functions as primary KCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-qun Zeng
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-qin Zhang
- Anesthesia Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kang Yang
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-pei Chen
- Anesthesia Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuo-Jin Liu
- Hepatobiliary Surgery Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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Welch-White V, Dawkins N, Graham T, Pace R. The impact of high fat diets on physiological changes in euthyroid and thyroid altered rats. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:100. [PMID: 23849139 PMCID: PMC3733864 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of adverse health with high fat intake has long been recognized. However, the lack of research focusing on the interrelationship of thyroid and liver function, and the pathogenesis of a high fat diet leaves these topics poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the physiological changes in euthyroid and thyroid altered animal model fed saturated and unsaturated high fat diets. To achieve this objective adult male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 100) were fed one of five diets; a control or one of four test diets containing 25% saturated or unsaturated, and 37% saturated or unsaturated fats for a period of eight weeks. Each experimental group consisted of ten euthyroid and ten thyroid altered animals. An altered thyroid state was chemically induced with the addition of 0.05% propylthiouracil (PTU) in the drinking water. Euthyroid animals fed high fat diets increased in body weights and body lengths, compared to thyroid altered animals (P < 0.05). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparte aminotransferase (AST) levels increased across all experimental groups. HbA1C values and urinary glucose values were within normal range for all animals. Liver morphology showed increased hepatic stellate (ito) and vacuole cells in thyroid altered animals. These findings suggest that altered thyroid status negatively impacts growth and weight gain, and simultaneously affected lipid metabolism, resulting in abnormal liver morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venus Welch-White
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Tuskegee University, 204 Campbell Hall, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
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The immune system as a sensor of the metabolic state. Immunity 2013; 38:644-54. [PMID: 23601683 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammals possess a remarkable ability to maintain and defend a constant internal milieu against diverse environmental threats. Unsurprisingly, the two systems tasked with these duties, metabolism and immunity, have evolved to share a common modular architecture that allows extensive bidirectional communication and coordination. Indeed, recent observations have highlighted numerous functionally critical immune regulatory modules located within diverse metabolic circuits. In this review, we discuss the architectural commonality between immunity and metabolism and highlight how these two primordially disparate systems leverage shared regulatory axes to coordinate metabolic physiology under conditions of normality and chronic overnutrition. Such an integrated perspective both advances our understanding of basic physiology and highlights potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention in metabolic dysfunction.
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Al-Okbi SY, Mohamed DA, Hamed TE, Edris AE. Potential protective effect ofNigella sativacrude oils towards fatty liver in rats. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Y. Al-Okbi
- Food Sciences and Nutrition Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doha A. Mohamed
- Food Sciences and Nutrition Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Thanaa E. Hamed
- Food Sciences and Nutrition Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr E. Edris
- Aroma & Flavor Chemistry Department; Food Industries & Nutrition Division; National Research Centre; Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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