Nutrient patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors among Iranian adults: Tehran lipid and glucose study

Nutrient patterns and risk of diabetes mellitus type 2: a case-control study

BACKGROUNDS

Although the significance of diet in preventing or managing diabetes complications is highlighted in current literature, there is insufficient evidence regarding the correlation between nutrient patterns and these complications. The objective of this case-control study is to investigate this relationship by analyzing the dietary intake of nutrients in participants with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D).

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted at the Tabriz Center of Metabolism and Endocrinology to investigate the relationship between nutrient patterns and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The study enrolled 225 newly diagnosed cases of T2D and 225 controls. The dietary intake of nutrients was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Principal component analysis using Varimax rotation was used to obtain nutrient patterns. Logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the risk of T2D.

RESULTS

The participants' mean (SD) age and BMI were 39.8 (8.8) years and 27.8 (3.6) kg/m2, respectively. The results identified three major nutrient patterns. The first nutrient pattern was characterized by high consumption of sucrose, animal protein, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and potassium. The second nutrient pattern included fiber, plant protein, vitamin D, Riboflavin, Vitamin B5, copper, and Magnesium. The third nutrient pattern was characterized by fiber, plant protein, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, and potassium. Individuals in the highest tertile of nutrient pattern 3 (NP3) had a lower risk of T2D compared to those in the lowest tertile after adjusting for confounders. The odds ratio was 0.52 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.30-0.89 and a P_trend of 0.039.

CONCLUSION

This study found that conforming to a nutrient pattern consisting of plant protein, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B2, potassium, and calcium is linked to a lower likelihood of developing T2D.The initial results suggest that following a nutrient pattern that includes these nutrients may reduce the risk of T2D. However, further research is required to confirm the relationship between nutrient patterns and T2D.

Association between dietary copper and cardiovascular disease: A narrative review

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Several studies have investigated the relationship between trace element status, including copper status, and CVDs in population studies; however, there are controversies about the role of dietary copper and CVD. We aimed to review the association between dietary copper intake with CVD and this association's related factors by reviewing both animal models and human studies. Some animal model studies have reported a strong relationship between dietary copper intake and atherogenesis based on the possible molecular pathways, whilst other studies have not confirmed this relationship. Human studies have not revealed a relationship between CVDs and dietary copper intake, but there is uncertainty about the optimal amount of dietary copper intake in relation reducing the risk of CVDs. These associations may be influenced by ethnicity, gender, underlying co-morbidities and the methods used for its measurement.

Nutrient Patterns and Its Association and Metabolic Syndrome among Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 7-17

This study was designed to explore the associations between nutrient patterns (NPs) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its five components among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17. The required data of participants were collected from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016-2017. Ultimately, 13,071 participants were included. Nutrient patterns were obtained by means of factor analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between nutrient patterns with MetS and its components. After adjusting covariates, the results of logistic regression models revealed that high-carbohydrate patterns were associated with the presence of abdominal obesity. The high-animal protein pattern was negatively associated with high triglyceride (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The high-sodium-and-fat pattern had a negative relationship with elevated blood pressure (BP) and was positively associated with low HDL-C. The high-Vitamin D-and-Vitamin B₁₂ pattern had protective effects on MetS, high TG, and low HDL-C. Further large-scale longitudinal investigations are necessary in the future.

A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies on Intake of Sugars in Geographically Dispersed Asian Countries: Comparison of Dietary Assessment Methodology

Previous systematic reviews, which focused on sugar intake and its relation with health issues, were mainly conducted in Western countries, not Asian countries characterized by differences in dietary habits and disease prevalence. The scarcity of Asian studies may be attributed to the lack of assessment tools for estimating sugar intake. To provide an overview of the epidemiological studies on sugar intake in Asian countries, with a primary focus on dietary assessment methodology for estimating sugar intake, we conducted a scoping review of the epidemiological studies estimating sugar intake in Asian countries (the United Nations' definition) and Taiwan using PubMed and Web of Science. Study quality was evaluated based on its assessment of sugar intake in the whole diet, dietary assessment methods, and data sources used for estimating sugar content. We identified 143 studies from 136 publications from Eastern (n = 63), Southern (n = 30), South-Eastern (n = 26), and Western (n = 24) Asia. Total sugars were investigated in 95 studies, while 23-30 studies investigated sucrose, fructose, added sugars, and free sugars. The main aim of the selected studies was assessment of diet-disease relations (n = 85) and estimation of dietary intake (n = 40), and 62 studies assessed sugars as the primary exposure/outcome. A total of 120 studies assessed sugar intake in the whole diet, and 62 studies used validated FFQs or multiple-day dietary assessment methods. Only 41 studies used country-specific comprehensive food-composition databases or directly measured sugar content. Only 17 studies reported high-quality data. This review elucidated a sufficient number of epidemiological studies estimating sugar intake across Asian countries; however, most studies reported low-quality data. The results from our review showed that both feasible and validated dietary assessment methods, as well as comprehensive country-specific sugar-composition databases, are essential for producing high-quality studies with accurate sugar intake to examine its association with health outcomes.

Nutrient patterns and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Iranian Adul: A case-control study

BACKGROUNDS

The current literature boasts the importance of diet in preventing or managing liver complications. However, there is limited evidence on the association of nutrient patterns (NP) with these complications. In this case-control study, we aimed to examine the possible relationship between nutrient patterns and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) amongst the adult Iranian population.

METHODS

This case-control study is being conducted at the Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2019. The study included 225 newly diagnosed cases of NAFLD and 450 controls. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) assessed dietary intake. Principal component analysis using Varimax rotation obtained nutrient patterns. Logistic regression was performed to estimate NAFLD risk.

RESULTS

We identified four major nutrient patterns. The first nutrient pattern was high in consumption of lactose, animal protein, vitamin D, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, and potassium. The second nutrient pattern included fiber, plant protein, vitamin A, thiamine, niacin, copper, and selenium, while the third featured plant protein, zinc, copper, magnesium, manganese, chromium, and selenium. The fourth was characterized by fructose, vitamin A, pyridoxine, vitamin C, and potassium. After adjusting for confounders, individuals in the highest tertile of NP4 had lower odds of NAFLD (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32-0.98, P_trend = 0.042); compared to those who were in the lowest tertile.

CONCLUSION

High compliance to a nutrient pattern characterized by fructose, vitamin C, vitamin A, pyridoxine, and potassium mainly supplied from fruits, vegetables, and nuts is inversely proportional to the odds of NAFLD. Also our findings indicate a very high fiber intake, a relatively optimal dietary fat profile, and a pretty low sugar intake for cases and controls, unseen in western countries. However, these initial findings need to be approved with further studies to confirm the relationship between nutrient patterns and NAFLD.

Circulating Levels of the Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate Mediate the Effect of the Gut Microbiome on Visceral Fat

Background

Acetate is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by gut bacteria, which has been implicated in cardio-metabolic health. Here we examine the relationships of circulating acetate levels with gut microbiome composition and diversity and with visceral fat in a large population-based cohort.

Results

Microbiome alpha-diversity was positively correlated with circulating acetate levels (Shannon, Beta [95%CI] = 0.12 [0.06, 0.18], P = 0.002) after adjustment for covariates. Six serum acetate-associated bacterial genera were also identified, including positive correlations with Coprococcus, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, and Ruminococcaceae NK4A21 and negative correlations were observed with Lachnoclostridium and Bacteroides. We also identified a correlation between visceral fat and serum acetate levels (Beta [95%CI] = −0.07 [−0.11, −0.04], P = 2.8 × 10^–4) and between visceral fat and Lachnoclostridium (Beta [95%CI] = 0.076 [0.042, 0.11], P = 1.44 × 10^–5). Formal mediation analysis revealed that acetate mediates ∼10% of the total effect of Lachnoclostridium on visceral fat. The taxonomic diversity showed that Lachnoclostridium and Coprococcus comprise at least 18 and 9 species, respectively, including novel bacterial species. By predicting the functional capabilities, we found that Coprococcus spp. present pathways involved in acetate production and metabolism of vitamins B, whereas we identified pathways related to the biosynthesis of trimethylamine (TMA) and CDP-diacylglycerol in Lachnoclostridium spp.

Conclusions

Our data indicates that gut microbiota composition and diversity may influence circulating acetate levels and that acetate might exert benefits on certain cardio-metabolic disease risk by decreasing visceral fat. Coprococcus may play an important role in host health by its production of vitamins B and SCFAs, whereas Lachnoclostridium might have an opposing effect by influencing negatively the circulating levels of acetate and being involved in the biosynthesis of detrimental lipid compounds.

Crosstalk of Magnesium and Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia and Associated Disorders: A Systematic Review

Dyslipidemia is a significant threat to public health worldwide and the identification of its pathogenic mechanisms, as well as novel lipid-lowering agents, are warranted. Magnesium (Mg) is a key element to human health and its deficiency has been linked to the development of lipid abnormalities and related disorders, such as the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease. In this review, we explored the associations of Mg (dietary intake, Mg concentrations in the body) and the lipid profile, as well as the impact of Mg supplementation on serum lipids. A systematic search was computed in PubMed/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library and 3649 potentially relevant papers were detected and screened (n = 3364 following the removal of duplicates). After the removal of irrelevant manuscripts based on the screening of their titles and abstracts (n = 3037), we examined the full-texts of 327 original papers. Finally, after we applied the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a number of 124 original articles were included in this review. Overall, the data analyzed in this review point out an association of Mg concentrations in the body with serum lipids in dyslipidemia and related disorders. However, further research is warranted to clarify whether a higher intake of Mg from the diet or via supplements can influence the lipid profile and exert lipid-lowering actions.

A nutrient pattern characterized by vitamin A, C, B6, potassium, and fructose is associated with reduced risk of insulin-related disorders: A prospective study among participants of Tehran lipid and glucose study

BACKGROUND

Insulin-related disorders, including insulin resistance, insulin insensitivity, and insulinemia, is considered early predictors of major chronic disease risk. Using a set of correlated nutrient as nutrient patterns to explore the diet-disease relationship has drawn more attention recently. We aimed to investigate the association of nutrient patterns and insulin markers' changes prospectively among adults who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS).

METHODS

For the present study, 995 men and women aged 30-75 years, with complete information on insulin and dietary intake in survey III TLGS, were selected and followed three years until survey IV. Dietary intakes at baseline were assessed using a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrient patterns were derived using principal component analysis (PCA). We extracted five dominant patterns based on the scree plot and categorized them into quartiles. Linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association between Nutrient patterns and three-year insulin markers changes, including fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-S.

RESULTS

The mean (SD) age and BMI of participants (43.1 % male) were 46.2(10.9) year and 28.0(4.7) kg/m², respectively. The median (IQR, 25, 75) of 3 years changes of insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-S were 0.35 (- 1.71, 2.67) mU/mL, 0.25 (- 0.28, 0.84) and - 6.60 (- 22.8, 7.76), respectively. In the fully adjusted model for potential confounders, per each quartile increment of the fifth nutrient pattern, the β coefficients (95 % CI) of changes in insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-S were - 0.36 (- 0.62, - 0.10); P value = 0.007, -0.10 (-0.19, -0.01); P value = 0.022, and 1.92 (0.18, 3.66); P value = 0.030, respectively. There were no significant association between other nutrient patterns and insulin related indices.

CONCLUSIONS

Present study showed that high adherence to a nutrient pattern rich in vitamin A, vitamin C, pyridoxine, potassium, and fructose is inversely associated with 3-years changes in insulin, HOMA-IR, and directly associated with HOMA-S.