OTX1 exerts an oncogenic role and is negatively regulated by miR129-5p in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

OTX1 regulates tumorigenesis and metastasis in glioma

The most prevalent kind of primary brain tumors, gliomas, have a dismal prognosis. Recent advances in the tumor-promoting ability of OTX1 have drawn increasing attention. The overexpression of OTX1 has been reported to be associated with tumor-promoting effects in several malignancies, but its expression in gliomas is unknown. The oncogene OTX1 is increased in gliomas and is linked to a poor prognosis, as we show here. The degree of OTX1 positive expression is doubtlessly concomitant with the grade of glioma. We observed that OTX1 was up-regulated in gliomas, influenced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), encouraged glioma cell growth and proliferation, and was linked to a poor clinical outcome for patients. At present, the prognosis of glioma is still not optimistic, and further research is needed to find a new target for treatment. According to our research, OTX1 is anticipated to emerge as a novel biological target for determining glioma prognosis and treatment.

OTX Genes in Adult Tissues

OTX homeobox genes have been extensively studied for their role in development, especially in neuroectoderm formation. Recently, their expression has also been reported in adult physiological and pathological tissues, including retina, mammary and pituitary glands, sinonasal mucosa, in several types of cancer, and in response to inflammatory, ischemic, and hypoxic stimuli. Reactivation of OTX genes in adult tissues supports the notion of the evolutionary amplification of functions of genes by varying their temporal expression, with the selection of homeobox genes from the "toolbox" to drive or contribute to different processes at different stages of life. OTX involvement in pathologies points toward these genes as potential diagnostic and/or prognostic markers as well as possible therapeutic targets.

miRNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: promising but still distant future of personalized oncology

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most common and fatal cancers worldwide. Lack of appropriate preventive screening tests, late detection, and high heterogeneity of these tumors are the main reasons for the unsatisfactory effects of therapy and, consequently, unfavorable outcomes for patients. An opportunity to improve the quality of diagnostics and treatment of this group of cancers are microRNAs (miRNAs) - molecules with a great potential both as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This review aims to present the characteristics of these short non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and summarize the current reports on their use in oncology focused on medical strategies tailored to patients' needs.

MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of tumor angiogenesis in liver cancer

Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies in human digestive system. Despite the recent therapeutic methods, there is a high rate of mortality among liver cancer patients. Late diagnosis in the advanced tumor stages can be one of the main reasons for the poor prognosis in these patients. Therefore, investigating the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer can be helpful for the early stage tumor detection and treatment. Vascular expansion in liver tumors can be one of the important reasons for poor prognosis and aggressiveness. Therefore, anti-angiogenic drugs are widely used in liver cancer patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have key roles in the regulation of angiogenesis in liver tumors. Due to the high stability of miRNAs in body fluids, these factors are widely used as the non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic markers in cancer patients. Regarding, the importance of angiogenesis during liver tumor growth and invasion, in the present review, we discussed the role of miRNAs in regulation of angiogenesis in these tumors. It has been reported that miRNAs mainly exert an anti-angiogenic function by regulation of tumor microenvironment, transcription factors, and signaling pathways in liver tumors. This review can be an effective step to suggest the miRNAs for the non-invasive early detection of malignant and invasive liver tumors.

Orthodenticle Homeobox OTX1 Promotes Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Progression and Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common type of thyroid neoplasms, characterized by evidence of follicular cell differentiation. Orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1) is a transcription factor which has been implicated in numerous diseases, including malignancies. The objective of this research was to explore the function of OTX1 in PTC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was employed to determine the protein level of OTX1 in PTC specimens. Cell viability was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Furthermore, a xenograft model on nude mice was established to investigate in vivo effects of OTX1. Our results revealed that OTX1 was significantly upregulated within specific PTC tissues and was remarkably correlated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in PTC. Silencing OTX1 resulted in a significant inhibition in cell viability and suppressed cell proliferation. In addition, in vivo experiments demonstrated that OTX1 silencing resulted in a significant suppression of tumor growth in nude mice. Collectively, these results suggest that OTX1 may play crucial roles in promoting PTC progression.

OTX1 silencing suppresses ovarian cancer progression through inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling

BACKGROUND

The aim of our study was to investigate the roles and the underlying mechanisms of orthodenticle homolog 1 (OTX1) in ovarian cancer.

METHODS

OTX1 expression was obtained from TCGA database. OTX1 expression in ovarian cancer cells was detected using qRT-PCR and western blot assay. The cell viability and proliferation was detected by CCK-8 and EdU assays. Cell invasion and migration were detected by transwell assay. Flow cytometry was utilized to determine cell apoptosis and cycle. In addition, western blot assay was used to detect the expression of cell cycle related protein (Cyclin D1 and p21), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) related protein (E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail), apoptosis related protein (Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3), and JAK/STAT pathway related protein (p-JAK2, JAK2, STAT3, and p-STAT3).

RESULTS

OTX1 was highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissues and cells. OTX1 silencing blocked the cell cycle and repressed cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration, while OTX1 silencing facilitated the apoptosis of OVCAR3 and Caov3 cells. OTX1 silencing increased the protein levels of p21, E-cadherin, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3, while the protein levels of Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail were decreased by OTX1 silencing. Furthermore, OTX1 silencing suppressed the protein levels of p-JAK2/JAK2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 in OVCAR3 and Caov3 cells. Moreover, overexpression of OTX1 promoted cell proliferation and invasion and inhibited apoptosis in Caov3 cells, but AG490 (an inhibitor of JAK/STAT pathway) reversed the influences on cell biological behavior induced by overexpression of OTX1.

CONCLUSIONS

OTX1 silencing repressed ovarian cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and migration and induced cell apoptosis, which might be involved in JAK/STAT signaling pathway. OTX1 may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.

Correlation between DNA Methylation and Cell Proliferation Identifies New Candidate Predictive Markers in Meningioma

Meningiomas are the most common primary tumors of the central nervous system. Based on the 2021 WHO classification, they are classified into three grades reflecting recurrence risk and aggressiveness. However, the WHO's histopathological criteria defining these grades are somewhat subjective. Together with reliable immunohistochemical proliferation indices, other molecular markers such as those studied with genome-wide epigenetics promise to revamp the current prognostic classification. In this study, 48 meningiomas of various grades were randomly included and explored for DNA methylation with the Infinium MethylationEPIC microarray over 850k CpG sites. We conducted differential and correlative analyses on grade and several proliferation indices and markers, such as mitotic index and Ki-67 or MCM6 immunohistochemistry. We also set up Cox proportional hazard models for extensive associations between CpG methylation and survival. We identified loci highly correlated with cell growth and a targeted methylation signature of regulatory regions persistently associated with proliferation, grade, and survival. Candidate genes under the control of these regions include SMC4, ESRRG, PAX6, DOK7, VAV2, OTX1, and PCDHA-PCDHB-PCDHG, i.e., the protocadherin gene clusters. This study highlights the crucial role played by epigenetic mechanisms in shaping dysregulated cellular proliferation and provides potential biomarkers bearing prognostic and therapeutic value for the clinical management of meningioma.

Overexpression of Laminin 5γ2 Chain Correlates with Tumor Cell Proliferation, Invasion, and Poor Prognosis in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objective

Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) is a common malignant tumor. Laminin 5γ2 chain (LAMC2) was reported to be associated with tumorigenesis. This study explored the role of LAMC2 on LSCC progression by regulating the integrinβ1/FAK/Src/AKT pathway.

Methods

The level of LAMC2 in 46 LSCC patients was detected by qRT-PCR and western blot. Then the relationship between LAMC2 expression and LSCC malignancy as well as prognosis was analyzed, and the effect of LAMC2 expression on LSCC patient survival was also analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Afterwards, the LSCC cells were transfected with LAMC2 overexpression and knockdown vectors, the effect of LAMC2 on LSCC cell viability, proliferation ability, cell cycle, cell migration, and invasion were detected by CCK-8, colony formation, flow cytometry, wound healing, and Transwell assays. The expression of EMT-related biomarkers and integrin β1/FAK/Src/AKT signaling-related proteins was detected by western blot. Moreover, the effect of LAMC2 on LSCC tumor growth was evaluated by in vivo xenograft experiments and western blot.

Results

LAMC2 was expressed at high level in LSCC tissues and associated with poor prognosis. LAMC2 overexpression increased TU177 cell viability, proliferation ability, promoted cell cycle, cell migration, and invasion capacity. The expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and integrinβ1/FAK/Src/AKT related proteins was increased, while the expression of E-cadherin protein was decreased. When the LAMC2 knockdown in AMC-HN-8 cells had opposite effects. Furthermore, shLAMC2 decreased tumor volume and the expression of LAMC2, Ki-67 and integrinβ1, but increased the expression of E-cadherin in LSCC tumor-bearing mice.

Conclusion

The findings suggested that LAMC2 was overexpressed in LSCC and correlated with poor prognosis. LAMC2 knockdown inhibited LSCC progression by regulating the integrinβ1/FAK/Src/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, LAMC2 could be a target for LSCC therapy.

Knockdown of circMYOF inhibits cell growth, metastasis, and glycolysis through miR-145-5p/OTX1 regulatory axis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

New evidence suggests that abnormal expression of circular RNA (circRNA) is associated with the development of human cancers. This study aims to reveal circMYOF roles in the malignant phenotype of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The expression of circMYOF, microRNA (miR)-145-5p, and orthodenticle homeobox 1 (OTX1) was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were determined using colony formation assay and EdU assay, wound healing assay, transwell assay, and flow cytometry, respectively. Protein expression was examined by western blot analysis. Cell glycolysis was assessed by detecting glucose consumption and lactate production. Mice xenograft models were constructed to evaluate the regulation of circMYOF on LSCC tumorigenesis. The regulatory relationships among circMYOF, miR-145-5p, and OTX1 were identified using dual-luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay. Serum exosomes were isolated to confirm the existence of circMYOF in LSCC patients. CircMYOF was upregulated in LSCC tissues and cells, and its knockdown suppressed LSCC cell growth, metastasis, and glycolysis, as well as inhibited LSCC tumor growth. MiR-145-5p had decreased expression in LSCC, and it could be sponged by circMYOF. The inhibition effect of circMYOF lentivirus short hairpin RNA (sh-circMYOF) on LSCC progression was restored by the inhibitor of miR-145-5p (in-miR-145-5p). Also, OTX1 was targeted by miR-145-5p and was positively regulated by circMYOF. MiR-145-5p could repress LSCC progression, and OTX1 overexpression also eliminated this effect. In addition, we found that circMYOF was significantly overexpressed in the serum exosomes of LSCC patients. Our data revealed that circMYOF contributed to LSCC progression by promoting cell growth, metastasis, and glycolysis through miR-145-5p/OTX1 axis.

Genetic Regulation of Vertebrate Forebrain Development by Homeobox Genes

Forebrain development in vertebrates is regulated by transcription factors encoded by homeobox, bHLH and forkhead gene families throughout the progressive and overlapping stages of neural induction and patterning, regional specification and generation of neurons and glia from central nervous system (CNS) progenitor cells. Moreover, cell fate decisions, differentiation and migration of these committed CNS progenitors are controlled by the gene regulatory networks that are regulated by various homeodomain-containing transcription factors, including but not limited to those of the Pax (paired), Nkx, Otx (orthodenticle), Gsx/Gsh (genetic screened), and Dlx (distal-less) homeobox gene families. This comprehensive review outlines the integral role of key homeobox transcription factors and their target genes on forebrain development, focused primarily on the telencephalon. Furthermore, links of these transcription factors to human diseases, such as neurodevelopmental disorders and brain tumors are provided.

Orthodenticle homeobox OTX1 is a potential prognostic biomarker for bladder cancer

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most aggressive tumors worldwide. OTX1 (orthodenticle homeobox 1) is an important transcription factor involved in various diseases, such as cancers. The aim of this study was to further investigate the role of OTX1 in BC. In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened from tumor tissues and para-cancerous tissues by bioinformatics. The expression of protein and RNA was separately detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); cell viability and cell growth were determined by 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and clone formation assays, respectively; cell motility was measured by transwell and wound healing assays; cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. In this study, 9 DEGs were screened out, and OTX1 was employed as a candidate gene for subsequent study. Results found that OTX1 was highly expressed in BC cells and BC tissues, which was significantly associated with poor prognosis of patients. In addition, OTX1 silencing significantly reduced cell viability, and inhibited cell growth and motility, while OTX1 overexpression got opposite results. Moreover, OTX1 co-expressed genes were enriched in cell cycle-related pathways, suggesting that the role of OTX1 in BC may be related to cell cycle, which was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that OTX1 silencing significantly inhibited tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, our findings suggested that OTX1 may play a promotional role in BC progression.