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Johnson SR, Shaw DE, Avoseh M, Soomro I, Pointon KS, Kokosi M, Nicholson AG, Desai SR, George PM. Diagnosis of cystic lung diseases: a position statement from the UK Cystic Lung Disease Rare Disease Collaborative Network. Thorax 2024; 79:366-377. [PMID: 38182428 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2022-219738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare cystic lung diseases are increasingly recognised due the wider application of CT scanning making cystic lung disease management a growing part of respiratory care. Cystic lung diseases tend to have extrapulmonary features that can both be diagnostic but also require surveillance and treatment in their own right. As some of these diseases now have specific treatments, making a precise diagnosis is crucial. While Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and lymphangioleiomyomatosis are becoming relatively well-known diseases to respiratory physicians, a targeted and thorough workup improves diagnostic accuracy and may suggest other ultrarare diseases such as light chain deposition disease, cystic pulmonary amyloidosis, low-grade metastatic neoplasms or infections. In many cases, diagnostic information is overlooked leaving uncertainty over the disease course and treatments. AIMS This position statement from the Rare Disease Collaborative Network for cystic lung diseases will review how clinical, radiological and physiological features can be used to differentiate between these diseases. NARRATIVE We highlight that in many cases a multidisciplinary diagnosis can be made without the need for lung biopsy and discuss where tissue sampling is necessary when non-invasive methods leave diagnostic doubt. We suggest an initial workup focusing on points in the history which identify key disease features, underlying systemic and familial diseases and a clinical examination to search for connective tissue disease and features of genetic causes of lung cysts. All patients should have a CT of the thorax and abdomen to characterise the pattern and burden of lung cysts and extrapulmonary features and also spirometry, gas transfer and a 6 min walk test. Discussion with a rare cystic lung disease centre is suggested before a surgical biopsy is undertaken. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that this focused workup should be performed in all people with multiple lung cysts and would streamline referral pathways, help guide early treatment, management decisions, improve patient experience and reduce overall care costs. It could also potentially catalyse a national research database to describe these less well-understood and unidentified diseases, categorise disease phenotypes and outcomes, potentially leading to better prognostic data and generating a stronger platform to understand specific disease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Johnson
- Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dominick E Shaw
- Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Michael Avoseh
- Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Irshad Soomro
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kate S Pointon
- Department of Radiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maria Kokosi
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Sujal R Desai
- Radiology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Peter M George
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Yi T, Steinberg J, Olson S, El‐Said H, Mo J, Anderson E, Gloude N, Schiff D. Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus and hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder in a pediatric patient complicated by fatal ruptured cerebral artery aneurysm. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e7436. [PMID: 37266348 PMCID: PMC10229749 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.7436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroa vacciniforme-like lymphoproliferative disorder (HV-LPD) is a rare cutaneous form of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) that presents with vesicular lesions induced by sun-exposure. Arterial aneurysm is a rare but potentially fatal complication of CAEBV and HV-LPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Yi
- UCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Rady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Scott Olson
- UCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Howaida El‐Said
- UCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Rady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jun Mo
- UCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Rady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Eric Anderson
- UCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Rady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicholas Gloude
- UCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Rady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Deborah Schiff
- UCSD School of MedicineLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Rady Children's HospitalSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
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Chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy in solid tumors. Clin Transl Oncol 2023:10.1007/s12094-023-03122-8. [PMID: 36853399 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells therapy (CAR-T therapy) is a class of ACT therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is an engineered synthetic receptor of CAR-T, which give T cells the ability to recognize tumor antigens in a human leukocyte antigen-independent (HLA-independent) manner and enables them to recognize more extensive target antigens than natural T cell surface receptor (TCR), resulting in tumor destruction. CAR-T is composed of an extracellular single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of antibody, which serves as the targeting moiety, hinge region, transmembrane spacer, and intracellular signaling domain(s). CAR-T has been developing in many generations, which differ according to costimulatory domains. CAR-T therapy has several limitations that reduce its wide availability in immunotherapy which we can summarize in antigen escape that shows either partial or complete loss of target antigen expression, so multiplexing CAR-T cells are promoted to enhance targeting of tumor profiles. In addition, the large diversity in the tumor microenvironment also plays a major role in limiting this kind of treatment. Therefore, engineered CAR-T cells can evoke immunostimulatory signals that rebalance the tumor microenvironment. Using CAR-T therapy in treating the solid tumor is mainly restricted by the difficulty of CAR-T cells infiltrating the tumor site, so local administration was developed to improve the quality of treatment. The most severe toxicity after CAR-T therapy is on-target/on-tumor toxicity, such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). Another type of toxicity is on-target/off-tumor toxicity which originates from the binding of CAR-T cells to target antigen that has shared expression on normal cells leading to damage in healthy cells and organs. Toxicity management should become a focus of implementation to permit management beyond specialized centers.
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Farzanehpour M, Fard AM, Ghaleh HE. A brief overview of the Epstein Barr virus and its association with Burkitt's lymphoma. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MILITARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.55453/rjmm.2022.125.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is known as an oncovirus and associates with several human malignancies such as Burkitt's lymphoma, other non-Hodgkin lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, etc. in Burkitt's lymphoma, and the key event is the translocation of MYC gene, that increase of cell survival and aberrant expression of MYC gene. The biology of EBV and its function in the development of Burkitt's lymphoma are discussed in this review
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Wu X, Wang K, Gao Y, Cai Y, Wang W, Zhong D, Zhan Q. Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1207. [PMID: 34863102 PMCID: PMC8642748 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06868-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia (AFOP) is a rare lung condition that is associated with acute lung injury. Its etiology may be idiopathic or secondary to a series of conditions, including immune-related diseases, unclassified connective tissue diseases, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, infections, hematological diseases and drug induced lung toxicity. We report for the first time a case of AFOP complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) caused by chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection.
Case presentation A 64-year-old man was admitted with a complaint of fever and dyspnea for 2 weeks. The patient presented with elevated serum aminotransferase levels, splenomegaly, progressive decrease of red blood cells and platelets, hyperferritinemia, hypofibrinogenemia, and elevated of Soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sCD25). His chest computed tomography (CT) scan revealed multiple patchy consolidation in both lungs and multiple lymphadenopathy in the mediastinum and hilum. The serology for antibodies of VCA-IgG was positive, EBV-DNA in peripheral blood was elevated, and EBV nucleic acid was detected in the alveolar lavage fluid. Histopathology of the lung tissue showed a dominant of intra-alveolar fibrin and organizing pneumonia. Hemophagocytic cells was found in the bone marrow smear and biopsy. EBV-DNA was detected in lung tissue and bone marrow using in situ hybridization with an EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) probe. After 50 days of hospitalization, he was improved in lung and hemogram. Conclusion We report a case of AFOP with HLH caused by CAEBV in an immunocompetent adult, suggesting that AFOP may be a rare but serious complication caused by CAEBV, and glucocorticoid therapy may improve short-term prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kejing Wang
- Department of Second Senior Ward, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yayue Gao
- Department of Hematology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenqiao Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dingrong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Qingyuan Zhan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, No 2, East Yinghua Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Lin J, Chen X, Wu H, Chen X, Hu X, Xu J. Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts in patients with infectious mononucleosis or chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection and prognostic risk factors of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:12797-12806. [PMID: 34956494 PMCID: PMC8661241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the peripheral blood lymphocyte counts and analyze the prognostic risk factors for the death in patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection. METHODS Clinical data of 64 patients infected with CAEBV (CAEBV group) and 64 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM group) in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Meanwhile, 64 healthy individuals came for physical examination were enrolled in the control group. The three groups were compared for white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, and levels of peripheral blood NK cells, B cells, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD28+, CD8+CD28+, CD4+CD25+, DR+CD8+, CD38+CD8+, CD4+ and CD8+ naive T cells and subsets of memory T cells. Patients infected with CAEBV were further divided into a survival subgroup and a death subgroup according to the survival outcome. The data were processed using univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the IM group had higher levels of white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+CD25+, DR+CD8+, CD38+CD8+, effector-memory CD4+CD62L-CD45RO+ and effector-memory CD8+CD62L-CD45RO+, but lower levels of NK cells, B cells, CD4+CD28+, CD8+CD28+, naive CD4+CD62L+CD45RA+ and naive CD8+CD62L+CD45RA+ (all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the CAEBV group had lower levels of white blood cell count, lymphocyte count, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK cells, B cells, CD4+CD28+, CD8+CD28+, naive CD4+CD62L+CD45RA+ and naive CD8+CD62L+CD45RA+, but higher levels of CD4+CD25+, DR+CD8+, CD38+CD8+, effector-memory CD4+CD62L-CD45RO+ and effector-memory CD8+CD62L-CD45RO+ (all P<0.05). Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that EBV DNA>105 copies/mL, platelet count <50×1012/L, albumin <30 g/L and serum ferritin >5000 μg/L were independent risk factors for the death of patients with CAEBV. CONCLUSION Patients infected with CAEBV showed imbalance of lymphocyte subsets and immune dysfunction. EBV DNA>105 copies/mL, platelet count <50×1012/L, albumin <30 g/L and serum ferritin >5000 μg/L are risk factors of death in patients with CAEBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Xiamen (Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen)Xiamen 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Xiamen (Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen)Xiamen 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Haiming Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Xiamen (Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen)Xiamen 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Xiamen (Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen)Xiamen 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Xiamen (Children’s Hospital of Fudan University at Xiamen)Xiamen 361006, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan UniversityShanghai 201102, China
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Fałkowska A, Prądzyńska K, Drabko K. Difficult Balance Between EBV Treatment and Posttransplant Immunosuppression: A Successful Transplant in a Child With Recurrent Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:2035-2039. [PMID: 33933286 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life-threatening clinical syndrome. HLH can be classified into 2 major forms: primary and secondary. Viral infections are frequently implicated in the onset of active HLH episodes. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is the only curative treatment for primary HLH and refractory/relapsed HLH after proper chemoimmunotherapy, although following immunosuppressive therapy may lead to infectious complications, including viral infections. CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 6-year-old boy with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The patient underwent an allo-HSCT from a 10/10 HLA-matched unrelated donor. Because he received myeloablative and immunosuppressive treatment, another EBV reactivation occurred, as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation. After antiviral therapy, on day +27, elimination of EBV and CMV was achieved. Repeated chimerism tests evaluated decreasing donor chimerism; graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis was reduced from day +32 and eventually withdrawn. Later on, the patient developed acute graft-versus-host disease (skin rush, gastrointestinal dysfunction). Immunosuppressive agents (methylprednisolone, cyclosporine) were applied once again, which led to an increase of CMV viremia and polyomavirus (BK virus) primary infection. CONCLUSIONS Virus infection can induct a severe disorder, such as HLH, and recur after its treatment. We believe our case represents dynamic changes in immunologic reaction to viral infection, which depend on modifications in treatment after allo-HSCT. These observations underscore the importance and difficulty of balancing immunosuppressive therapy and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fałkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantology, Children's University Hospital, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Prądzyńska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantology, Children's University Hospital, Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Drabko
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantology, Children's University Hospital, Lublin, Poland; Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Interferon-alpha-2a as a salvage treatment for hemorrhagic enteritis associated with Epstein-Barr Virus reactivation: a case report. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2021; 84:129-130. [PMID: 33639704 DOI: 10.51821/84.1.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus [EBV] is a virus that infects almost all humans worldwide. After the acute phase of the infection, it stays in a latent form in B lymphocytes. EBV reactivation tends to occur in immunosuppressed patients. EBV reactivation may involve the gastrointestinal tract ; it has been associated mainly with colitis, but hemorrhagic enteritis has been poorly reported. Treatment usually includes antivirals. However, our patient did not respond to conventional treatment, so interferon alpha-2a was given as a salvage treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of hemorrhagic enteritis associated to EBV reactivation treated successfully with interferon alpha-2a.
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Grywalska E, Smarz-Widelska I, Korona-Głowniak I, Mertowski S, Gosik K, Hymos A, Ludian J, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Roliński J, Załuska W. PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression on Circulating Lymphocytes as a Marker of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation-Associated Proliferative Glomerulonephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218001. [PMID: 33121190 PMCID: PMC7663145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway were previously shown to be involved in a poorer prognosis for patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis (PGN). Here, we investigated the association between several infectious agents and the expression of PD-1 and its ligand (PD-L1) on T and B lymphocytes in patients with PGN and nonproliferative glomerulonephritis (NPGN). A cohort of 45 newly-diagnosed patients (23 with PGN and 22 with NPGN) and 20 healthy volunteers was enrolled. The percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing PD-1 and PD-L1 antigens was determined by flow cytometry. We found PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on T and B lymphocytes was higher in PGN patients than in NPGN patients and controls. We also found that reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) correlated with the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 antigens in patients with PGN. Further receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that PD-1 expression could distinguish EBV-positive PGN patients from those with NPGN or healthy controls. The use of PD-1 expression as a non-invasive marker of PGN should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-8144-86420
| | - Iwona Smarz-Widelska
- Department of Nephrology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Provincial Hospital in Lublin, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Korona-Głowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Krzysztof Gosik
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna Hymos
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngeal Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Ludian
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | | | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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Huang J, Yang CL, Niu T. Long-time remission of epstein-barr virus associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis by interferon-α treatment. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2007-2008. [PMID: 32826473 PMCID: PMC7462199 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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Dubey KK, Indu, Sharma M. Reprogramming of antibiotics to combat antimicrobial resistance. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2020; 353:e2000168. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap K. Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh Haryana India
- School of Biotechnology Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India
| | - Indu
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh Haryana India
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh Haryana India
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Tomaszewski M, Grywalska E, Tomaszewski A, Błaszczak P, Kurzyna M, Roliński J, Kopeć G. Overexpression of PD-1 on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Its Association with High Viral Loads of Epstein-Barr Virus and Poor Clinical Parameters. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061966. [PMID: 32599687 PMCID: PMC7355537 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare but severe disease with the elevated blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries without a known trigger of vascular remodelling. It leads to the right heart failure with reduced survival. Changes in the immunological landscape of the lungs and the periphery are common in IPAH patients, suggesting an immune system dysfunction. A cohort of 25 IPAH patients was enrolled in our study to investigate a link between the patient’s clinical status, immune parameters of the blood, and the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. We found significant alterations of the patients’ peripheral blood parameters. Therein, T lymphocytes and NK cell counts were decreased in the IPAH patients’ blood, while the proportion of regulatory T cells was increased. Additionally, levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-2, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were elevated. We identified a weak correlation between EBV loads and IPAH patients’ clinical state (r = 0.54) and between EBV loads and overexpression of PD-1 on helper T cells (r = 0.56). We speculate that a significant dysregulation of the immune system homeostasis observed in IPAH patients may contribute to increased susceptibility of those patients to EBV infection, yet further longitudinal studies are required to characterize this relation in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81448-6420
| | - Andrzej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.T.); (A.T.)
| | - Piotr Błaszczak
- Department of Cardiology, Cardinal Wyszynski Hospital, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Kurzyna
- Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Thromboembolic Diseases and Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Fryderyk Chopin Hospital in European Health Centre Otwock, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Kopeć
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Centre for Rare Cardiovascular Diseases, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland;
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Prasoppokakorn T, Assanasen T, Chantranuwatana P, Suankratay C. EBV-associated lymphoid interstitial pneumonia in IBD patient: Case report and literature review. Respir Med Case Rep 2020; 30:101059. [PMID: 32373453 PMCID: PMC7193319 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP) is categorized as a rare form of interstitial lung disease. Most cases are associated with autoimmune disease. Case report A 78-year-old male with Crohn's disease, presented with progressive dyspnea and dry cough for few weeks. The pathology of transbronchial lung biopsy was compatible with LIP and positive cells on EBER in situ hybridization. Blood EBV viral load was 85,715 copies/mL, compatible with EBV-associated LIP. All immunosuppressive agents were discontinued, but unfortunately the patient died due to hospital-acquired infections. In addition, we reviewed all reported cases of EBV-associated LIP in literature. Conclusions To our knowledge, we report herein the first case of EBV-associated LIP in an IBD patient. We postulate that LIP was the consequence from EBV reactivation, probably due to immunosuppressive agents and/or IBD itself. The physician should aware of this disease when taking care of immunosuppressive patients who present with acute interstitial pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chusana Suankratay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
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Schein CH. Repurposing approved drugs on the pathway to novel therapies. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:586-605. [PMID: 31432544 PMCID: PMC7018532 DOI: 10.1002/med.21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The time and cost of developing new drugs have led many groups to limit their search for therapeutics to compounds that have previously been approved for human use. Many "repurposed" drugs, such as derivatives of thalidomide, antibiotics, and antivirals have had clinical success in treatment areas well beyond their original approved use. These include applications in treating antibiotic-resistant organisms, viruses, cancers and to prevent burn scarring. The major theoretical justification for reusing approved drugs is that they have known modes of action and controllable side effects. Coadministering antibiotics with inhibitors of bacterial toxins or enzymes that mediate multidrug resistance can greatly enhance their activity. Drugs that control host cell pathways, including inflammation, tumor necrosis factor, interferons, and autophagy, can reduce the "cytokine storm" response to injury, control infection, and aid in cancer therapy. An active compound, even if previously approved for human use, will be a poor clinical candidate if it lacks specificity for the new target, has poor solubility or can cause serious side effects. Synergistic combinations can reduce the dosages of the individual components to lower reactivity. Preclinical analysis should take into account that severely ill patients with comorbidities will be more sensitive to side effects than healthy trial subjects. Once an active, approved drug has been identified, collaboration with medicinal chemists can aid in finding derivatives with better physicochemical properties, specificity, and efficacy, to provide novel therapies for cancers, emerging and rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity (IHII), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
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Xu L, Ba H, Lin H, Zhong L, Li S, Tang W, Ke Z, Ye Z. A new therapy in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease: a case report and a revision of the literature. Ital J Pediatr 2019; 45:135. [PMID: 31685000 PMCID: PMC6827238 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-019-0741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection is an extremely rare childhood disease. Since chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection can trigger the onset of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disease. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary according to the site of involvement; therefore, management may be challenging. Currently, there are no standardized guidelines for treating Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection effectively. Case presentation We report a case of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection in a 5-year-old Chinese boy with intestinal, vascular, and neurological involvement. At age of 2 years and 7 months old, he had hepatomegaly and been diagnosed with Epstein-Barr virus infection. After treatment, he showed some clinical improvement. At age of 3 years and 3 months old, he presented with recurrent fever and diarrhea. Then he received methylprednisolone for 1 year and his symptoms ameliorated. At the age of 5 years, his symptoms recurred and had gastrointestinal hemorrhage and developed polyuria, frequent convulsions and hyponatremia. He was transferred to our hospital for further management. He was unconscious on admission and was diagnosised Epstein-Barr virus-lymphoproliferative disorder, based on the results in situ hybridization of EBV-encoded miRNA in sigmoid colon. Three-dimensional CT angiography demonstrated an aneurysm in the right internal carotid artery. Abdominal CT showed dilatation of vessels in part of the intestinal wall. He was also diagnosised Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis based on the elevated Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers and presence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in the Cerebrospinal Fluid. A repeated duodenal artery embolization and symptomatic therapy could not control the hemorrhage after admission. He subsequently received treatment with ganciclovir, glucocorticoid, thalidomide, and propranolol. Hemorrhage was controlled in 5 days; his symptoms improved. The fever did not recur and the CSF pressure was also normalized. A follow-up CT at 3 months after admission showed regression of the aneurysm in the right internal carotid artery and the vascular lesion in the duodenum. Discussion and conclusions A new treatment protocol including thalidomide and propranolol resulted in a marked improvement in his clinical symptoms, and shows promise as a novel and effective therapeutic approach for Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection-associated lymphoproliferative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongjun Ba
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrong Lin
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangying Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Suping Li
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Tang
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyong Ke
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ziyin Ye
- Department of pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhongshan 2 Road, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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