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López M, Bertolani C, Sainz A, Tabar M, Roura X. Chronic diarrhea secondary to canine leishmaniosis: Case series. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 90-91:101897. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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2
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Ribeiro VM, Júnior DMG, Ottino J, Valle GR, de Miranda Estevam LGT, de Carvalho OV, Paz GF. Report of the presence of Leishmania infantum in the milk of a naturally infected female dog in Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 36:100795. [PMID: 36436888 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are the most important reservoir of Leishmania infantum, the causal agent of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Although lymphoid tissue is the most important biological tissue where amastigotes can be found, this paper describes the presence of L. infantum DNA in the milk of a lactating naturally infected female dog. This finding suggests the need for further studies to elucidate whether breastfeeding can be a route of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer Ottino
- Santo Agostinho Hospital Veterinário, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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3
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Tabar MD, Naranjo C, Dehesa A, Rodríguez MC. Leishmaniosis in a cat with chronic diarrhea as the only clinical manifestation. J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:753-757. [PMID: 35037701 PMCID: PMC8965267 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 10‐year‐old male domestic shorthaired cat was presented with chronic diarrhea unresponsive to treatment. Laboratory testing identified hyperglobulinemia and mild nonregenerative anemia, and nongastrointestinal causes of diarrhea were ruled out. Gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsy were performed and disclosed diffuse generalized granulomatous and lymphoplasmocytic inflammatory reaction in all segments of gastrointestinal tract evaluated, with numerous Leishmania spp. amastigotes within the cytoplasm of macrophages. The organism also was detected in spleen and bone marrow and Leishmania spp. serology was positive (immunofluorescence assay 1 : 160). A diagnosis of granulomatous enteritis secondary to leishmaniosis was made. Gastrointestinal signs resolved after treatment with allopurinol and a dietary supplement of nucleotides and active hexose‐correlated compounds (N‐AHCC), but seropositivity and gammopathy persisted 8 months later. The cat died of unrelated causes after an additional 3 months and permission for necropsy was not granted. Leishmaniosis as a cause of chronic diarrhea has not been reported previously in cats and should be considered in endemic areas in cats with chronic gastrointestinal signs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexandra Dehesa
- Hospital Veterinario San Vicente-Vetsum, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
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4
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DA Costa Neto JJ, Neves Martins C, Santos Março K, Furlan Paz B, Paz Monteiro G, Torres DE Melo R, Dantas Mota FC, Alves AE. NOTETongue nodules in an atypical canine leishmaniasis in Brazil. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1549-1553. [PMID: 34393149 PMCID: PMC8569869 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to report a case of canine leishmaniasis with the only visible clinical sign
being the presence of nodules in the lateral region of the tongue. The bitch was treated
for a mandibular fracture, when multiple small nodules were observed on the tongue. We
identify nodular glossitis with the presence of structures compatible with amastigote
forms of Leishmania. The bitch was positive by ELISA, RIFI and PCR
assays. Clinical re-evaluation after one year of treatment for leishmaniasis showed
clinical improvement, but there was maintenance of antibody titers and infectivity.
Lingual nodules as the only clinical sign of the disease is rare, especially in endemic
areas, but should be included as differential diagnosis for leishmaniasis in the
country.
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Affiliation(s)
- João José DA Costa Neto
- Uniprofessional Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Camila Neves Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Karen Santos Março
- Postgraduate in Specialization in Small Animal Medical Clinic, Equalis-Higher Education and Qualification
| | - Beatriz Furlan Paz
- Uniprofessional Residency Program in Veterinary Medicine; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Guilherme Paz Monteiro
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Roberta Torres DE Melo
- Professor, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Francisco Cláudio Dantas Mota
- Professor, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
| | - Aracelle Elisane Alves
- Professor, Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia
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5
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Chatzis MK, Kasabalis D, Steiner JM, Saridomichelakis MN, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. Serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis before and during treatment. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 78:101686. [PMID: 34153612 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypocobalaminemia in dogs is most commonly associated with gastrointestinal disorders leading to impaired absorption and utilization of cobalamin. The objectives of this study were to compare serum cobalamin concentrations between dogs with leishmaniosis and clinically healthy dogs, and to assess possible alterations of serum cobalamin concentrations in dogs with leishmaniosis at different timepoints during treatment. Fifty-five dogs with leishmaniosis and 129 clinically healthy dogs were prospectively enrolled. Diagnosis of leishmaniosis was based on clinical presentation, positive serology and microscopic detection of Leishmania amastigotes in lymph node aspiration smears. Twenty of the dogs with leishmaniosis were treated with a combination of meglumine antimonate and allopurinol for 28 days and serum cobalamin concentrations were measured in blood samples that were collected before initiation of treatment (timepoint 0) and on days 14 and 28. In order to estimate alterations of serum cobalamin concentrations during treatment, cobalamin concentrations were measured in blood samples from 20 out of 55 dogs with leishmaniosis at all timepoints. Serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with leishmaniosis before treatment (median: 362 ng/L; IQR: 277-477 ng/L) compared to clinically healthy dogs (median: 470 ng/L; IQR: 367-632 ng/L; P = 0.0035). Serum cobalamin concentrations increased significantly in dogs with leishmaniosis on day 14 of treatment compared to timepoint 0 (P = 0.02). In the present study, serum cobalamin concentrations were significantly lower in dogs with leishmaniosis compared to clinically healthy dogs. In addition, there was an increase in serum cobalamin concentrations during treatment. The clinical significance of hypocobalaminemia in dogs with leishmaniosis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Chatzis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece.
| | - D Kasabalis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - J M Steiner
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - M N Saridomichelakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece
| | - J S Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - P G Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, Trikalon Str. 224, 43132, Karditsa, Greece; Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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6
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Passos FC, Gois MB, Sousa AD, de Marinho AIL, Corvo L, Soto M, Barral-Netto M, Barral A, Baccan GC. Investigating associations between intestinal alterations and parasite load according to Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp. abundance in the gut microbiota of hamsters infected by Leishmania infantum. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200377. [PMID: 33263602 PMCID: PMC7703327 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a tropical neglected disease with high associated rates of mortality. Several studies have highlighted the importance of the intestinal tract (IT) and gut microbiota (GM) in the host immunological defense. Data in the literature on parasite life cycle and host immune defense against VL are scarce regarding the effects of infection on the IT and GM. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate changes observed in the colon of Leishmania infantum-infected hamsters, including alterations in the enteric nervous system (ENS) and GM (specifically, levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli). METHODS Male hamsters were inoculated with L. infantum and euthanised at four or eight months post-infection. Intestines were processed for histological analysis and GM analysis. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to quantify each group of bacteria: Bifidobacterium spp. (Bf) and Lactobacillus spp (LacB). FINDINGS Infected hamsters showed histoarchitectural loss in the colon wall, with increased thickness in the submucosa and the mucosa layer, as well as greater numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes. Forms suggestive of amastigotes were seen inside mononuclear cells. L. infantum infection induced changes in ENS, as evidenced by increases in the area of colonic enteric ganglia. Despite the absence of changes in the levels of Bf and LacB during the course of infection, the relative abundance of these bacteria was associated with parasite load and histological alterations. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that L. infantum infection leads to important changes in the colon and suggest that bacteria in the GM play a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabine Correia Passos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Biondaro Gois
- Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Santo Antônio de Jesus, BA, Brasil
| | - Adenilma Duranes Sousa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Ananda Isis Lima de Marinho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Laura Corvo
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manoel Soto
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Muniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Gyselle Chrystina Baccan
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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7
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Batista LFS, Torrecilha RBP, Silva RB, Utsunomiya YT, Silva TBF, Tomokane TY, Pacheco AD, Bosco AM, Paulan SC, Rossi CN, Costa GNO, Marcondes M, Ciarlini PC, Nunes CM, Matta VLR, Laurenti MD. Chromosomal segments may explain the antibody response cooperation for canine leishmaniasis pathogenesis. Vet Parasitol 2020; 288:109276. [PMID: 33152678 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is marked by hyperactivation of a humoral response secreting high quantity of immunoglobulins (Igs) that are inaccessible to intracellular parasites. Here we investigated the contributions of the antibody response to the canine leishmaniasis pathogenesis. Using correlation and genome-wide association analysis, we investigated the relationship of anti-Leishmania infantum immunoglobulin classes levels with parasite burden, clinical response, renal/hepatic biochemical, and oxidative stress markers in dogs from endemic areas of VL. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA were positively correlated with parasite burden on lymph node and blood. Increased IgG, IgA and IgE levels were associated with severe canine leishmaniasis (CanL) whereas IgM was elevated in uninfected exposed dogs. Correlations of IgM, IgG and IgA with creatinine, urea, AST and ALT levels in the serum were suggested an involvement of those Igs with renal and hepatic changes. The correlogram of oxidative radicals and antioxidants revealed a likely relationship of IgM, IgG and IgA with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the blood, suggested as mechanisms mediating tissue damage and CanL worsening. The gene mapping on chromosomal segments associated with the quantitative variation of immunoglobulin classes identified genetic signatures involved with reactive oxygen species generation, phagolysosome maturation and rupture, free iron availability, Th1/Th2 differenciation and, immunoglobulin clearance. The findings demonstrated the roles of the antibody response as resistance or susceptibility markers and mediators of CanL pathogenesis. In addition we pinpointed candidate genes as potential targets for the therapy against the damage caused by exacerbated antibody response and parasitism in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F S Batista
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela B P Torrecilha
- Departamento De Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela B Silva
- Escola de Saúde, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 41720-200, Brazil.
| | - Yuri T Utsunomiya
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Thaís B F Silva
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Thaíse Y Tomokane
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Acácio D Pacheco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Anelise M Bosco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Silvana C Paulan
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Claudio N Rossi
- Departamento de Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo N O Costa
- Departamento De Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade De Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, CEP: 14884-900, Brazil.
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Paulo C Ciarlini
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Cáris M Nunes
- Departamento de Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária de Araçatuba, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, CEP: 16015-050, Brazil.
| | - Vânia L R Matta
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório De Patologia De Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP: 01246903, Brazil.
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8
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Lewis MD, Paun A, Romano A, Langston H, Langner CA, Moore IN, Bock KW, Francisco AF, Brenchley JM, Sacks DL. Fatal progression of experimental visceral leishmaniasis is associated with intestinal parasitism and secondary infection by commensal bacteria, and is delayed by antibiotic prophylaxis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008456. [PMID: 32282850 PMCID: PMC7179947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL), which is typically fatal without treatment. There is substantial variation between individuals in rates of disease progression, response to treatment and incidence of post-treatment sequelae, specifically post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Nevertheless, the majority of infected people are asymptomatic carriers. Hamsters and mice are commonly used as models of fatal and non-fatal VL, respectively. Host and parasite genetics are likely to be important factors, but in general the reasons for heterogeneous disease presentation in humans and animal models are poorly understood. Host microbiota has become established as a factor in cutaneous forms of leishmaniasis but this has not been studied in VL. We induced intestinal dysbiosis in mice and hamsters by long-term treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics in their drinking water. There were no significant differences in disease presentation in dysbiotic mice. In contrast, dysbiotic hamsters infected with L. donovani had delayed onset and progression of weight loss. Half of control hamsters had a rapid progression phenotype compared with none of the ABX-treated animals and the nine-month survival rate was significantly improved compared to untreated controls (40% vs. 10%). Antibiotic-treated hamsters also had significantly less severe hepatosplenomegaly, which was accompanied by a distinct cytokine gene expression profile. The protective effect was not explained by differences in parasite loads or haematological profiles. We further found evidence that the gut-liver axis is a key aspect of fatal VL progression in hamsters, including intestinal parasitism, bacterial translocation to the liver, malakoplakia and iron sequestration, none of which occurred in non-progressing murine VL. Diverse bacterial genera were cultured from VL affected livers, of which Rodentibacter was specifically absent from ABX-treated hamsters, indicating this pathobiont may play a role in promoting disease progression. The results provide experimental support for antibiotic prophylaxis against secondary bacterial infections as an adjunct therapy in human VL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lewis
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrea Paun
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Audrey Romano
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harry Langston
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte A. Langner
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin W. Bock
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amanda Fortes Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Sacks
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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9
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Silva DTD, Alves ML, Spada JCP, Silveira RDCVD, Oliveira TMFDS, Starke-Buzetti WA. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the intestinal wall of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 27:430-438. [PMID: 30517421 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-296120180085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania infantum and can cause an inflammatory reaction in the gastrointestinal tract, however the role of granulocytic cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells) in the intestine of dogs infected is not fully understood. We performed a quantitative analysis these cells in the intestinal wall of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Twenty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: group 1 (G1, n=8), dogs with CVL and L. infantum amastigotes in the intestine; group 2 (G2, n=9), dogs with CVL but without intestinal amastigotes; and group 3 (G3, n=3), uninfected dogs (control group). Granulocytic cells were counted in the crypt-villus unit (mucosa), submucosa, and muscle layer of the intestinal mucosa. Cell counts were higher in the intestinal wall of dogs from G2 followed by G1 and G3 (p≤0.05). In G1, there was a low inverse correlation between parasite burden of the small intestine and granulocyte counts (r= -0.1, p≤0.01). However, in G2 dogs, mast cell and eosinophil numbers showed positive correlation (r=0.85, p≤0.01). The granulocytic cell hyperplasia observed in the intestine of L. infantum-infected dogs suggests that these cells may be involved in the cell-mediated immune response for parasite elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Tiago da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Luana Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Júlio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Departamento de Biologia e Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Trícia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira
- Programa de Graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos e Ciência Animal - FZEA, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilma Aparecida Starke-Buzetti
- Departamento de Biologia e Ciência Animal, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
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10
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Casanova MI, Martín S, Marco A, Solano-Gallego L. Detection of Leishmania spp. Infection by Immunohistochemistry in Archived Biopsy Samples from Dogs with Colitis in an Area Endemic for Leishmaniosis. J Comp Pathol 2018; 167:12-17. [PMID: 30898292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of Leishmania infantum amastigotes in the colonic mucosa of seropositive sick dogs. However, there are no studies that have investigated the presence of L. infantum infection in dogs diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aims of this study were: (1) to investigate retrospectively the presence of Leishmania spp. antigen by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in biopsy samples taken from the colon of dogs with IBD in an area endemic for leishmaniosis, and (2) to describe the main histopathological findings in these cases. Clinicopathological data and histopathological results were reviewed from 106 cases of canine colitis. IHC to detect Leishmania spp. antigen had been performed at the time of diagnosis in 13 cases and we performed IHC in 56 more cases. Five of the 69 cases (7.2%) were positive for Leishmania spp. antigen by IHC. Two positive biopsy samples had histiocytic inflammation and three had lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. The number of amastigotes was variable and independent of the type and grade of inflammatory infiltrate. The results suggest that Leishmania spp. infection is associated with chronic colitis in areas endemic for the infection. Therefore, Leishmania IHC should be used routinely as a diagnostic tool when evaluating colonic biopsy samples from dogs in endemic areas, to exclude or confirm an infection by this parasite in dogs with chronic colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Casanova
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Spain
| | - S Martín
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Marco
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Spain
| | - L Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Martins TAF, Barbosa VS, Almeida GG, Antonelli LRDV, Tafuri WL, Mosser DM, Gonçalves R. Monocyte subpopulations as important biomarkers of resistence and susceptibility during experimental infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) major. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1530-1539. [PMID: 30257371 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis is a chronic and lethal, parasitic disease. In the later infection stages, it is known that expressive hematological disorders can be observed, including changes in the frequency and phenotype of certain leukocytes. There is a lack of good prognostic indicators to characterize the on-goin clinical status of the patient. In this study, we have analyzed the frequency of monocyte subpopulations in mice infected with Leishmania major (L. major). Our results show a significant correlation between increased blood monocyte frequency and lesion development in both BALB/c and in the C57BL/6 mice infected with L. major. In BALB/c mice we observed a significant correlation between the frequency of GR1+ monocytes and lesion size. Furthermore, treatment of infected BALB/c mice with Anfotericin B, to resolve lesions, resulted in a lower frequency of GR1+ monocytes compared to untreated infected BALB/c mice. C57BL/6 infected mice, which normally resolve infections, show decreased numbers of monocytes during the healing phase of infection. The results indicate that disease severity can be predicted by analyzing monocyte frequency. Thus, we propose that the frequency of monocytes, can be used to define the severity of the disease as well as the success of the treatment in experimental leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassiane Assiria Fontes Martins
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vitor Silva Barbosa
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gregório Guilherme Almeida
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Luiz Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David M Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute and Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ricardo Gonçalves
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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12
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Silva DTD, Alves ML, Spada JCP, Silva ACD, Silveira RDCVD, Oliveira TMFDS, Starke-Buzetti WA. T lymphocytes and macrophages in the intestinal tissues of dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 26:159-170. [PMID: 28746446 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612017039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was about a semi-quantitative analysis of T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+, FoxP3+ regulatory T cells), and macrophages in the gut wall of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Thirteen dogs were divided into three groups: group 1 (G1, n=5), dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and infected with L. infantum amastigotes in the intestine; group 2 (G2, n=5), dogs with CVL but without intestinal amastigotes; and group 3 (G3, n=3), uninfected dogs (control group). There was no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) on CD4+ and Treg cell numbers among the groups, whereas the levels of CD8+ T cells and macrophages were significantly higher in dogs from G1 group than in G2 and G3 (p ≤ 0.05), especially in intestinal segments with high parasite burden. Parasite burden correlated positively with levels of CD8+ T cells and macrophages (p ≤ 0.05), but was inversely correlated to levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes and FoxP3+ Treg cells. In conclusion, in the intestine of dogs with CVL, the increase of CD8+ T cells and macrophages population associated with high parasite burdens, but no changes of CD4+ T cells and FoxP3+ Treg cells suggest a possible immunoregulation by the parasite not dependent on Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Tiago da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Luana Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Júlio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Aline Cristine da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Wilma Aparecida Starke-Buzetti
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - FEIS, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
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13
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Ayala I, Bernal LJ, Garcia-Martinez JD, Gomez MA, Navarro JA, Bernabe A. An Atypical Case of Leishmaniasis Associated with Chronic Duodenitis in a Dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2017; 53:101-106. [PMID: 28282232 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe an atypical case of duodenal leishmaniasis in a boxer dog presenting with chronic diarrhea and poor general condition. Antidiarrheic therapy was previously administered without success and inflammatory bowel disease localized to the small intestine was suspected, given the chronic clinical signs and by ruling out other known causes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Endoscopic biopsy of duodenum showed a moderate increase in lamina propria lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Basophilic bodies were seen in the cytoplasm of numerous macrophages, suggestive of Leishmania spp, confirmed by immunostaining, and a diagnosis of granulomatous duodenitis associated to Leishmania infection was made. After 7 mo of therapy, a significant clinical improvement and weight gain were observed, and endoscopic histology showed no evidence of Leishmania. A progressive decline of anti-leishmanial antibody titer was also observed during follow-up. This report emphasizes the importance of atypical symptoms and the unusual location of visceral leishmaniasis, suggesting the need to consider leishmaniasis in the differential diagnosis of canine chronic enteritis, especially in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ayala
- From the Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (I.A., L.J.B., J.D.G.-M.); and Veterinary Pathology Department (M.A.G., J.A.N., A.B.), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Jesus Bernal
- From the Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (I.A., L.J.B., J.D.G.-M.); and Veterinary Pathology Department (M.A.G., J.A.N., A.B.), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Diego Garcia-Martinez
- From the Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (I.A., L.J.B., J.D.G.-M.); and Veterinary Pathology Department (M.A.G., J.A.N., A.B.), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Gomez
- From the Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (I.A., L.J.B., J.D.G.-M.); and Veterinary Pathology Department (M.A.G., J.A.N., A.B.), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Navarro
- From the Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (I.A., L.J.B., J.D.G.-M.); and Veterinary Pathology Department (M.A.G., J.A.N., A.B.), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Bernabe
- From the Animal Medicine and Surgery Department (I.A., L.J.B., J.D.G.-M.); and Veterinary Pathology Department (M.A.G., J.A.N., A.B.), University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Paltrinieri S, Gradoni L, Roura X, Zatelli A, Zini E. Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:552-578. [PMID: 27805725 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although several reviews on canine leishmaniasis have been published, none thoroughly described clinicopathologic abnormalities and their clinical usefulness. The aim of this review was to provide information concerning current diagnostic tests relevant for clinical pathologists and from a practical perspective. Specifically, in canine leishmaniasis, nonregenerative normocytic normochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia, or leukogram changes may be present. Clinical chemistry and urinalysis may indicate renal dysfunction (azotemia, decreased urine specific gravity, proteinuria) and an inflammatory/immune response (increased acute phase proteins [APP] or α2 - and/or γ-globulins). Although a potential gammopathy is usually polyclonal, it may also appear oligo- or monoclonal, especially in dogs coinfected by other vector-borne pathogens. When lesions are accessible to fine-needle aspiration (lymphoadenomegaly, nodular lesions, joint swelling), cytology is strongly advised, as the presence of Leishmania amastigotes in a pattern of pyogranulomatous inflammation or lymphoplasmacytic hyperplasia is diagnostic. If the cytologic pattern is inconclusive, the parasite should be identified by histology/immunohistochemistry or PCR on surgical biopsies. Alternatively, cytology and PCR may be performed on bone marrow samples where amastigotes, along with erythroid hypoplasia, myeloid hyperplasia, plasmacytosis, or secondary dysmyelopoiesis can be observed. Dogs with overt leishmaniasis generally have high antibody titers, while low titers predominate in immunologically resistant infected dogs or in exposed dogs with no parasite confirmation. Quantitative serology is recommended in clinically suspect dogs as high-titer antibodies titers may confirm the clinical diagnosis. In confirmed and treated dogs, renal function and inflammatory/immune response variables should be periodically monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier Roura
- Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Eric Zini
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Veterinario di Novara, Granozzo con Monticello, Italy
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15
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Silva DT, Neves MF, de Queiroz NMGP, Spada JCP, Alves ML, Flóro e Silva M, Coelho WMD, Panosso AR, Noronha Junior ACF, Starke-Buzetti WA. Correlation study and histopathological description of intestinal alterations in dogs infected with Leishmania infantum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 25:24-36. [PMID: 26982556 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612016009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was a correlation study and histopathological description of alterations associated with the presence of Leishmania infantumamastigote in the intestinal wall of dogs infected with canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Three groups were used: G1 (n = 8), comprising naturally infected dogs with CVL with amastigotes of L. infantum in the small and large intestines; G2 (n = 9), infected dogs with CVL, without intestinal amastigotes; and G3 (n = 3), uninfected dogs. Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods were used for histopathology and amastigotes identification. 47.1% (8/17) of dogs from G1 group had amastigotes in the mucosa, submucosa and muscle layers of the small and large intestines and it was observed a prominent inflammatory reaction characterized by chronic infiltration of mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Comparison between the groups showed only a significant difference in relation to mucosal microscopic structural alterations in dogs from G1 in relation to G2 and G3. Parasite burden showed significant correlations with the microscopic alterations and clinical status of dogs in G1. By the conclusion, the inflammatory reactions caused by the parasites in the intestines might have contributed towards alterations in digestive processes, worsening the dogs' clinical status of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Tiago Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Francisca Neves
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | - Maria Luana Alves
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Flóro e Silva
- Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Alan Rodrigo Panosso
- Departamento de Matemática, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
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16
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Pinto AJW, de Amorim IFG, Pinheiro LJ, Madeira IMVM, Souza CC, Chiarini-Garcia H, Caliari MV, Tafuri WL. Glycol methacrylate embedding for the histochemical study of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2546. [PMID: 26708180 PMCID: PMC4698612 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In canine visceral leishmaniasis a diffuse chronic inflammatory exudate and an intense parasite load throughout the gastrointestinal tract has been previously reported. However, these studies did not allow a properly description of canine cellular morphology details. The aim of our study was to better characterize these cells in carrying out a qualitative and quantitative histological study in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum by examining gut tissues embedded in glycol methacrylate. Twelve infected adult dogs were classified in asymptomatic and symptomatic. Five uninfected dogs were used as controls. After necropsy, three samples of each gut segment, including esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and rectum were collected and fixed in Carnoy's solution for glycol methacrylate protocols. Sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue borate, and periodic acid-Schiff stain. Leishmania amastigotes were detected by immunohistochemistry employed in both glycol methacrylate and paraffin embedded tissues. The quantitative histological analysis showed higher numbers of plasma cells, lymphocytes and macrophages in lamina propria of all segments of GIT of infected dogs than controls. The parasite load was more intense and cecum and colon, independently of the clinical status of these dogs. Importantly, glycol methacrylate embedded tissue stained with toluidine blue borate clearly revealed mast cell morphology, even after mast cell degranulation. Infected dogs showed lower numbers of mast cells in all gut segments than did controls. Despite the glycol methacrylate (GMA) protocol requires more attention and care than the conventional paraffin processing, this embedding procedure proved to be especially suitable for the present histological study, where it allowed to preserve and observe cell morphology in fine detail.
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17
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Ulchar I, Celeska I, Stefanovska J, Jakimovska A. Hematological and biochemical parameters in symptomatic and asymptomatic leishmania-seropositive dogs. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.14432/j.macvetrev.2015.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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18
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Nery G, Meneses IDS, Trueb I, Larangeira DF, Barrouin-Melo SM. Ocorrência de Leishmania infantum em fezes de cão. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-8140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMOEste é o primeiro relado sobre a ocorrência de Leishmaniasp. em fezes de cão. Foram encontradas formas amastigotas intra e extracelulares por meio de citologia de amostra fecal de um cão apresentando hematoquezia recorrente associada à leishmaniose visceral canina. O diagnóstico de Leishmania infantumfoi confirmado por PCR de fezes e por cultura e PCR em amostras de baço.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Nery
- Universidade Federal da Bahia
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19
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dos Santos IB, Tortelly R, Quintella LP, de Fátima Madeira M, Monteiro de Miranda LH, Borges Figueiredo F, Carvalhaes de Oliveira RDV, Pacheco Schubach TM. Higher sensitivity of immunohistochemistry for bona fide diagnosis of dog Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis-driven American tegumentary leishmaniasis: description of an optimized immunohistochemistry method. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2015; 109:469-76. [PMID: 25977396 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in situ detection of parasite antigens in tissue sections by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a diagnostic alternative for human American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), but has not been used for the diagnosis of cutaneous lesions in dogs with ATL. This study describes the results of IHC for the detection of amastigote forms and other Leishmania sp. antigen-positive cells and compares the results of IHC, histopathology and cytopathology for the diagnosis of canine ATL. In addition, possible cross-reactivity with sporotrichosis is analyzed. METHODS Forty paraffin-embedded biopsies and 40 smears of cutaneous lesions from dogs with ATL, confirmed by isolation and characterization of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, and 40 paraffin-embedded biopsies of cutaneous lesions from dogs with sporotrichosis, confirmed by isolation of Sporothrix schenckii in culture (control group), were studied. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was more sensitive in detecting amastigote forms than cytopathology and histopathology, with a positivity rate of 70% (n=28) versus 37.5% and 22.5% for histopathology and cytopathology, respectively. Cytoplasmic staining of mononuclear and endothelial cells was detected by IHC, which was highly specific since no cytoplasmic staining of these cells or staining of fungal structures was observed in sporotrichosis fragments. CONCLUSIONS In view of the higher sensitivity of IHC in detecting Leishmania sp. antigen and patterns of positivity for Leishmania sp. antigen compared to histopathology or cytopathology and the absence of cross-reactions with sporotrichosis, we recommend this technique for the diagnosis of canine tegumentary leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabele Barbieri dos Santos
- Programa de Epidemiologia e Vigilância em Saúde (PEPIVS), FIOCRUZ BRASILIA, Avenida L3 Norte, s-n, campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Gleba A, CEP: 70910-000-Brasilia-DF
| | - Rogerio Tortelly
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica Doutor Jefferson Andrade dos Santos - Faculdade de Veterinária - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pereira Quintella
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Serviço de Parasitologia, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Serviço de Dermatozoonoses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Tânia Maria Pacheco Schubach
- Serviço de Dermatozoonoses, Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne zoonotic disease endemic in southern Europe, but which is spreading northwards. Millions of dogs, cats and other non-conventional companion animals susceptible to L. infantum, living in European households, may develop a severe disease and contribute to the spread of leishmaniosis because of travelling or re-homing. Dogs are the main reservoir but other new reservoirs have recently been incriminated. Sand flies remain the sole proven vector and non-vectorial transmission has been reported at individual level and in areas where the vector is absent. Clinical disease affects only a proportion of infected dogs and a complex genetic background of immune response is responsible for this susceptibility. There is a wide range of serological and parasitological diagnostic tools available whose cost-effective use depends on a reasoned approach. Clinical response to treatment of sick dogs is variable. Clinical cure is often obtained but clinical recurrence can occur and post-therapy follow up should be maintained life-long. In Europe, vaccination can be combined with individual protection with pyrethroids as part of an integrated approach to prevention. L. infantum is the only species isolated from cats in Europe and xenodiagnosis substantiated that infected cats are infectious for sand flies. Feline infection may be frequent in endemic areas, but prevalence is generally lower than in dogs. When cats are tested by both serological and molecular techniques discordant results are often observed. Feline cases have been reported from endemic areas in Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, but four cases were also diagnosed in Switzerland in cats that had travelled to or been imported from Spain. Half of the cases were diagnosed in cats with impaired immune responses. Clinical manifestations compatible with feline leishmaniosis include lymph node enlargement, skin and mucocutaneous lesions, ocular lesions, chronic gingivostomatitis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and normocytic normochromic anemia. Cats have been empirically treated with some drugs used in dogs. Due to polymorphic clinical picture and the insidious progressive course, leishmaniosis can persist for a long time before dogs or cats are brought to a veterinarian and so diagnosis can be delayed. Exotic or new Leishmania spp. have been reported in humans, animals and vectors in Europe. This changing situation requires attention in Europe for designing epidemiological studies and control measures.
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21
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Figueiredo MM, Deoti B, Amorim IF, Pinto AJW, Moraes A, Carvalho CS, da Silva SM, de Assis ACB, de Faria AMC, Tafuri WL. Expression of regulatory T cells in jejunum, colon, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Infect Immun 2014; 82:3704-12. [PMID: 24935975 PMCID: PMC4187817 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01862-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the frequencies of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mononuclear cells in the jejunum, colon, and cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and in uninfected controls. All infected dogs showed chronic lymphadenitis and enteritis. Despite persistent parasite loads, no erosion or ulcers were evident in the epithelial mucosa. The colon harbored more parasites than the jejunum. Frequencies of total CD4(+), total Foxp3, and CD4(+) Foxp3(+) cells were higher in the jejunum than in the colon. Despite negative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) serum results for cytokines, levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were higher in the jejunum than in the colon for infected dogs. However, IL-4 levels were higher in the colon than in the jejunum for infected dogs. There was no observed correlation between clinical signs and histopathological changes or immunological and parasitological findings in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of canines with visceral leishmaniasis. However, distinct segments of the GIT presented different immunological and parasitological responses. The jejunum showed a lower parasite load, with increased frequencies and expression of CD4, Foxp3, and CD8 receptors and IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α cytokines. The colon showed a higher parasite load, with increasing expression of IL-4. Leishmania infantum infection increased expression of CD4, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α and reduced CD8 and IL-4 expression in both the jejunum and the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Figueiredo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Deoti
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Izabela F Amorim
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Aldair J W Pinto
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Andrea Moraes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carolina S Carvalho
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Sydnei Magno da Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana C B de Assis
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana M C de Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Wagner L Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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22
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Koutinas AF, Koutinas CK. Pathologic mechanisms underlying the clinical findings in canine leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum/chagasi. Vet Pathol 2014; 51:527-38. [PMID: 24510947 DOI: 10.1177/0300985814521248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In dogs with symptomatic or asymptomatic leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum appears to induce a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response that in the sick dog may eventually result in tissue damage via different pathomechanisms, notably granulomatous inflammation (eg, nodular dermatitis, osteomyelitis), immune complex deposition (eg, glomerulonephritis), and/or autoantibody production (eg, polymyositis). This is a compensatory but detrimental mechanism generated mainly because of the insufficient killing capacity of macrophages against the parasite in the susceptible dog. Clinical disease is typically exemplified as exfoliative and/or ulcerative dermatitis, with or without nasodigital hyperkeratosis and onychogryphosis, glomerulonephritis, atrophic myositis of masticatory muscles, anterior uveitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, epistaxis, and/or polyarthritis, appearing alone or in various combinations. The pathogenesis of these clinical conditions has recently been highlighted, to a greater or lesser extent. The usually subclinical conditions expressed as chronic colitis, chronic hepatitis, vasculitis, myocarditis, osteomyelitis, orchiepididymitis, and meningoencephalomyelitis, though uncommon, are of pathologic importance from a differential point of view. The leading cause of death among canine leishmaniasis patients is chronic proteinuric nephritis that may progress to end-stage kidney disease, nephrotic syndrome, and/or systemic hypertension. However, even the asymptomatic proteinuria, when profuse, may be a serious problem because it predisposes to arterial thromboembolism and eventually contributes to the deterioration of the body condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Koutinas
- Private Practice, Volos' Quality Veterinary Practice, Kapodistriou 90, 38333, Volos, Greece.
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Figueiredo MM, Amorim IFG, Pinto AJW, Barbosa VS, Pinheiro LDJ, Deoti B, Faria AMC, Tafuri WL. Expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 in cells of dog jejunum and colon naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:22. [PMID: 23668673 PMCID: PMC3698031 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with parasite protozoa is a long-term health issue in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. The Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway is one of the first-responding defense systems against Leishmania. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 in jejunum and colon and its correlation with CD11c, CD11b, and CD14 receptors used as markers for dendritic cells and macrophages. METHODS Twenty four dogs infected with Leishmania infantum were used in this study. Cytometry was carried out in lamina propria cells from jejunum and colon using markers for TLR2, TLR9, CD11b, CD11c and CD14. RESULTS Cellular inflammatory exudate was diffuse in the mucosa and submucosa, predominately comprising mononuclear cells: plasma cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Despite the parasite load, microscopy showed no erosion was evident in the epithelial mucosa layers. The colon harbored more parasites than the jejunum. Flow cytometry revealed higher frequency of TLR2+ and CD11c+ dendritic cells in the colon than in the jejunum. Conversely, TLR9-expressing cells were more frequent in jejunum. Moreover, frequency of macrophages (CD11b+ and CD14+) expressing simultaneity TLR9 were lower in the colon than in jejunum, while CD11c+ cells predominated in the colon. Despite of the negative ELISA serum results, IL-10 and TNF-α were higher in jejunum than colon of infected animals. However, IL-4 was higher in colon than jejunum of infected animals. A higher expression these cytokines were demonstrated in infected dogs compared to uninfected dogs. CONCLUSIONS There was no correlation between clinical signs and pathological changes and immunological and parasitological findings in the gastrointestinal tract in canine visceral leishmaniasis. However, jejunum showed a lower parasite load with increased frequency and expression of CD11b, TLR9, CD14/CD11b/TLR9 receptors and IL-10 and TNF-α cytokines. Conversely, the colon showed a higher parasite load along with increased frequency and expression of TLR2, CD11c receptors, and IL-4 cytokine. Thus, Leishmania infantum is able to interfere in jejunum increased expression of TLR2, TLR9, CD11b, CD14, CD14/CD11b/TLR9 receptors, IL-10, and TNF-α; and in colon increased expression of CD11c, TLR2, TLR9, CD11b, CD14 e, CD14/CD11b/TLR9 receptors, IL-10, and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Figueiredo
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Silva LC, Castro RS, Figueiredo MM, Michalick MSM, Tafuri WL, Tafuri WL. Canine visceral leishmaniasis as a systemic fibrotic disease. Int J Exp Pathol 2013; 94:133-43. [PMID: 23419132 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose that canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a systemic fibrotic disease, as evidenced by the wide distribution of fibrosis that we have found in the dogs suffering from chronic condition. The inflammatory cells apparently direct fibrosis formation. Twenty-four cases (symptomatic dogs) were identified from a total of one hundred and five cases that had been naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi and had been documented during an epidemiological survey of CVL carried out by the metropolitan area of the municipality of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. The histological criterion was intralobular liver fibrosis, as has been described previously in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. In addition to the findings in the liver, here we describe and quantify conspicuous and systemic deposition of collagen in other organs, including spleen, cervical lymph nodes, lung and kidney of all the infected symptomatic dogs. Thus we report that there is a systematic fibrotic picture in these animals, where inflammatory cells appear to direct fibrosis in all organs that have been studied. Therefore we propose that CVL is a systemic fibrotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucelia C Silva
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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