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Han J, Zhuang B, Zou L, Wang D, Jiang L, Wei YL, Zhao L, Zhao L, Li C. A developmental validation of the Quick TargSeq 1.0 integrated system for automated DNA genotyping in forensic science for reference samples. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:814-828. [PMID: 38459798 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs) is a global standard method for human identification. Insertion/Deletion polymorphisms (DIPs) can be used for biogeographical ancestry inference. Current DNA typing involves a trained forensic worker operating several specialized instruments in a controlled laboratory environment, which takes 6-8 h. We developed the Quick TargSeq 1.0 integrated system (hereinafter abbreviated to Quick TargSeq) for automated generation of STR and DIP profiles from buccal swab samples and blood stains. The system fully integrates the processes of DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and electrophoresis separation using microfluidic biochip technology. Internal validation studies were performed using RTyper 21 or DIP 38 chip cartridges with single-source reference samples according to the Scientific Working Group for DNA Analysis Methods guidelines. These results indicated that the Quick TargSeq system can process reference samples and generate STR or DIP profiles in approximately 2 h, and the profiles were concordant with those determined using traditional STR or DIP analysis methods. Thus, reproducible and concordant DNA profiles were obtained from reference samples. Throughout the study, no lane-to-lane or run-to-run contamination was observed. The Quick TargSeq system produced full profiles from buccal swabs with at least eight swipes, dried blood spot cards with two 2-mm disks, or 10 ng of purified DNA. Potential PCR inhibitors (i.e., coffee, smoking tobacco, and chewing tobacco) did not appear to affect the amplification reactions of the instrument. The overall success rate and concordance rate of 153 samples were 94.12% and 93.44%, respectively, which is comparable to other commercially available rapid DNA instruments. A blind test initiated by a DNA expert group showed that the system can correctly produce DNA profiles with 97.29% genotype concordance with standard bench-processing methods, and the profiles can be uploaded into the national DNA database. These results demonstrated that the Quick TargSeq system can rapidly generate reliable DNA profiles in an automated manner and has the potential for use in the field and forensic laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Han
- Technology Department of Chaoyang Sub-bureau, Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhuang
- Beijing CapitalBio Technology Ltd. Co., Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu International Joint Center of Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Daoyu Wang
- People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Liang Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu International Joint Center of Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lijian Zhao
- Beijing CapitalBio Technology Ltd. Co., Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Caixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, National Engineering Laboratory for Forensic Science, Institute of Forensic Science, Beijing, P. R. China
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Frégeau CJ, Laurin N. Processing biological samples from simulated radiological terrorist events using Rapid DNA instruments. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 354:111887. [PMID: 38007870 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Two commercially available portable Rapid DNA instruments were evaluated for their ability to process 1 µL and 10 µL saliva samples deposited on metal and plastic surfaces and contaminated with surrogates of cesium (Cs)-137, strontium (Sr)-90 and cobalt (Co)-60; radioactive materials potentially released during a nuclear weapon accident or a radiological dispersal device detonation. A comparable success rate was noted for both Rapid DNA instruments when considering the number of complete and balanced DNA profiles, the number of profiles with a minimum of 10 autosomal STR loci (out of 23 [FlexPlex™ 27] or 21 [GlobalFiler™ Express]), and the possibility to search a national DNA database in Canada and the United States. Cobalt had an adverse impact on the quality of the megaplex short tandem repeat (STR) DNA profiles derived on each instrument for two of the three contamination levels tested in this study, i.e., 0.05 M and 0.1 M as reflected by a reduced number of detected alleles and decreased profile peak heights. Strontium exhibited some adverse effect on the Rapid DNA results when used at the highest contamination level (0.1 M) whereas cesium had none. No new artifacts were observed in the Rapid DNA profiles of samples spiked with the non-radiogenic surrogates. Importantly, in the context of a radiological/nuclear (RN) event, the ANDE™ 6C offers the possibility to dispose of all radioactive materials associated with contaminated samples quickly using a chip on which all steps of the Rapid DNA process are performed whereas the RapidHIT™ ID accumulates radioactive materials for many days before disposal. An individual handling 25 samples in a week (5 per day) on the RapidHIT™ ID at a 30.5 cm distance with a 5 min exposure to the radioactive source estimated at every run would exceed the 0.042 µSv/5 min limit with gamma dose rates for Cs at 0.13 mSv and for Co at 3.8 mSv. Beta dose rates calculated for the surrogate isotopes at the three concentrations tested were also above the recommended radiation exposure limit of 1 mSv/yr (0.042 µSv/5 min). Various potential mechanisms of action behind the interference noted for Sr and Co at high concentrations are presented. These elements may play a role in the steps prior to PCR (at the DNA molecule by binding to bases or to phosphate groups), during PCR (at the DNA polymerase as cofactors for catalytic sites), or even during amplified DNA fragment detection (as fluorescence quenchers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal J Frégeau
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, National Forensic Laboratory Services, Biology Policy & Program Support, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada.
| | - Nancy Laurin
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, Science & Strategic Policy, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada
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Laurin N, Boulianne H, Frégeau C. Comparative analysis of two Rapid DNA technologies for the processing of blood and saliva-based samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2023; 67:102928. [PMID: 37573630 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid DNA technologies recently gained significant momentum as a means to generate DNA profiles faster than with standard laboratory workflows. Initially developed for the analysis of buccal reference samples, applications are being considered for other types of forensic samples. In this study, an identical set of 150 blood and saliva-based samples was processed using two different Rapid DNA technologies, the Applied BioSystems™ RapidHIT™ ID System using the RapidINTEL™ sample cartridge and the ANDE™ 6C Rapid DNA Analysis™ System using the I-Chip. A subset of samples were subjected to alternative collection methods or sample pre-treatments to determine the optimal strategy for each instrument. An equivalent sample set was also processed using a conventional DNA analysis workflow. The sensitivity range of the two Rapid DNA technologies was comparable based on blood and saliva dilution series, with both technologies able to generate full profiles from samples typically yielding 5-10 ng of DNA when processed using conventional DNA analysis. The brand of cotton swabs used for Rapid DNA analysis had an impact on the results for both systems. Differences were observed in success rate between the two systems when processing blood (on fabrics, FTA paper or hard surfaces) and saliva-based samples (drink containers, FTA paper, chewing gum, cigarette butt filter paper) and depended on the sample type. Importantly, deviating from the manufacturer's instructions for sample collection and pre-treatment was more detrimental to the ANDE 6C results. The quality of DNA profiles, as assessed using heterozygote peak height ratios, interloci balance and artifact presence, confirmed the results to be reliable and acceptable for single source samples. Profiling results were obtained when samples were reprocessed using the same Rapid DNA technology or conventional DNA analysis. Secondary analysis using a substitute software (GeneMapper ID-X v1.5) to recover additional genetic information was shown to be feasible. Finally, a comparison between the Applied Biosystems™ RapidHIT™ ID System Software v1.3.1 and v1.3.2 was also performed. Findings of this study could assist those interested in using Rapid DNA technology for blood or saliva-based samples, in various settings and for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Laurin
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, Science and Strategic Policy, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada.
| | - Hélène Boulianne
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, National Forensic Laboratory Services, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada
| | - Chantal Frégeau
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, National Forensic Laboratory Services, 1200 Vanier Parkway, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R2, Canada
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Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Shi J, Meng H, Chen X, Lan Q, Zhu B. Application of microfluidic technologies in forensic analysis. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1725-1743. [PMID: 37857551 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The application of microfluidic technology in forensic medicine has steadily expanded over the last two decades due to the favorable features of low cost, rapidity, high throughput, user-friendliness, contamination-free, and minimum sample and reagent consumption. In this context, bibliometric methods were adopted to visualize the literature information contained in the Science Citation Index Expanded from 1989 to 2022, focusing on the co-occurrence analysis of forensic and microfluidic topics. A deep interpretation of the literature was conducted based on co-occurrence results, in which microfluidic technologies and their applications in forensic medicine, particularly forensic genetics, were elaborated. The purpose of this review is to provide an impartial evaluation of the utilization of microfluidic technology in forensic medicine. Additionally, the challenges and future trends of implementing microfluidic technology in forensic genetics are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- College of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Yaoshun Liu
- Ankang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ankang, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiong Lan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Turiello R, Nouwairi RL, Landers JP. Taking the microfluidic approach to nucleic acid analysis in forensics: Review and perspectives. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2023; 63:102824. [PMID: 36592574 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Forensic laboratories are universally acknowledged as being overburdened, underfunded, and in need of improved analytical methods to expedite investigations, decrease the costs associated with nucleic acid (NA) analysis, and perform human identification (HID) at the point of need (e.g., crime scene, booking station, etc.). In response, numerous research and development (R&D) efforts have resulted in microfluidic tools that automate portions of the forensic genetic workflow, including DNA extraction, amplification, and short tandem repeat (STR) typing. By the early 2000 s, reports from the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) anticipated that microfluidic 'swab-in-profile-out' systems would be available for use at the crime scene by 2015 and the FBI's 2010 'Rapid DNA' Initiative, approved by Congress in 2017, directed this effort by guiding the development and implementation of maturing systems. At present, few fully-automated microfluidic DNA technologies are commercially available for forensic HID and their adoption by agencies interested in identification has been limited. In practice, the integration of complex laboratory processes to produce one autonomous unit, along with the highly variable nature of forensic input samples, resulted in systems that are more expensive per sample and not comparable to gold-standard identification methods in terms of sensitivity, reproducibility, and multiplex capability. This Review and Perspective provides insight into the contributing factors to this outcome; namely, we focus on the complications associated with the tremendous undertaking that is developing a sample-in-answer-out platform for HID. For context, we also describe the intricate forensic landscape that contributes to a nuanced marketplace, not easily distilled down to cases of simple supply and demand. Moving forward and considering the trade-offs associated with developing methods to compete, sometimes directly, with conventional ones, we recommend a focus shift for microfluidics developers toward the creation of innovative solutions for emerging applications in the field to increase the bandwidth of the forensic investigative toolkit. Likewise, we urge case working personnel to reframe how they conceptualize the currently available Rapid DNA tools; rather than comparing these microfluidic methods to gold-standard procedures, take advantage of their rapid and integrated modes for those situations requiring expedited identifications in an informed manner.
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Bruijns B, Knotter J, Tiggelaar R. A Systematic Review on Commercially Available Integrated Systems for Forensic DNA Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1075. [PMID: 36772114 PMCID: PMC9919030 DOI: 10.3390/s23031075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review describes and discusses three commercially available integrated systems for forensic DNA analysis, i.e., ParaDNA, RapidHIT, and ANDE. A variety of aspects, such as performance, time-to-result, ease-of-use, portability, and costs (per analysis run) of these three (modified) rapid DNA analysis systems, are considered. Despite their advantages and developmental progress, major steps still have to be made before rapid systems can be broadly applied at crime scenes for full DNA profiling. Aspects in particular that need (further) improvement are portability, performance, the possibility to analyze a (wider) variety of (complex) forensic samples, and (cartridge) costs. Moreover, steps forward regarding ease-of-use and time-to-result will benefit the broader use of commercial rapid DNA systems. In fact, it would be a profit if rapid DNA systems could be used for full DNA profile generation as well as indicative analyses that can give direction to forensic investigators which will speed up investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Bruijns
- Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Politieacademie, Arnhemseweg 348, 7334 AC Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Knotter
- Technologies for Criminal Investigations, Saxion University of Applied Sciences, M.H. Tromplaan 28, 7513 AB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Politieacademie, Arnhemseweg 348, 7334 AC Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | - Roald Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Rapid DNA from a Disaster Victim Identification Perspective: is it a game changer? Forensic Sci Int Genet 2022; 58:102684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2022.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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An in-field evaluation of rapid DNA instruments for disaster victim identification. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:493-499. [PMID: 34816308 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2019 and 2020, disaster victim identification (DVI) simulations were conducted at the Australian Facility for Taphonomic Experimental Research. Whole and fragmented cadavers were positioned to replicate a building collapse scenario and left to decompose for up to 4 weeks. This study evaluated the utility of the ANDE™ 6C Rapid DNA System and the RapidHITTM ID System for DVI in the field and mortuary. Applying post-mortem nail and tissue biopsy samples showed promise, with the added benefit of minimally invasive collection procedures and limited preparation requirements. The preferred platform will depend on a number of factors, including its intended use and operating environment.
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Validation of the Applied Biosystems RapidHIT ID instrument and ACE GlobalFiler Express sample cartridge. Int J Legal Med 2021; 136:13-41. [PMID: 34643802 PMCID: PMC8511620 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid DNA platforms are fully automated systems capable of processing DNA from biological samples and interpreting the results in approximately 90 minutes with minimal human intervention. With a greater reliance on the system than on the analyst, validation data are especially needed to define the performance and limitations of commercially available Rapid DNA systems. Thus, validation studies of a Rapid DNA workflow consisting of the Applied Biosystems RapidHIT ID Instrument and RapidLINK software with a focus on the ACE GlobalFiler Express Sample Cartridge and reference buccal swabs were performed in accordance with Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods Validation Guidelines. These validation studies included assessments of sensitivity, contamination, concordance, reproducibility and repeatability, stability, inhibition, mixtures, sample reprocessing, precision, and first-pass success rate. Overall, the current Applied Biosystems RapidHIT ID Instrument with the ACE GlobalFiler Express sample cartridge was found to be a reliable tool for generation of STR profiles from reference-type buccal swabs.
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Kitayama T, Fukagawa T, Watahiki H, Mita Y, Fujii K, Unuma K, Sakurada K, Uemura K, Sekiguchi K, Mizuno N. Evaluation of Rapid DNA system for buccal swab and disaster victim identification samples. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 46:101713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ragazzo M, Melchiorri S, Manzo L, Errichiello V, Puleri G, Nicastro F, Giardina E. Comparative Analysis of ANDE 6C Rapid DNA Analysis System and Traditional Methods. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E582. [PMID: 32456006 PMCID: PMC7288309 DOI: 10.3390/genes11050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid DNA analysis is an ultrafast and fully automated DNA-typing system, which can produce interpretable genetic profiles from biological samples within 90 minutes. This "swab in-profile out" method comprises DNA extraction, amplification by PCR multiplex, separation and detection of DNA fragments by capillary electrophoresis. The aim of study was the validation of the Accelerated Nuclear DNA Equipment (ANDE) 6C system as a typing method for reference samples according to the ISO/IEC 17025 standard. Here, we report the evaluation of the validity and reproducibility of results by the comparison of the genetic profiles generated by the ANDE 6C System with those generated by standard technologies. A quantity of 104 buccal swabs were analyzed both through the ANDE 6C technology and the traditional method (DNA extraction and quantification, amplification and separation by capillary electrophoresis). Positive typing was observed in 97% of cases for ANDE 6C technology with only three buccal swabs failing to reveal interpretable signals. Concordance was determined by comparing the allele calls generated by ANDE 6C and conventional technology. Comparison of 2800 genotypes revealed a concordance rate of 99.96%. These results met the ISO/IEC 17025 requirements, enabling us to receive the accreditation for this method. Finally, rapid technology has certainly reached a level of reliability which has made its use in laboratories of forensic genetics a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ragazzo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (S.M.); (L.M.); (V.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Stefano Melchiorri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (S.M.); (L.M.); (V.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Laura Manzo
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (S.M.); (L.M.); (V.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Valeria Errichiello
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (S.M.); (L.M.); (V.E.); (G.P.)
| | - Giulio Puleri
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (S.M.); (L.M.); (V.E.); (G.P.)
| | | | - Emiliano Giardina
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy; (M.R.); (S.M.); (L.M.); (V.E.); (G.P.)
- Genomic Medicine Laboratory UILDM, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
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Gin K, Tovar J, Bartelink EJ, Kendell A, Milligan C, Willey P, Wood J, Tan E, Turingan RS, Selden RF. The 2018 California Wildfires: Integration of Rapid DNA to Dramatically Accelerate Victim Identification. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:791-799. [PMID: 32128817 PMCID: PMC7318200 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In November 2018, Butte County, California, was decimated by the Camp Fire, the deadliest wildfire in state history. Over 150,000 acres were destroyed, and at its peak, the fire consumed eighty acres per minute. The speed and intensity of the oncoming flames killed scores of people, and weeks before the fire was contained, first responders began searching through the rubble of 18,804 residences and commercial buildings. As with most mass disasters, conventional identification modalities (e.g., fingerprints, odontology, hardware) were utilized to identify victims. The intensity and duration of the fire severely degraded most of the remains, and these approaches were useful in only 22 of 84 cases. In the past, the remaining cases would have been subjected to conventional DNA analysis, which may have required months to years. Instead, Rapid DNA technology was utilized (in a rented recreational vehicle outside the Sacramento morgue) in the victim identification effort. Sixty-nine sets of remains were subjected to Rapid DNA Identification and, of these, 62 (89.9%) generated short tandem repeat profiles that were subjected to familial searching; essentially all these profiles were produced within hours of sample receipt. Samples successfully utilized for DNA identification included blood, bone, liver, muscle, soft tissue of unknown origin, and brain. In tandem with processing of 255 family reference samples, 58 victims were identified. This work represents the first use of Rapid DNA Identification in a mass casualty event, and the results support the use of Rapid DNA as an integrated tool with conventional disaster victim identification modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Gin
- Sacramento County Coroner's Office4800 BroadwaySacramentoCA95820
| | - Jason Tovar
- Sacramento County Coroner's Office4800 BroadwaySacramentoCA95820
| | - Eric J. Bartelink
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - Ashley Kendell
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - Colleen Milligan
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - P. Willey
- Department of AnthropologyCalifornia State University400 West First StreetChicoCA95929
| | - James Wood
- Sonoma County Sheriff‐Coroner Office3336 Chanate RoadSanta RosaCA95404
| | - Eugene Tan
- ANDE Corporation266 Second AvenueWalthamMA024551
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Turingan RS, Tan E, Jiang H, Brown J, Estari Y, Krautz-Peterson G, Selden RF. Developmental Validation of the ANDE 6C System for Rapid DNA Analysis of Forensic Casework and DVI Samples. J Forensic Sci 2020; 65:1056-1071. [PMID: 32040208 PMCID: PMC7383818 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A developmental validation was performed to demonstrate reliability, reproducibility, and robustness of the ANDE Rapid DNA Identification System for processing of crime scene and disaster victim identification (DVI) samples. A total of 1705 samples were evaluated, including blood, oral epithelial samples from drinking containers, samples on FTA and untreated paper, semen, bone, and soft tissues. This study was conducted to address the FBI’s Quality Assurance Standards on developmental validation and to accumulate data from a sufficient number of unique donors and sample types to meet NDIS submission requirements for acceptance of the ANDE Expert System for casework use. To date, no Expert System has been approved for such samples, but the results of this study demonstrated that the automated Expert System performs similarly to conventional laboratory data analysis. Furthermore, Rapid DNA analysis demonstrated accuracy, precision, resolution, concordance, and reproducibility that were comparable to conventional processing along with appropriate species specificity, limit of detection, performance in the presence of inhibitors. No lane‐to‐lane or run‐to‐run contamination was observed, and the system correctly identified the presence of mixtures. Taken together, the ANDE instrument, I‐Chip consumable, FlexPlex chemistry (a 27‐locus STR assay compatible with all widely used global loci, including the CODIS core 20 loci), and automated Expert System successfully processed and interpreted more than 1200 unique samples with over 99.99% concordant CODIS alleles. This extensive developmental validation data provides support for broad use of the system by agencies and accredited forensic laboratories in single‐source suspect‐evidence comparisons, local database searches, and DVI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene Tan
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451
| | - Hua Jiang
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451
| | - Jessi Brown
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451
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14
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Turingan RS, Brown J, Kaplun L, Smith J, Watson J, Boyd DA, Steadman DW, Selden RF. Identification of human remains using Rapid DNA analysis. Int J Legal Med 2019; 134:863-872. [PMID: 31781850 PMCID: PMC7181457 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-019-02186-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification of human remains following mass casualty events is essential to bring closure to family members and friends of the victims. Unfortunately, disaster victim identification, missing persons identification, and forensic casework analysis are often complicated by sample degradation due to exposure to harsh environmental conditions. Following a mass disaster, forensic laboratories may be overwhelmed by the number of dissociated portions that require identification and reassociation or compromised by the event itself. The interval between the disaster and receipt of victim samples at a laboratory is critical in that sample quality deteriorates as the postmortem interval increases. When bodies decompose due to delay in collection, transport, and sample processing, DNA becomes progressively fragmented, adversely impacting identification. We have previously developed a fully automated, field-forward Rapid DNA identification system that produces STR profiles (also referred to as DNA IDs or DNA fingerprints) from buccal and crime scene samples. The system performs all sample processing and data interpretation in less than 2 h. Here, we present results on Rapid DNA identification performed on several tissue types (including buccal, muscle, liver, brain, tooth, and bone) from exposed human bodies placed above ground or stored in a morgue/cooler, two scenarios commonly encountered following mass disasters. We demonstrate that for exposed remains, buccal swabs are the sample of choice for up to 11 days exposure and bone and tooth samples generated excellent DNA IDs for the 1-year duration of the study. For refrigerated remains, all sample types generated excellent DNA IDs for the 3-month testing period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessi Brown
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Ludmila Kaplun
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Jake Smith
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jenna Watson
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Derek A Boyd
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Dawnie Wolfe Steadman
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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15
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Scott A, Mills D, Birch C, Panesar S, Li J, Nelson D, Starteva M, Khim A, Root B, Landers JP. Automated microchannel alignment using innate opto-signature for microchip electrophoresis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3834-3843. [PMID: 31595287 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00716d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, optimal alignment is essential in maximizing the fluorescent signal and, hence, detection sensitivity. Micro-total analysis systems (μTAS) involving microchip electrophoresis (ME) are challenged with alignment of the optics to the separation channel each run due to the single-use nature. Furthermore, μTAS devices that are designed to operate autonomously and by non-experts face additional challenges in performing alignment with micrometer resolution without human intervention. As part of the development of a total DNA analysis system, we set out to develop an automated alignment (AA) method to locate a 50-by-50 μm separation channel on a freely rotating microfluidic device in the absence of a fluorescent dye, accomplished without additional hardware. We detail the innate fluorescent signature attainable from laser excitation and the optimization of the algorithm to achieve AA at 84.6% success rate from 26 microchips. This AA method was a key element in realizing complete automation of the DNA analysis process in order to advance our instrument to a technology readiness level of 7. This is the first description of an AA method for ME (and centrifugal ME) with the purpose of providing transparent technical details to bridge the gap from 'fully integrated' to 'fully automated' instruments for point-of-detection, sample in-answer-out use cases. Written in the context of a forensic application, the AA method is adaptable for a wide range of bioanalytical applications involving LIF detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchi Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Daniel Mills
- TeGrex Technologies, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Christopher Birch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | | | - Jingyi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Daniel Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | | | - Albert Khim
- TeGrex Technologies, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Brian Root
- Applied Research Institute, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - James P Landers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA. and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA and Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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16
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Gu Y, Zhuang B, Han J, Li Y, Song X, Zhou X, Wang L, Liu P. Modular-Based Integrated Microsystem with Multiple Sample Preparation Modules for Automated Forensic DNA Typing from Reference to Challenging Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7435-7443. [PMID: 31050401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The realization of an automated short tandem repeat (STR) analysis for forensic investigations is facing a unique challenge, that is DNA evidence with wide disparities in sample types, quality, and quantity. We developed a fully integrated microsystem in a modular-based architecture to accept and process various forensic samples in a "sample-in-answer-out" manner for forensic STR analysis. Two sample preparation modules (SPMs), the direct and the extraction SPM, were designed to be easily assembled with a capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) chip using a chip cartridge to efficiently achieve an adequate performance to different samples at a low cost. The direct SPM processed buccal swabs to produce STR profiles without DNA extraction in about 2 h. The extraction SPM analyzed more challenging blood samples based on chitosan-modified quartz filter paper for DNA extraction. This newly developed quartz filter provided a 90% DNA extraction efficiency and the "in situ" PCR capability, which enabled DNA extraction and PCR performed within a single chamber with all the DNA concentrated in the filter. We demonstrated that minute amounts of blood (0.25 μL), highly diluted blood (0.5 μL blood in 1 mL buffer), and latent bloodstains (5-μL bloodstain on cloth washed with detergent) can be automatically analyzed using our microsystem, reliably producing full STR profiles with a 100% calling of all the alleles. This modular-based microsystem with the capability of analyzing a wide range of samples should be able to play an increasing role in both urgent situations and routine forensic investigations, dramatically extending the applications and utility of automated DNA typing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application , China Astronaut Research and Training Center , Beijing , 100094 , China
| | - Bin Zhuang
- Beijing CapitalBio Technology Ltd. Co. , Beijing , 101111 , China
| | - Junping Han
- Technology Department of Chaoyang Sub-bureau , Beijing Public Security Bureau , Beijing , 100102 , China
| | - Yi Li
- Beijing CapitalBio Technology Ltd. Co. , Beijing , 101111 , China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Beijing CapitalBio Technology Ltd. Co. , Beijing , 101111 , China
| | - Xinying Zhou
- CapitalBio Corporation , Beijing , 102206 , China
| | - Lei Wang
- CapitalBio Corporation , Beijing , 102206 , China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Tsinghua University , Beijing , 100084 , China
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17
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Carney C, Whitney S, Vaidyanathan J, Persick R, Noel F, Vallone PM, Romsos EL, Tan E, Grover R, Turingan RS, French JL, Selden RF. Developmental validation of the ANDE™ rapid DNA system with FlexPlex™ assay for arrestee and reference buccal swab processing and database searching. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 40:120-130. [PMID: 30818156 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A developmental validation was performed to demonstrate reliability, reproducibility and robustness of the ANDE System with the FlexPlex assay, including an integrated Expert System, across a number of laboratories and buccal sample variations. Previously, the related DNAscan™/ANDE 4C Rapid DNA System using the PowerPlex®16 assay and integrated Expert System Software received NDIS approval in March 2016. The enhanced ANDE instrument, referred to as ANDE 6C, and the accompanying 6-dye, 27-locus STR assay, referred to as FlexPlex, have been developed to be compatible with all widely used global loci, including the expanded set of the CODIS core 20 loci. Six forensic and research laboratories participated in the FlexPlex Rapid DNA developmental validation experiments, testing a total of 2045 swabs, including those obtained from 1387 unique individuals. The goal of this extensive and comprehensive validation was to thoroughly evaluate and document the ANDE System and its internal Expert System to reliably genotype reference buccal swab samples in a manner compliant with the FBI's Quality Assurance Standards and the NDIS Operational Procedures. The ANDE System, including automated Expert System analysis, generated reproducible and concordant results for buccal swabs when testing various instruments at different laboratories by a number of different operators. When testing a number of non-human DNAs, including oral bacteria, the ANDE System and FlexPlex assay demonstrated limited cross-reactivity. Potential PCR inhibitors were evaluated as part of the validation and no inhibition was detected. Reproducible and concordant profiles were generated from buccal swab samples collected with a limit of detection appropriate for buccal swab collections from arrestees. The precision and resolution of the System met industry standards for detection of microvariants and single base resolution. The integrated Expert System appropriately demonstrated the ability to correctly pass or fail profiles for CODIS upload without human review. During this comprehensive developmental validation, the ANDE System successfully interpreted over 2000 samples tested with over 99.99% concordant alleles. The data package described herein led to the ANDE System with the FlexPlex assay receiving NDIS approval in June 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Carney
- Florida Department of Law Enforcement DNA Investigative Support Database, 2331 Phillips Road, Tallahassee, FL, 32308, USA
| | - Scott Whitney
- Florida Department of Law Enforcement DNA Investigative Support Database, 2331 Phillips Road, Tallahassee, FL, 32308, USA
| | | | - Rebekah Persick
- Louisiana State Police, 376 East Airport Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70806, USA
| | - Fabrice Noel
- National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology, Chaussée de Vilvorde, 100, 1120, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Peter M Vallone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8314, USA
| | - Erica L Romsos
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899-8314, USA
| | - Eugene Tan
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Ranjana Grover
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | | | - Julie L French
- ANDE Corporation, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA.
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18
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Morgan R, Illidge S, Wilson-Wilde L. Assessment of the potential investigative value of a decentralised rapid DNA workflow for reference DNA samples. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 294:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Han J, Gan W, Zhuang B, Sun J, Zhao L, Ye J, Liu Y, Li CX, Liu P. A fully integrated microchip system for automated forensic short tandem repeat analysis. Analyst 2018; 142:2004-2012. [PMID: 28513665 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00295e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have successfully developed an integrated microsystem that combines two plastic microchips for DNA extraction and PCR amplification with a glass capillary array electrophoresis chip together in a compact control and detection instrument for automated forensic short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. DNA extraction followed by an "in situ PCR" was conducted in a single reaction chamber of the microchip based on a filter paper-based extraction methodology. PCR products were then mixed with sizing standards by an injection electrode and injected into the electrophoresis chip for four-color confocal fluorescence detection. The entire STR analysis can be completed in about two hours without any human intervention. Since the 15-plex STR system has a more stringent requirement for PCR efficiency, we optimized the structure of the plastic DNA extraction and amplification chip, in which the reaction chamber was formed by sandwiching a hollow structure layer with two blank cover layers, to reduce the adsorption of PCR reagents to the surfaces. In addition, PCR additives, bovine serum albumin, poly(ethylene glycol), and more magnesium chloride were included into the on-chip multiplex STR system. The limit-of-detection study demonstrated that our microsystem was able to produce full 15-plex STR profiles from 3.75 ng standard K562 DNA. Buccal swab and whole blood samples were also successfully typed by our system, validating the feasibility of performing rapid DNA typing in a "sample-in-answer-out" manner for on-site forensic human identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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20
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Hin S, Paust N, Keller M, Rombach M, Strohmeier O, Zengerle R, Mitsakakis K. Temperature change rate actuated bubble mixing for homogeneous rehydration of dry pre-stored reagents in centrifugal microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:362-370. [PMID: 29297912 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc01249g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In centrifugal microfluidics, dead volumes in valves downstream of mixing chambers can hardly be avoided. These dead volumes are excluded from mixing processes and hence cause a concentration gradient. Here we present a new bubble mixing concept which avoids such dead volumes. The mixing concept employs heating to create a temperature change rate (TCR) induced overpressure in the air volume downstream of mixing chambers. The main feature is an air vent with a high fluidic resistance, representing a low pass filter with respect to pressure changes. Fast temperature increase causes rapid pressure increase in downstream structures pushing the liquid from downstream channels into the mixing chamber. As air further penetrates into the mixing chamber, bubbles form, ascend due to buoyancy and mix the liquid. Slow temperature/pressure changes equilibrate through the high fluidic resistance air vent enabling sequential heating/cooling cycles to repeat the mixing process. After mixing, a complete transfer of the reaction volume into the downstream fluidic structure is possible by a rapid cooling step triggering TCR actuated valving. The new mixing concept is applied to rehydrate reagents for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). After mixing, the reaction mix is aliquoted into several reaction chambers for geometric multiplexing. As a measure for mixing efficiency, the mean coefficient of variation (C[combining macron]V[combining macron], n = 4 LabDisks) of the time to positivity (tp) of the LAMP reactions (n = 11 replicates per LabDisk) is taken. The C[combining macron]V[combining macron] of the tp is reduced from 18.5% (when using standard shake mode mixing) to 3.3% (when applying TCR actuated bubble mixing). The bubble mixer has been implemented in a monolithic fashion without the need for any additional actuation besides rotation and temperature control, which are needed anyhow for the assay workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hin
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, IMTEK - Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Zhuang B. Introduction. DEVELOPMENT OF A FULLY INTEGRATED “SAMPLE-IN-ANSWER-OUT” SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC GENETIC ANALYSIS 2018:1-30. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4753-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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22
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Abstract
Since the Human Genome Project completed in 2000, the sequencing of the first genome, massive progress has been made by medical science in the early diagnosis and personalized therapies based on nucleic acids (NA) analysis. To allow the extensive use of these molecular methods in medical practice, scientific research is nowadays strongly focusing on the development of new miniaturized and easy-to-use technologies and devices allowing fast and low cost NA analysis in decentralized environments. It is now the era of so-called genetic "Point-of-Care" (PoC). These systems must integrate and automate all steps necessary for molecular analysis such as sample preparation (extraction and purification of NA) and detection based on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technology in order to perform, by unskilled personnel, in vitro genetic analysis near the patient (in hospital, in the physician office, clinic, or home), with rapid answers and low cost. In this review, the recent advances in genetic PoC technologies are discussed, including the extraction and PCR amplification chemistry suitable for PoC use and the new frontiers of research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- STMicroelectronics, Stradale Primosole 50, 95121 Catania, Italy
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23
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Wilson-Wilde L, Pitman F. Legislative and Policy Implications for the use of Rapid DNA Technology in the Australian Context. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19409044.2017.1335809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linzi Wilson-Wilde
- National Institute of Forensic Science, Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Pitman
- Office of the General Counsel, Department of Premier and Cabinet, Melbourne, Australia
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24
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Turingan RS, Kaplun L, Krautz-Peterson G, Norsworthy S, Zolotova A, Joseph SJ, Read TD, Dean D, Tan E, Selden RF. Rapid detection and strain typing of Chlamydia trachomatis using a highly multiplexed microfluidic PCR assay. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178653. [PMID: 28562672 PMCID: PMC5451082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are recommended by the CDC for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) urogenital infections. Current commercial NAATs require technical expertise and sophisticated laboratory infrastructure, are time-consuming and expensive, and do not differentiate the lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) strains that require a longer duration of treatment than non-LGV strains. The multiplexed microfluidic PCR-based assay presented in this work simultaneously interrogates 13 loci to detect Ct and identify LGV and non-LGV strain-types. Based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms, the assay differentiates LGV, ocular, urogenital, and proctocolitis clades, and also serovars L1, L2, and L3 within the LGV group. The assay was evaluated in a blinded fashion using 95 clinical swabs, with 76 previously reported as urogenital Ct-positive samples and typed by ompA genotyping and/or Multi-Locus Sequence Typing. Results of the 13-plex assay showed that 51 samples fell within urogenital clade 2 or 4, 24 samples showed both clade 2 and 4 signatures, indicating possible mixed infection, gene rearrangement, or inter-clade recombination, and one sample was a noninvasive trachoma biovar (either a clade 3 or 4). The remaining 19 blinded samples were correctly identified as LGV clade 1 (3), ocular clade 3 (4), or as negatives (12). To date, no NAAT assay can provide a point-of-care applicable turnaround time for Ct detection while identifying clinically significant Ct strain types to inform appropriate treatment. Coupled with rapid DNA processing of clinical swabs (approximately 60 minutes from swab-in to result-out), the assay has significant potential as a rapid POC diagnostic for Ct infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludmila Kaplun
- NetBio, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Anna Zolotova
- NetBio, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandeep J. Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Read
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deborah Dean
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, United States of America
- University of California at San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- University of California at Berkeley and University of California at San Francisco Joint Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Eugene Tan
- NetBio, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
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25
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FlexPlex27-highly multiplexed rapid DNA identification for law enforcement, kinship, and military applications. Int J Legal Med 2017; 131:1489-1501. [PMID: 28258488 PMCID: PMC5635076 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1567-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Rapid DNA identification is the use of a rugged, field-deployable system to generate short tandem repeat (STR) profiles in law enforcement, military, immigration, and homeland security applications. A performance verification study was conducted on the ANDE Rapid DNA identification system using FlexPlex27, a highly multiplexed, 27 locus assay that generates data for the expanded CODIS core loci and all additional STR loci required for international databasing. The assay contains 23 autosomal loci (D1S1656, D2S1338, D2S441, D3S1358, D5S81, D6S1043, D7S820, D8S1179, D10S1248, D12S391, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D19S433, D21S11, D22S1045, FGA, CSF1PO, Penta E, TH01, vWA, TPOX, and SE33), three Y-chromosomal loci (DYS391, DYS576, and DYS570), and Amelogenin. Study results demonstrate that the instrument is reliable, reproducible, accurate, robust, and ready for a large scale, comprehensive developmental validation by NDIS-participating laboratories. The additional loci in the FlexPlex assay allow for improved STR profile sharing globally, increase the power of discrimination for identification matches, and improve the effectiveness of kinship analyses.
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26
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Han JP, Sun J, Wang L, Liu P, Zhuang B, Zhao L, Liu Y, Li CX. The Optimization of Electrophoresis on a Glass Microfluidic Chip and its Application in Forensic Science. J Forensic Sci 2017; 62:1603-1612. [PMID: 28168694 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic chips offer significant speed, cost, and sensitivity advantages, but numerous parameters must be optimized to provide microchip electrophoresis detection. Experiments were conducted to study the factors, including sieving matrices (the concentration and type), surface modification, analysis temperature, and electric field strengths, which all impact the effectiveness of microchip electrophoresis detection of DNA samples. Our results showed that the best resolution for ssDNA was observed using 4.5% w/v (7 M urea) lab-fabricated LPA gel, dynamic wall coating of the microchannel, electrophoresis temperatures between 55 and 60°C, and electrical fields between 350 and 450 V/cm on the microchip-based capillary electrophoresis (μCE) system. One base-pair resolution could be achieved in the 19-cm-length microchannel. Furthermore, both 9947A standard genomic DNA and DNA extracted from blood spots were demonstrated to be successfully separated with well-resolved DNA peaks in 8 min. Therefore, the microchip electrophoresis system demonstrated good potential for rapid forensic DNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun P Han
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China.,Forensic Science and Technology Department of Chaoyang Sub-bureau, Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Le Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhuang
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Cai X Li
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Crime Scene Evidence Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
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27
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Cox JO, DeCarmen TS, Ouyang Y, Strachan B, Sloane H, Connon C, Gibson K, Jackson K, Landers JP, Cruz TD. A novel, integrated forensic microdevice on a rotation-driven platform: Buccal swab to STR product in less than 2 h. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:3046-3058. [PMID: 27620618 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the development of a novel microdevice for forensic DNA processing of reference swabs. This microdevice incorporates an enzyme-based assay for DNA preparation, which allows for faster processing times and reduced sample handling. Infrared-mediated PCR (IR-PCR) is used for STR amplification using a custom reaction mixture, allowing for amplification of STR loci in 45 min while circumventing the limitations of traditional block thermocyclers. Uniquely positioned valves coupled with a simple rotational platform are used to exert fluidic control, eliminating the need for bulky external equipment. All microdevices were fabricated using laser ablation and thermal bonding of PMMA layers. Using this microdevice, the enzyme-mediated DNA liberation module produced DNA yields similar to or higher than those produced using the traditional (tube-based) protocol. Initial microdevice IR-PCR experiments to test the amplification module and reaction (using Phusion Flash/SpeedSTAR) generated near-full profiles that suffered from interlocus peak imbalance and poor adenylation (significant -A). However, subsequent attempts using KAPA 2G and Pfu Ultra polymerases generated full STR profiles with improved interlocus balance and the expected adenylated product. A fully integrated run designed to test microfluidic control successfully generated CE-ready STR amplicons in less than 2 h (<1 h of hands-on time). Using this approach, high-quality STR profiles were developed that were consistent with those produced using conventional DNA purification and STR amplification methods. This method is a smaller, more elegant solution than current microdevice methods and offers a cheaper, hands-free, closed-system alternative to traditional forensic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan O Cox
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Yiwen Ouyang
- Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, & Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Briony Strachan
- Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, & Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hillary Sloane
- Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, & Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cathey Connon
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kemper Gibson
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly Jackson
- Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, & Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - James P Landers
- Departments of Chemistry, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, & Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Tracey Dawson Cruz
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Della Manna A, Nye JV, Carney C, Hammons JS, Mann M, Al Shamali F, Vallone PM, Romsos EL, Marne BA, Tan E, Turingan RS, Hogan C, Selden RF, French JL. Developmental validation of the DNAscan™ Rapid DNA Analysis™ instrument and expert system for reference sample processing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 25:145-156. [PMID: 27606570 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the implementation of forensic DNA typing in labs more than 20 years ago, the analysis procedures and data interpretation have always been conducted in a laboratory by highly trained and qualified scientific personnel. Rapid DNA technology has the potential to expand testing capabilities within forensic laboratories and to allow forensic STR analysis to be performed outside the physical boundaries of the traditional laboratory. The developmental validation of the DNAscan/ANDE Rapid DNA Analysis System was completed using a BioChipSet™ Cassette consumable designed for high DNA content samples, such as single source buccal swabs. A total of eight laboratories participated in the testing which totaled over 2300 swabs, and included nearly 1400 unique individuals. The goal of this extensive study was to obtain, document, analyze, and assess DNAscan and its internal Expert System to reliably genotype reference samples in a manner compliant with the FBI's Quality Assurance Standards (QAS) and the NDIS Operational Procedures. The DNAscan System provided high quality, concordant results for reference buccal swabs, including automated data analysis with an integrated Expert System. Seven external laboratories and NetBio, the developer of the technology, participated in the validation testing demonstrating the reproducibility and reliability of the system and its successful use in a variety of settings by numerous operators. The DNAscan System demonstrated limited cross reactivity with other species, was resilient in the presence of numerous inhibitors, and provided reproducible results for both buccal and purified DNA samples with sensitivity at a level appropriate for buccal swabs. The precision and resolution of the system met industry standards for detection of micro-variants and displayed single base resolution. PCR-based studies provided confidence that the system was robust and that the amplification reaction had been optimized to provide high quality results. The DNAscan integrated Expert System was examined as part of the Developmental Validation and successfully interpreted the over 2000 samples tested with over 99.998% concordant alleles. The system appropriately flagged samples for human review and failed both mixed samples and samples with insufficient genetic information. These results demonstrated the integrated Expert System makes correct allele calls without human intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Della Manna
- Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, 2026 Valleydale Road, Hoover, AL 35244, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Nye
- Michigan State Police, 7320 North Canal Road, Lansing, MI 48913, USA
| | - Christopher Carney
- Florida Department of Law Enforcement DNA Investigative Support Database, 2331 Phillips Road, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA
| | - Jennifer S Hammons
- Defense Forensic Science Center, Office of Chief Scientist, 4930 North 31st Street, Forest Park, GA 30297, USA
| | - Michael Mann
- Defense Forensic Science Center, Office of Chief Scientist, 4930 North 31st Street, Forest Park, GA 30297, USA
| | - Farida Al Shamali
- Dubai Police GHQ, Gen. Dept. Forensic Sciences & Criminology, P.O. Box 1493, Dubai, UAE
| | - Peter M Vallone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8314, USA
| | - Erica L Romsos
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8314, USA
| | - Beth Ann Marne
- Pennsylvania State Police, Forensic DNA Division, 80N. Westmoreland Avenue, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Eugene Tan
- NetBio, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA, USA(1)
| | | | | | | | - Julie L French
- GE Healthcare Life Sciences, 100 Results Way, Marlborough, MA 01752, USA.
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Microfluidic Devices for Forensic DNA Analysis: A Review. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6030041. [PMID: 27527231 PMCID: PMC5039660 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices may offer various advantages for forensic DNA analysis, such as reduced risk of contamination, shorter analysis time and direct application at the crime scene. Microfluidic chip technology has already proven to be functional and effective within medical applications, such as for point-of-care use. In the forensic field, one may expect microfluidic technology to become particularly relevant for the analysis of biological traces containing human DNA. This would require a number of consecutive steps, including sample work up, DNA amplification and detection, as well as secure storage of the sample. This article provides an extensive overview of microfluidic devices for cell lysis, DNA extraction and purification, DNA amplification and detection and analysis techniques for DNA. Topics to be discussed are polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on-chip, digital PCR (dPCR), isothermal amplification on-chip, chip materials, integrated devices and commercially available techniques. A critical overview of the opportunities and challenges of the use of chips is discussed, and developments made in forensic DNA analysis over the past 10–20 years with microfluidic systems are described. Areas in which further research is needed are indicated in a future outlook.
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Abstract
The author's thoughts and opinions on where the field of forensic DNA testing is headed for the next decade are provided in the context of where the field has come over the past 30 years. Similar to the Olympic motto of 'faster, higher, stronger', forensic DNA protocols can be expected to become more rapid and sensitive and provide stronger investigative potential. New short tandem repeat (STR) loci have expanded the core set of genetic markers used for human identification in Europe and the USA. Rapid DNA testing is on the verge of enabling new applications. Next-generation sequencing has the potential to provide greater depth of coverage for information on STR alleles. Familial DNA searching has expanded capabilities of DNA databases in parts of the world where it is allowed. Challenges and opportunities that will impact the future of forensic DNA are explored including the need for education and training to improve interpretation of complex DNA profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Butler
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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31
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Turingan RS, Vasantgadkar S, Palombo L, Hogan C, Jiang H, Tan E, Selden RF. Rapid DNA analysis for automated processing and interpretation of low DNA content samples. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2016; 7:2. [PMID: 26998214 PMCID: PMC4797129 DOI: 10.1186/s13323-016-0033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Short tandem repeat (STR) analysis of casework samples with low DNA content include those resulting from the transfer of epithelial cells from the skin to an object (e.g., cells on a water bottle, or brim of a cap), blood spatter stains, and small bone and tissue fragments. Low DNA content (LDC) samples are important in a wide range of settings, including disaster response teams to assist in victim identification and family reunification, military operations to identify friend or foe, criminal forensics to identify suspects and exonerate the innocent, and medical examiner and coroner offices to identify missing persons. Processing LDC samples requires experienced laboratory personnel, isolated workstations, and sophisticated equipment, requires transport time, and involves complex procedures. We present a rapid DNA analysis system designed specifically to generate STR profiles from LDC samples in field-forward settings by non-technical operators. By performing STR in the field, close to the site of collection, rapid DNA analysis has the potential to increase throughput and to provide actionable information in real time. Results A Low DNA Content BioChipSet (LDC BCS) was developed and manufactured by injection molding. It was designed to function in the fully integrated Accelerated Nuclear DNA Equipment (ANDE) instrument previously designed for analysis of buccal swab and other high DNA content samples (Investigative Genet. 4(1):1–15, 2013). The LDC BCS performs efficient DNA purification followed by microfluidic ultrafiltration of the purified DNA, maximizing the quantity of DNA available for subsequent amplification and electrophoretic separation and detection of amplified fragments. The system demonstrates accuracy, precision, resolution, signal strength, and peak height ratios appropriate for casework analysis. Conclusions The LDC rapid DNA analysis system is effective for the generation of STR profiles from a wide range of sample types. The technology broadens the range of sample types that can be processed and minimizes the time between sample collection, sample processing and analysis, and generation of actionable intelligence. The fully integrated Expert System is capable of interpreting a wide range or sample types and input DNA quantities, allowing samples to be processed and interpreted without a technical operator.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Palombo
- NetBio, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451 USA
| | | | - Hua Jiang
- NetBio, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451 USA
| | - Eugene Tan
- NetBio, 266 Second Avenue, Waltham, MA 02451 USA
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Date-Chong M, Hudlow WR, Buoncristiani MR. Evaluation of the RapidHIT™ 200 and RapidHIT GlobalFiler(®) Express kit for fully automated STR genotyping. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 23:1-8. [PMID: 26971314 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The RapidHIT™ 200 Human Identification System and RapidHIT GlobalFiler(®) Express kit were evaluated and validated for use with single-source reference samples. It was of primary interest to evaluate the system for its efficacy as an expert system and to estimate a first pass success rate, as well as to identify the technical variables impacting that result. While results indicated that this instrument/kit combination can be used to accurately type single-source buccal samples, substantial variability in sensitivity and intra-color balance were observed, as were multiple artifacts, requiring extensive manual editing of the profiles. Artifacts included dye "blobs" and spectral overlap (pull-up) peaks that often originated from relatively low intensity allele peaks. Reduced intra-color balance, in combination with low sensitivity, occasionally resulted in instances of allelic dropout. Overall, 50% of the buccal samples analyzed in this study would have been successfully typed to give full GlobalFiler(®) profiles without the need for manual review and editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mavis Date-Chong
- Jan Bashinski DNA Laboratory, Bureau of Forensic Services, California Department of Justice, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - William R Hudlow
- Jan Bashinski DNA Laboratory, Bureau of Forensic Services, California Department of Justice, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
| | - Martin R Buoncristiani
- Jan Bashinski DNA Laboratory, Bureau of Forensic Services, California Department of Justice, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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33
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Zhuang B, Han J, Xiang G, Gan W, Wang S, Wang D, Wang L, Sun J, Li CX, Liu P. A fully integrated and automated microsystem for rapid pharmacogenetic typing of multiple warfarin-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:86-95. [PMID: 26568290 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01094b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A fully integrated and automated microsystem consisting of low-cost, disposable plastic chips for DNA extraction and PCR amplification combined with a reusable glass capillary array electrophoresis chip in a modular-based format was successfully developed for warfarin pharmacogenetic testing. DNA extraction was performed by adopting a filter paper-based method, followed by "in situ" PCR that was carried out directly in the same reaction chamber of the chip without elution. PCR products were then co-injected with sizing standards into separation channels for detection using a novel injection electrode. The entire process was automatically conducted on a custom-made compact control and detection instrument. The limit of detection of the microsystem for the singleplex amplification of amelogenin was determined to be 0.625 ng of standard K562 DNA and 0.3 μL of human whole blood. A two-color multiplex allele-specific PCR assay for detecting the warfarin-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 6853 (-1639G>A) and 6484 (1173C>T) in the VKORC1 gene and the *3 SNP (1075A>C) in the CYP2C9 gene was developed and used for validation studies. The fully automated genetic analysis was completed in two hours with a minimum requirement of 0.5 μL of input blood. Samples from patients with different genotypes were all accurately analyzed. In addition, both dried bloodstains and oral swabs were successfully processed by the microsystem with a simple modification to the DNA extraction and amplification chip. The successful development and operation of this microsystem establish the feasibility of rapid warfarin pharmacogenetic testing in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. and CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Junping Han
- Chinese People's Public Security University, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Guangxin Xiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. and CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Wupeng Gan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. and CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Shuaiqin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China and National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, 102206, China and National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Cai-Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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34
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Romsos EL, Lembirick S, Vallone PM. Rapid DNA maturity assessment. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Romsos EL, Vallone PM. Rapid PCR of STR markers: Applications to human identification. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 18:90-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Kim YT, Heo HY, Oh SH, Lee SH, Kim DH, Seo TS. Microchip-based forensic short tandem repeat genotyping. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1728-37. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tae Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program), Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Young Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program), Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hye Oh
- DNA Analysis Laboratory, Division of Forensic DNA; Supreme Prosecutors’ Office; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- DNA Analysis Laboratory, Division of Forensic DNA; Supreme Prosecutors’ Office; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program), Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Seok Seo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 plus program), Institute for the BioCentury; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
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37
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Donachie GE, Dawnay N, Ahmed R, Naif S, Duxbury NJ, Tribble ND. Assessing the impact of common forensic presumptive tests on the ability to obtain results using a novel rapid DNA platform. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 17:87-90. [PMID: 25864157 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rise of DNA evidence to the forefront of forensic science has led to high sample numbers being submitted for profiling by investigators to casework laboratories: bottleneck effects are often seen resulting in slow turnaround times and sample backlog. The ParaDNA(®) Screening and Intelligence Tests have been designed to guide investigators on the viability of potential sources of DNA allowing them to determine which samples should be sent for full DNA analysis. Both tests are designed to augment the arsenal of available forensic tests for end users and be used concurrently to those commonly available. Therefore, assessing the impact that common forensic tests have on such novel technology is important to measure. The systems were tested against various potential inhibitors to which samples may be exposed as part of the investigative process. Presumptive test agents for biological materials (blood, semen and saliva) and those used as fingerprint enhancement agents were both used. The Screening Test showed a drop in performance following application of aluminium powder and cyanoacrylate (CNA) on fingerprints samples; however this drop in performance was not replicated with high template DNA. No significant effect was observed for any agent using the Intelligence Test. Therefore, both tests stand up well to the chemical agents applied and can be used by investigators with confidence that system performance will be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Donachie
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Strathclyde, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Royal College Building, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - Nick Dawnay
- LGC, F5Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3ED, UK.
| | - Romana Ahmed
- LGC, F5Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3ED, UK
| | - Sarah Naif
- LGC, F5Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3ED, UK
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38
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Mapes AA, Kloosterman AD, de Poot CJ. DNA in the Criminal Justice System: The DNA Success Story in Perspective,. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:851-6. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Mapes
- Forensic Science; Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ate D. Kloosterman
- Department of Science Interdisciplinary Research Statistics and Knowledge Management (WISK); Netherlands Forensic Institute; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Forensic Science; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Christianne J. de Poot
- Forensic Science; Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Forensic Investigation; Dutch Police Academy; Apeldoorn The Netherlands
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Bartsch MS, Edwards HS, Lee D, Moseley CE, Tew KE, Renzi RF, Van de Vreugde JL, Kim H, Knight DL, Sinha A, Branda SS, Patel KD. The rotary zone thermal cycler: a low-power system enabling automated rapid PCR. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118182. [PMID: 25826708 PMCID: PMC4380418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular biology, microfluidics, and laboratory automation continue to expand the accessibility and applicability of these methods beyond the confines of conventional, centralized laboratory facilities and into point of use roles in clinical, military, forensic, and field-deployed applications. As a result, there is a growing need to adapt the unit operations of molecular biology (e.g., aliquoting, centrifuging, mixing, and thermal cycling) to compact, portable, low-power, and automation-ready formats. Here we present one such adaptation, the rotary zone thermal cycler (RZTC), a novel wheel-based device capable of cycling up to four different fixed-temperature blocks into contact with a stationary 4-microliter capillary-bound sample to realize 1-3 second transitions with steady state heater power of less than 10 W. We demonstrate the utility of the RZTC for DNA amplification as part of a highly integrated rotary zone PCR (rzPCR) system that uses low-volume valves and syringe-based fluid handling to automate sample loading and unloading, thermal cycling, and between-run cleaning functionalities in a compact, modular form factor. In addition to characterizing the performance of the RZTC and the efficacy of different online cleaning protocols, we present preliminary results for rapid single-plex PCR, multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) amplification, and second strand cDNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Bartsch
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Daniel Lee
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Karen E. Tew
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Ronald F. Renzi
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Hanyoup Kim
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | | | - Anupama Sinha
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Steven S. Branda
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Kamlesh D. Patel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, United States of America
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Laurin N, Frégeau CJ. An Accelerated Analytical Process for the Development of STR Profiles for Casework Samples. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:983-9. [PMID: 25782346 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Laurin
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, Policy & Program Support; 1200 Vanier Parkway Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Chantal J. Frégeau
- Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Forensic Science & Identification Services, Policy & Program Support; 1200 Vanier Parkway Ottawa ON Canada
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Jovanovich S, Bogdan G, Belcinski R, Buscaino J, Burgi D, Butts ELR, Chear K, Ciopyk B, Eberhart D, El-Sissi O, Franklin H, Gangano S, Gass J, Harris D, Hennessy L, Kindwall A, King D, Klevenberg J, Li Y, Mehendale N, McIntosh R, Nielsen B, Park C, Pearson F, Schueren R, Stainton N, Troup C, Vallone PM, Vangbo M, Woudenberg T, Wyrick D, Williams S. Developmental validation of a fully integrated sample-to-profile rapid human identification system for processing single-source reference buccal samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 16:181-194. [PMID: 25621924 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Short tandem repeat (STR) DNA typing is a global standard for human identification. Current practice involves highly trained forensic analysts, operating in a laboratory setting, using multiple instruments to process samples and analyze the data. Here, we report the developmental validation of a fully integrated and automated DNA profiling system, the RapidHIT® System, capable of producing up to five high quality STR profiles with full controls in approximately 90min using PowerPlex®16 HS RapidHIT chemistry. The system integrates all sample handling steps: starting from lysis of cells on buccal swabs or other buccal sample types through DNA extraction, normalization, amplification,capillary array electrophoresis, detection, and integrated software analysis. The results describe the developmental validation of the RapidHIT™ System for buccal samples processed with the DNA IQ™ extraction chemistry using a guandinium chaotropic agent and paramagnetic beads followed by amplification using a modified version of PowerPlex 16 HS chemistry (PowerPlex 16 HS RapidHIT chemistry), and capillary electrophoresis with manual review of genotyping data following interpretation guidelines. All processing from the buccal swab to generation and processing of the profile occurs on the RapidHIT platform. RESULT are concordant with traditional methods, with 88% first pass success rates for both the CODIS and PowerPlex 16 loci. Average peak height ratios were 0.89 for buccal swabs. The system produces full profiles from swabs with at least 176 ng of saliva DNA. Rapid DNA identification systems will significantly enhance capabilities for forensic labs, intelligence, defense, law enforcement, refugee and immigration applications, and kinship analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Jovanovich
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA.
| | - Greg Bogdan
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Richard Belcinski
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Jacklyn Buscaino
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Dean Burgi
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Erica L R Butts
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8314, USA
| | - Kaiwan Chear
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Brian Ciopyk
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - David Eberhart
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Omar El-Sissi
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Helen Franklin
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Stefanie Gangano
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Jennifer Gass
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Dennis Harris
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Lori Hennessy
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Alex Kindwall
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - David King
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Jim Klevenberg
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Yuan Li
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Neelima Mehendale
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Roger McIntosh
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Bill Nielsen
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Charles Park
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Francesca Pearson
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Robert Schueren
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Nancy Stainton
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Charles Troup
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Peter M Vallone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8314, USA
| | - Mattias Vangbo
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Timothy Woudenberg
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - David Wyrick
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
| | - Stephen Williams
- IntegenX Inc. 5720 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 300, Pleasanton, CA 94588-2739, USA
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An evaluation of the RapidHIT® system for reliably genotyping reference samples. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2014; 13:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Butts ELR, Vallone PM. Rapid PCR protocols for forensic DNA typing on six thermal cycling platforms. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:3053-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. R. Butts
- National Institute of Standards and Technology; Biomolecular Measurement Division; Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - Peter M. Vallone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology; Biomolecular Measurement Division; Gaithersburg MD USA
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44
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Le Roux D, Root BE, Reedy CR, Hickey JA, Scott ON, Bienvenue JM, Landers JP, Chassagne L, de Mazancourt P. DNA analysis using an integrated microchip for multiplex PCR amplification and electrophoresis for reference samples. Anal Chem 2014; 86:8192-9. [PMID: 25091472 DOI: 10.1021/ac501666b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A system that automatically performs the PCR amplification and microchip electrophoretic (ME) separation for rapid forensic short tandem repeat (STR) forensic profiling in a single disposable plastic chip is demonstrated. The microchip subassays were optimized to deliver results comparable to conventional benchtop methods. The microchip process was accomplished in sub-90 min compared with >2.5 h for the conventional approach. An infrared laser with a noncontact temperature sensing system was optimized for a 45 min PCR compared with the conventional 90 min amplification time. The separation conditions were optimized using LPA-co-dihexylacrylamide block copolymers specifically designed for microchip separations to achieve accurate DNA size calling in an effective length of 7 cm in a plastic microchip. This effective separation length is less than half of other reports for integrated STR analysis and allows a compact, inexpensive microchip design. This separation quality was maintained when integrated with microchip PCR. Thirty samples were analyzed conventionally and then compared with data generated by the microfluidic chip system. The microfluidic system allele calling was 100% concordant with the conventional process. This study also investigated allelic ladder consistency over time. The PCR-ME genetic profiles were analyzed using binning palettes generated from two sets of allelic ladders run three and six months apart. Using these binning palettes, no allele calling errors were detected in the 30 samples demonstrating that a microfluidic platform can be highly consistent over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Le Roux
- Versailles - Saint Quentin en Yvelines University , 55 Avenue de Paris, 78000 Versailles, France
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45
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Roewer L. DNA fingerprinting in forensics: past, present, future. INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2013; 4:22. [PMID: 24245688 PMCID: PMC3831584 DOI: 10.1186/2041-2223-4-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA fingerprinting, one of the great discoveries of the late 20th century, has revolutionized forensic investigations. This review briefly recapitulates 30 years of progress in forensic DNA analysis which helps to convict criminals, exonerate the wrongly accused, and identify victims of crime, disasters, and war. Current standard methods based on short tandem repeats (STRs) as well as lineage markers (Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA) are covered and applications are illustrated by casework examples. Benefits and risks of expanding forensic DNA databases are discussed and we ask what the future holds for forensic DNA fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Roewer
- Department of Forensic Genetics, Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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