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Wallin Philippot K, Baron J, Sánchez Romano J, Rautiainen H, Frössling J, Nymo IH, Persson Y, Omazic A, Tryland M. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus): a questionnaire-based study among reindeer herders in Norway and Sweden. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:34. [PMID: 37438784 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of climate change, loss of pastureland to other land usage and presence of large carnivores are the main reasons for the increase in supplementary feeding of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Fennoscandia over the last decades. Feeding might expose reindeer to stress and increased animal-to-animal contact, leading to an increased risk of infectious disease transmission, such as infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC). As it can develop rapidly and be very painful, IKC is described as an important animal welfare concern and a potential source of economic loss. The aim of this study was to investigate the current presence of IKC and potential associations between IKC and supplementary feeding through an online questionnaire survey, distributed among reindeer herders in Norway and Sweden in 2021. RESULTS Seventy-six reindeer herders (33 from Norway and 43 from Sweden) responded to the questionnaire, representing 6% and 4% of the registered reindeer herding groups in Norway and Sweden, respectively. Infectious keratoconjunctivitis was common, with 54 (71%) of the 76 herders that responded having observed clinical signs during the past 10 years. These signs were mainly observed as increased lacrimation, causing "wet cheeks", but also as keratitis and conjunctivitis. Autumn and winter were the seasons in which IKC was observed most. The herders reported several measures, such as slaughter and isolation of affected reindeer, to counteract the spread of disease. The herding year 2019/2020 was associated with reports of outbreaks of IKC in herds as well as being the herding year where most herders (80%) had performed supplementary feeding. A significant association was found between IKC and feeding performed in an enclosure (odds ratio = 15.20), while feeding on free-range areas had a non-significant, negative, relationship with the appearance of IKC outbreaks (odds ratio = 0.29). Finally, there was a trend in the data suggesting that IKC affected calves especially. CONCLUSIONS Infectious keratoconjunctivitis is a common disease, mainly observed in winter and autumn. It usually has mild to moderately severe clinical signs. Our results imply that IKC is associated with stress and feeding situations and that calves might be more susceptible than adults, however, this needs to be confirmed with further studies, preferably at an individual animal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wallin Philippot
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerome Baron
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine at Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Javier Sánchez Romano
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Heidi Rautiainen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Frössling
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 532 23, Skara, Sweden
| | - Ingebjørg Helena Nymo
- Research Group Food Safety and Animal Health, The Norwegian Veterinary Institute, 9016, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ylva Persson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Omazic
- Department of Chemistry, Environment and Feed Hygiene, National Veterinary Institute, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Morten Tryland
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2480, Koppang, Norway
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Ocular Histopathological Findings in Semi-Domesticated Eurasian Tundra Reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus tarandus) with Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis after Experimental Inoculation with Cervid Herpesvirus 2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091007. [PMID: 32917018 PMCID: PMC7551230 DOI: 10.3390/v12091007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) is a common transmissible ocular disease in semi-domesticated Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus). In large outbreaks, IKC may affect tens of animals in a herd, with the most severe cases often requiring euthanasia due to the destruction of the affected eyes and permanent blindness. An experimental inoculation with cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2), alone or in combination with Moraxella bovoculi, demonstrated that CvHV2 has the ability to cause clinical signs of IKC in previously unexposed reindeer. Tissues collected from upper and lower eyelids, lacrimal gland and cornea, were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. Histopathological analysis of the eyes inoculated with CvHV2 showed widespread and severe pathological findings. Mucosal tissues from these eyes showed fibrinous and purulent exudates, hyperemia, hemorrhages, necrosis, vascular thrombosis, vascular necrosis, infiltration of mononuclear cells and neutrophils, and lymphoid follicle reaction, which matches the described histopathology of IKC in reindeer. Characteristic alpha-herpesvirus particles matching the size and morphology of CvHV2 were identified by transmission electron microscopy in the conjunctival tissue. The quantification of viral particles by qPCR revealed high copy numbers of viral DNA in all CvHV2 inoculated eyes, but also in the non-inoculated eyes of the same animals. The histopathology of eye tissues obtained from the CvHV2 inoculated reindeer and the lack of inflammation from bacterial infection, together with the detection of CvHV2 DNA in swabs from the inoculated and non-inoculated eyes of the same animals, verified that CvHV2 was the primary cause of the observed histopathological changes.
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Sánchez Romano J, Leijon M, Hagström Å, Jinnerot T, Rockström UK, Tryland M. Chlamydia pecorum Associated With an Outbreak of Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis in Semi-domesticated Reindeer in Sweden. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:14. [PMID: 30805351 PMCID: PMC6370630 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), the most common ocular disease in ruminants worldwide, has affected semi-domesticated Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) for over 100 years, both as individual cases and in outbreaks affecting tens to hundreds of animals. Recurrent IKC outbreaks have been affecting a semi-domesticated reindeer herd in Östra Kikkejaure (Norrbotten county, Sweden) from 2014. The latest episode of these recurrent outbreaks, in winter 2016/2017, was investigated in this study. Clinical findings were in line with previous reports of IKC in semi-domesticated reindeer and the clinical signs displayed by the affected animals (n = 30) included increased lacrimation, follicular conjunctivitis, purulent secretions around the affected eyes and corneal edema. Laboratory analyses of the samples revealed the presence of Chlamydiaceae in most samples obtained from the clinically affected animals (98.3%, n = 60), but also a high seroprevalence of cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) antibodies (56.6%, n = 53). Moraxella bovoculi was isolated from nine IKC-affected animals during the outbreak (45.0%, n = 20). All affected animals were treated with long-acting antibiotics and recovered from the disease, testing negative for the presence of Chlamydiaceae DNA by PCR 16 days and 3 months after the initial treatment. For the first time, Chlamydia pecorum was identified in semi-domesticated reindeer, and the involvement of Chlamydiaceae in a clinical outbreak of IKC is reported. The CvHV2 seroprevalence (56.6%) and the data obtained from a previous outbreak in 2014 also suggest the involvement of the reindeer alphaherpesvirus in the recurrent outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez Romano
- Arctic Infection Biology, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åsa Hagström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Jinnerot
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Morten Tryland
- Arctic Infection Biology, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Azab W, Dayaram A, Greenwood AD, Osterrieder N. How Host Specific Are Herpesviruses? Lessons from Herpesviruses Infecting Wild and Endangered Mammals. Annu Rev Virol 2018; 5:53-68. [PMID: 30052491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092917-043227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous and can cause disease in all classes of vertebrates but also in animals of lower taxa, including molluscs. It is generally accepted that herpesviruses are primarily species specific, although a species can be infected by different herpesviruses. Species specificity is thought to result from host-virus coevolutionary processes over the long term. Even with this general concept in mind, investigators have recognized interspecies transmission of several members of the Herpesviridae family, often with fatal outcomes in non-definitive hosts-that is, animals that have no or only a limited role in virus transmission. We here summarize herpesvirus infections in wild mammals that in many cases are endangered, in both natural and captive settings. Some infections result from herpesviruses that are endemic in the species that is primarily affected, and some result from herpesviruses that cause fatal disease after infection of non-definitive hosts. We discuss the challenges of such infections in several endangered species in the absence of efficient immunization or therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Azab
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Anisha Dayaram
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Alex D Greenwood
- Department of Wildlife Diseases, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany;
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Raaperi K, Orro T, Viltrop A. Epidemiology and control of bovine herpesvirus 1 infection in Europe. Vet J 2014; 201:249-56. [PMID: 24954868 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) causes infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion and balanoposthitis, as well as neurological and systemic disease in cattle. The virus is endemic in cattle populations worldwide although in Europe six countries and several regions in other countries have achieved 'IBR-free' status by implementing control measures. According to European Union (EU) directives, all member states must comply with specific requirements related to BHV-1 infection status in semen and embryos. The requirement that 'IBR-free' states restrict the importation of cattle from endemically infected regions has motivated several European countries to instigate disease eradication programmes. Despite such control measures within the EU, outbreaks of IBR persist in 'IBR-free' states contiguous with infected countries. This review presents a summary of recent research on the epidemiology of BHV-1, highlights the control measures and surveillance systems in place, and discusses the challenges facing eradication schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerli Raaperi
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Toomas Orro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
| | - Arvo Viltrop
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu 51014, Estonia
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das Neves CG, Roth S, Rimstad E, Thiry E, Tryland M. Cervid herpesvirus 2 infection in reindeer: a review. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:70-80. [PMID: 20207086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses of the genus Varicellovirus are known to infect and cause disease in a variety of ruminant species, but the impact of cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is mostly unknown. Reindeer is a circum-polar species with a total estimated number of more than 5 million animals. Mortality may reach high values, as in northern Norway, especially in calves (37%; 2005-2006), and disease can potentially account for some of this mortality. CvHV2 has been isolated during a natural outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, indicating an etiologal link. Serological screening has shown that CvHV2 infection is prevalent in Northern Norway and experimental infection studies have demonstrated that viremia, latency and vertical transmission occur for CvHV2. The present review aims at summarizing current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular virology of CvHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G das Neves
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, NO - 9010 Tromsø, Norway.
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7
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das Neves CG, Mørk T, Thiry J, Godfroid J, Rimstad E, Thiry E, Tryland M. Cervid herpesvirus 2 experimentally reactivated in reindeer can produce generalized viremia and abortion. Virus Res 2009; 145:321-8. [PMID: 19699769 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) has never been isolated from reindeer in Norway, but serological data and investigations by PCR indicate that the virus is endemic in the country, with horizontal and vertical transmission, systemic spread, and latency in the trigeminal ganglion. In this study two seropositive reindeer, one of which was pregnant, were administered dexamethasone, to reactivate CvHV2 latent infection. One control animal received sterile water. All animals including the control reactivated, as shown by amplification of CvHV2 DNA from nasal swabs. The pregnant animal showed lesions in the lip mucosa 10 days after the first dexamethasone injection and CvHV2 was visualized by electron microscopy and isolated from those lesions, as well as from nasal and vaginal swabs. On day 13 she aborted and CvHV2 was isolated from both the aborted calf and the mother. CvHV2 was isolated from the other animal administered dexamethasone. Despite amplification of viral DNA in the control animal, it was never possible to isolate the virus. Molecular characterization of the new isolates confirmed these to be CvHV2, and similar to the previous known strain Salla82. Present results represent the first isolation of CvHV2 in Norway and reconfirm that this virus can cause systemic infections in reindeer even after reactivation episodes, and infect the fetus in utero despite a prompt immune response. While it is not possible to atribute the abortion to CvHV2 alone, present data together with previous reports of vertical transmission of CvHV2 and neonatal death, point to an abortogenic potential, which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G das Neves
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, NO-9010 Tromsø, Norway.
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8
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das Neves CG, Thiry J, Skjerve E, Yoccoz NG, Rimstad E, Thiry E, Tryland M. Alphaherpesvirus infections in semidomesticated reindeer: a cross-sectional serological study. Vet Microbiol 2009; 139:262-9. [PMID: 19604658 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses infect a wide range of animal species and cause diseases. Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV-2) was originally isolated from reindeer in Finland but the impact of CvHV-2 infections on reindeer remains unclear. CvHV-2 infection could be partly responsible for calf losses as there are indications that it is associated with abortions and neonatal diseases. Previous serosurveys of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) have shown that an alphaherpesvirus is circulating among reindeer in Norway. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of CvHV-2 infection among reindeer in various herding districts in Finnmark, the largest reindeer area in Norway, and to identify factors associated with becoming infected with CvHV-2. A total of 3062 serum samples were tested using an ELISA and a sub-set of samples was further tested using a seroneutralization test. The ELISA revealed that 49% of samples were positive. Extrapolation of the results to the total population (111,350 animals; 66% of the Finnmark reindeer population) showed that the seroprevalence in the population was 48%. Seroprevalence varied from 7.6% to 90.7% between districts and was affected by age, weight and population density. ELISA-positive samples neutralized CvHV-2 at serum dilutions greater than those required for neutralization of bovine herpesvirus type 1. It is concluded that CvHV-2 is endemic throughout the reindeer herding districts of northern Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G das Neves
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, NO-9010 Tromsø, Norway.
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Deregt D, Gilbert SA, Campbell I, Burton KM, Reid HW, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Penniket C, Baxi MK. Phylogeny and antigenic relationships of three cervid herpesviruses. Virus Res 2005; 114:140-8. [PMID: 16061301 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Revised: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elk herpesvirus (ElkHV) from North American elk (wapiti, Cervus elaphus nelsoni) is a recently identified alphaherpesvirus related to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1). In this study, we determined its relationship with European cervid herpesviruses: cervid herpesvirus-1 (CerHV-1) from red deer and rangiferine herpesvirus (RanHV) from reindeer. For phylogenetic analysis, genes for the gC and gD proteins of these viruses were sequenced. These genes demonstrated an extremely high GC content (76-79%). Genetically, ElkHV was found to be closely related to CerHV-1 and both viruses are more closely related to BHV-1 than to RanHV. Antigenically, the same relationships were found. ElkHV shares common neutralizing epitopes with both CerHV-1 and RanHV. A total of 10 epitopes were defined on the gB, gC and gD proteins of these viruses, including a shared neutralizing epitope on gD. The results indicate that ElkHV and CerHV-1 have diverged from a common ancestor virus. Cervid herpesviruses may be useful in determination of evolutionary rates of change for alphaherpesvirus genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Deregt
- Virology Section, Lethbridge Laboratory (Animal Diseases Research Institute), Canadian Food Inspection Agency, P.O. Box 640, Lethbridge, Alta., Canada T1J 3Z4.
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10
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Meurens F, Keil GM, Muylkens B, Gogev S, Schynts F, Negro S, Wiggers L, Thiry E. Interspecific recombination between two ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5. J Virol 2004; 78:9828-36. [PMID: 15331717 PMCID: PMC514992 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.18.9828-9836.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination between different species of alphaherpesviruses has been described between herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 but has not yet been observed between other alphaherpesviruses. In the present study we chose to assess to what extent in vitro recombination can occur between members of a well-defined group of closely related viruses such as ruminant alphaherpesviruses. At 24 h after infection of epithelial bovine kidney cells with a double-deleted mutant of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) (containing green fluorescent protein and red fluorescent protein genes) and different ruminant alphaherpesviruses, four types of progeny viruses were detected and distinguished according to their phenotype. Frequent recombination events between identical or different strains of BoHV-1 were observed (up to 30%), whereas only two BoHV-1/BoHV-5 recombinants were identified, and no recombinants between BoHV-1 and less closely related caprine and cervine herpesviruses were detected. Restriction analysis of the genomes of the two BoHV-1/BoHV-5 recombinants showed different genetic backgrounds. One possessed a restriction pattern close to BoHV-1, whereas the other one was close to BoHV-5. This exhaustive analysis of each combination of coinfection in a unique situation of five closely related alphaherpesviruses revealed the importance of a high degree of genetic relatedness and similar parental virus growth kinetics for successful interspecific recombination.
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MESH Headings
- Alphaherpesvirinae/genetics
- Alphaherpesvirinae/isolation & purification
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antibodies, Viral
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Crossing Over, Genetic
- Deer
- Goats
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/genetics
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/immunology
- Herpesvirus 5, Bovine/isolation & purification
- In Vitro Techniques
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Mutation
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Species Specificity
- Varicellovirus/genetics
- Varicellovirus/isolation & purification
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- François Meurens
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B43b, B-4000 Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
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11
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Tikkanen MK, McInnes CJ, Mercer AA, Büttner M, Tuimala J, Hirvelä-Koski V, Neuvonen E, Huovilainen A. Recent isolates of parapoxvirus of Finnish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are closely related to bovine pseudocowpox virus. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1413-1418. [PMID: 15166423 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79781-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of papular stomatitis in Finnish reindeer have been reported for many years. The causative agent was thought to beOrf virus(ORFV), one of theParapoxviridae, although this assumption was based mainly on clinical symptoms, pathology and electron microscopy. Here sequence analyses of the viral DNA isolated from a recent outbreak of disease in 1999–2000 are presented in comparison to that isolated from earlier outbreaks in 1992–1994. The results show that the virus isolated from the 1999–2000 outbreak is most closely related toPseudocowpox virus, whereas those from previous years grouped with ORFV. The present study describes a method for genetic characterization and classification of parapoxviruses (PPVs) and provides for the first time an extended phylogenetic analysis of PPVs isolated from Finland, established members of the genusParapoxvirusand selected members of the subfamilyChordopoxvirinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Tikkanen
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Department of Virology, PO Box 45, Hämeentie 57, FIN-00581 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Colin J McInnes
- Moredun Research Institute, International Research Centre, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 OPZ, UK
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Institute of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jarno Tuimala
- CSC - Scientific Computing Ltd, PO Box 405, FIN-02101 Espoo, Finland
| | - Varpu Hirvelä-Koski
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Oulu Regional Unit, PO Box 517, FIN-90101 Oulu, Finland
| | - Erkki Neuvonen
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Department of Virology, PO Box 45, Hämeentie 57, FIN-00581 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Huovilainen
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Department of Virology, PO Box 45, Hämeentie 57, FIN-00581 Helsinki, Finland
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Keuser V, Schynts F, Detry B, Collard A, Robert B, Vanderplasschen A, Pastoret PP, Thiry E. Improved antigenic methods for differential diagnosis of bovine, caprine, and cervine alphaherpesviruses related to bovine herpesvirus 1. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:1228-35. [PMID: 15004081 PMCID: PMC356849 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.3.1228-1235.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 10/05/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis induced by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) requires sensitive and specific diagnostic assays. As BoHV-1 is antigenically and genetically related to four other alphaherpesviruses of ruminants-namely, BoHV-5, caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CvHV-1) and CvHV-2-diagnostic tests able to discriminate BoHV-1 from these related viruses are needed to avoid misdiagnosis, especially because some of these viruses are able to cross the species barrier. In this study, murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for BoHV-1, BoHV-5, CpHV-1, CvHV-1, and CvHV-2 were produced with the aim of setting up an immunofluorescence assay able to discriminate between these related herpesviruses. Produced MAbs were selected for their viral specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and indirect immunofluorescence staining of virus-infected cells. Radioimmunoprecipitation characterization of the selected MAbs revealed that four of them are directed against glycoprotein C (gC) and one of them is directed against gD of these related viruses. The obtained results demonstrate that the antibodies produced allow an unambiguous discrimination of each of the four alphaherpesviruses related to BoHV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Keuser
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Charakterisierung des Gesundheitsstatus von Rehen(Capreolus capreolus) in Gebieten mit hoher Schadstoffbelastung (Cadmium, Blei und PCB) im Vergleich zu gering belasteten Gebieten — I. Mitteilung: Immunologische Befunde. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02239824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Deregt D, Jordan LT, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Masri SA, Tessaro SV, Gilbert SA. Antigenic and molecular characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from a North American elk. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1614-8. [PMID: 11131608 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether a herpesvirus isolated from the semen of a North American elk was related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1). SAMPLE POPULATION Semen from 1 healthy bull elk and 2 subtypes of BHV-1 (BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2). PROCEDURES A virus with cytopathic and electron microscopic characteristics consistent with an alpha-herpesvirus was isolated from elk semen, using fetal bovine kidney cells. Cross-neutralization assays were performed with antisera against BHV-1 and the elk herpesvirus (EIkHV). Restriction endonuclease digests of EIkHV DNA were compared with digests of BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2 DNA. A portion of the ElkHV DNA polymerase gene was amplified with consensus primers by use of the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Sequence was compared with known sequences of other herpesviruses. An immunoperoxidase monolayer assay was used to determine reactivities of 22 BHV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against ElkHV. In vitro neutralizing activities of the reactive mAb were determined by use of a microneutralization assay. RESULTS Results of cross-neutralization assays indicated that ElkHV was serologically related to BHV-1. Endonuclease digestion of ElkHV DNA generated fragments that were distinct from those of BHV-1. Nucleotide sequencing confirmed that ElkHV is an alphaherpesvirus closely related to but distinct from BHV-1. Six of 22 BHV-1-specific mAb reacted against ElkHV; 2 of these 6 also neutralized in vitro infectivity of ElkHV. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ElkHV is antigenically and genetically distinguishable from BHV-1. However, the viruses are serologically related and share at least 6 antigenic determinants, one of which is a major neutralizing determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Deregt
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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Ros C, Riquelme ME, Forslund KO, Belák S. Improved detection of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses by specific amplification of viral genomic sequences. J Virol Methods 1999; 83:55-65. [PMID: 10598083 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The detection and discrimination of five closely related ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1 (CerHV-1), and rangiferine herpesvirus 1 (RanHV-1), were achieved by the development of specific PCR systems. The highly variable N-terminal of the glycoprotein C was chosen to select the diagnostic primers, except for the CerHV-1 primers, which targeted the glycoprotein D region. All the assays proved specific since no heterologous virus was amplified. BHV-1 and BHV-5 were detected by using the same PCR assay and the different sizes of the amplification products allowed their identification on agarose gels. The practical diagnostic applicability of the novel PCR assays, with special regard to the BHV-1 system, has been evaluated on clinical samples from experimentally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ros
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Ros C, Belák S. Studies of genetic relationships between bovine, caprine, cervine, and rangiferine alphaherpesviruses and improved molecular methods for virus detection and identification. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1247-53. [PMID: 10203465 PMCID: PMC84742 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.5.1247-1253.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/1998] [Accepted: 01/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoprotein B (gB) and D (gD) genes from five ruminant alphaherpesviruses, bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), caprine herpesvirus 1 (CapHV-1), cervine herpesvirus 1, and rangiferine herpesvirus 1, were partially sequenced. The nucleotide sequence alignments revealed a highly conserved gB gene, with homologies ranging between 87.2 and 99.6%, and a more variable gD gene, with homologies ranging between 71.3 and 98.9%. The phylogenetic analysis of the gB and gD nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed that BHV-5 is the most closely related virus to the BHV-1 subtype 1 and BHV-1 subtype 2 cluster and that CapHV-1 is the most distantly related virus. The phylogenetic data showed a close relationship of all the studied viruses with suid herpesvirus 1. On the basis of sequence data for the gB gene, a nested PCR combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the PCR products was developed for the simultaneous detection and identification of the viruses that were studied. Nested primers from highly conserved sequence stretches were selected in order to amplify a region of 294 bp in all five viruses, and a subsequent REA of the PCR products allowed specific identification. A mimic molecule that served as an internal standard of the amplification efficiency was constructed. The practical diagnostic applicability of the assay was evaluated with clinical samples consisting of semen and organ specimens from experimentally infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ros
- Department of Virology, The National Veterinary Institute, Biomedical Center, S-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Vanderplasschen A, Bublot M, Pastoret PP, Thiry E. Restriction maps of the DNA of cervid herpesvirus 1 and cervid herpesvirus 2, two viruses related to bovine herpesvirus 1. Arch Virol 1993; 128:379-88. [PMID: 8382040 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Restriction maps of cervid herpesviruses 1 and 2 which are antigenetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1, were deduced from Southern blot hybridization with HindIII restriction fragments of BHV-1 DNA as probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vanderplasschen
- Department of Virology-Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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18
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Rimstad E, Krona R, Hyllseth B. Comparison of herpesviruses isolated from reindeer, goats, and cattle by restriction endonuclease analysis. Arch Virol 1992; 123:389-97. [PMID: 1314052 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A genomic comparison of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), caprine herpesvirus (CHV-2) and reindeer herpesvirus (RHV), was performed using 5 restriction endonucleases. Cross neutralization of these three herpesviruses showed that BHV-1 and CHV-2 had a relatively low degree of cross reaction with heterologous viruses. RHV showed a higher degree of such cross reactivity. The restriction endonuclease analyses showed that the migration patterns of the DNA segments were different for the three groups of herpesviruses. The enteric caprine strain could be differentiated from genital strains using BstE II and Hpa I. The genome size of reindeer herpesvirus was estimated to be approximately 86.8 x 10(6) Da (131.8 kbp), and indications of isomerization of this genome were found. It is concluded that reindeer herpesvirus is a distinct species within the family Herpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rimstad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo
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Lyaku JR, Nettleton PF, Marsden H. A comparison of serological relationships among five ruminant alphaherpesviruses by ELISA. Arch Virol 1992; 124:333-41. [PMID: 1605741 DOI: 10.1007/bf01309813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays the cross reactivity of bovine herpesvirus-1.1, bovine herpesvirus-1.2, caprine herpesvirus-2, cervine (red deer) herpesvirus-1 and rangiferine (reindeer) herpesvirus-1 has been examined using rabbit hyperimmune antisera and convalescent cattle and red deer field sera. Significant cross-reactivity among all the five viruses was demonstrated. A detailed analysis showed that: (1) the two bovine herpesviruses are most closely related, (2) the cervine, caprine and rangiferine viruses are more closely related to the bovine viruses than they are to each other, (3) the cervine herpesvirus is more related to the bovine herpesvirus than to the rangiferine or caprine herpesviruses and (4) the rangiferine virus is more related to the cervine virus than to the bovine and caprine viruses. Cattle and red deer sera reacted most strongly with the bovine and cervine viruses respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Lyaku
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, Scotland
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Ek-Kommonen C, Pelkonen S, Nettleton PF. Isolation of a herpesvirus serologically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 from a reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Acta Vet Scand 1987. [PMID: 3026156 DOI: 10.1186/bf03548174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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