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Sengül GF, Mishra R, Candiello E, Schu P. Hsc70 phosphorylation patterns and calmodulin regulate AP2 Clathrin-Coated-Vesicle life span for cell adhesion protein transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119611. [PMID: 37926156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
AP2 forms AP2 CCV with clathrin and over 60 additional coat proteins. Due to this complexity, we have a limited understanding of CCV life cycle regulation. Synapses contain canonical AP2 CCV, canCCV, and more stable, thereby longer lived, AP2 CCV. The more stable AP2 CCV can be distinguished from canCCV due to the stable binding of Hsc70 to clathrin. The AP1/σ1B complex knockout leads to impaired synaptic vesicle recycling and altered endosomal protein sorting. This causes as a secondary phenotype the twofold upregulation of endocytosis by canCCV and by more stable AP2 CCV. These stable CCV are more stabilized than their wt counterpart, hence stCCV. They have less of the uncoating proteins synaptojanin1 and Hsc70, and more of the coat stabilizing AAK1. Hsc70 clathrin dissociation activity is regulated by complex phosphorylation patterns. Two major groups of hyper- and of hypo-phosphorylated Hsc70 proteins are formed. The latter are enriched in wt stable CCV and stabilized stCCV. Hsc70 T265 phosphorylation regulates binding of CaM/Ca2+. CaM/Ca2+ binding to the T265 domain blocks Hsc70 homodimerization and its concentration in stCCV required for clathrin disassembly. Kinases DYRK1A and CaMK-IIδ can phosphorylate T265 preventing CaM/Ca2+ binding. Their and the levels of STK38L and STK39/Cab39, which are able to phosphorylate additional Hsc70 residues are reduced in stCCV. The stCCV pathway sorts specifically the cell adhesion proteins CHL1 and Neurocan, supporting our model of that the stCCV pathway fulfills specific functions in synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Sengül
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Ankara Medipol University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Turkey
| | - R Mishra
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Dept. of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
| | - E Candiello
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; University of Turin, Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Torino, Italy
| | - P Schu
- Georg-August-University Göttingen, University Medical Center, Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Bajracharya L, Lall M, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Kumar P, Mushtaq I, Saviour P, Paliwal P, Joshi A, Agarwal S, Suman P. A Rare Case of Mosaic 3pter and 5pter Deletion-Duplication with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Dyskinesia. Case Rep Genet 2023; 2023:7974886. [PMID: 37876589 PMCID: PMC10593553 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7974886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is evidence that neurodevelopmental disorders are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. Current genetic testing can clinch an exact diagnosis in 20-25% of such cases. Case Description. A 3 years and 11 months old boy with global developmental delay had repetitive behaviors and hyperkinetic movements. He was stunted and underweight. He had ataxia, limb dyskinesia, triangular face, microcephaly, upward slanting palpebral fissure, hypertelorism, retrognathia, posteriorly rotated ears, long philtrum, thin lips, broad nasal tip, polydactyly, tappering fingers, and decreased tone in the upper and lower limbs with normal deep tendon reflexes. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, ultrasound of the abdomen, and ophthalmological evaluation were normal. Brain evoked response auditory revealed bilateral moderate hearing loss. He fulfilled the Diagnostic Statistical Manual 5 criteria for autism. In the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, his score indicated a severe delay in social functioning. His genetic evaluation included karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). The karyotype report from high-resolution lymphocyte cultures was mos 46, XY, der(3)t(3; 5)(p26; p15.3)[50]/46, XY,der(5) t(3;5) (p26;p15.3)[50].ish. His karyotype report showed a very rare and abnormal mosaic pattern with two cell lines (50% each). Cell-line#1: 3pter deletion with 5pter duplication (3pter-/5pter+) and cell-line#2: 3pter duplication with 5pter deletion (3pter+/5pter-) derived from a de novo reciprocal translocation t(3; 5)(p26; p15.3) which was confirmed by FISH. The chromosomal microarray analysis report was normal. The two cell lines (50% each) seem to have balanced out at the whole genome level. Occupational, sensory integration, and behavior modification therapy were initiated for his autistic features, and anticholinergic trihexiphenidyl was prescribed for hyperkinetic movements. Conclusion This case highlights a rare genetic finding and the need for timely genetic testing in a child with dysmorphism and autism with movement disorder to enable appropriate management and genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Bajracharya
- Department of Pediatrics, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Meena Lall
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunita Bijarnia-Mahay
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Imran Mushtaq
- Child Developmental Clinic, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pushpa Saviour
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Paliwal
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Anju Joshi
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Agarwal
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen Suman
- Child Developmental Clinic, Institute of Child Health, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Loers G, Theis T, Baixia Hao H, Kleene R, Arsha S, Samuel N, Arsha N, Young W, Schachner M. Interplay in neural functions of cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) and Programmed Cell Death 6 (PDCD6). FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:43-59. [PMID: 35024572 PMCID: PMC8728108 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Close homolog of L1 (CHL1) is a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It promotes neuritogenesis and survival of neurons in vitro. In vivo, CHL1 promotes nervous system development, regeneration after trauma, and synaptic function and plasticity. We identified programmed cell death 6 (PDCD6) as a novel binding partner of the CHL1 intracellular domain (CHL1-ICD). Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assay with CHL1-ICD, and proximity ligation in cerebellum and pons of 3-day-old and 6-month-old mice, as well as in cultured cerebellar granule neurons and cortical astrocytes indicate an association between PDCD6 and CHL1. The Ca2+-chelator BAPTA-AM inhibited the association between CHL1 and PDCD6. The treatment of cerebellar granule neurons with a cell-penetrating peptide comprising the cell surface proximal 30 N-terminal amino acids of CHL1-ICD inhibited the association between CHL1 and PDCD6 and PDCD6- and CHL1-triggered neuronal survival. These results suggest that PDCD6 contributes to CHL1 functions in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare NeurobiologieUniversitätsklinikum Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Thomas Theis
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Helen Baixia Hao
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare NeurobiologieUniversitätsklinikum Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Sanjana Arsha
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Nina Samuel
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Neha Arsha
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Wise Young
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and NeuroscienceRutgers UniversityPiscatawayNJUSA
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Martin-de Saro M, Compean Z, Aguilar K, González-Huerta LM, Plaza-Benhumea L, Messina-Baas O, Cuevas-Covarrubiass SA. Partial Trisomy 13q/Monosomy 3p Resulting from a Paternal Reciprocal 3p;13q Translocation in a Boy with Facial Dysmorphism and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Mol Syndromol 2021; 12:305-311. [PMID: 34602958 DOI: 10.1159/000516058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with 3p deletion show a great clinical variability. Apparently, a 1.5-Mb terminal deletion, including the CRBN and CNTN4 genes, is sufficient to cause this syndrome. Partial trisomy 13q is a rare chromosomal abnormality with a variable phenotypic expression, but in most cases, patients have a phenotype resembling complete trisomy 13. The aim of the present study is to describe a 9-month-old Mexican male patient with 3p deletion/13q duplication and a novel clinical finding. He presented with facial dysmorphism and multiple congenital alterations. Echocardiogram revealed cardiac insufficiency with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and pulmonary hypertension, not previously reported. Karyotype from the patient and his father were 46,XY,add(3)(p26) and 46,XY,t(3;13), respectively. Microarray assay of the proband exhibited an approximately 2.6-Mb loss at terminal 3p26.3 and a 27.7-Mb gain of the long arm in terminal chromosome 13 at q31.1q34. A chromosomal imbalance with a partial trisomy 13q31.1q34 and monosomy 3p26.3 of paternal origin were detected. Microarray assay of both parents were normal. The proband has a cardiomyopathy not previously reported. These data enrich the spectrum of clinical manifestations in 3p deletion/3q duplication chromosomopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zyndia Compean
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Materno Infantil ISSEMyM, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Karina Aguilar
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Materno Infantil ISSEMyM, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | | | - Olga Messina-Baas
- Hospital General de Mexico, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zhang J, Qiu W, Hu F, Zhang X, Deng Y, Nie H, Xu R. The rs2619566, rs10260404, and rs79609816 Polymorphisms Are Associated With Sporadic Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Individuals of Han Ancestry From Mainland China. Front Genet 2021; 12:679204. [PMID: 34421992 PMCID: PMC8378233 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.679204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) remains unknown; however, recent research suggests that genetic factors may play an important role. This study aimed at investigating possible genetic risk factors for the pathogenesis of sALS. In our previous study, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 250 sALS patients and 250 control participants of Han ancestry from mainland China (HACM) and retrospectively analyzed the previously reported candidate loci related with sALS including our GWAS investigated results. In this study, twenty-seven candidate loci that were most likely associated with sALS were selected for further analysis in an independent case/control population of 239 sALS patients and 261 control subjects of HACM ethnicity using sequenom massARRAY methodology and DNA sequencing. We discovered that the polymorphism rs2619566 located within the contactin-4 (CNTN4) gene, rs10260404 in the dipeptidyl-peptidase 6 (DPP6) gene, and rs79609816 in the inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase B (INPP5B) gene were strongly associated with sALS in subjects of HACM ethnicity. Subjects harboring the minor C allele of rs2619566 and the minor T allele of rs79609816 exhibited an increased risk for sALS development, while carriers of the minor C allele of rs10260404 showed a decreased risk of sALS development compared to the subjects of other genotypes. The polymorphisms of rs2619566, rs10260404, and rs79609816 may change or affect the splicing, transcription, and translation of CNTN4, DPP6, and INPP5B genes and may play roles in the pathogenesis of sALS roles in the pathogenesis of sALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weiwen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Youqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hongbing Nie
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanchang University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China
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6
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Tsuboyama M, Iqbal MA. CHL1 deletion is associated with cognitive and language disabilities - Case report and review of literature. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1725. [PMID: 34056867 PMCID: PMC8372067 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a small, but growing number of reports of pediatric patients with terminal deletions at 3p26.3 involving only the cell adhesion molecule L1‐like (CHL1) gene that has been found to have language delays and intellectual disability. Here we report a one month of age patient who developed seizures and tone abnormalities, with persistent and prominent gross and fine motor delays. The patient has microcephaly and deficits in language and cognitive delays, similar to what has been seen in previous case reports. Methods Chromosome and microarray comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis was performed to identify clinically significant copy number variants (CNVs). In addition, Fluorescent in‐situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to confirm the aCGH findings. Results Chromosome analysis revealed an apparently normal (46,XX) female karyotype. Microarray CGH analysis revealed a 639 kb loss at 3p26.3 from 62199 to 701052 base pairs encompassing the whole CHL1 gene that was confirmed by FISH. Parental follow‐up revealed the deletion as maternal in origin. Conclusion This case report adds to the limited body of literature that exists on this terminal deletion at 3p26.3 that involves CHL1 gene, and supports prior proposals of an emerging CHL1 microdeletion syndrome that results in language and cognitive delays. Further studies are needed to understand the degree of phenotypic heterogeneity associated with CHL1 gene deletion and whether the size of the deletion or presence of additional copy number variants (CNVs) which were seen in other case reports help predict the expected phenotype for a patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tsuboyama
- Department of Neurology, Division of Child Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mohammed Anwar Iqbal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Cytogenetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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7
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Martins M, Arantes R, Botelho P, Souto M, Moutinho O, Pinto Leite R. Familiar del3p syndrome: The uncertainty of the prognosis. A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:2365-2368. [PMID: 33936696 PMCID: PMC8077371 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3p deletion syndrome is an unusual condition. The few cases described are mainly de novo. We described a familial case detected in a prenatal diagnosis. Three members of the family had the 3p26.3-p26.1 deletion; however, only the son presented clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Martins
- Genetic ConsultationCentro Hospitalar de Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
| | - Regina Arantes
- Genetics LaboratoryCentro Hospitalar de Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro‐environmental and Biological SciencesUniversity of Trás‐os‐Montes and Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
| | - Pedro Botelho
- Genetics LaboratoryCentro Hospitalar de Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
| | - Marta Souto
- Genetics LaboratoryCentro Hospitalar de Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
| | - Osvaldo Moutinho
- Maternal and Child DepartmentCentro Hospitalar de Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
| | - Rosário Pinto Leite
- Genetics LaboratoryCentro Hospitalar de Trás‐os‐Montes e Alto DouroVila RealPortugal
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics GroupThe IPO‐Porto Research CentrePortoPortugal
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8
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Fetal Cystic Hygroma Associated with Terminal 2p25.1 Duplication and Terminal 3p25.3 Deletion: Cytogenetic, Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization and Microarray Familial Characterization of Two Different Chromosomal Structural Rearrangements. Balkan J Med Genet 2021; 23:79-86. [PMID: 33816076 PMCID: PMC8009571 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a prenatally diagnosed case of partial trisomy 2p and partial monosomy 3p, resulting from unbalanced translocation (2;3)(p25.1;p25.3) of paternal origin. Parents were non consanguineous Caucasians, with familial history of recurrent miscarriages on the father’s side. Detailed sonographic examination of the fetus showed a septated cystic hygroma measuring 6 mm at 13 weeks’ gestation. Karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of cultured amniotic fluid cells revealed an unbalanced translocation der(3)t(2;3)(p25.1; p25.3) and apparently balanced inv(3)(p13p25.3) in a fetus. Parental cytogenetic evaluation using karyotyping and FISH analysis showed the presence of both a balanced translocation and a paracentric inversion in father t(2;3) (p25.1;p25.3) inv(3)(p13p25.3). Microarray analysis showed a 11.6 Mb deletion at 3p26.3-p25.3 and duplication of 10.5 Mb at the 2p25.3-p25 region. The duplicated region at 2p25.1p25.3 contains 45 different genes, where 12 are reported as OMIM morbid genes with different phenotypical implications. The deleted region at 3p26.3-p25.3 contains 65 genes, out of which 27 are OMIM genes. Three of these (CNTN4, SETD5 and VHL) were curated by Clingene Dosage Gene Map and were given a high haplo-insufficiency score. Genes affected by the unbalanced translocation could have contributed to some specific phenotypic changes of the fetus in late pregnancy. The application of different cytogenetic methods was essential in our case, allowing the detection of different types of structural chromosomal aberrations and more thorough genetic counseling for future pregnancies.
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Hemizygous mutations in L1CAM in two unrelated male probands with childhood onset psychosis. Psychiatr Genet 2021; 30:73-82. [PMID: 32404617 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify genes underlying childhood onset psychosis. METHODS Patients with onset of psychosis at age 13 or younger were identified from clinics across England, and they and their parents were exome sequenced and analysed for possible highly penetrant genetic contributors. RESULTS We report two male childhood onset psychosis patients of different ancestries carrying hemizygous very rare possibly damaging missense variants (p.Arg846His and p.Pro145Ser) in the L1CAM gene. L1CAM is an X-linked Mendelian disease gene in which both missense and loss of function variants are associated with syndromic forms of intellectual disability and developmental disorder. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting a possible extension of the phenotype of L1CAM variant carriers to childhood onset psychosis. The family history and presence of other significant rare genetic variants in the patients suggest that there may be genetic interactions modulating the presentation.
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Duncan BW, Murphy KE, Maness PF. Molecular Mechanisms of L1 and NCAM Adhesion Molecules in Synaptic Pruning, Plasticity, and Stabilization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:625340. [PMID: 33585481 PMCID: PMC7876315 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.625340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brain circuits are wired by dynamic formation and remodeling during development to produce a balance of excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Synaptic regulation is mediated by a complex network of proteins including immunoglobulin (Ig)- class cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), structural and signal-transducing components at the pre- and post-synaptic membranes, and the extracellular protein matrix. This review explores the current understanding of developmental synapse regulation mediated by L1 and NCAM family CAMs. Excitatory and inhibitory synapses undergo formation and remodeling through neuronal CAMs and receptor-ligand interactions. These responses result in pruning inactive dendritic spines and perisomatic contacts, or synaptic strengthening during critical periods of plasticity. Ankyrins engage neural adhesion molecules of the L1 family (L1-CAMs) to promote synaptic stability. Chondroitin sulfates, hyaluronic acid, tenascin-R, and linker proteins comprising the perineuronal net interact with L1-CAMs and NCAM, stabilizing synaptic contacts and limiting plasticity as critical periods close. Understanding neuronal adhesion signaling and synaptic targeting provides insight into normal development as well as synaptic connectivity disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce W Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kelsey E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Patricia F Maness
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neuroscience Research Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Gandawijaya J, Bamford RA, Burbach JPH, Oguro-Ando A. Cell Adhesion Molecules Involved in Neurodevelopmental Pathways Implicated in 3p-Deletion Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:611379. [PMID: 33519384 PMCID: PMC7838543 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.611379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by impaired social interaction, language delay and repetitive or restrictive behaviors. With increasing prevalence, ASD is currently estimated to affect 0.5–2.0% of the global population. However, its etiology remains unclear due to high genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Copy number variations (CNVs) are implicated in several forms of syndromic ASD and have been demonstrated to contribute toward ASD development by altering gene dosage and expression. Increasing evidence points toward the p-arm of chromosome 3 (chromosome 3p) as an ASD risk locus. Deletions occurring at chromosome 3p result in 3p-deletion syndrome (Del3p), a rare genetic disorder characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, facial dysmorphisms and often, ASD or ASD-associated behaviors. Therefore, we hypothesize that overlapping molecular mechanisms underlie the pathogenesis of Del3p and ASD. To investigate which genes encoded in chromosome 3p could contribute toward Del3p and ASD, we performed a comprehensive literature review and collated reports investigating the phenotypes of individuals with chromosome 3p CNVs. We observe that high frequencies of CNVs occur in the 3p26.3 region, the terminal cytoband of chromosome 3p. This suggests that CNVs disrupting genes encoded within the 3p26.3 region are likely to contribute toward the neurodevelopmental phenotypes observed in individuals affected by Del3p. The 3p26.3 region contains three consecutive genes encoding closely related neuronal immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs): Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1), Contactin-6 (CNTN6), and Contactin-4 (CNTN4). CNVs disrupting these neuronal IgCAMs may contribute toward ASD phenotypes as they have been associated with key roles in neurodevelopment. CHL1, CNTN6, and CNTN4 have been observed to promote neurogenesis and neuronal survival, and regulate neuritogenesis and synaptic function. Furthermore, there is evidence that these neuronal IgCAMs possess overlapping interactomes and participate in common signaling pathways regulating axon guidance. Notably, mouse models deficient for these neuronal IgCAMs do not display strong deficits in axonal migration or behavioral phenotypes, which is in contrast to the pronounced defects in neuritogenesis and axon guidance observed in vitro. This suggests that when CHL1, CNTN6, or CNTN4 function is disrupted by CNVs, other neuronal IgCAMs may suppress behavioral phenotypes by compensating for the loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josan Gandawijaya
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary A Bamford
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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12
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Fu J, Wang T, Fu Z, Li T, Zhang X, Zhao J, Yang G. Case Report: A Case Report and Literature Review of 3p Deletion Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:618059. [PMID: 33643973 PMCID: PMC7902511 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.618059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study is to explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of 3p deletion syndrome to improve clinicians' understanding of the disease. Methods: The clinical manifestations, process of diagnosis and treatment, and genetic characteristics of an individual case of 3p deletion syndrome were analyzed. CNKI, Wanfang Data, and the Biomedical Literature Database (PubMed) were searched. The search time limit, using "3p deletion syndrome" and "BRPF1" as keywords, was from the creation of the database up to June 2020. Related data were reviewed. Results: The proband was a male child with general developmental and intellectual disabilities, special facial features and congenital heart disease. The child was the parents' first pregnancy and first born. Gene microarray analysis showed a 10.095 Mb deletion in the 3p26.3-p25.3 region, resulting in a heterozygous mutation of the BRPF1 gene; thus, the patient was diagnosed with 3p deletion syndrome. At the time of diagnosis, the child was 1 year of age and was responding to comprehensive rehabilitation training. A total of 29 well-documented cases were found in the literature, of which 19 cases had an onset within 1 year of birth, and mainly manifested with mental and motor development disabilities and abnormal facial features, with different gene deletions, depending on the size and location of the 3p deletion. Conclusion: The genetic test results of the child in this study indicated a heterozygous deletion of the BRPF1 gene on the short arm of chromosome 3, which was a unique feature of this study, since it was rarely mentioned in other reports of 3p deletion syndrome. The clinical phenotype of this syndrome is complex as it can include intellectual and motor development backwardness, low muscle tone, certain abnormal facial features (low hairline, bilateral ptosis, widely spaced eyes, a forward nose, left ear auricle deformity, a high-arched palate, a small jaw), and the deformation of systems such as the gastrointestinal tract and the urinary tract malformation or symptoms of epilepsy. As clinical manifestations can be relatively mild, the syndrome is easy to miss or misdiagnose. Clinical workers need to be aware of this disease when they find that children have special features, such as stunted growth, low muscle tone or ptosis, and it needs to be diagnosed through genetic testing. Most children are able to develop certain social skills after rehabilitation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxian Fu
- Department of Pediatric, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Pediatric, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhuo Fu
- Department of Pediatric, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tianxia Li
- Department of Pediatric, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- Department of Pediatric, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Pediatric, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Guanglu Yang
- Department of Pediatric, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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13
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Kotarska A, Fernandes L, Kleene R, Schachner M. Cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 binds to the dopamine receptor D2 and inhibits the internalization of its short isoform. FASEB J 2020; 34:4832-4851. [PMID: 32052901 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900577rrrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) and the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) are associated with psychiatric and mental disorders. We here show that DRD2 interacts with CHL1 in mouse brain, as evidenced by co-immunostaining, proximity ligation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, and pull-down assay with recombinant extracellular CHL1 domain fused to Fc (CHL1-Fc). Direct binding of CHL1-Fc to the first extracellular loop of DRD2 was shown by ELISA. Using HEK cells transfected to co-express CHL1 and the short (DRD2-S) or long (DRD2-L) DRD2 isoforms, co-localization of CHL1 and both isoforms was observed by immunostaining and proximity ligation assay. Moreover, CHL1 inhibited agonist-triggered internalization of DRD2-S. Proximity ligation assay showed close interaction between CHL1 and DRD2 in neurons expressing dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP32) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in tissue sections of adult mouse striatum. In cultures of striatum or ventral midbrain, CHL1 was also closely associated with DRD2 in DARPP32- or TH-immunopositive cells, respectively. In the dorsal striatum of CHL1-deficient mice, lower levels of DRD2 and phosphorylated TH were observed, when compared to wild-type littermates. In the ventral striatum of CHL1-deficient mice, levels of phosphorylated DARPP32 were reduced. We propose that CHL1 regulates DRD2-dependent presynaptic and postsynaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kotarska
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Luciana Fernandes
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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14
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Hadj Amor M, Dimassi S, Taj A, Slimani W, Hannachi H, Mlika A, Ben Helel K, Saad A, Mougou-Zerelli S. Neuronal migration genes and a familial translocation t (3;17): candidate genes implicated in the phenotype. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:26. [PMID: 32028920 PMCID: PMC7006381 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-0966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Miller-Dieker syndrome critical region deletions are well known delineated anomalies, submicroscopic duplications in this region have recently emerged as a new distinctive syndrome. So far, only few cases have been described overlapping 17p13.3 duplications. METHODS In this study, we report on clinical and cytogenetic characterization of two new cases involving 17p13.3 and 3p26 chromosomal regions in two sisters with familial history of lissencephaly. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and array Comparative Genomic Hybridization were performed. RESULTS A deletion including the critical region of the Miller-Dieker syndrome of at least 2,9 Mb and a duplication of at least 3,6 Mb on the short arm of chromosome 3 were highlighted in one case. The opposite rearrangements, 17p13.3 duplication and 3p deletion, were observed in the second case. This double chromosomal aberration is the result of an adjacent 1:1 meiotic segregation of a maternal reciprocal translocation t(3,17)(p26.2;p13.3). CONCLUSIONS 17p13.3 and 3p26 deletions have a clear range of phenotypic features while duplications still have an uncertain clinical significance. However, we could suggest that regardless of the type of the rearrangement, the gene dosage and interactions of CNTN4, CNTN6 and CHL1 in the 3p26 and PAFAH1B1, YWHAE in 17p13.3 could result in different clinical spectrums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Hadj Amor
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- High Institute of Biotechnology, Monastir University, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sarra Dimassi
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Common Service Units for Research in Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Amel Taj
- Pediatric department, Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Slimani
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- High Institute of Biotechnology, Monastir University, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hanene Hannachi
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Adnene Mlika
- Pediatric department, Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Khaled Ben Helel
- Pediatric department, Ibn Jazzar University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar Street, 3100 Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Ali Saad
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Common Service Units for Research in Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Mougou-Zerelli
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology Farhat Hached University Teaching Hospital, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
- Common Service Units for Research in Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Ibn El Jazzar street, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
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15
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Mohan V, Wade SD, Sullivan CS, Kasten MR, Sweetman C, Stewart R, Truong Y, Schachner M, Manis PB, Maness PF. Close Homolog of L1 Regulates Dendritic Spine Density in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex Through Semaphorin 3B. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6233-6250. [PMID: 31182634 PMCID: PMC6687901 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2984-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines in the developing mammalian neocortex are initially overproduced and then eliminated during adolescence to achieve appropriate levels of excitation in mature networks. We show here that the L1 family cell adhesion molecule Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1) and secreted repellent ligand Semaphorin 3B (Sema3B) function together to induce dendritic spine pruning in developing cortical pyramidal neurons. Loss of CHL1 in null mutant mice in both genders resulted in increased spine density and a greater proportion of immature spines on apical dendrites in the prefrontal and visual cortex. Electron microscopy showed that excitatory spine synapses with postsynaptic densities were increased in the CHL1-null cortex, and electrophysiological recording in prefrontal slices from mutant mice revealed deficiencies in excitatory synaptic transmission. Mechanistically, Sema3B protein induced elimination of spines on apical dendrites of cortical neurons cultured from wild-type but not CHL1-null embryos. Sema3B was secreted by the cortical neuron cultures, and its levels increased when cells were treated with the GABA antagonist gabazine. In vivo CHL1 was coexpressed with Sema3B in pyramidal neuron subpopulations and formed a complex with Sema3B receptor subunits Neuropilin-2 and PlexinA4. CHL1 and NrCAM, a closely related L1 adhesion molecule, localized primarily to distinct spines and promoted spine elimination to Sema3B or Sema3F, respectively. These results support a new concept in which selective spine elimination is achieved through different secreted semaphorins and L1 family adhesion molecules to sculpt functional neural circuits during postnatal maturation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dendritic spines in the mammalian neocortex are initially overproduced and then pruned in adolescent life through unclear mechanisms to sculpt maturing cortical circuits. Here, we show that spine and excitatory synapse density of pyramidal neurons in the developing neocortex is regulated by the L1 adhesion molecule, Close Homolog of L1 (CHL1). CHL1 mediated spine pruning in response to the secreted repellent ligand Semaphorin 3B and associated with receptor subunits Neuropilin-2 and PlexinA4. CHL1 and related L1 adhesion molecule NrCAM localized to distinct spines, and promoted spine elimination to Semaphorin 3B and -3F, respectively. These results support a new concept in which selective elimination of individual spines and nascent synapses can be achieved through the action of distinct secreted semaphorins and L1 adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael R Kasten
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology
| | | | | | - Young Truong
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Global Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, and
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Paul B Manis
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology
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16
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Mohammadzadeh A, Akbaroghli S, Aghaei-Moghadam E, Mahdieh N, Badv RS, Jamali P, Kariminejad R, Chavoshzadeh Z, Ghasemi Firouzabadi S, Mansour Ghanaie R, Nozari A, Banihashemi S, Hadipour F, Hadipour Z, Kariminejad A, Najmabadi H, Shafeghati Y, Behjati F. Investigation of Chromosomal Abnormalities and Microdeletion/ Microduplication(s) in Fifty Iranian Patients with Multiple Congenital Anomalies. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:337-349. [PMID: 31210441 PMCID: PMC6582423 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.6053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective Major birth defects are inborn structural or functional anomalies with long-term disability and adverse
impacts on individuals, families, health-care systems, and societies. Approximately 20% of birth defects are due
to chromosomal and genetic conditions. Inspired by the fact that neonatal deaths are caused by birth defects in
about 20 and 10% of cases in Iran and worldwide respectively, we conducted the present study to unravel the role
of chromosome abnormalities, including microdeletion/microduplication(s), in multiple congenital abnormalities
in a number of Iranian patients.
Materials and Methods In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 50 sporadic patients with Multiple Congenital
Anomalies (MCA) were selected. The techniques employed included conventional karyotyping, fluorescence in
situ hybridization (FISH), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), and array comparative genomic
hybridisation (array-CGH), according to the clinical diagnosis for each patient.
Results Chromosomal abnormalities and microdeletion/microduplication(s) were observed in eight out of fifty patients
(16%). The abnormalities proved to result from the imbalances in chromosomes 1, 3, 12, and 18 in four of the patients.
However, the other four patients were diagnosed to suffer from the known microdeletions of 22q11.21, 16p13.3, 5q35.3,
and 7q11.23.
Conclusion In the present study, we report a patient with 46,XY, der(18)[12]/46,XY, der(18), +mar[8] dn presented
with MCA associated with hypogammaglobulinemia. Given the patient’s seemingly rare and highly complex
chromosomal abnormality and the lack of any concise mechanism presented in the literature to justify the case,
we hereby propose a novel mechanism for the formation of both derivative and ring chromosome 18. In addition,
we introduce a new 12q abnormality and a novel association of an Xp22.33 duplication with 1q43q44 deletion
syndrome. The phenotype analysis of the patients with chromosome abnormality would be beneficial for further
phenotype-genotype correlation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Mohammadzadeh
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Akbaroghli
- Pediatric Neurology Research Center, Mofid Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Genetics Division, Mofid Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Aghaei-Moghadam
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- Cardiogenetic Research Laboratory, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shervin Badv
- Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payman Jamali
- Genetic Counseling Center, Shahroud Welfare Organization, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Chavoshzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mofid Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Roxana Mansour Ghanaie
- Pediatric Infections Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahoura Nozari
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sussan Banihashemi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Hadipour
- Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center (SAFIR), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hadipour
- Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center (SAFIR), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology and Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Shafeghati
- Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center (SAFIR), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Behjati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Electronic Address: .,Sarem Fertility and Infertility Research Center (SAFIR), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran.,Sarem Cell Research Center (SCRC), Sarem Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Bertini V, Azzarà A, Toschi B, Gana S, Valetto A. 3p26.3 terminal deletions: a challenge for prenatal genetic counseling. Prenat Diagn 2017; 37:197-200. [PMID: 27933663 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Bertini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, A.O.U. Pisana, Ospedale S. Chiara, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Azzarà
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, A.O.U. Pisana, Ospedale S. Chiara, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Toschi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, A.O.U. Pisana, Ospedale S. Chiara, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Gana
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, A.O.U. Pisana, Ospedale S. Chiara, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Valetto
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, A.O.U. Pisana, Ospedale S. Chiara, Pisa, Italy
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18
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Dias AT, Zanardo ÉA, Dutra RL, Piazzon FB, Novo-Filho GM, Montenegro MM, Nascimento AM, Rocha M, Madia FAR, Costa TVMM, Milani C, Schultz R, Gonçalves FT, Fridman C, Yamamoto GL, Bertola DR, Kim CA, Kulikowski LD. Post-mortem cytogenomic investigations in patients with congenital malformations. Exp Mol Pathol 2016; 101:116-23. [PMID: 27450648 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital anomalies are the second highest cause of infant deaths, and, in most cases, diagnosis is a challenge. In this study, we characterize patterns of DNA copy number aberrations in different samples of post-mortem tissues from patients with congenital malformations. Twenty-eight patients undergoing autopsy were cytogenomically evaluated using several methods, specifically, Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), microsatellite marker analysis with a MiniFiler kit, FISH, a cytogenomic array technique and bidirectional Sanger sequencing, which were performed on samples of different tissues (brain, heart, liver, skin and diaphragm) preserved in RNAlater, in formaldehyde or by paraffin-embedding. The results identified 13 patients with pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs). Of these, eight presented aneuploidies involving chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y (two presented inter- and intra-tissue mosaicism). In addition, other abnormalities were found, including duplication of the TYMS gene (18p11.32); deletion of the CHL1 gene (3p26.3); deletion of the HIC1 gene (17p13.3); and deletion of the TOM1L2 gene (17p11.2). One patient had a pathogenic missense mutation of g.8535C>G (c.746C>G) in exon 7 of the FGFR3 gene consistent with Thanatophoric Dysplasia type I. Cytogenomic techniques were reliable for the analysis of autopsy material and allowed the identification of inter- and intra-tissue mosaicism and a better understanding of the pathogenesis of congenital malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Torchio Dias
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Évelin Aline Zanardo
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Lelis Dutra
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Balbo Piazzon
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gil Monteiro Novo-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marilia Moreira Montenegro
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Amom Mendes Nascimento
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Human Reproduction and Genetic Center, Department of Coletive Health - Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cintia Milani
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Schultz
- Division of Pathology - Clinical Hospital - HC -FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cintia Fridman
- Department of Legal Medicine - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Romeo Bertola
- Genetics Unit, Instituto da Criança HC-FMUSP - Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Chong Ae Kim
- Genetics Unit, Instituto da Criança HC-FMUSP - Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Leslie Domenici Kulikowski
- Department of Pathology, Cytogenomic Laboratory - LIM 03 - HC-FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Human Reproduction and Genetic Center, Department of Coletive Health - Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
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19
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Li C, Liu C, Zhou B, Hu C, Xu X. Novel microduplication of CHL1 gene in a patient with autism spectrum disorder: a case report and a brief literature review. Mol Cytogenet 2016; 9:51. [PMID: 27354858 PMCID: PMC4924281 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-016-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cell adhesion molecule L1-like (CHL1 or CALL) gene is located on chromosome 3p26.3, and it is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the L1 family of neural cell adhesion molecules, and it plays a role in nervous system development and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, studies of mice have revealed that CHL1 is a prime candidate gene for a dosage-sensitive autosomal form of mental retardation. To date, four patients with a microdeletion and two with a microduplication of 3p26.3 encompassing only the CHL1 gene have been reported in literature. CASE PRESENTATION In the present study, we have described a 16-month-old boy with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), developmental delay and minor dysmorphic facial features. This is the first report of a duplication of 3p26.3 including only the CHL1 gene in an ASD patient, and this duplication is the smallest reported to date in this gene. We also reviewed CHL1 gene mutation cases and examined whether this gene has an important role in cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that both CHL1 deletions and duplications are likely responsible for the patient's impaired cognitive function, and CHL1 may be an intriguing ASD candidate gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Li
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Liu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingrui Zhou
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Hu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Chen CP, Hung FY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Chen YN, Chen SW, Lee CC, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of de novo partial monosomy 3p (3p26.3→pter) and partial trisomy 16q (16q23.1→qter). Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 55:288-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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Kleene R, Chaudhary H, Karl N, Katic J, Kotarska A, Guitart K, Loers G, Schachner M. Interaction between CHL1 and serotonin receptor 2c regulates signal transduction and behavior in mice. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4642-52. [PMID: 26527397 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.176941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The serotonergic system plays important roles in multiple functions of the nervous system and its malfunctioning leads to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we show that the cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1), which has been linked to mental disorders, binds to a peptide stretch in the third intracellular loop of the serotonin 2c (5-HT2c) receptor through its intracellular domain. Moreover, we provide evidence that CHL1 deficiency in mice leads to 5-HT2c-receptor-related reduction in locomotor activity and reactivity to novelty, and that CHL1 regulates signaling pathways triggered by constitutively active isoforms of the 5-HT2c receptor. Furthermore, we found that the 5-HT2c receptor and CHL1 colocalize in striatal and hippocampal GABAergic neurons, and that 5-HT2c receptor phosphorylation and its association with phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and β-arrestin 2 is regulated by CHL1. Our results demonstrate that CHL1 regulates signal transduction pathways through constitutively active 5-HT2c receptor isoforms, thereby altering 5-HT2c receptor functions and implicating CHL1 as a new modulator of the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kleene
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Harshita Chaudhary
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Nicole Karl
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Jelena Katic
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Kotarska
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Kathrin Guitart
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Gabriele Loers
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xin Ling Road, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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22
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Schmalbach B, Lepsveridze E, Djogo N, Papashvili G, Kuang F, Leshchyns'ka I, Sytnyk V, Nikonenko AG, Dityatev A, Jakovcevski I, Schachner M. Age-dependent loss of parvalbumin-expressing hippocampal interneurons in mice deficient in CHL1, a mental retardation and schizophrenia susceptibility gene. J Neurochem 2015; 135:830-44. [PMID: 26285062 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In humans, deletions/mutations in the CHL1/CALL gene are associated with mental retardation and schizophrenia. Juvenile CHL1-deficient (CHL1(-/-) ) mice have been shown to display abnormally high numbers of parvalbumin-expressing (PV(+) ) hippocampal interneurons and, as adults, display behavioral traits observed in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we addressed the question whether inhibitory interneurons and synaptic plasticity in the CHL1(-/-) mouse are affected during brain maturation and in adulthood. We found that hippocampal, but not neocortical, PV(+) interneurons were reduced with age in CHL1(-/-) mice, from a surplus of +27% at 1 month to a deficit of -20% in adulthood compared with wild-type littermates. This loss occurred during brain maturation, correlating with microgliosis and enhanced interleukin-6 expression. In parallel with the loss of PV(+) interneurons, the inhibitory input to adult CA1 pyramidal cells was reduced and a deficit in short- and long-term potentiation developed at CA3-CA1 excitatory synapses between 2 and 9 months of age in CHL1(-/-) mice. This deficit could be abrogated by a GABAA receptor agonist. We propose that region-specific aberrant GABAergic synaptic connectivity resulting from the mutation and a subsequently enhanced synaptic elimination during brain maturation lead to microgliosis, increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, loss of interneurons, and impaired synaptic plasticity. Close homolog of L1-deficient (CHL1(-/-) ) mice have abnormally high numbers of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing hippocampal interneurons in juvenile animals, but in adult animals a loss of these cells is observed. This loss correlates with an increased density of microglia (M), enhanced interleukin-6 (IL6) production and a deficit in short- and long-term potentiation at CA3-CA1 excitatory synapses. Furthermore, adult CHL1(-/-) mice display behavioral traits similar to those observed in neuropsychiatric disorders of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schmalbach
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eka Lepsveridze
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nevena Djogo
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giorgi Papashvili
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fang Kuang
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Iryna Leshchyns'ka
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vladimir Sytnyk
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander G Nikonenko
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cytology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Igor Jakovcevski
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Experimental Neurophysiology, University Hospital Cologne, Köln, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Zentrum für Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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23
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Palumbo O, Fischetto R, Palumbo P, Nicastro F, Papadia F, Zelante L, Carella M. De novo microduplication of CHL1 in a patient with non-syndromic developmental phenotypes. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:66. [PMID: 26279679 PMCID: PMC4537544 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0170-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CHL1 gene codes for a member of the L1 family of neural cell adhesion molecules. It is highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system playing an important role in the building and functioning on the brain. CHL1 proteins are also involved in axonal migration, synaptic formation and plasticity. In mice, functional studies showed that the haploinsufficiency of Chl1 gene in the developing brain results in cognitive deficits suggesting that the CHL1 gene at 3p26.3 is a candidate for an autosomal form of intellectual disability. Furthermore, in humans deletions of CHL1 have been described in patients with neurodevelopmental delay characterized by learning and language difficulties, seizures. Less is known about the potential effect of CHL1 overexpression, and microduplications of CHL1 have been rarely identified. Case presentation In this report, we describe a male patient with a phenotype characterized by developmental delay, symptoms of hyperactivity, short attention span and speech delay. In addition, minor facial dysmorphic features have been observed. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed a rare de novo 0.85 Mb microduplication on the short arm (p26.3) of chromosome 3, encompassing a single gene, CHL1. To the best of our knowledge, duplication of chromosome 3p26.3, including only the CHL1 gene, has been described in only one intellectually disabled girl with epilepsy. The duplication described here is the smallest reported so far. In addition, this is the first report describing a patient in which the CHL1 duplication is a de novo event. Conclusions The clinical and molecular findings reported here are useful to provide further evidence that CHL1 is a dosage sensitive gene suggesting that not only the deletion but also its duplication can cause non-syndromic neurodevelopmental phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Palumbo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
| | - Rita Fischetto
- Unità Operativa Malattie Metaboliche Genetica Medica, P.O. Giovanni XXIII, A.O.U. Policlinico Consorziale, Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Palumbo
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
| | - Francesco Nicastro
- Unità Operativa Malattie Metaboliche Genetica Medica, P.O. Giovanni XXIII, A.O.U. Policlinico Consorziale, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Papadia
- Unità Operativa Malattie Metaboliche Genetica Medica, P.O. Giovanni XXIII, A.O.U. Policlinico Consorziale, Bari, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Zelante
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, (FG) Italy
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Tassano E, Biancheri R, Denegri L, Porta S, Novara F, Zuffardi O, Gimelli G, Cuoco C. Heterozygous deletion of CHL1 gene: detailed array-CGH and clinical characterization of a new case and review of the literature. Eur J Med Genet 2015; 57:626-9. [PMID: 25451713 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CHL1 gene maps at 3p26.3 and encodes a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily highly expressed in the brain. CHL1 regulates neuronal migration and neurite overgrowth in the developing brain, while in mature neurons it accumulates in the axonal membrane and regulates synapse function via the clathrin-dependent pathways. To our knowledge, to date only three familial cases presenting heterozygous deletion of chromosome 3 at band p26.3, including only the CHL1 gene, have been reported. All the patients presented cognitive impairment characterized by learning and language difficulties. Here, we describe a six-year-old boy in which array-CGH analysis disclosed a terminal 3p26.3 deletion. The deletion was transmitted from his normal mother and included only the CHL1 gene. Our patient presented microcephaly, short stature, mild mental retardation, learning and language delay, and strabismus. In our study we compare the phenotypic and molecular cytogenetic features of CHL1 gene deletion cases. Verbal function developmental delay seems to be a common key finding. The concomitance of the genetic and phenotypic alterations could be a good evidence of a new emerging syndrome associated with the deletion of CHL1 gene alone, although the identification of new cases is required.
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25
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Kashevarova AA, Nazarenko LP, Schultz-Pedersen S, Skryabin NA, Salyukova OA, Chechetkina NN, Tolmacheva EN, Rudko AA, Magini P, Graziano C, Romeo G, Joss S, Tümer Z, Lebedev IN. Single gene microdeletions and microduplication of 3p26.3 in three unrelated families: CNTN6 as a new candidate gene for intellectual disability. Mol Cytogenet 2014; 7:97. [PMID: 25606055 PMCID: PMC4299808 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-014-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of submicroscopic chromosomal alterations in patients with a idiopathic intellectual disability (ID) allows significant improvement in delineation of the regions of the genome that are associated with brain development and function. However, these chromosomal regions usually contain several protein-coding genes and regulatory elements, complicating the understanding of genotype-phenotype correlations. We report two siblings with ID and an unrelated patient with atypical autism who had 3p26.3 microdeletions and one intellectually disabled patient with a 3p26.3 microduplication encompassing only the CNTN6 gene. Results Two 295.1-kb microdeletions and one 766.1-kb microduplication of 3p26.3 involving a single gene, CNTN6, were identified with an Agilent 60K array. Another 271.9-kb microdeletion of 3p26.3 was detected using an Affymetrix CytoScan HD chromosome microarray platform. The CHL1 and CNTN4 genes, although adjacent to the CNTN6 gene, were not affected in either of these patients. Conclusions The protein encoded by CNTN6 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and functions as a cell adhesion molecule that is involved in the formation of axon connections in the developing nervous system. Our results indicate that CNTN6 may be a candidate gene for ID. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13039-014-0097-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Kashevarova
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Lyudmila P Nazarenko
- Laboratory of Hereditary Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russia ; Department of Medical Genetics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay A Skryabin
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia ; Laboratory of Human Ontogenetics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Olga A Salyukova
- Laboratory of Hereditary Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russia ; Department of Medical Genetics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina N Tolmacheva
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Aleksey A Rudko
- Genetic Clinic, Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Pamela Magini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Graziano
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Romeo
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Pediatrics, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shelagh Joss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Level 2, Laboratory Medicine Building, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, G51 4TF Scotland UK
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Applied Human Molecular Genetics, Kennedy Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Igor N Lebedev
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia ; Department of Medical Genetics, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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26
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Katic J, Loers G, Kleene R, Karl N, Schmidt C, Buck F, Zmijewski JW, Jakovcevski I, Preissner KT, Schachner M. Interaction of the cell adhesion molecule CHL1 with vitronectin, integrins, and the plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 promotes CHL1-induced neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. J Neurosci 2014; 34:14606-23. [PMID: 25355214 PMCID: PMC6608427 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3280-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1 (CHL1) plays important functional roles in the developing and adult nervous system. In search of the binding partners that mediate the diverse and sometimes opposing functions of CHL1, the extracellular matrix-associated proteins vitronectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) were identified as novel CHL1 interaction partners and tested for involvement in CHL1-dependent functions during mouse cerebellar development. CHL1-induced cerebellar neurite outgrowth and cell migration at postnatal days 6-8 were inhibited by a CHL1-derived peptide comprising the integrin binding RGD motif, and by antibodies against vitronectin or several integrins, indicating a vitronectin-dependent integrin-mediated pathway. A PAI-2-derived peptide, or antibodies against PAI-2, urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor, and several integrins reduced cell migration. CHL1 colocalized with vitronectin, PAI-2, and several integrins in cerebellar granule cells, suggesting an association among these proteins. Interestingly, at the slightly earlier age of 4-5 d, cerebellar neurons did not depend on CHL1 for neuritogenesis and cell migration. However, differentiation of progenitor cells into neurons at this stage was dependent on homophilic CHL1-CHL1 interactions. These observations indicate that homophilic CHL1 trans-interactions regulate differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells at early postnatal stages, while heterophilic trans-interactions of CHL1 with vitronectin, integrins, and the plasminogen activator system regulate neuritogenesis and neuronal cell migration at a later postnatal stage of cerebellar morphogenesis. Thus, within very narrow time windows in postnatal cerebellar development, distinct types of molecular interactions mediated by CHL1 underlie the diverse functions of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Friedrich Buck
- Institut für Klinische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jaroslaw W Zmijewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BMRII-304, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
| | | | - Klaus T Preissner
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Melitta Schachner
- Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China, and
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Cervantes A, García-Delgado C, Fernández-Ramírez F, Galaz-Montoya C, Morales-Jiménez AB, Nieto-Martínez K, Gómez-Laguna L, Villa-Morales J, Quintana-Palma M, Berúmen J, Kofman S, Morán-Barroso VF. Trisomy 1q41-qter and monosomy 3p26.3-pter in a family with a translocation (1;3): further delineation of the syndromes. BMC Med Genomics 2014; 7:55. [PMID: 25223409 PMCID: PMC4170088 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-7-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trisomy 1q and monosomy 3p deriving from a t(1;3) is an infrequent event. The clinical characteristics of trisomy 1q41-qter have been described but there is not a delineation of the syndrome. The 3p25.3-pter monosomy syndrome (MIM 613792) characteristics include low birth weight, microcephaly, psychomotor and growth retardation and abnormal facies. Case presentation A 2 years 8 months Mexican mestizo male patient was evaluated due to a trisomy 1q and monosomy 3p derived from a familial t(1;3)(q41;q26.3). Four female carriers of the balanced translocation and one relative that may have been similarly affected as the proband were identified. The implicated chromosomal regions were defined by microarray analysis, the patient had a trisomy 1q41-qter of 30.3 Mb in extension comprising about 240 protein coding genes and a monosomy 3p26.3-pter of 1.7 Mb including only the genes CNTN6 (MIM 607220) and CHL1 (MIM 607416), which have been implicated in dendrite development. Their contribution to the phenotype, regarding the definition of trisomy 1q41-qter and monosomy 3p26.3-pter syndromes are discussed. Conclusion We propose that a trisomy 1q41-qter syndrome should be considered in particular when the following characteristics are present: postnatal growth delay, macrocephaly, wide fontanelle, triangular facies, frontal bossing, thick eye brows, down slanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, flat nasal bridge, hypoplasic nostrils, long filtrum, high palate, microretrognathia, ear abnormalities, neural abnormalities (in particular ventricular dilatation), psychomotor developmental delay and mental retardation. Our patient showed most of these clinical characteristics with exception of macrocephaly, possibly due to a compensatory effect by haploinsufficiency of the two genes lost from 3p. The identification of carriers has important implications for genetic counseling as the risk of a new born with either a der(3) or der(1) resulting from an adjacent-1 segregation is of 25% for each of them, as the products of adjacent-2 or 3:1 segregations are not expected to be viable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Verónica F Morán-Barroso
- Departamento de Genética, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Calle Dr, Márquez 162, Col, Doctores, Del, Cuauhtémoc, 06720 México, D,F,, México.
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Chen CP, Chen YY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Su JW, Chen WL, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of a distal 3p deletion associated with fetoplacental chromosomal discrepancy and confined placental mosaicism detected by array comparative genomic hybridization. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 52:278-84. [PMID: 23915866 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is aimed at prenatal diagnosis of a distal 3p deletion associated with fetoplacental chromosomal discrepancy and confined placental mosaicism, and providing evidence for the limitation of array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on placental tissues for molecular cytogenetic characterization of prenatally detected aneuploidy. CASE REPORT A 30-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis at 18 weeks of gestation because of maternal anxiety. Results of amniocentesis revealed a distal deletion of chromosome 3p. A malformed female fetus was delivered at 20 weeks of gestation with brachycephaly and facial dysmorphisms, and a cytogenetic analysis of the cord blood revealed a karyotype of 46,XX,del(3)(p26.1),inv(9)(p12q13). A whole-genome aCGH on uncultured cord blood and placental tissue was performed. The aCGH on cord blood revealed a 7.4-Mb deletion at 3p26.3-p26.1. However, the aCGH on placental tissue revealed a 32.42-Mb gene dosage increase at 3p26.1-p22.1 and a 26.28-Mb gene dosage increase at 1p36.33-p36.11 in addition to a 7.4-Mb deletion at 3p26.3-p26.1, indicating confined placental mosaicism for partial trisomy 3p (3p26.1→p22.1) and mosaicism for partial trisomy 1p (1p36.33→p36.11). The 7.4-Mb deleted region of 3p26.3-p26.1 contained the following genes: CHL1, CNTN4, CRBN, LRRN1, and ITPR1. CONCLUSION Fetal tissue and amniocytes offer more reliable resources for aCGH characterization of prenatally detected aneuploidy compared with placental tissues. A molecular cytogenetic evaluation of prenatally detected aneuploidy using placental tissue should raise concerns of confined placental mosaicism and fetoplacental chromosomal discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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29
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Microduplication of 3p26.3 implicated in cognitive development. Case Rep Genet 2014; 2014:295359. [PMID: 24778888 PMCID: PMC3978399 DOI: 10.1155/2014/295359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We report here a 34-month-old boy with global developmental delay referred for molecular karyotyping and fragile X studies. Molecular karyotype analysis revealed a microduplication in the 3p26.3 region involving part of the CHL1 and CNTN6 genes. Several deletions, one translocation, and one duplication have previously been described in this region of chromosome 3. The CHL1 gene has been proposed as a dosage-sensitive gene with a central role in cognitive development, and so the microduplication reported here appears to be implicated in our patient's phenotype.
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30
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Behjati F, Firouzabadi SG, Kariminejad R, Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Shafaghati Y, Ghasemlou BE, Shojaei A, Jamali P, Bahman I, Najmabadi H. Genomic characterization of some Iranian children with idiopathic mental retardation using array comparative genomic hybridization. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2013; 19:443-8. [PMID: 24497710 PMCID: PMC3897140 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.124373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental retardation (MR) has a prevalence of 1-3% and genetic causes are present in more than 50% of patients. Chromosomal abnormalities are one of the most common genetic causes of MR and are responsible for 4-28% of mental retardation. However, the smallest loss or gain of material visible by standard cytogenetic is about 4 Mb and for smaller abnormalities, molecular cytogenetic techniques such as array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) should be used. It has been shown that 15-25% of idiopathic MR (IMR) has submicroscopic rearrangements detectable by array CGH. In this project, the genomic abnormalities were investigated in 32 MR patients using this technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with IMR with dysmorphism were investigated in this study. Karyotype analysis, fragile X and metabolic tests were first carried out on the patients. The copy number variation was then assessed in a total of 32 patients with normal results for the mentioned tests using whole genome oligo array CGH. Multiple ligation probe amplification was carried out as a confirmation test. RESULTS In total, 19% of the patients showed genomic abnormalities. This is reduced to 12.5% once the two patients with abnormal karyotypes (upon re-evaluation) are removed. CONCLUSION The array CGH technique increased the detection rate of genomic imbalances in our patients by 12.5%. It is an accurate and reliable method for the determination of genomic imbalances in patients with IMR and dysmorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Behjati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Roshanak Vameghi
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Firouzeh Sajedi
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Shafaghati
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics and Sarem Cell Research Center, Sarem Womens’ Hospital, Iran
| | | | - Azadeh Shojaei
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ideh Bahman
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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31
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D'Angelo CS, Kohl I, Varela MC, de Castro CIE, Kim CA, Bertola DR, Lourenço CM, Perez ABA, Koiffmann CP. Obesity with associated developmental delay and/or learning disability in patients exhibiting additional features: Report of novel pathogenic copy number variants. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:479-86. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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A rare chromosome 3 imbalance and its clinical implications. Case Rep Pediatr 2012; 2012:846564. [PMID: 23097735 PMCID: PMC3477540 DOI: 10.1155/2012/846564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The duplication of chromosome 3q is a rare disorder with varying chromosomal breakpoints and consequently symptoms. Even rarer is the unbalanced outcome from a parental inv(3) resulting in duplicated 3q and a deletion of 3p. Molecular karyotyping should aid in precisely determining the length and breakpoints of the 3q+/3p− so as to better understand a child's future development and needs. We report a case of an infant male with a 57.5 Mb duplication from 3q23-qter. This patient also has an accompanying 1.7 Mb deletion of 3p26.3. The duplicated segment in this patient encompasses the known critical region of 3q26.3-q27, which is implicated in the previously reported 3q dup syndrome; however, the accompanying 3p26.3 deletion is smaller than the previously reported cases. The clinical phenotype of this patient relates to previously reported cases of 3q+ that may suggest that the accompanying 1.7 Mb heterozygous deletion is not clinically relevant. Taken together, our data has refined the location and extent of the chromosome 3 imbalance, which will aid in better understanding the molecular underpinning of the 3q syndrome.
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dos Santos AP, Vieira TP, Simioni M, Monteiro FP, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL. Partial monosomy 21 (q11.2→q21.3) combined with 3p25.3→pter monosomy due to an unbalanced translocation in a patient presenting dysmorphic features and developmental delay. Gene 2012; 513:301-4. [PMID: 23031812 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe a female patient of 1 year and 5 months-old, referred for genetic evaluation due to neuropsychomotor delay, hearing impairment and dysmorphic features. The patient presents a partial chromosome 21 monosomy (q11.2→q21.3) in combination with a chromosome 3p terminal monosomy (p25.3→pter) due to an unbalanced de novo translocation. The translocation was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the breakpoints were mapped with high resolution array. After the combined analyses with these techniques the final karyotype was defined as 45,XX,der(3)t(3;21)(p25.3;q21.3)dn,-21.ish der(3)t(3;21)(RP11-329A2-,RP11-439F4-,RP11-95E11-,CTB-63H24+).arr 3p26.3p25.3(35,333-10,888,738))×1,21q11.2q21.3(13,354,643-27,357,765)×1. Analysis of microsatellite DNA markers pointed to a paternal origin for the chromosome rearrangement. This is the first case described with a partial proximal monosomy 21 combined with a 3p terminal monosomy due to a de novo unbalanced translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula dos Santos
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Peltekova IT, Macdonald A, Armour CM. Microdeletion on 3p25 in a patient with features of 3p deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2583-6. [PMID: 22903836 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rare 3p deletion syndrome presents with a spectrum of anomalies caused by deletions of variable lengths within the short arm of chromosome 3. While most of these deletions involve the 3p terminus, interstitial deletions may also give rise to features of the syndrome. We have detected an interstitial deletion of 643 kb in a patient who displayed many of the typical 3p deletion features. This patient had a number of findings in common with a previously reported patient, who had a 1.6 Mb interstitial deletion, including cognitive handicap, seizures, and congenital heart defects. A 518 kb region of overlap containing 12 genes may prove to be a critical region for some of these features. The putative functions of several genes, such as CRELD1, SRGAP3, CAMK1, TADA3, and MTMR14 are discussed with respect to their potential involvement in the 3p deletion syndrome phenotype. We suggest that this 518 kb area of overlap may define a critical region, which when deleted, can give rise to the 3p deletion syndrome phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra T Peltekova
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Coelho DH, Taormina Y, Moore J, Dodson K, Sismanis A. 3p deletion syndrome: implications for cochlear implantation. Cochlear Implants Int 2012; 13:248-51. [PMID: 22449389 DOI: 10.1179/1754762811y.0000000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE To describe the role of cochlear implantation in patients with 3p deletion syndrome. Additionally, this paper will review non-mastoid approaches to the cochlea potentially used in cases of mastoid abnormalities. CLINICAL PRESENTATION A 23-month-old child with 3p deletion syndrome (3pDS) presented with suspected hearing loss and characteristic craniofacial abnormalities. Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) was confirmed. Temporal bone computed tomography showed poorly developed mastoids bilaterally. INTERVENTION Cochlear implantation was successfully undertaken using a retro-auricular transmeatal approach. CONCLUSION SNHL is commonly encountered in patients with 3pDS and can be improved by cochlear implantation. In this patient population, particular attention must be given to pre-operative imaging and possible altered mastoid anatomy may exist. In doing so, intra-operative complications can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Coelho
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0146, USA.
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Ye H, Zhao T, Tan YLJ, Liu J, Pallen CJ, Xiao ZC. Receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase α enhances cell surface expression of neural adhesion molecule NB-3. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26071-80. [PMID: 21622556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.214080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural adhesion molecule NB-3 plays an important role in the apical dendrite development of layer V pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex, and receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase α (PTPα) mediates NB-3 signaling in this process. Here we investigated the role of PTPα in regulating cell surface expression of NB-3. We found that cortical neurons from PTPα knock-out mice exhibited a lower level of NB-3 at the cell surface. When expressed in COS1 cells, NB-3 was enriched in the Golgi apparatus with a low level of cell surface expression. However, co-expression of PTPα increased the cell surface distribution of NB-3. Further analysis showed that PTPα facilitated Golgi exit of NB-3 and stabilized NB-3 protein at the cell surface by preventing its release from the plasma membrane. The extracellular region of PTPα but not its catalytic activity is necessary for its effect on NB-3 expression. Thus, the PTPα-mediated increase of NB-3 level at the cell surface represents a novel function of PTPα in NB-3 signaling in neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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