1
|
Nigro L, Magni S, Ortenzi MA, Gazzotti S, Della Torre C, Signorini SG, Sbarberi R, Binelli A. Unveiling the multilevel impact of four water-soluble polymers on Daphnia magna: From proteome to behaviour (a case study). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134000. [PMID: 38508107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of water-soluble polymers (WSPs) in freshwater environments raises concerns regarding potential threats to aquatic organisms. This study investigated, for the first time, the effects of widely used WSPs -polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyacrylic acid (PAA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG)- using a multi-level approach in the freshwater biological model Daphnia magna. This integrated assessment employed a suite of biomarkers, evaluation of swimming behaviour, and proteomic analysis to investigate the effects of three environmentally relevant concentrations (0.001, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) of the tested WSPs from molecular to organismal levels, assessing both acute and chronic effects. Our findings reveal that exposure to different WSPs induces specific responses at each biological level, with PEG being the only WSP inducing lethal effects at 0.5 mg/L. At the physiological level, although all WSPs impacted both swimming performance and heart rate of D. magna specimens, PAA exhibited the greatest effects on the measured behavioural parameters. Furthermore, proteomic analyses demonstrated altered protein profiles following exposure to all WSPs, with PVA emerging as the most effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Nigro
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy.
| | - Marco Aldo Ortenzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Stefano Gazzotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Sbarberi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan 20133, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raposo de Magalhães C, Sandoval K, Kagan F, McCormack G, Schrama D, Carrilho R, Farinha AP, Cerqueira M, Rodrigues PM. Transcriptomic changes behind Sparus aurata hepatic response to different aquaculture challenges: An RNA-seq study and multiomics integration. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300472. [PMID: 38517901 PMCID: PMC10959376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is an important species in Mediterranean aquaculture. Rapid intensification of its production and sub-optimal husbandry practices can cause stress, impairing overall fish performance and raising issues related to sustainability, animal welfare, and food safety. The advent of next-generation sequencing technologies has greatly revolutionized the study of fish stress biology, allowing a deeper understanding of the molecular stress responses. Here, we characterized for the first time, using RNA-seq, the different hepatic transcriptome responses of gilthead seabream to common aquaculture challenges, namely overcrowding, net handling, and hypoxia, further integrating them with the liver proteome and metabolome responses. After reference-guided transcriptome assembly, annotation, and differential gene expression analysis, 7, 343, and 654 genes were differentially expressed (adjusted p-value < 0.01, log2|fold-change| >1) in the fish from the overcrowding, net handling, and hypoxia challenged groups, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis (FDR < 0.05) suggested a scenario of challenge-specific responses, that is, net handling induced ribosomal assembly stress, whereas hypoxia induced DNA replication stress in gilthead seabream hepatocytes, consistent with proteomics and metabolomics' results. However, both responses converged upon the downregulation of insulin growth factor signalling and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. These results demonstrate the high phenotypic plasticity of this species and its differential responses to distinct challenging environments at the transcriptomic level. Furthermore, it provides significant resources for characterizing and identifying potentially novel genes that are important for gilthead seabream resilience and aquaculture production efficiency with regard to fish welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Raposo de Magalhães
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Kenneth Sandoval
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics Laboratory, Zoology, Ryan Institute & School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Grace McCormack
- Molecular Evolution and Systematics Laboratory, Zoology, Ryan Institute & School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Denise Schrama
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Carrilho
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Farinha
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Escola Superior Agrária de Santarém, Santarém, Portugal
| | - Marco Cerqueira
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. Rodrigues
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Petereit J, Lannig G, Baßmann B, Bock C, Buck BH. Circadian rhythm in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus): daily variation of blood metabolites in recirculating aquaculture systems. Metabolomics 2024; 20:23. [PMID: 38347335 PMCID: PMC10861666 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Animal welfare in aquaculture is becoming increasingly important, and detailed knowledge of the species concerned is essential for further optimization on farms. Every organism is controlled by an internal clock, the circadian rhythm, which is crucial for metabolic processes and is partially influenced by abiotic factors, making it important for aquaculture practices. OBJECTIVE In order to determine the circadian rhythm of adult turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), blood samples were collected over a 24-h period and plasma metabolite profiles were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. METHODS The fish were habituated to feeding times at 9 am and 3 pm and with the NMR spectroscopy 46 metabolites could be identified, eight of which appeared to shift throughout the day. RESULTS We noted exceptionally high values around 3 pm for the amino acids isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, lysine, and the stress indicator lactate. These metabolic peaks were interpreted as either habituation to the usual feeding time or as natural peak levels in turbot in a 24-h circle because other indicators for stress (glucose, cortisol and lysozymes) showed a stable baseline, indicating that the animals had no or very little stress during the experimental period. CONCLUSION This study provides initial insights into the diurnal variation of metabolites in adult turbot; however, further studies are needed to confirm present findings of possible fluctuations in amino acids and sugars. Implementing optimized feeding times (with high levels of sugars and low levels of stress metabolites) could lead to less stress, fewer disease outbreaks and overall improved fish welfare in aquaculture facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Petereit
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany.
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Justus-Von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - G Lannig
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - B Baßmann
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Justus-Von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - C Bock
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - B H Buck
- Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An Der Karlstadt 8, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Binelli A, Nigro L, Sbarberi R, Della Torre C, Magni S. To be or not to be plastics? Protein modulation and biochemical effects in zebrafish embryos exposed to three water-soluble polymers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167699. [PMID: 37832656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble polymers (WSPs) are a particular category of polymers that, due to their capability to be soluble in water, come out of the classic definition of plastic and therefore also from its regulation and control, representing a possible new environmental problem considering the number of consumer products in which they are contained. For this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the possible adverse effects of three of the most used WSPs (polyacrylic acid - PAA, polyethylene glycol - PEG, polyvinylpyrrolidone - PVP), administered at relevant environmental concentrations (0.001, 0.5 and 1 mg/L) to Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos up to 120 h post fertilization. To assess the WSP toxicity at the molecular, cellular and organism level we used an integrated ecotoxicological approach of both biomarkers and high-throughput technology based on gel-free proteomics. The main results showed how all the three WSPs up-regulated many proteins (up to 74 in specimens exposed to 1 mg/L PVP) with a wide range of molecular functions and involved in numerous cellular pathways of exposed specimens. On the other hand, the measurement of biomarkers showed how PAA and PVP were able to activate the antioxidant machinery following an over-production of reactive oxygen species, while PEG produced no significant changes in the biomarkers measured. Based on the obtained results, the use and application of WSPs should be revised and regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Binelli
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Nigro
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Sbarberi
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Della Torre
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Magni
- University of Milan, Department of Biosciences, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Closs LE, Royan MR, Sayyari A, Mayer I, Weltzien FA, Baker DM, Fontaine R. Artificial light at night disrupts male dominance relationships and reproductive success in a model fish species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:166406. [PMID: 37597540 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental light is perceived and anticipated by organisms to synchronize their biological cycles. Therefore, artificial light at night (ALAN) disrupts both diurnal and seasonal biological rhythms. Reproduction is a complex physiological process involving integration of environmental signals by the brain, and release of endocrine signals by the pituitary that regulate gametogenesis and spawning. In addition, males from many species form a dominance hierarchy that, through a combination of aggressive and protective behavior, influences their reproductive success. In this study, we investigated the effect of ALAN and continuous daylight on the behavior and fitness of male fish within a dominance hierarchy using a model fish, the Japanese medaka. In normal light/dark cycles, male medaka establish a hierarchy with the dominant males being more aggressive and remaining closer to the female thus limiting the access of subordinate males to females during spawning. However, determination of the paternity of the progeny revealed that even though subordinate males spend less time with the females, they are, in normal light conditions, equally successful at producing progeny due to an efficient sneaking behavior. Continuous daylight completely inhibited the establishment of male hierarchy, whereas ALAN did not affect it. Nonetheless, when exposed to ALAN, subordinate males fertilize far fewer eggs. Furthermore, we found that when exposed to ALAN, subordinate males produced lower quality sperm than dominant males. Surprisingly, we found no differences in circulating sex steroid levels, pituitary gonadotropin levels, or gonadosomatic index between dominant and subordinate males, neither in control nor ALAN condition. This study is the first to report an effect of ALAN on sperm quality leading to a modification of male fertilization success in any vertebrate. While this work was performed in a model fish species, our results suggest that in urban areas ALAN may impact the genetic diversity of species displaying dominance behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Closs
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Muhammad Rahmad Royan
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Amin Sayyari
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Ian Mayer
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn-Arne Weltzien
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| | - Dianne M Baker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Mary Washington, Fredericksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Romain Fontaine
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pedrazzani AS, Cozer N, Quintiliano MH, Tavares CPDS, Biernaski V, Ostrensky A. From egg to slaughter: monitoring the welfare of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, throughout their entire life cycle in aquaculture. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1268396. [PMID: 37808101 PMCID: PMC10551173 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1268396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) throughout their entire life cycle within aquaculture, spanning from reproduction to slaughter. The methodology was structured to identify welfare indicators closely aligned with the principles of animal freedoms defined by the Farm Animal Council, encompassing environmental, health, nutritional, behavioral, and psychological freedom. Notably, psychological freedom was inherently considered within the behavioral and physical analyses of the animals. To accomplish this, an integrative systematic literature review was conducted to define precise indicators and their corresponding reference values for each stage of tilapia cultivation. These reference values were subsequently categorized using a scoring system that assessed the deviation of each indicator from established ideal (score 1), tolerable (score 2), and critical (score 3) ranges for the welfare of the target species. Subsequently, a laboratory experiment was executed to validate the pre-selected health indicators, specifically tailored for the early life stages of tilapia. This test facilitated an assessment of the applicability of these indicators under operational conditions. Building on the insights gained from this experimentation, partial welfare indices (PWIs) were computed for each assessed freedom, culminating in the derivation of a general welfare index (GWI). Mathematical equations were employed to calculate these indices, offering a quantitative and standardized measure of welfare. This approach equips tilapia farmers and processors with the tools necessary for the continuous monitoring and enhancement of their production systems and stimulate the adoption of more sustainable and ethical practices within the tilapia farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Silvia Pedrazzani
- Wai Ora—Aquaculture and Environmental Technology Ltd., Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nathieli Cozer
- Wai Ora—Aquaculture and Environmental Technology Ltd., Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
- Integrated Group of Aquaculture and Environmental Studies (GIA), Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Prestes dos Santos Tavares
- Wai Ora—Aquaculture and Environmental Technology Ltd., Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
- Integrated Group of Aquaculture and Environmental Studies (GIA), Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Zoology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Vilmar Biernaski
- Integrated Group of Aquaculture and Environmental Studies (GIA), Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Antonio Ostrensky
- Wai Ora—Aquaculture and Environmental Technology Ltd., Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
- Integrated Group of Aquaculture and Environmental Studies (GIA), Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Sciences Sector, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, State of Paraná, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ikari T, Hirayama J, Rafiuddin MA, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Watanabe K, Hattori A, Kawashima R, Nakamura K, Srivastav AK, Toyota K, Matsubara H, Suzuki N. Data on plasma cortisol levels in nibbler fish Girella punctata reared under high-density conditions in either surface seawater or deep ocean water. Data Brief 2023; 49:109361. [PMID: 37496521 PMCID: PMC10365972 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) is the water obtained from depth of >200 m below the surface of Earth's oceans and is characterized by rich nutrients and cleanliness [1,2]. We have recently reported that DOW suppresses the high-density-induced increase of plasma cortisol levels (i.e., a stress marker) in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) [1]. The current study aimed to examine whether the cortisol-reducing effect of DOW was observed in other marine organisms as well by comparing the plasma cortisol levels of nibbler fish Girella punctata reared under high-density conditions between surface seawater (SSW) and DOW. The nibbler fish were caught from Tsukumo Bay of Noto Peninsula (Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan). The DOW was obtained from seawater 320 m below the Noto Bay surface at a facility (Aquas Noto, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan), whereas SSW was obtained from Tsukumo Bay (Noto Peninsula, Ishikawa Prefecture). The dissolved oxygen was maintained at approximately 7 mg/L in DOW as well as in SSW. Before they were transferred to the high-density condition, nibbler fish were acclimated in SSW at 20°C for 1 week at a mean density of 100 g/62.5 L. To expose them to the high-density stress, each of fish was kept at a density of 10 kg/m3 in a single aquarium (60 × 25 × 30 cm) containing either SSW or DOW (n = 8). Subsequently, the fish were reared with SSW or DOW for 10 days at 20°C ± 1°C under a 12:12-h light-dark cycle. A heparin containing syringe was used to obtain the blood samples from the caudal vessels of the fish anesthetized with a 0.04% 2-phenoxyethanol (FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation). The blood sampling was performed on days 0, 5, and 10 after rearing in the small aquaria. The plasma samples were prepared from the collected blood by centrifuging it at 5200 × g for 5 min and the cortisol concentrations were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (Cosmo Bio Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) from those samples. The plasma cortisol concentration of nibbler fish reared in SSW on day 10 was significantly higher than that on day 0, whereas those reared in DOW did not show significant difference on the respective days. The current data contributes to the generalization of the cortisol-reducing effect of DOW on fish, which has been proposed in Japanese flounder [1]. These data could be used for developing and designing experiments to analyze the mechanisms underlying the cortisol-reducing effects by using small fish such as zebrafish, a well-established animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ikari
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-0961, Japan
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-0961, Japan
| | - Muhammad Ahya Rafiuddin
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ossaka, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0552, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-0961, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Sport and Wellness, College of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Kitano, Niiza, Saitama 352-8558, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kawashima
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-0961, Japan
| | - Kitaro Nakamura
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Sustainable Systems Science, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa 923-0961, Japan
| | - Ajai K. Srivastav
- Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273-009, India
| | - Kenji Toyota
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Ossaka, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0552, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jan K, Ahmed I, Dar NA, Farah MA, Khan FR, Shah BA, Fazio F. LC-MS/MS based characterisation and differential expression of proteins in Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax labiatus using LFQ technique. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10134. [PMID: 37349327 PMCID: PMC10287682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of fish muscle proteins are nowadays considered as a key component to understand the role of specific proteins involved in various physiological and metabolic processes including their up and down regulation in the organisms. Coldwater fish specimens including snow trouts hold different types of proteins which help them to survive in highly diversified temperatures fluctuating from 0 to 20 °C. So, in current study, the liquid chromatography mass spectrometry using label free quantification technique has been used to investigate the muscle proteome profile of Schizothorax labiatus. For proteomic study, two weight groups of S. labiatus were taken from river Sindh. The proteomic analysis of group 1 revealed that a total of 235 proteins in male and 238 in female fish were recorded. However, when male and female S. labiatus were compared with each other on the basis of spectral count and abundance of peptides by ProteinLynx Global Server software, a total of 14 down-regulated and 22 up-regulated proteins were noted in this group. The highly down-regulated ones included homeodomain protein HoxA2b, retinol-binding protein 4, MHC class II beta chain and proopiomelanocortin while as the highly expressed up-regulated proteins comprised of gonadotropin I beta subunit, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4, manganese superoxide dismutase, recombinase-activating protein 2, glycosyltransferase, chymotrypsin and cytochrome b. On the other hand, the proteomic characterisation of group 2 of S. labiatus revealed that a total of 227 proteins in male and 194 in female fish were recorded. When male and female S. labiatus were compared with each other by label free quantification, a total of 20 down-regulated and 18 up-regulated proteins were recorded. The down-regulated protein expression of group 2 comprised hepatic lipase, allograft inflammatory factor-1, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 and myostatin 1 while the highly expressed up-regulated proteins included glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 2, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 5, cholecystokinin, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta variant 3 and cytochrome b. Significant (P < 0.05) difference in the expression of down-regulated and up-regulated proteins was also noted between the two sexes of S. labiatus in each group. According to MS analysis, the proteins primarily concerned with the growth, skeletal muscle development and metabolism were down-regulated in river Sindh, which indicates that growth of fish during the season of collection i.e., winter was slow owing to less food availability, gonad development and low metabolic activity. While, the proteins related to immune response of fish were also noted to be down-regulated thereby signifying that the ecosystem has less pollution loads, microbial, pathogenic and anthropogenic activities. It was also found that the proteins involved in glycogen metabolism, reproductive and metabolic processes, particularly lipid metabolism were up-regulated in S. labiatus. The significant expression of these proteins may be connected to pre-spawning, gonad development and use of stored food as source of energy. The information generated in this study can be applied to future research aimed at enhancing food traceability, food safety, risk management and authenticity analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kousar Jan
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190 006, India
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190 006, India.
| | - Nazir Ahmad Dar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Mohammad Abul Farah
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatin Raza Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Basit Amin Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kochneva A, Efremov D, Murzina SA. Proteins journey-from marine to freshwater ecosystem: blood plasma proteomic profiles of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum, 1792 during spawning migration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1216119. [PMID: 37383149 PMCID: PMC10293649 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1216119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) is a commercial anadromous fish species of the family Salmonidae. This species has a 2-year life cycle that distinguishes it from other salmonids. It includes the spawning migration from marine to freshwater environments, accompanied by significant physiological and biochemical adaptive changes in the body. This study reveals and describes variability in the blood plasma proteomes of female and male pink salmon collected from three biotopes-marine, estuarine and riverine-that the fish pass through in spawning migration. Identification and comparative analysis of blood plasma protein profiles were performed using proteomics and bioinformatic approaches. The blood proteomes of female and male spawners collected from different biotopes were qualitatively and quantitatively distinguished. Females differed primarily in proteins associated with reproductive system development (certain vitellogenin and choriogenin), lipid transport (fatty acid binding protein) and energy production (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase), and males in proteins involved in blood coagulation (fibrinogen), immune response (lectins) and reproductive processes (vitellogenin). Differentially expressed sex-specific proteins were implicated in proteolysis (aminopeptidases), platelet activation (β- and γ-chain fibrinogen), cell growth and differentiation (a protein containing the TGF_BETA_2 domain) and lipid transport processes (vitellogenin and apolipoprotein). The results are of both fundamental and practical importance, adding to existing knowledge of the biochemical adaptations to spawning of pink salmon, a representative of economically important migratory fish species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albina Kochneva
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Denis Efremov
- Ecology of Fishes and Water Invertebrates Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Murzina
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ikari T, Furusawa Y, Tabuchi Y, Maruyama Y, Hattori A, Kitani Y, Toyota K, Nagami A, Hirayama J, Watanabe K, Shigematsu A, Rafiuddin MA, Ogiso S, Fukushi K, Kuroda K, Hatano K, Sekiguchi T, Kawashima R, Srivastav AK, Nishiuchi T, Sakatoku A, Yoshida MA, Matsubara H, Suzuki N. Kynurenine promotes Calcitonin secretion and reduces cortisol in the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8700. [PMID: 37248272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35222-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep ocean water (DOW) exerts positive effects on the growth of marine organisms, suggesting the presence of unknown component(s) that facilitate their aquaculture. We observed that DOW suppressed plasma cortisol (i.e., a stress marker) concentration in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) reared under high-density condition. RNA-sequencing analysis of flounder brains showed that when compared to surface seawater (SSW)-reared fish, DOW-reared fish had lower expression of hypothalamic (i.e., corticotropin-releasing hormone) and pituitary (i.e., proopiomelanocortin, including adrenocorticotropic hormone) hormone-encoding genes. Moreover, DOW-mediated regulation of gene expression was linked to decreased blood cortisol concentration in DOW-reared fish. Our results indicate that DOW activated osteoblasts in fish scales and facilitated the production of Calcitonin, a hypocalcemic hormone that acts as an analgesic. We then provide evidence that the Calcitonin produced is involved in the regulatory network of genes controlling cortisol secretion. In addition, the indole component kynurenine was identified as the component responsible for osteoblast activation in DOW. Furthermore, kynurenine increased plasma Calcitonin concentrations in flounders reared under high-density condition, while it decreased plasma cortisol concentration. Taken together, we propose that kynurenine in DOW exerts a cortisol-reducing effect in flounders by facilitating Calcitonin production by osteoblasts in the scales.
Collapse
Grants
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 22009, 22015, 22016, 22017, 22044 The cooperative research program of the Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 20K06718, 21K05725, 22J01508 JSPS
- 2209 The Salt Science Research Foundation
- JPMJTM19AP JST
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Ikari
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Furusawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Kurokawa, Toyama, 939-0398, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Tabuchi
- Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kitani
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kenji Toyota
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Arata Nagami
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Jun Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Kazuki Watanabe
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba, 272-0827, Japan
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shigematsu
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Muhammad Ahya Rafiuddin
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Shouzo Ogiso
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fukushi
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kohei Kuroda
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Kaito Hatano
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Ishikawa, 923-0961, Japan
| | - Ajai K Srivastav
- Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273-009, India
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Bioscience Core Facility, Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Takara-Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sakatoku
- School of Science, Academic Assembly, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Yoshida
- Marine Biological Science Section, Education and Research Center for Biological Resources, Faculty of Life and Environmental Science, Shimane University, Oki, Shimane, 685-0024, Japan
| | - Hajime Matsubara
- Noto Center for Fisheries Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Osaka, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0552, Japan
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-Cho, Ishikawa, 927-0553, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chanu NK, Mandal MK, Srivastava A, Mishra Y, Chaurasia N. Proteomics Reveals Damaging Effect of Alpha-Cypermethrin Exposure in a Non-Target Freshwater Microalga Chlorella sp. NC-MKM. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:144. [PMID: 36943524 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-cypermethrin, a pyrethroid pesticide, is frequently used on crops to prevent insect attacks. However, occasionally, due to drift, leaching, or with rainwater, it enters the aquatic environment and poses a serious threat to the growth of non-target aquatic organisms. In the current study, we were interested in investigating the damaging effect of alpha-cypermethrin on a local freshwater non-target green alga Chlorella sp. NC-MKM in terms of its protein levels. This was achieved by exposing Chlorella sp. NC-MKM to an EC50 concentration of alpha-cypermethrin for 1 day, followed by the two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF MS. Fifty-three proteins, which had showed significant differential accumulation (> 1.5 fold, P < 0.05) after exposure to alpha-cypermethrin, were considered as differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs). These DAPs were further divided into several functional categories, and the expressions of each in control and treatment samples were compared. Comparison revealed that alpha-cypermethrin exposure affects the accumulation of proteins related with photosynthesis, stress response, carbohydrate metabolism, signal transduction and transporters, translation, transcription, cell division, lipid metabolism, amino acid and nucleotide biosynthesis, secondary metabolites production, and post-translational modification, and thus rendered the tested algal isolate sensitive toward this pesticide. The overall findings of this research thus offer a fundamental understanding of the possible mechanism of action of the insecticide alpha-cypermethrin on the microalga Chlorella sp. NC-MKM and also suggest potential biomarkers for the investigation of pesticide exposed microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ng Kunjarani Chanu
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Madan Kumar Mandal
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Akanksha Srivastava
- Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Yogesh Mishra
- Department of Botany, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Neha Chaurasia
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dai C, Zheng J, Qi L, Deng P, Wu M, Li L, Yuan J. Chronic stress boosts systemic inflammation and compromises antiviral innate immunity in Carassius gibel. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105156. [PMID: 36814911 PMCID: PMC9939519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally considered that stress causes decreased immune function and render fish vulnerable to infection and diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms between stress responses and susceptibility to infections, especially viral diseases, in fish remain unknown. Understanding and monitoring the biological consequences and mechanisms underlying stress responses in fish may contribute to the improvement of animal welfare and production efficiency. In this study, long-term exposure to a variety of stressors, including chasing, overcrowding, restraint stress, and air exposure mimicking chronic stresses, in aquaculture practices was conducted in Carassius gibel to investigate the consequences of chronic stress on inflammation and antiviral capability. With the continuation of stimulation, experimental fish gradually became insensitive to the stress of net chasing and feeding with the accompaniment of upregulated gene expressed in the HPI axis and elevated levels of stress hormones. As expected, stress-induced hyperglycaemia with a decrease in the insulin signaling pathway and altered gene expression in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, suggesting the disturbance of glycometabolism. Importantly, a link between intestinal homoeostasis and systemic low-grade inflammation in stressed C. gibel was observed, implying crosstalk among the brain, intestine, and other organs. Furthermore, the compromised antiviral capability with impaired antiviral innate immunity in stressed fish was confirmed by RNA sequencing and infection with Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), promoting the understanding of enhanced susceptibility to viral infection in stressed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caijiao Dai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZUA), Wuhan, China
| | - Jianduo Zheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Consultation, Tianbin Ruicheng Environmental Technology Engineering Co., LTD, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Fisheries Science Research Institute, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengke Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZUA), Wuhan, China
| | - Junfa Yuan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Aquatic Animal Diseases Para-reference Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZUA), Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nynca J, Dietrich MA, Ciereszko A. DIGE Analysis of Fish Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2596:303-322. [PMID: 36378447 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2831-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) appears to be especially useful in quantitative approaches, allowing the co-separation of proteins of control samples and proteins of treated/disease samples on the same gel, eliminating gel-to-gel variability. The principle of 2D-DIGE is to label proteins prior to isoelectric focusing and use three spectrally resolvable fluorescent dyes, allowing the independent labeling of control and experimental samples. This procedure makes it possible to reduce the number of gels in an experiment, allowing the accurate and reproducible quantification of multiple samples. 2D-DIGE has been found to be an excellent methodical tool in several areas of fish research, including environmental pollution and toxicology, the mechanisms of development and disorders, reproduction, nutrition, evolution, and ecology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Nynca
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariola A Dietrich
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Ciereszko
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Prentice PM, Houslay TM, Wilson AJ. Exploiting animal personality to reduce chronic stress in captive fish populations. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1046205. [PMID: 36590805 PMCID: PMC9794626 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1046205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major source of welfare problems in many captive populations, including fishes. While we have long known that chronic stress effects arise from maladaptive expression of acute stress response pathways, predicting where and when problems will arise is difficult. Here we highlight how insights from animal personality research could be useful in this regard. Since behavior is the first line of organismal defense when challenged by a stressor, assays of shy-bold type personality variation can provide information about individual stress response that is expected to predict susceptibility to chronic stress. Moreover, recent demonstrations that among-individual differences in stress-related physiology and behaviors are underpinned by genetic factors means that selection on behavioral biomarkers could offer a route to genetic improvement of welfare outcomes in captive fish stocks. Here we review the evidence in support of this proposition, identify remaining empirical gaps in our understanding, and set out appropriate criteria to guide development of biomarkers. The article is largely prospective: fundamental research into fish personality shows how behavioral biomarkers could be used to achieve welfare gains in captive fish populations. However, translating potential to actual gains will require an interdisciplinary approach that integrates the expertise and viewpoints of researchers working across animal behavior, genetics, and welfare science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M. Prentice
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas M. Houslay
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J. Wilson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Alastair J. Wilson
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gilthead Seabream Liver Integrative Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Regulation by Different Prosurvival Pathways in the Metabolic Adaptation to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315395. [PMID: 36499720 PMCID: PMC9741202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the molecular mechanisms of stress appraisal on farmed fish is paramount to ensuring a sustainable aquaculture. Stress exposure can either culminate in the organism's adaptation or aggravate into a metabolic shutdown, characterized by irreversible cellular damage and deleterious effects on fish performance, welfare, and survival. Multiomics can improve our understanding of the complex stressed phenotype in fish and the molecular mediators that regulate the underlying processes of the molecular stress response. We profiled the stress proteome and metabolome of Sparus aurata responding to different challenges common to aquaculture production, characterizing the disturbed pathways in the fish liver, i.e., the central organ in mounting the stress response. Label-free shotgun proteomics and untargeted metabolomics analyses identified 1738 proteins and 120 metabolites, separately. Mass spectrometry data have been made fully accessible via ProteomeXchange, with the identifier PXD036392, and via MetaboLights, with the identifier MTBLS5940. Integrative multivariate statistical analysis, performed with data integration analysis for biomarker discovery using latent components (DIABLO), depicted the 10 most-relevant features. Functional analysis of these selected features revealed an intricate network of regulatory components, modulating different signaling pathways related to cellular stress, e.g., the mTORC1 pathway, the unfolded protein response, endocytosis, and autophagy to different extents according to the stress nature. These results shed light on the dynamics and extent of this species' metabolic reprogramming under chronic stress, supporting future studies on stress markers' discovery and fish welfare research.
Collapse
|
16
|
Schrama D, Raposo de Magalhães C, Cerqueira M, Carrilho R, Farinha AP, Rosa da Costa AM, Gonçalves A, Kuehn A, Revets D, Planchon S, Engrola S, Rodrigues PM. Effect of creatine and EDTA supplemented diets on European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) allergenicity, fish muscle quality and omics fingerprint. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2022; 41:100941. [PMID: 34814088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The relatively easy access to fish worldwide, alongside the increase of aquaculture production contributes to increased fish consumption which result in higher prevalence of respective allergies. Allergies to fish constitute a significant concern worldwide. β-parvalbumin is the main elicitor for IgE-mediated reactions. Creatine, involved in the muscle energy metabolism, and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), a calcium chelator, are potential molecules to modulate parvalbumin. The purpose of this study was to test creatine (2, 5 and 8%) and EDTA (1.5, 3 and 4.5%) supplementation in fish diets to modulate β-parvalbumin expression and structure and its allergenicity in farmed European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) while assessing its effects on the end-product quality. Fish welfare and muscle quality parameters were evaluated by plasma metabolites, rigor mortis, muscle pH and sensory and texture analysis. Proteomics was used to assess alterations in muscle proteome profile and metabolic fingerprinting by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to assess the liver metabolic profile. In addition, IgE-reactivity to parvalbumin was analysed using fish allergic patient sera. Metabolic fingerprinting of liver tissue revealed no major alterations in infrared spectra with creatine supplementation, while with EDTA, only absorption bands characteristic of lipids were altered. Comparative proteomics showed up regulation of (tropo) myosin and phosphoglycerate mutase 2 with Creatine supplementation. In the case of EDTA proteomics showed up regulation of proteins involved in cellular and ion homeostasis. Allergenicity seems not to be modulated with creatine or EDTA supplementation as no decreased expression levels were found and IgE-binding reactivity showed no quantitative differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Schrama
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Raposo de Magalhães
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco Cerqueira
- CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Carrilho
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Farinha
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana M Rosa da Costa
- CIQA, Algarve Chemistry Research Centre, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Amparo Gonçalves
- IPMA I.P., Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospection, Av. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, 29, Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Dominique Revets
- Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, 29, Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sofia Engrola
- CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Rodrigues
- Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; CCMAR, Centre of Marine Sciences, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cámara-Ruiz M, García-Beltrán JM, Cerezo IM, Balebona MC, Moriñigo MÁ, Esteban MÁ. Immunomodulation and skin microbiota perturbations during an episode of chronic stress in gilthead seabream. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:234-245. [PMID: 35172213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fish stress is a major concern in the aquaculture industry. Many stressors coming from routine practices can predispose fish to compromised growth, immunity and overall health. This study focuses on the characterization of the skin microbiota using next generation sequencing (NGS) platform by targeting a genomic marker 16S and to determine growth performance and immune status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) during an episode of chronic stress. Two groups were established: control group and chronically stressed group. Stressed fish were subjected to 1 min air exposure twice a week for 4 weeks. Results showed that stress negatively affected fish growth performance. Cellular and humoral systemic immunity remained unaffected while local immunity in skin was positively stimulated (total IgM and peroxidase). Skin mucus microbial composition showed significant differences especially after 14 days. Stressed fish showed a decrease in the abundance of the genera Acinetobacter, NS3a_marine_group and Pseudomonas, while Pseudoalteromonas and Marinagarivorans increased significantly. In conclusion, air exposure stress was associated with alterations in skin mucosal immunity and microbial composition that may have been beneficial to the host favoring adaptation to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Cámara-Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - José María García-Beltrán
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel M Cerezo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Supercomputing and Bioinnovation Center, Technological Park, University of Málaga, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - M Carmen Balebona
- Group of Prophylaxis and Biocontrol of Fish Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Moriñigo
- Group of Prophylaxis and Biocontrol of Fish Diseases, Department of Microbiology, Campus de Teatinos s/n, University of Málaga, 29010, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology. Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aversa-Marnai M, Castellano M, Quartiani I, Conijesky D, Perretta A, Villarino A, Silva-Álvarez V, Ferreira AM. Different response of Acipenser gueldenstaedtii CRP/SAP and SAA to bacterial challenge and chronic thermal stress sheds light on the innate immune system of sturgeons. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:404-417. [PMID: 34971737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sturgeons are chondrostean fish critically endangered due to anthropogenic loss and degradation of natural habitat and overfishing for meat and caviar production. Consequently, sturgeon aquaculture has extensively developed lately, being Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) the second most important species reared for caviar production. However, Russian sturgeon aquaculture in subtropical countries, such as Uruguay, confronts difficulties because fish have to endure excessive summertime warm temperatures, which weaken their innate defences facilitating opportunistic infections. To address this problem, we look for identifying putative acute phase proteins (APPs), which might be robust serum biomarkers of both infection and chronic thermal stress, applied to monitoring Russian sturgeon health status in farms. We focused on the C-Reactive Protein/Serum Amyloid P (CRP/SAP) pentraxin since the pentraxin family includes well-known APPs, better characterised in mammals than fish. We identified A.gueldenstaedtii CRP/SAP (AgCRP/SAP), as a member of the universal CRP/SAP pentraxin sub-family, and studied AgCRP/SAP involvement in sturgeon response to bacterial challenge and chronic thermal stress, in comparison with A. gueldenstaedtii Serum Amyloid A (AgSAA), a previously described positive APP. Results showed that AgCRP/SAP is a constitutive serum component that remained constant upon Aeromonas hydrophila challenge and chronic thermal stress. Contrastingly, serum AgSAA was subjected to regulation by bacterial and thermal stress challenges, showing a 50-fold increase and 3-fold decline in serum levels, respectively. Overall, results highlight the potential value of AgSAA, but not of AgCRP/SAP, as a biomarker of bacterial infection and the need to continue searching for robust chronic thermal stress biomarkers in sturgeons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcio Aversa-Marnai
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Castellano
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Sección Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ignacio Quartiani
- Unidad de Patología, Biología y Cultivo de Organismos Acuáticos, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, CP 11300, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Alejandro Perretta
- Unidad de Patología, Biología y Cultivo de Organismos Acuáticos, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, CP 11300, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea Villarino
- Sección Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, CP 11400, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Silva-Álvarez
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Ana María Ferreira
- Unidad de Inmunología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay; Área Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, CP 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun B, van Dissel D, Mo I, Boysen P, Haslene-Hox H, Lund H. Identification of novel biomarkers of inflammation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) by a plasma proteomic approach. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104268. [PMID: 34571096 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring fish welfare has become a central issue for the fast-growing aquaculture industry, and finding proper biomarkers of stress, inflammation and infection is necessary for surveillance and documentation of fish health. In this study, a proteomic approach using mass spectrometry was applied to identify indicators of the acute response in Atlantic salmon blood plasma by comparing Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infected fish and non-infected controls. The antimicrobial proteins cathelicidin (CATH), L-plastin (Plastin-2, LCP1) and soluble toll-like receptor 5 (sTLR5) were uniquely or mainly identified in the plasma of infected fish. In addition, five immune-related proteins showed significantly increased expression in plasma of infected fish: haptoglobin, high affinity immunoglobulin Fc gamma receptor I (FcγR1, CD64), leucine-rich alpha 2 glycoprotein (LRG1), complement C4 (C4) and phospholipase A2 inhibitor 31 kDa subunit-like protein. However, various fibrinogen components, CD209 and CD44 antigen-like molecules decreased in infected fish. Selected biomarkers were further verified by Western blot analysis of plasma and real time PCR of spleen and liver, including CATH1, CATH2 and L-plastin. A significant increase of L-plastin occurred as early as 24 h after infection, and a CATH2 increase was observed from 72 h in plasma of infected fish. Real time PCR of selected genes confirmed increased transcription of CATH1 and CATH2. In addition, serum amyloid A mRNA significantly increased in liver and spleen after bacterial infection. However, transcription of L-plastin was not consistently induced in liver and spleen. The results of the present study reveal novel and promising biomarkers of the acute phase response and inflammation in Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baojian Sun
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Dino van Dissel
- SINTEF AS, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingrid Mo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Hanne Haslene-Hox
- SINTEF AS, Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hege Lund
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Colás-Ruiz NR, Ramirez G, Courant F, Gomez E, Hampel M, Lara-Martín PA. Multi-omic approach to evaluate the response of gilt-head sea bream (Sparus aurata) exposed to the UV filter sulisobenzone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150080. [PMID: 34525742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulisobenzone (BP-4) is one of the benzophenone type UV filters most frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems. As a suspected endocrine disrupting compound, scarce information is available yet about other molecular effects and its mechanism of action. Here, we used an integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approach to improve the current understanding on the toxicity of BP-4 towards aquatic species. Gilt-head sea bream individuals were exposed at environmentally relevant concentrations (10 μg L-1) for 22 days. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 371 differentially expressed genes in liver while metabolomic analysis identified 123 differentially modulated features in plasma and 118 in liver. Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data showed disruption of the energy metabolism (>10 pathways related to the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates were impacted) and lipid metabolism (5 glycerophospholipids and the expression of 3 enzymes were affected), suggesting oxidative stress. We also observed, for the first time in vivo and at environmental relevant concentrations, the disruption of several enzymes involved in the steroid and thyroid hormones biosynthesis. DNA and RNA synthesis was also impacted by changes in the purine and pyrimidine metabolisms. Overall, the multiomic workflow presented here increases the evidence on suspected effects of BP-4 exposure and identifies additional modes of action of the compounds that could have been overlooked by using single omic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nieves R Colás-Ruiz
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences (CASEM), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Gaëlle Ramirez
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Courant
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University of Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Miriam Hampel
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences (CASEM), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences (CASEM), University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
OUP accepted manuscript. Brief Funct Genomics 2022; 21:243-269. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
22
|
Dietrich MA, Irnazarow I, Adamek M, Jurecka P, Teich L, Rakus K, Kodzik N, Chadzińska M, Steinhagen D, Ciereszko A. 2D-DIGE proteomic analysis of blood plasma reveals changes in immune- and stress-associated proteins following hormonal stimulation of carp males. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:354-368. [PMID: 34560285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In carp aquaculture, hormonal manipulation with an analog of GnRH (Ovopel) and carp pituitary extract (CPE), which act at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, is a routine practice to enhance sperm production. Our recent studies revealed that hormonal stimulation of male carp was associated with changes in the seminal plasma proteome, including blood origin proteins. Here, we explored whether Ovopel and CPE could affect the blood proteome of male carp. Both preparations induced increases in semen volume, total number of sperm, and testosterone level. However, hormonal stimulation did not affect the plasma cortisol and glucose levels. A comparative proteomic analysis of carp blood plasma between the control (PBS) and the hormonally treated males revealed significant changes (>1.2 <-1.2-fold change, P < 0.05) in the abundance of 30 spots (14 up- and 16 downregulated) and 44 spots (28 up- and 16 downregulated) upon CPE and Ovopel treatment, respectively. The most significantly affected pathways were acute phase response signaling, the coagulation system, LXR/RXR and FXR/RXR activation; however, there were different sets of proteins in Ovopel- and CPE-treated males. The majority of differentially abundant proteins were involved in the regulation of the immune defense response, the response to stress, and complement activation. Moreover hormonal stimulation with CPE markedly increased the bactericidal activity of blood and both preparations caused profound changes in gene expression in hematopoietic organs. This work is important in understanding the biological processes behind the protein-based response to hormonal stimulation of sperm production in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola A Dietrich
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Mikołaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrycja Jurecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Lukas Teich
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Rakus
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Kodzik
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chadzińska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrzej Ciereszko
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Gauthier DT, Haines AN, Vogelbein WK. Elevated temperature inhibits Mycobacterium shottsii infection and Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii disease in striped bass Morone saxatilis. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2021; 144:159-174. [PMID: 33955854 DOI: 10.3354/dao03584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacteriosis occurs with high prevalence in the wild striped bass Morone saxatilis of Chesapeake Bay, USA. Etiologic agents of mycobacteriosis in this system are dominated by Mycobacterium pseudoshottsii and Mycobacterium shottsii, both members of the M. ulcerans/M. marinum clade of mycobacteria. Striped bass occupying Chesapeake Bay during summer months where water temperatures regularly approach and occasionally exceed 30°C are thought to be near their thermal maximum, a condition hypothesized to drive high levels of disease and increased natural mortality due to temperature stress. M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii, however, do not grow or grow inconsistently at 30°C on artificial medium, potentially countering this hypothesis. In this work, we examine the effects of temperature (20, 25, and 30°C) on progression of experimental infections with M. shottsii and M. pseudoshottsii in striped bass. Rather than exacerbation of disease, increasing temperature resulted in attenuated bacterial density increase in the spleen and reduced pathology in the spleen and mesenteries of M. pseudoshottsii infected fish, and reduced bacterial densities in the spleen of M. shottsii infected fish. These findings indicate that M. pseudoshottsii and M. shottsii infections in Chesapeake Bay striped bass may be limited by the thermal tolerance of these mycobacteria, and that maximal disease progression may in fact occur at lower water temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Gauthier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guglielmetti C, Brusadore S, Sciuto S, Esposito G, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Bozzetta E, Acutis PL, Mazza M. Wild or Farmed Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)? How To Distinguish between Them by Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis. J Food Prot 2021; 84:592-596. [PMID: 33211848 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Because the world's wild fish stocks are limited and the market demand is increasing, fish farming has become an alternative food source and a way to reduce costs for consumers. The sale of farmed as wild fish is a fraudulent practice; it is, therefore, important to find new and alternative tools that can help in the fight against fraud to protect consumers and to ensure food traceability. The proteomic profiles of farmed and wild fish differ. With this study we wanted to identify liver protein markers via two-dimensional electrophoresis that would allow us to distinguish wild from farmed gilthead seabream. The liver samples from 32 gilthead seabream, wild and farmed, were stored at -80°C before protein extraction. The samples were subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis to detect qualitative and quantitative differences. Proteomic analysis showed a protein spot (molecular weight of ∼34 kDa and isoelectric point of ∼6.9) only in the samples from the wild gilthead seabream; liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identified the spot as ubiquitin. Ubiquitin could be a valid marker to differentiate wild from farmed gilthead seabream; it could be used to ensure continuous monitoring throughout the entire commercial chain and to fight commercial fraud. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Guglielmetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1246-5230 [C.G.])
| | - Sonia Brusadore
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Sciuto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanna Esposito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- ISALIT S.r.l., Spin-off dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale, and 5Dipartimento di Scienze ed Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.,Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Corso Trieste 15, 28100, Novara, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Corso Trieste 15, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Mazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Seibel H, Baßmann B, Rebl A. Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:616955. [PMID: 33860003 PMCID: PMC8042153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.616955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood analyses provide substantial information about the physiological aspects of animal welfare assessment, including the activation status of the neuroendocrine and immune system, acute and long-term impacts due to adverse husbandry conditions, potential diseases, and genetic predispositions. However, fish blood is still not routinely analyzed in research or aquaculture for the assessment of health and/or welfare. Over the years, the investigative techniques have evolved from antibody-based or PCR-based single-parameter analyses to now include transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic approaches and from hematological observations to fluorescence-activated blood cell sorting in high-throughput modes. The range of testing techniques established for blood is now broader than for any other biogenic test material. Evaluation of the particular characteristics of fish blood, such as its cell composition, the nucleation of distinct blood cells, or the multiple isoforms of certain immune factors, requires adapted protocols and careful attention to the experimental designs and interpretation of the data. Analyses of fish blood can provide an integrated picture of the endocrine, immunological, reproductive, and genetic functions under defined environmental conditions and treatments. Therefore, the scarcity of high-throughput approaches using fish blood as a test material for fish physiology studies is surprising. This review summarizes the wide range of techniques that allow monitoring of informative fish blood parameters that are modulated by different stressors, conditions, and/or treatments. We provide a compact overview of several simple plasma tests and of multiparametric analyses of fish blood, and we discuss their potential use in the assessment of fish welfare and pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Seibel
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH (GMA), Büsum, Germany
| | - Björn Baßmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Krick MV, Desmarais E, Samaras A, Guéret E, Dimitroglou A, Pavlidis M, Tsigenopoulos C, Guinand B. Family-effects in the epigenomic response of red blood cells to a challenge test in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:111. [PMID: 33563212 PMCID: PMC7871408 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Background In fish, minimally invasive blood sampling is widely used to monitor physiological stress with blood plasma biomarkers. As fish blood cells are nucleated, they might be a source a potential new markers derived from ‘omics technologies. We modified the epiGBS (epiGenotyping By Sequencing) technique to explore changes in genome-wide cytosine methylation in the red blood cells (RBCs) of challenged European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), a species widely studied in both natural and farmed environments. Results We retrieved 501,108,033 sequencing reads after trimming, with a mean mapping efficiency of 73.0% (unique best hits). Minor changes in RBC methylome appeared to manifest after the challenge test and a family-effect was detected. Only fifty-seven differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) close to 51 distinct genes distributed on 17 of 24 linkage groups (LGs) were detected between RBCs of pre- and post-challenge individuals. Thirty-seven of these genes were previously reported as differentially expressed in the brain of zebrafish, most of them involved in stress coping differences. While further investigation remains necessary, few DMC-related genes associated to the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor, a protein that favors stress adaptation and fear memory, appear relevant to integrate a centrally produced stress response in RBCs. Conclusion Our modified epiGBS protocol was powerful to analyze patterns of cytosine methylation in RBCs of D. labrax and to evaluate the impact of a challenge using minimally invasive blood samples. This study is the first approximation to identify epigenetic biomarkers of exposure to stress in fish. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07420-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Vera Krick
- UMR UM CNRS IRD EPHE ISEM- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Erick Desmarais
- UMR UM CNRS IRD EPHE ISEM- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Elise Guéret
- UMR UM CNRS IRD EPHE ISEM- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France.,Montpellier GenomiX, France Génomique, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michalis Pavlidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Costas Tsigenopoulos
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), 715 00, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Bruno Guinand
- UMR UM CNRS IRD EPHE ISEM- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Djordjevic B, Morales-Lange B, McLean Press C, Olson J, Lagos L, Mercado L, Øverland M. Comparison of Circulating Markers and Mucosal Immune Parameters from Skin and Distal Intestine of Atlantic Salmon in Two Models of Acute Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031028. [PMID: 33494146 PMCID: PMC7864346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring salmon health and welfare is crucial to maximize production in recirculation aquaculture systems. Healthy and robust mucosal surfaces of the skin and intestine are essential to achieve this goal because they are the first immunological defenses and are constantly exposed to multistressor conditions, such as infectious diseases, suboptimal nutrition, and environmental and handling stress. In this work, Atlantic salmon, split from a single cohort, were subjected to acute hypoxia stress or 15-min crowding stress and observed over a 24-h recovery period. Samples were collected from fish at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h post-stress to analyze plasma-circulating markers of endocrine function (cortisol), oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase) and immune function (interleukin 10 (IL-10), annexin A1). In addition, mucosal barrier function parameters were measured in the skin mucus (Muc-like protein and lysozyme) and distal intestine (simple folds, goblet cell size and goblet cell area). The results showed that both acute stress models induced increases of circulating cortisol in plasma (1 h post-stress), which then returned to baseline values (initial control) at 24 h post-stress. Moreover, the hypoxia stress was mostly related to increased oxidative stress and IL-10 production, whereas the crowding stress was associated with a higher production of Muc-like protein and lysozyme in the skin mucus. Interestingly, in the distal intestine, smaller goblet cells were detected immediately and one hour after post-hypoxia stress, which could be related to rapid release of the cellular content to protect this organ. Finally, the correlation of different markers in the hypoxic stress model showed that the circulating levels of cortisol and IL-10 were directly proportional, while the availability of Muc-like proteins was inversely proportional to the size of the goblet cells. On the other hand, in the crowding stress model, a proportional relationship was established between plasma cortisol levels and skin mucus lysozyme. Our results suggest key differences in energy partitioning between the two acute stress models and support the need for further investigation into the interplay of multistressor conditions and strategies to modulate immunological aspects of mucosal surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Djordjevic
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (B.M-L.)
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (B.M-L.)
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway;
| | - Jake Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2950 Valparaíso, Chile;
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moreira M, Schrama D, Farinha AP, Cerqueira M, Raposo de Magalhães C, Carrilho R, Rodrigues P. Fish Pathology Research and Diagnosis in Aquaculture of Farmed Fish; a Proteomics Perspective. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:E125. [PMID: 33430015 PMCID: PMC7827161 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main constraints in aquaculture production is farmed fish vulnerability to diseases due to husbandry practices or external factors like pollution, climate changes, or even the alterations in the dynamic of product transactions in this industry. It is though important to better understand and characterize the intervenients in the process of a disease outbreak as these lead to huge economical losses in aquaculture industries. High-throughput technologies like proteomics can be an important characterization tool especially in pathogen identification and the virulence mechanisms related to host-pathogen interactions on disease research and diagnostics that will help to control, prevent, and treat diseases in farmed fish. Proteomics important role is also maximized by its holistic approach to understanding pathogenesis processes and fish responses to external factors like stress or temperature making it one of the most promising tools for fish pathology research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Moreira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, EPPO—Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Denise Schrama
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Farinha
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Marco Cerqueira
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
| | - Cláudia Raposo de Magalhães
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Raquel Carrilho
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (M.M.); (D.S.); (A.P.F.); (M.C.); (C.R.d.M.); (R.C.)
- University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mid-infrared spectroscopic screening of metabolic alterations in stress-exposed gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Sci Rep 2020; 10:16343. [PMID: 33004973 PMCID: PMC7529800 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress triggers a battery of physiological responses in fish, including the activation of metabolic pathways involved in energy production, which helps the animal to cope with the adverse situation. Prolonged exposure to stressful farming conditions may induce adverse effects at the whole-animal level, impairing welfare. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a rapid biochemical fingerprinting technique, that, combined with chemometrics, was applied to disclose the metabolic alterations in the fish liver as a result of exposure to standard stressful practices in aquaculture. Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) adults exposed to different stressors were used as model species. Spectra were preprocessed before multivariate statistical analysis. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used for pattern recognition and identification of the most discriminatory wavenumbers. Key spectral features were selected and used for classification using the k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm to evaluate whether the spectral changes allowed for the reliable discrimination between experimental groups. PCA loadings suggested that major variations in the hepatic infrared spectra responsible for the discrimination between the experimental groups were due to differences in the intensity of absorption bands associated with proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. This broad-range technique can thus be useful in an exploratory approach before any targeted analysis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Carrera M, Piñeiro C, Martinez I. Proteomic Strategies to Evaluate the Impact of Farming Conditions on Food Quality and Safety in Aquaculture Products. Foods 2020; 9:E1050. [PMID: 32759674 PMCID: PMC7466198 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents the primary applications of various proteomic strategies to evaluate the impact of farming conditions on food quality and safety in aquaculture products. Aquaculture is a quickly growing sector that represents 47% of total fish production. Food quality, dietary management, fish welfare, the stress response, food safety, and antibiotic resistance, which are covered by this review, are among the primary topics in which proteomic techniques and strategies are being successfully applied. The review concludes by outlining future directions and potential perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Carrera
- Food Technology Department, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Carmen Piñeiro
- Scientific Instrumentation and Quality Service (SICIM), Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain;
| | - Iciar Martinez
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology—Plentzia Marine Station (PiE), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48620 Plentzia, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|