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Huang YP, Shi JY, Luo XT, Luo SC, Cheung PCK, Corke H, Yang QQ, Zhang BB. How do probiotics alleviate constipation? A narrative review of mechanisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38710624 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2336531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Constipation is a common gastrointestinal condition, which may occur at any age and affects countless people. The search for new treatments for constipation is ongoing as current drug treatments fail to provide fully satisfactory results. In recent years, probiotics have attracted much attention because of their demonstrated therapeutic efficacy and fewer side effects than pharmaceutical products. Many studies attempted to answer the question of how probiotics can alleviate constipation. It has been shown that different probiotic strains can alleviate constipation by different mechanisms. The mechanisms on probiotics in relieving constipation were associated with various aspects, including regulation of the gut microbiota composition, the level of short-chain fatty acids, aquaporin expression levels, neurotransmitters and hormone levels, inflammation, the intestinal environmental metabolic status, neurotrophic factor levels and the body's antioxidant levels. This paper summarizes the perception of the mechanisms on probiotics in relieving constipation and provides some suggestions on new research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Huang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Yan Shi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Tao Luo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Si-Chen Luo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Peter C K Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, P.R. China
| | - Harold Corke
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, P.R. China
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Qiong-Qiong Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Bo Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, P.R. China
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Lv H, Niu J, Pan W, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang M, Shi Y, Zhang G, Al Hamyari B, Wang S, Li X, Shi Y. Stool-softening effect and action mechanism of free anthraquinones extracted from Rheum palmatum L. on water deficit-induced constipation in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117336. [PMID: 37907143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In traditional Chinese herbal medicine, rhubarb is said to remove accumulation with purgation, clearing heat, and discharging fire. Modern pharmacology has shown that rhubarb extract has a purgative effect when given to experimental animals in an appropriate dose. However, the active components and their mechanism of action are still not clearly defined. AIM OF THE STUDY The current research aimed to evaluate the synergistic stool-softening effects and explore the action mechanism of rhubarb free anthraquinones (RhA) and their monomers on constipation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of water deficit-induced constipation was established to induce constipation, and these rats were treated with RhA and its monomers. ELISA, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR and Western blotting based on network pharmacology and molecular docking were conducted to explore the possible mechanism of action of RhA and its monomers. RESULTS RhA, aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol showed stool-softening activity, and the combination of aloe-emodin and rhein had the strongest softening effect on faecal pellets. Aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol significantly increased the serum levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), motilin (MTL), and substance P (SP), upregulated the expression of VIP, cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), protein kinase A (PKA), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and aquaporin 8 (AQP8), decreased the expression of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and Na+/H+ exchanger 3 (NHE3), and reduced the colonic tissue concentration of Na+-K+-ATPase in the constipated rats. Osmolality of colonic fluid in model rats treated by RhA, aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol was increased. CONCLUSION Aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol were the stool-softening components of the RhA extract, and there were certain drug-interactions between the components. RhA upregulated VIP expression, activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway, and further stimulated CFTR expression while inhibiting NHE3 and ENaC expression, resulting in a hypertonic state in the colonic lumen. Water transport could then be driven by an osmotic gradient, which in turn led to the upregulation of AQP3, AQP4, and AQP8 expression. In addition, RhA likely improved gastrointestinal motility by increasing serum VIP, SP, and MTL concentrations, thus promoting faecal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Lv
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Jingjing Niu
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Wenhao Pan
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Yudong Wang
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Lifang Wang
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Yali Shi
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Guifang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Bandar Al Hamyari
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China.
| | - Shaohua Wang
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xuefeng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yanbin Shi
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Song HJ, Kim JE, Jin YJ, Roh YJ, Seol A, Kim TR, Park KH, Park ES, An BS, Yang SY, Seo S, Jo SM, Jung YS, Hwang DY. Complement C3-Deficiency-Induced Constipation in FVB/N-C3 em1Hlee/Korl Knockout Mice Was Significantly Relieved by Uridine and Liriope platyphylla L. Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15757. [PMID: 37958740 PMCID: PMC10649790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement component 3 (C3) deficiency has recently been known as a cause of constipation, without studies on the therapeutic efficacy. To evaluate the therapeutic agents against C3-deficiency-induced constipation, improvements in the constipation-related parameters and the associated molecular mechanisms were examined in FVB/N-C3em1Hlee/Korl knockout (C3 KO) mice treated with uridine (Urd) and the aqueous extract of Liriope platyphylla L. (AEtLP) with laxative activity. The stool parameters and gastrointestinal (GI) transit were increased in Urd- and AEtLP-treated C3 KO mice compared with the vehicle (Veh)-treated C3 KO mice. Urd and AEtLP treatment improved the histological structure, junctional complexes of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB), mucin secretion ability, and water retention capacity. Also, an improvement in the composition of neuronal cells, the regulation of excitatory function mediated via the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), and the regulation of the inhibitory function mediated via the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) were detected in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of Urd- and AEtLP-treated C3 KO mice. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that C3-deficiency-induced constipation can improve with treatment with Urd and AEtLP via the regulation of the mucin secretion ability, water retention capacity, and ENS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - You-Jeong Jin
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Yu-Jeong Roh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Ayun Seol
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Tae-Ryeol Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Ki-Ho Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Eun-Seo Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Seung-Yun Yang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Sungbaek Seo
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Seong-Min Jo
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dae-Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program)/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animals Resources Center, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea; (H.-J.S.); (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (Y.-J.R.); (A.S.); (T.-R.K.); (K.-H.P.); (E.-S.P.); (B.-S.A.); (S.-Y.Y.); (S.S.); (S.-M.J.)
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Kim JE, Seol A, Choi YJ, Lee SJ, Jin YJ, Roh YJ, Song HJ, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Similarities and differences in constipation phenotypes between Lep knockout mice and high fat diet-induced obesity mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276445. [PMID: 36548335 PMCID: PMC9778951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas9-mediated leptin (Lep) knockout (KO) mice exhibited prominent phenotypes for constipation, even though they were not compared with other model animals. This study compared the stool excretion, gastrointestinal motility, histological structure, mucin secretion, and enteric nerve function in Lep KO and high fat diet (HFD)-treated mice to determine if there were differences in their phenotypes for constipation. Most obesity phenotypes, including fat weight, adipocyte size, expression of lipolytic proteins (HSL, perilipin, and ATGL), and glucose concentrations, were detected similarly in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice. They showed a similar decrease in the excretion parameters, including the stool number, weight, and water content, while the same pattern was detected in the gastrointestinal motility and intestinal length. A similar decrease in the mucosal layer thickness, muscle thickness, ability for mucin secretion, and expression of water channel (aquaporin 3 and 8) genes was detected in the mid-colon of the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice, but the alteration rate in some levels was greater in the HFD-treated group than the Lep KO mice. On the other hand, the levels of c-kit, nNOS, NSE, and PGP9.5 expression for the enteric neurons and intestitial cells of Cajal (ICC) were remarkably lower in the mid-colon of the HFD-treated mice than in the Lep KO mice, but the level of most proteins in both groups remained lower than those in the control group. A similar alteration pattern in the expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and serotonin receptors was detected in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice. These results suggest that most phenotypes for obesity-induced constipation were similarly detected in the Lep KO and HFD-treated mice, but there was a difference in the regulatory function of the enteric nervous system (ENS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ayun Seol
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yun Ju Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - You Jeong Jin
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Roh
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute/Laboratory Animal Resources Center, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Dysregulation of the Enteric Nervous System in the Mid Colon of Complement Component 3 Knockout Mice with Constipation Phenotypes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126862. [PMID: 35743302 PMCID: PMC9225043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement component 3 (C3) contributes to neurogenesis, neural migration, and synaptic elimination under normal and disease conditions of the brain, even though it has not been studied in the enteric nervous system (ENS). To determine the role of C3 in the regulatory mechanism of ENS during C3 deficiency-induced constipation, the changes in the markers of neuronal and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), the markers for excitatory and inhibitory transmission of ENS, and expression of C3 receptors were analyzed in the mid colon of C3 knockout (KO) mice at 16 weeks of age. Prominent constipation phenotypes, including the decrease in stool parameters, changes in the histological structure, and suppression of mucin secretion, were detected in C3 KO mice compared to wildtype (WT) mice. The expression levels of the neuron specific enolase (NSE), protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), and C-kit markers for myenteric neurons and ICCs were lower in the mid colon of C3 KO mice than WT mice. Excitatory transmission analysis revealed similar suppression of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) concentration, expression of 5-HT receptors, acetylcholine (ACh) concentration, ACh esterase (AChE) activity, and expression of muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs), despite the mAChRs downstream signaling pathway being activated in the mid colon of C3 KO mice. In inhibitory transmission analysis, C3 KO mice showed an increase in the nitric oxide (NO) concentration and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, while neuronal NOS (nNOS) expression, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastrin concentration were decreased in the same mice. Furthermore, the levels of C3a receptor (C3aR) and C3bR expression were enhanced in the mid colon of C3 KO mice compared to the WT mice during C3 deficiency-induced constipation. Overall, these results indicate that a dysregulation of the ENS may play an important role in C3 deficiency-induced constipation in the mid colon of C3 KO mice.
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Kongdang P, Pruksakorn D, Koonrungsesomboon N. Preclinical experimental models for assessing laxative activities of substances/products under investigation: a scoping review of the literature. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:698-717. [PMID: 35273679 PMCID: PMC8902583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Constipation is a common gastrointestinal problem worldwide. Its impact on health can range from an unpleasant problem to being seriously troublesome. When lifestyle modification fails to deal with constipation, laxatives are the mainstay of therapy. There are several types of laxatives currently available; however, there still remains a need for better laxatives because certain currently available laxatives are not appropriate for or accessible to some patients. Preclinical experiments to study the laxative potential of substances/products of interest are vital to improving that situation. The selection of appropriate experimental models for assessing the laxative activities of substances/products under investigation is crucial to achieving valid and meaningful results. This article provides a scoping review of the literature, outlining, and summarizing models currently being used in preclinical experiments assessing the laxative activities of substances/products under investigation. The review includes both screening models, e.g., the isolated organ bath system, in vivo fecal assessment and intestinal transit assay, and confirmation models, e.g., in vivo constipation models. Chemical substances/drugs used to induce constipation in in vivo constipation models, e.g., loperamide, diphenoxylate, montmorillonite, and clonidine, as well as standard laxative agents used as a positive control in experimental models, e.g., bisacodyl, carbachol, lactulose, sodium picosulfate, castor oil, phenolphthalein, and yohimbine, are described in detail. The purpose of this article is to assist researchers in the design and implementation of preclinical experimental models for assessing laxative activities of substances/products under investigation to achieve valid and meaningful preclinical results prior to experimentation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patiwat Kongdang
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Dumnoensun Pruksakorn
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Multidisciplinary Technology for Advanced Medicine (CMUTEAM), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nut Koonrungsesomboon
- Musculoskeletal Science and Translational Research (MSTR) Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai UniversityChiang Mai, Thailand
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Li C, Li Z, Wu H, Tang S, Zhang Y, Yang B, Yang H, Huang L. Therapeutic effect of Moringa oleifera leaves on constipation mice based on pharmacodynamics and serum metabonomics. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114644. [PMID: 34534599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Moringa oleifera is native to India, and has been introduced to China in recent years. Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL), as Ayurvedic medicine, has efficacy of Pachana karma (digestive) and Virechana karma (purgative). Folium Sennae (FS), Rhubarb (RB), Aloe vera (AV), Hemp seed (HS) are commonly used as laxatives in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which have different characteristics. However, the intensity of the diarrheal effect of MOL and its mechanism of action are unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The methods of pharmacology and omics were used to compare the purgative effects of MOL and FS, RB, AV, HS, and their effects on metabolomics, to analyze the purgative characteristics and related mechanisms of MOL. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6J mouse model of constipation was established by feeding low-fiber food. Feces parameters and colon pathology were used to evaluate the effect of FS, RB, AV, HS and MOL. And mass spectrometry-based serum metabolomics was performed. The differential metabolites of these herbs in the treatment of constipation were obtained by OPLS-DA analysis. Furthermore, pathway analysis was conducted based on different metabolites. RESULTS Moringa leaves can adjust the stool number, wet fecal weight and fecal water content to varying degrees to achieve laxative effects, and recover colon muscle thickness and mucus. Analysis of metabolomics results showed that 71 metabolites from LC-MS datasets between model group and control group were obtained. 29, 12, 44, 29 and 20 metabolites were significantly reversed by FS, RB, AV, HS, MOL compared with model group respectively. According to the metabolic pathways, RB and AV may be clustered into a similar category, and MOL, FS and HS showed similarity of metabolic characteristics. CONCLUSION The purgative effect of MOL is inferior to that of FS, and stronger than that of AV, RB and HS. The metabolic pathway for constipation is more similar to that of FS. MOL has a long-lasting and mild effect of laxative, increasing defecation volume and water content of feces, and may become a fewer side effects medicine to treat constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Li
- Academician Workstation of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330004, China; Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China; National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; School of Pharmacy, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Yunnan Province Resources of Development and Collaborative Innovation Center for New Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, 650051, China
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shihuan Tang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Daodi Herbs, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Kim JE, Choi YJ, Lee SJ, Gong JE, Jin YJ, Park SH, Lee HS, Choi YW, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Laxative Effects of Phlorotannins Derived from Ecklonia cava on Loperamide-Induced Constipation in SD Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:7209. [PMID: 34885790 PMCID: PMC8659160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the laxative effects of phlorotannins (Pt) derived from Ecklonia cava (E. cave) on chronic constipation by evaluating alterations in stool parameters, gastrointestinal motility, histopathological structure, mucin secretion, gastrointestinal hormones, muscarinic cholinergic regulation, and fecal microbiota in SD rats with loperamide (Lop)-induced constipation subjected to Pt treatment. Stool-related parameters (including stool number, weight, and water contents), gastrointestinal motility, and length of intestine were significantly enhanced in the Lop+Pt-treated group as compared to the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. A similar recovery was detected in the histopathological and cytological structure of the mid-colon of Lop+Pt-treated rats, although the level of mucin secretion remained constant. Moreover, rats with Lop-induced constipation subjected to Pt treatment showed significant improvements in water channel expression, gastrointestinal hormone secretions, and expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors M2/M3 (mAChRs M2/M3) and their mediators of muscarinic cholinergic regulation. Furthermore, the Lop+Pt-treated group showed a significant recovery of Bifidobacteriaceae, Muribaculaceae, Clostridiaceae, and Eubacteriaceae families in fecal microbiota. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that exposure of SD rats with Lop-induced constipation to Pt improves the constipation phenotype through the regulation of membrane water channel expression, GI hormones, the mAChR signaling pathway, and fecal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.-J.L.); (J.-E.G.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Yun-Ju Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.-J.L.); (J.-E.G.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Su-Jin Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.-J.L.); (J.-E.G.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Jeong-Eun Gong
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.-J.L.); (J.-E.G.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - You-Jung Jin
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.-J.L.); (J.-E.G.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - So-Hae Park
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.-J.L.); (J.-E.G.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-H.P.)
| | - Hee-Seob Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea;
| | - Young-Whan Choi
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Jin-Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju 28160, Korea;
| | - Dae-Youn Hwang
- Laboratory Animal Resources Center, Department of Biomaterials Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, College of Natural Resources & Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (Y.-J.C.); (S.-J.L.); (J.-E.G.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-H.P.)
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Long-Term Administration of Anthraquinone Rhein on Induction of Constipation in Sprague-Dawley Rats via SCF/c-Kit Signaling Pathways. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6649199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Study Aims. It has been shown that abuse of laxatives is becoming a serious problem; therefore, a comprehensive understanding of its effect and possible mechanism on colon motility is essential to select effective treatments and avoid their abuse. Herein, we aimed to investigate the long-term stimulation of rhein on induction of constipation in rats and its underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods. After establishing rat models of constipation, the rats were randomly divided into two equal subgroups and administered daily with normal saline (model control group) or 10 ml/kg PEG4,000 (PEG-treated group). Simultaneously, normal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were administered with normal saline (normal group). Physiological and fecal parameters were calculated, and intestinal transmission function was evaluated. After scarification, colonic tissues were freshly prepared for histological localization detected by immunohistochemical analysis and for the expression of stem cell factor (SCF) and c-kit proteins determined by western blot assay. Results. Following the initiation of rhein-induced rat constipation, body weight was lost slightly, the first time of black stool discharge was obviously longer, and the fecal moisture and number of fecal pellets decreased distinctly as compared with normal group. A decreased expression of SCF and c-kit was detected in model control group in comparison with normal group. Notably, compared with model control group, neither the alterations of fecal parameters and intestinal transmission function were effectively restored, nor the expression of SCF and c-kit was markedly elevated after administration of PEG4,000 for 30 d. Conclusion. Long-term stimulation of rhein can develop the constipation via SCF/c-kit signaling pathway, yet the symptoms of constipation and colon power cannot be alleviated or restored by PEG4,000. Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that long-term use of anthraquinone laxatives should be avoided for clinical treatment of constipation.
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10
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11
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Hajji N, Wannes D, Jabri MA, Rtibi K, Tounsi H, Abdellaoui A, Sebai H. Purgative/laxative actions of Globularia alypum aqueous extract on gastrointestinal-physiological function and against loperamide-induced constipation coupled to oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13858. [PMID: 32337785 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic constipation is a gastrointestinal functional disorder which affects patient quality of life. Therefore, many studies were oriented to search herbal laxative agents. In this study, we investigated the effect of Globularia alypum L. leaves aqueous extract (GAAE) against loperamide (LOP)-produced constipation. METHODS Animals were given LOP (3 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.) and GAAE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.) or yohimbine (2 mg/kg, b.w., i.p.), simultaneously, for 1 week. Gastric-emptying test and intestinal transit were determined. Colon histology was examined, and oxidative status was evaluated using biochemical-colorimetric methods. KEY RESULTS GAAE ameliorates significantly gastric emptying (64% to 76.5%) and intestinal transit (66.65% to 84.73%). LOP negatively influenced defecation parameters and generated a stress situation. GAAE administration in contrast ameliorated those parameters and re-established oxidative balance. CONCLUSION GAAE showed a modest action against oxidative stress and decreased LOP effect and thereby can be considered a pharmacological agent in constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Hajji
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Dalanda Wannes
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed-Amine Jabri
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Kais Rtibi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
| | - Haifa Tounsi
- Laboratoire d'anatomie Pathologique Humaine et Expérimentalse, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afifa Abdellaoui
- Laboratoire d'anatomie Pathologique Humaine et Expérimentalse, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Fonctionnelle et Valorisation des Bio-Ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Béja, Université de Jendouba, Béja, Tunisia
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12
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Eor JY, Tan PL, Son YJ, Lee CS, Kim SH. Milk products fermented by
Lactobacillus
strains modulate the gut–bone axis in an ovariectomised murine model. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Eor
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources Korea University Seoul136‐713South Korea
| | - Pei Lei Tan
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Yoon Ji Son
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources Korea University Seoul136‐713South Korea
| | - Chul Sang Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Sae Hun Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology Korea University Seoul 02841 South Korea
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources Korea University Seoul136‐713South Korea
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13
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Liu YL, Guo SG, Xie CY, Niu K, De Jonge H, Wu X. Uridine inhibits the stemness of intestinal stem cells in 3D intestinal organoids and mice. RSC Adv 2020; 10:6377-6387. [PMID: 35496025 PMCID: PMC9049648 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07742a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) is foremost in maintaining homeostasis and repair of intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
| | - Song-Ge Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
| | - Chun-yan Xie
- College of Resources and Environment
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Hunan Agricultural University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Kaimin Niu
- Institute of Biological Resources
- Jiangxi Academy of Sciences
- Nanchang 330096
- China
| | - Hugo De Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- Erasmus MC University Medical Center
- Rotterdam
- Netherlands
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
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14
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Kim JE, Park JJ, Lee MR, Choi JY, Song BR, Park JW, Kang MJ, Son HJ, Hong JT, Hwang DY. Constipation in Tg2576 mice model for Alzheimer's disease associated with dysregulation of mechanism involving the mAChR signaling pathway and ER stress response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215205. [PMID: 30978260 PMCID: PMC6461235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although constipation has been researched in various neurological disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and spinal cord injury (SCI), the pathological mechanism of this symptom has not been investigated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) associated with loss of nerve cells in the brain. This study was undertaken to gain scientific evidences for a molecular correlation between constipation and AD. Methods To understand the etiology, we measured alterations in various constipation parameters, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, in 11-month-old Tg2576 transgenic (Tg) mice showing AD-like phenotypes. Results A high accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides, a key marker of AD pathology, were detected in the cortex and hippocampus of Tg mice. Furthermore, significant alterations were observed in various constipation parameters including stool weight, histological structure, cytological structure and mucin secretion in Tg2576 mice. Moreover, M2 and M3 expression and the downstream signaling pathways of mAChRs were decreased in the Tg group, as compared with non-Tg (NT) group. Furthermore, activation of ER stress proteins and alteration of ER structure were also detected in the same group. Conclusions The results of the present study provide strong novel evidence that the neuropathological constipation detected in Tg2576 mice is linked to dysregulation of the mAChR signaling pathways and ER stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Lee
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jun Young Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Mi Ju Kang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hong Joo Son
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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Lee CS, Tan PL, Eor JY, Choi DH, Park M, Seo SK, Yoon S, Yang S, Kim SH. Prophylactic use of probiotic chocolate modulates intestinal physiological functions in constipated rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3045-3056. [PMID: 30488458 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the in vivo prophylactic effect of probiotic chocolate on constipation. Rats were administered chocolate containing 2.5 × 1010 CFU g-1 of probiotics daily for 4 weeks and treated with loperamide (5 mg kg-1 ) daily at the fourth week of treatment. RESULTS Probiotic chocolate treatment significantly (P < 0.05) increased the intestinal motility, colon length, fecal moisture content and number of excreted fecal pellets in constipated rats. Moreover, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction data and histological images also revealed that both probiotic chocolate LYC and BB12 treatments were capable of upregulating the mRNA expression levels of colonic ZO-1, occludin and AQP8, leading to the maintenance of the defensive barrier function in the constipated rats compared with the negative controls. Interestingly, these treatments also modulated gut bacterial populations by increasing the abundance levels of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, as well as reducing the abundance level of Enterobacteriaceae. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that probiotic chocolate LYC and BB12 could potentially be used as alternative agents for prophylactic constipation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Sang Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Pei Lei Tan
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju Young Eor
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Miri Park
- Lotte R&D Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | - Sae Hun Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Kim JE, Yun WB, Lee ML, Choi JY, Park JJ, Kim HR, Song BR, Hong JT, Song HK, Hwang DY. Synergic Laxative Effects of an Herbal Mixture of Liriope platyphylla, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Cinnamomum cassia in Loperamide-Induced Constipation of Sprague Dawley Rats. J Med Food 2019; 22:294-304. [PMID: 30724689 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2018.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is an acute or chronic illness attributed to various causes, ranging from lifestyle habits to side effects of a disease. To improve the laxative effects of some traditional medicines, herbal mixtures of Liriope platyphylla, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Cinnamomum cassia (LGC) were evaluated for their mechanism of action and therapeutic effects in loperamide (Lop)-induced constipated Sprague Dawley rats by examining alterations in excretion parameters, histological structure, mucin secretion, and related protein levels. Food intake and water consumption were constant for all animals. We observed that the Lop+LGC-treated group had significantly greater excretion of stool and urine than was observed in the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. Administration of LGC in the constipation model restored the intestinal transit ratio to normal levels, and increased the number of goblet cells, mucosal layer, and muscle thickness. Mucin secretion was greater in the Lop+LGC-treated group than in the Lop+Vehicle-treated group, and the expression of MUC2 and AQP8 genes were also increased. In addition, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot revealed an increase in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in the Lop+LGC-treated group compared to the Lop+Vehicle-treated group. Furthermore, compared with the Lop+Vehicle-treated group, treatment with LGC reduced the phosphorylation of PKC and PI3K, and expression of Gα protein, but increased levels of IP3. Our results suggest that the traditional herbal mixture of LGC induces a potent laxative effect in Lop-induced constipation through mucosal tissue changes and mucin production. We also demonstrated that the laxative effect of LGC is closely related to the expression of mAChR and its downstream signals, suggesting the possibility of developing a constipation-laxative agent using LGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Woo Bin Yun
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Mi Lim Lee
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jun Young Choi
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Ju Park
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Kim
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Bo Ram Song
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- 2 College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Hyun Keun Song
- 3 Biomedical Science Institute, Changwon National University, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- 1 Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
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Hu TG, Wen P, Fu HZ, Lin GY, Liao ST, Zou YX. Protective effect of mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) fruit against diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice through the modulation of gut microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:1513-1528. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00132h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The protective effect of mulberry (Morus atropurpurea) fruit against diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice through the modulation of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Gen Hu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- China
- School of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Peng Wen
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- China
- School of Food Science and Engineering
| | - Hui-Zhan Fu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- China
| | - Guang-Yue Lin
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- China
| | - Sen-Tai Liao
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- China
| | - Yu-Xiao Zou
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Ministry of Agriculture/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing
- China
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18
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Rtibi K. Laxative and anti-purgative bioactive compounds in prevention and treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders, constipation and diarrhea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Y, Ge T, Xiang P, Mao H, Tang S, Li A, Lin L, Wei Y. Therapeutic effect of protease-activated receptor 2 agonist SLIGRL-NH 2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley rat constipation model and the related mechanism. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:2403-2411. [PMID: 30122898 PMCID: PMC6078190 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s160628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the therapeutic effects of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) agonist SLIGRL-NH2 on loperamide-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat constipation animal models. Materials and methods Loperamide was injected subcutaneously to induce constipation twice a day for 3 days. SD rats (n = 30) were randomly divided into five groups: non-constipation group (control, n = 6), constipation group (constipation, n = 6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 low-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 low, n=6), constipation + SLIGRL-NH2 high-dosage group (SLIGRL-NH2 high, n = 6), and constipation + prucalopride (positive control, n = 6). The SLIGRL-NH2 low group and SLIGRL-NH2 high group were administered with 2.5 μmol/kg and 5 μmol/kg SLIGRL-NH2, respectively, and the prucalopride group received 2 mg/kg prucalopride. The control and constipation group received 1× PBS under the same pattern. SLIGRL-NH2 and prucalopride were orally administrated once daily for 7 days. On the final day of oral administration, food intake, water intake, the number of stool pellets, weight, and fecal water content was calculated; moreover, the colons of rats in different groups were collected and histological features were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining; furthermore, the expression of anoctamin-1 was determined by Immunohistochemical methods, and the expressions of c-kit and PAR-2 were examined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods; finally, the expressions of neurotransmitter vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) were examined using enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay methods. Results The feeding and excretion behaviors, intestinal transit ratio, and the histological feature of the colon in the constipated rats were all improved by SLIGRL-NH2 treatment; moreover, SLIGRL-NH2 treatment induced significant increase in the expression of PAR-2 and also increased number of interstitial Cajal cells. Furthermore, SLIGRL-NH2 also decreased the contents of the inhibitory neurotransmitter VIP and increased the expression of the excitatory neurotransmitter SP. High dose of SLIGRL-NH2 has shown similar anti-constipation effects as prucalopride. Conclusion These results suggested that SLIGRL-NH2 can enhance gastrointestinal transit and alleviate in rats with loperamide-induced constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Tingrui Ge
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Haibing Mao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Shumin Tang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Aimin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yinting Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang 222000, China,
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Zhai X, Lin D, Zhao Y, Yang X. Bacterial Cellulose Relieves Diphenoxylate-Induced Constipation in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4106-4117. [PMID: 29627986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study was to probe the effects of bacterial cellulose (BC) on diphenoxylate-induced constipation in rats. Administration with BC at 500 mg/kg of body weight in diphenoxylate-induced constipation rats distinctly improved the carmine propulsion rate (83.5 ± 5.2%), shortened the defecating time of the first red feces (249.0 ± 23.3 min), and increased the weight of carmine red feces within 5 h (2.7 ± 1.3 g). The levels of aquaporins (AQP-2, AQP-3, and AQP-4) and inhibitory neurotransmitters (nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin) in the BC-treated groups reduced by 31.9-40.0% ( p < 0.01) and 21.1-67.7% ( p < 0.01) compared to those in the constipation group, respectively. However, the secretion of excitability neurotransmitters (substance P and motilin) in the BC-treated groups was increased by 20.0-39.9% ( p < 0.01). The activities of ATPases in the colon of constipation rats were significantly weakened by BC administration ( p < 0.01). Histological morphology of the colon showed that BC supplementation could effectively increase the length of villus cells and the thickness of colonic mucosa and muscle ( p < 0.01). Moreover, BC supplementation could protect colonic smooth muscle cells against apoptosis. All of the findings suggest that BC supplementation effectively relieves constipation in rats and BC would be used as a great promising dietary fiber for alleviating constipation.
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Jang SH, Yang DK. The combination of Cassia obtusifolia L. and Foeniculum vulgare M. exhibits a laxative effect on loperamide-induced constipation of rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195624. [PMID: 29621360 PMCID: PMC5886691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic constipation is a functional gastrointestinal disease that is detrimental to the quality of patient life. Cassia obtusifolia L. (CO) and Foeniculum vulgare M. (FV) are commonly used as medicinal foods in many countries. We aimed to examine the laxative effect and their underlying mechanism of CO and FV mixture on loperamide (lop)-induced constipated rats. To determine the laxative effects of these compounds, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: the control, lop-induced constipated (2mg/kg), and three doses (100, 300, and 500mg/kg) of CO and FV mixture-, and Bisacodyl (bis, 3.3mg/kg)-treated groups. The mixture of CO and FV and bis were orally administered once a day for 4 weeks. For induction of constipation, the lop were treated with a dose of 2 mg/kg twice a day on the 3rd week after treatments of CO and FV extracts and bis. The results were revealed that the CO and FV mixture has the laxative effects more than those in CO and FV-alone treatments on constipated rats by determining the stool parameters, including stool number and weight. Indeed, stool parameters, such as, stool number, weight, and water contents and colonic peristalsis from the intestinal transit length and ratio were dramatically improved by CO and FV mixture treatment. Histological study also revealed that CO and FV mixture enhanced the thicknesses of mucosa and muscular layers of the colon in constipated rats. For their underlying mechanism, the mRNAs and proteins expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchR) M2 and M3 and their downstream signaling were preserved by CO and FV mixture treatment in constipated rats. Therefore, this study suggests that treatment with CO and FV mixture has beneficial effects against constipation. We further suggest that CO and FV mixture may be utilized as an alternative therapeutic strategy for constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hee Jang
- Research & Development in TEAZEN, Inc., Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kwon Yang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Gobong-ro, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Correlation between laxative effects of uridine and suppression of ER stress in loperamide induced constipated SD rats. Lab Anim Res 2017; 33:298-307. [PMID: 29399027 PMCID: PMC5792531 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2017.33.4.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A correlation between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and laxative effects was first reported in a constipation model treated with an aqueous extract of Liriope platyphylla (AEtLP) roots. To investigate the correlation between the laxative effect of uridine (Urd) and ER stress response, alterations in the key parameters for ER stress were measured in loperamide (Lop) induced constipation Sprague Dawley (SD) rats treated with Urd. The efficacy of the laxative effect of Urd was notable on the symptoms of chronic constipation, including alteration of stool parameters and structure of the transverse colon, in Lop induced constipated SD rats. In the PERK/eIF2-ATF4 pathway of ER stress response, the levels of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) phosphorylation and DNA damage-inducible protein (GADD34) transcripts were significantly enhanced in the Lop+Vehicle treated group. However, the levels were restored in the Lop+Urd treated group, although few differences were detected in the decrease rate. Similar changes were observed for levels of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 beta (IRE1β) phosphorylation and X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) transcript in the IRE1α/XBP pathway. Furthermore, the number of ER stress-induced apoptotic cells and Bax and Bcl-2 expression were recovered in the Lop+Urd treated group compared to the Lop+Vehicle treated group. The results of the present study therefore provide first evidence that the laxative effects of Urd may be tightly correlated with the recovery of ER stress response in constipation models.
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Genes and Gut Bacteria Involved in Luminal Butyrate Reduction Caused by Diet and Loperamide. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120350. [PMID: 29182580 PMCID: PMC5748668 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unbalanced dietary habits and gut dysmotility are causative factors in metabolic and functional gut disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and constipation. Reduction in luminal butyrate synthesis is known to be associated with gut dysbioses, and studies have suggested that restoring butyrate formation in the colon may improve gut health. In contrast, shifts in different types of gut microbiota may inhibit luminal butyrate synthesis, requiring different treatments to restore colonic bacterial butyrate synthesis. We investigated the influence of high-fat diets (HFD) and low-fiber diets (LFD), and loperamide (LPM) administration, on key bacteria and genes involved in reduction of butyrate synthesis in mice. MiSeq-based microbiota analysis and HiSeq-based differential gene analysis indicated that different types of bacteria and genes were involved in butyrate metabolism in each treatment. Dietary modulation depleted butyrate kinase and phosphate butyryl transferase by decreasing members of the Bacteroidales and Parabacteroides. The HFD also depleted genes involved in succinate synthesis by decreasing Lactobacillus. The LFD and LPM treatments depleted genes involved in crotonoyl-CoA synthesis by decreasing Roseburia and Oscilllibacter. Taken together, our results suggest that different types of bacteria and genes were involved in gut dysbiosis, and that selected treatments may be needed depending on the cause of gut dysfunction.
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