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Meierkord A, Körner-Nahodilová L, Gotsche CI, Baruch J, Briesemeister V, Correa-Martinez CL, Hanefeld J. Strengthening disease surveillance capacity at national level across five countries: a qualitative study. Public Health 2024; 233:115-120. [PMID: 38870843 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Disease surveillance is an essential component of public health and a core function of National Public Health Institutes (NPHIs), including to better prepare and respond to infectious diseases outbreaks. Strengthening NPHIs in their efforts to establish and maintain efficient surveillance systems is an opportunity to ensure future outbreak preparedness and response; yet, guidance on how to increase and prioritise capacity building efforts is limited. This study sought to investigate approaches to capacity building and training for disease surveillance at national level and understand the potential role of NPHIs. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative study. METHODS This is a qualitative study, based on a literature review and interviews undertaken between June and November 2022. Fifty seven in-depth interviews were conducted in five countries: Côte d'Ivoire, Ecuador, Madagascar, Namibia, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Participants included a range of professionals from government, NPHIs, academic institutions and the private sector. Interviews were thematically analysed. RESULTS Selected countries varied in terms of their disease surveillance capacities, as well as in the structure of their surveillance systems and decision-making. Research identified shared priority areas for action at national level, identifying common challenges and opportunities: 1) capacity building, here specifically the need for a training agenda at national level to ensure sustainability and guide donor funded training offers; 2) data tools and technology-to help decision-makers select the best software tool to address countries' identified need; 3) data sharing-the need for clear data sharing standards and norms for national to international data sharing; and 4) genomic sequencing-the need for national genomic surveillance strategies and reporting guidelines. CONCLUSION Addressing challenges and using opportunities to strengthen disease surveillance at national level is an important step to build capacity in this area and to help prevent future epidemic and pandemics globally. The findings of this study help decision-makers to identify priority areas for capacity building and understand the potential role and significance of NPHIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meierkord
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charité Center for Global Health, Institute of International Health, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
| | - L Körner-Nahodilová
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - C I Gotsche
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
| | - J Baruch
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - V Briesemeister
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - C L Correa-Martinez
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Hanefeld
- Robert Koch Institute, Centre for International Health Protection, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, WC1H 9SH, United Kingdom
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Auimekhakul T, Suttajit S, Suwannaprom P. Pharmaceutical public health competencies for Thai pharmacists: A scoping review with expert consultation. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2024; 14:100444. [PMID: 38712325 PMCID: PMC11070631 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2024.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Thai pharmacists' roles have increasingly shifted to a system-focused role in providing public health services. A competency framework in this area is essential to workforce development. Objective This study aimed to summarize and synthesize the literature on pharmaceutical public health competencies of Thai pharmacists. Methods The Scopus, MEDLINE, and Web of Science (Clarivate) databases were searched. The search criteria included "public health", "health promotion", "primary care", "community pharmacy", "pharmacy" and "pharmacist". Documents published in English and Thai between January 2011 and December 2020 were also examined. Unpublished documents were included. A 3-step inductive coding technique was used to develop the competency framework. To validate the findings, a 2-round, modified Delphi method was employed with 20 Thai pharmaceutical specialists between August 2022 and January 2023. The Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was used to assess validity. Results The database search yielded 1429 articles. Fifty-seven articles were selected. The analysis identified 5 competency domains. The domains, along with their related competency elements and behavioral statements, were provided for expert assessment. The S-CVI scores in the first and second rounds were 0.78 and 0.93, respectively. The terminology and categories of competencies have been improved. This outcome resulted in a pharmaceutical public health competency framework for Thai pharmacists. The framework consists of 5 competency domains: 1) individual and family health promotion (3 competency elements with 10 behavioral statements), 2) community empowerment for well-being communities (6 competency elements with 23 behavioral statements), 3) information management and evidence-based practice (3 competency elements with 10 behavioral statements), 4) communication for health promotion (3 competency elements with 6 behavioral statements), and 5) pharmacoepidemiology and support for public health emergencies and epidemics (2 competency elements with 5 behavioral statements). Conclusion Pharmaceutical public health competencies for Thai pharmacists were developed through extensive literature review and expert consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanayut Auimekhakul
- Consumer Health Protection and Pharmaceutical Public Health, Chiang Mai Provincial Public Health Office, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Master's Degree Program in Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Siritree Suttajit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Puckwipa Suwannaprom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Shephard R, Uy J, Otterman V, Betker C, Sandhu HS, Tjaden L, Apatu E, Di Ruggiero E, Musto R, Pawa J, Steinberg M, Payne E, Fang L. The Core Competencies for Public Health in Canada: Opportunities and Recommendations for Modernization. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2024; 30:432-441. [PMID: 38603751 DOI: 10.1097/phh.0000000000001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The 2008 Public Health Agency of Canada's (PHAC's) "Core Competencies for Public Health in Canada" (the "Canadian core competencies") outline the skills, attitudes, and knowledge essential for the practice of public health. The core competencies represent an important part of public health practice, workforce development, and education in Canada and internationally. However, the core competencies are considered outdated and are facing calls for review, expansion, and revision. OBJECTIVE To examine the literature on public health competencies to identify opportunities and recommendations for consideration when reviewing and updating the Canadian core competencies. METHODS This narrative literature review included 4 components: 3 literature searches conducted between 2021 and 2022 using similar search strategies, as well as an analysis of competency frameworks from comparable jurisdictions. The 3 searches were conducted in collaboration with the Health Library to identify core competency-relevant scholarly and gray literature published in English since 2007. Reference lists of sources identified were also reviewed. During the data extraction process, one researcher screened each source, extracted competency-relevant information, and categorized these data into key findings. RESULTS After identifying 2392 scholarly and gray literature sources, 166 competency-relevant sources were included in the review. Findings from these sources were synthesized into 3 main areas: (1) competency framework methodology and structure; (2) competencies to add; and (3) competencies to modify. DISCUSSION These findings demonstrate that updates to Canada's core competencies are needed and overdue. Recommendations to support this process include establishing a formal governance structure for the competencies' regular review, revision, and implementation, as well as ensuring that priority topics applicable across all competency categories are integrated as overarching themes. Limitations of the evidence include the potential lack of applicability and generalizability to the Canadian context, as well as biases associated with the narrative literature review methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Shephard
- Author Affiliations: Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Mss Shephard, Uy, Otterman, Payne, and Fang); National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada (Dr Betker, Mr Sandhu, and Ms Tjaden); Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Mr Sandhu and Drs Di Ruggiero and Pawa); Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (Dr Apatu); Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (Dr Musto); Division of Clinical Sciences, NOSM University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada (Dr Pawa); and Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada (Dr Steinberg)
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Fang Q, Li X, Luo Y, Yang Z, Xiao L, Tan W, Liu S, Luo J, Zhang L. Developing a psychological care competences framework for nurses in China: a mixed methods study. BMC Nurs 2024; 23:129. [PMID: 38374069 PMCID: PMC10877790 DOI: 10.1186/s12912-024-01778-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With social transformation, rapid economic development and deepening awareness of psychological health in China, people's demand for psychological health services is becoming increasingly urgent. A key challenge for Chinese medical organizations is to train enough qualified psychological care nurses. A greater understanding of psychological care competences (PCC) can help in clinical nurse selection, training, and assessment. OBJECTIVE To develop a PCC framework for Chinese nurses and obtain a consensus on the framework among experts. METHODS A descriptive mixed methods study was designed consisting of a literature review and semi-structured interviews followed by three Delphi rounds. The experts (n = 16) involved were nurses, nursing managers and educators from nine Chinese provinces with a specific interest in psychological care. Descriptive statistics assisted in data analysis. RESULTS Using the Iceberg Model as a theoretical foundation, five main dimensions and associated subdomains were integrated from 39 chosen articles. The semi-structured interviews with 24 nursing managers and nurses confirmed all of the themes from the literature review while generating new themes, both of which were incorporated into the initial PCC framework. After three Delphi rounds, the experts reached consensus on the PCC framework, including five domains (knowledge, skills, professional ethics, personal traits, internal motivations) and 22 subdomains with connotations. The response rate (RR) values for the three rounds of consultation were 80.00%, 87.50% and 92.86%, the composite reliability (Cr) values were 0.89-0.90, and the Kendall coordination coefficients were 0.155-0.200 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the Iceberg Model, literature review and qualitative research methods along with Delphi technique were used to develop a scientific and systematic PCC framework. The research methods were feasible and the results were reliable, thereby providing a basis for adopting this framework into nursing education. A formal assessment tool should be developed to test the PCC of nurses in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Fang
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xingwen Li
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenxuan Tan
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Suting Liu
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiahui Luo
- Department of Nursing, Taikang Tongji (Wuhan) Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Wahl B, Nama N, Pandey RR, Garg T, Mishra AM, Srivastava S, Ali S, Verma SK, Erchick DJ, Sauer M, Venkatesh U, Koparkar A, Kishore S. Neonatal, Infant, and Child Mortality in India: Progress and Future Directions. Indian J Pediatr 2023; 90:1-9. [PMID: 37695418 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-023-04834-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In India, considerable progress has been made in reducing child mortality rates. Despite this achievement, wide disparities persist across and socio-economic strata, and persistent challenges, such as malnutrition, poor sanitation, and lack of clean water. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the state of child health in India, examining key risk factors and causes of child mortality, assessing the coverage of child health interventions, and highlighting critical public health programs and policies. The authors also discuss future directions and recommendations for bolstering ongoing efforts to improve child health. These include state- and region-specific interventions, prioritizing social determinants of health, strengthening data systems, leveraging existing programs like the National Health Mission (NHM) and Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY), and the proposed Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC). The authors argue that reducing child mortality requires not only scaled-up interventions but a comprehensive approach that addresses all dimensions of health, from social determinants to system strengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wahl
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
- Johns Hopkins India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Norah Nama
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Raghukul Ratan Pandey
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Department of Microbiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tushar Garg
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aman Mohan Mishra
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Srivastava
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sana Ali
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shival Kishore Verma
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Johns Hopkins India, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Daniel J Erchick
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Molly Sauer
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - U Venkatesh
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Anil Koparkar
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
| | - Surekha Kishore
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
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MacKay M, Ford C, Grant LE, Papadopoulos A, McWhirter JE. Developing public health competency statements and frameworks: a scoping review and thematic analysis of approaches. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2240. [PMID: 37957658 PMCID: PMC10644570 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Competencies ensure public health students and professionals have the necessary knowledge, skills, values, and behaviours to do their jobs effectively. Public health is a dynamic and complex field requiring robust competency statements and frameworks that are regularly renewed. Many countries have public health competencies, but there has been no evidence synthesis on how these are developed. Our research aim was to synthesize the extent and nature of the literature on approaches and best practices for competencies statement and framework development in the context of public health, including identifying the relevant literature on approaches for developing competency statements and frameworks for public health students and professionals using a scoping review; and, synthesizing and describing approaches and best practices for developing public health competency statements and frameworks using a thematic analysis of the literature identified by the scoping review. We conducted a scoping review and thematic analysis of the academic and grey literature to synthesize and describe approaches and best practices for developing public health competency statements and frameworks. A systematic search of six databases uncovered 13 articles for inclusion. To scope the literature, articles were assessed for characteristics including study aim, design, methods, key results, gaps, and future research recommendations. Most included articles were peer-reviewed journal articles, used qualitative or mixed method design, and were focused on general, rather than specialist, public health practitioners. Thematic analysis resulted in the generation of six analytical themes that describe the multi-method approaches utilized in developing competency statements and frameworks including literature reviews, expert consultation, and consensus-building. There was variability in the transparency of competency framework development, with challenges balancing foundational and discipline-specific competencies. Governance, and intersectoral and interdisciplinary competency, are needed to address complex public health issues. Understanding approaches and best practices for competency statement and framework development will support future evidence-informed iterations of public health competencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa MacKay
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caitlin Ford
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Lauren E Grant
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew Papadopoulos
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jennifer E McWhirter
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Sandhu HS, Otterman V, Tjaden L, Shephard R, Apatu E, Di Ruggiero E, Musto R, Pawa J, Steinberg M, Betker C. The Governance of Core Competencies for Public Health: A Rapid Review of the Literature. Public Health Rev 2023; 44:1606110. [PMID: 37767458 PMCID: PMC10520247 DOI: 10.3389/phrs.2023.1606110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Core competencies for public health (CCPH) define the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required of a public health workforce. Although numerous sets of CCPH have been established, few studies have systematically examined the governance of competency development, review, and monitoring, which is critical to their implementation and impact. This rapid review included 42 articles. The findings identified examples of collaboration and community engagement in governing activities (e.g., using the Delphi method to develop CCPH) and different ways of approaching CCPH review and revision (e.g., every 3 years). Insights on monitoring and resource management were scarce. Preliminary lessons emerging from the findings point towards the need for systems, structures, and processes that support ongoing reviews, revisions, and monitoring of CCPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harman Singh Sandhu
- National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lynda Tjaden
- National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
| | | | - Emma Apatu
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Erica Di Ruggiero
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Richard Musto
- Canadian Public Health Association, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmine Pawa
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM) University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Malcolm Steinberg
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Claire Betker
- National Collaborating Centre for Determinants of Health, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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Schleiff M, Brahmbhatt H, Banerjee P, Reddy M, Miller E, Majumdar P, Mangal DK, Gupta SD, Zodpey S, Shet A. Key factors influencing public health students and curricula in India: Recommendations from a mixed methods analysis. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279114. [PMID: 36758036 PMCID: PMC9910711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Building on a distinguished history of community medicine training, public health programs have been expanding in India in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought additional attention to the importance of public health programs and the need for a strong workforce. This paper aims to assess the current capacity for public health education and training in India and provide recommendations for improved approaches to meet current and future public health needs. METHODS We conducted a desk review of public health training programs via extensive internet searches, literature reviews, and expert faculty consultations. Among those programs, we purposively selected faculty members to participate in in-depth interviews. We developed summary statistics based on the desk review. For qualitative analysis, we utilized a combination of deductive and inductive coding to identify key themes and systematically reviewed the strengths and weaknesses of each theme. RESULTS The desk review captured 59 institutions offering public health training across India. The majority of training programs were graduate level degrees including Master of Public Health and Master of Science degrees. Key factors impacting these programs included collaborations, mentorship, curriculum standardization, tuition and funding, and student demand for public health education and careers. Collaborations and mentorship were highly valued but varied in quality across institutions. Curricula lacked standardization but also contained substantial flexibility and innovation as a result. Public sector programs were perceived to be affordable though fees and stipends varied across institutions. Further development of career opportunities in public health is needed. CONCLUSION Public health education and training in India have a strong foothold. There are numerous opportunities for continued expansion and strengthening of this field, to support a robust multi-disciplinary public health workforce that will contribute towards achieving the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Schleiff
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Haley Brahmbhatt
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Preetika Banerjee
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Megha Reddy
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Emily Miller
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Piyusha Majumdar
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - D. K. Mangal
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shiv Dutt Gupta
- Indian Institute of Health Management Research (IIHMR), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sanjay Zodpey
- Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Anita Shet
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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Iskandar K, Haddad C, Hajj A, Sacre H, Zeenny RM, Akel M, Salameh P. Assessing self-reported core competencies of public health practitioners in Lebanon using the WHO-ASPHER validated scale: a pilot study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:882. [PMID: 36536409 PMCID: PMC9763804 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03940-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization and the Association of Schools of Public Health in the European Region recommend the self-assessment of public health core competencies to strengthen the proficiency of the public health workforce and prepare them for future challenges. A framework for these competencies is lacking and highly needed in Lebanon. This study aims to validate the WHO-ASPHER self-declared scale and evaluate the perceived competency level of the different categories of Lebanese public health practitioners. METHODS This population-based cross-sectional study conducted online between July and September 2021 involved 66 public health practitioners who graduated from different universities in Lebanon. Data were collected using the snowball technique via a self-report questionnaire that assessed public health proficiency, categorized into 1) content and context, 2) relationship and interactions, and 3) performance and achievements. The rotated component matrix technique was used to test the construct validity of the scales. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed after ensuring the adequacy of the models. Significance was set at a p-value < 0.05. RESULTS The factor analysis for scale domains showed that the Barlett test sphericity was significant (p < 0.001), high loadings of items on factors, and Cronbach's alpha values of more than 0.9 in all three categories, showing an appropriate scale validity and reliability. The perceived level of competencies was significantly different between public health professionals and other health professionals with public health activities. All respondents scored low in most public health categories, mainly science and practice. CONCLUSION Data findings showed variability of self-declared gaps in knowledge and proficiency, suggesting the need to review the national public health education programs. Our study offers a valuable tool for academia and public health professionals to self-assess the level of public health proficiency and guide continuous education needs for professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Iskandar
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- School of Health Sciences, Modern University for Business and Science, Beirut, Lebanon.
- , Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Chadia Haddad
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Health Sciences, Modern University for Business and Science, Beirut, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal El Dib, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Aline Hajj
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacie Clinique Et Contrôle de Qualité Des Médicament, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- Oncology Division, CHU de Québec- Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Hala Sacre
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rony M Zeenny
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacy, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Education, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Pascale Salameh
- INSPECT-LB (Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique Et de Toxicologie-Liban), Beirut, Lebanon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Joshi A, Bhatt A, Kaur M, Grover A. Landscape Analysis of Public Health Jobs in India to Develop an Evidence-Based Public Health Curriculum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15724. [PMID: 36497798 PMCID: PMC9738109 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increase in communicable and non-communicable disease incidence and prevalence, changing population demographics, along with concerns about pandemics, natural disasters, and wars, have highlighted the challenges faced by health systems. The study aims to identify data on publicly posted public health jobs available to applicants eligible to work in India to identify the public health and allied fields workforce needs, skills, and expertise in India. A cross-sectional study was done in June-July 2021. The data was collected from eleven common job portals in India. Descriptive and content analysis was done to identify the most common job titles, educational level preferred/desired, skills, and experience required in the public health jobs in India. In total 382 unique public health and related fields jobs were analyzed. Job postings were most commonly classified as manager (n = 68), officer/lead (n = 61), analyst (n = 49), and consultant (n = 44). Around one-fifth of the jobs were based in Delhi (n = 98, 24%). About a quarter of the job postings required more than 8 years of experience (26%, n = 100). More than half of the job postings mentioned having the knowledge and understanding of data analysis and statistical approaches (n = 116, 64%). Around 15% (n = 193) of the job posting wanted the candidate to have expertise in communication. Skills were classified into various types such as software, technical, and language. Timely assessment of the curriculum should be done to impart skills related to the needs of the employers and prepare a skilled and competent public health workforce to address the 21st century public health challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Joshi
- School of Public Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Ashruti Bhatt
- Foundation of Healthcare Technologies Society, Delhi 110066, India
| | - Mahima Kaur
- Foundation of Healthcare Technologies Society, Delhi 110066, India
| | - Ashoo Grover
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi 110029, India
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Anitha CT, Akter K, Mahadev K. An overview of public health education in South Asia: Challenges and opportunities. Front Public Health 2022; 10:909474. [PMID: 36091506 PMCID: PMC9459163 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.909474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been an increased demand for Public Health Education (PHE) in South Asia. While this region has a large number of Public Health (PH) institutions, the quality of PHE has not been aligned with the core PH competencies. In this article, we present an overview of Master of Public Health (MPH) programs across South Asian countries. An extensive systematic search on various web search engines regarding PH course offerings was conducted, including specific institute and educational websites. By 2021, more than 180 institutions in South Asia provided an MPH degree. Most of these institutions/universities were found in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, and a few among these institutions were established as independent Schools of Public Health (SPH), separate from medical colleges, and had a multidisciplinary faculty. But, dedicated training facilities in the specialized field of public health were not found in most of these institutions. Generally, a well-defined MPH curriculum is not currently available except in India where the University Grants Commission (UGC) guideline for a model MPH curriculum has been proposed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The entry criteria for an MPH degree in India is accepting students in multidisciplinary fields, while in other South Asian countries this is primarily restricted to medical/paramedical students with a basic understanding of preventive medicine. The aim of this review was to document the current and future PHE opportunities and challenges in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandanadur Thippaiah Anitha
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India,*Correspondence: Chandanadur Thippaiah Anitha
| | - Konok Akter
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kalyankar Mahadev
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India,Kalyankar Mahadev
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Jarrett C, Baxter YC, Boch J, Carrasco C, Cobos Muñoz D, Mauro Dib K, Pessoa L, Saric J, Silveira M, Steinmann P. Deconstructing design thinking as a tool for the implementation of a population health initiative. Health Res Policy Syst 2022; 20:91. [PMID: 35986365 PMCID: PMC9389775 DOI: 10.1186/s12961-022-00892-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The translation of evidence-based practices and rapid uptake of innovations into global health practice is challenging. Design thinking is a consultative process involving multiple stakeholders and has been identified as a promising solution to create and apply implementation strategies in complex environments like health systems. Methods We conducted a process evaluation of a real-world example, namely an initiative to innovate hypertension screening, diagnosis and care in São Paulo, Brazil. The parameters of the evaluation were informed by a specification rubric and categorization system, recommended for the investigation of implementation strategies, and the double-diamond conceptual framework to describe and examine the strategic architecture and nature of the design thinking approach, with particular emphasis on identifying potential areas of “value-add” particular to the approach. The retrospective evaluation was performed by an independent partner who had not been involved in the setting up and implementation of the design thinking process. Results The evaluation unveiled a dense catalogue of strategically driven, mostly theoretically based, activities involving all identified health system stakeholders including patients. Narrative reconstruction illuminated the systematic and coherent nature of this approach, with different resulting actions progressively accounting for all relevant layers of the health system to engineer a broad selection of specific implementation solutions. The relevance of the identified features and the mechanics used to promote more successful implementation practices was manifested in several distinct ways: design thinking offered a clear direction on which innovations really mattered and when, as well as several new dimensions for consideration in the development of an innovation mindset amongst stakeholders. It thereby promoted relationship quality in terms of familiarity and trust, and commitment to evidence-based enquiry and action. Design thinking was also able to navigate the territory between the need for intervention “fidelity” versus “adaptation” and provide the operational know-how to face familiar implementation hurdles. Lastly, it brought a new kind of skill set to the public health stakeholders that incorporated diplomacy, multidisciplinary approaches and management sciences—skills that are considered necessary but not yet widely taught as part of public health training. Conclusions Design thinking is a sound and viable tool to use as part of an implementation strategy for engaging with health system stakeholders and successfully translating evidence-based practices and new innovations into routine practice, thereby addressing an important knowledge—practice gap and, more broadly, contributing to the strategic repertoire available to implementation science. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12961-022-00892-5.
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Stollenwerk MM, Gustafsson A, Edgren G, Gudmundsson P, Lindqvist M, Eriksson T. Core competencies for a biomedical laboratory scientist - a Delphi study. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 22:476. [PMID: 35725406 PMCID: PMC9208704 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After completing university education, biomedical laboratory scientists work in clinical laboratories, in biomedical research laboratories, in biotech, and in pharmaceutical companies. Laboratory diagnostics have undergone rapid development over the recent years, with the pace showing no signs of abatement. This rapid development challenges the competence of the staff and will most certainly influence the education of future staff. This study aimed to examine what was considered the necessary competencies needed to pursue a career as a biomedical laboratory scientist. METHODS A modified Delphi technique was used, with the panel of experts expressing their views in a series of three questionnaire. Consensus was defined as the point which 75 % or more of the panel participants agreed that a particular competency was necessary. RESULTS The study highlights the perceived importance of mostly generic competencies that relate to quality, quality assurance, and accuracy, as well as different aspects of safety, respect, trustworthiness (towards patients/clients and colleagues), and communication skills. The results also stress the significance of self-awareness and professionality. CONCLUSIONS We identified important competencies for biomedical laboratory scientists. Together with complementary information from other sources, i.e., guidelines, laws, and scientific publications, the competencies identified can be used as learning outcomes in a competency-based education to provide students with all the competencies needed to work as professional biomedical laboratory scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Stollenwerk
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Gudrun Edgren
- Center for Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petri Gudmundsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Tommy Eriksson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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Mun S, Moon Y, Kim H, Kim N. Current Discussions on Employees and Organizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Literature Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:848778. [PMID: 35496177 PMCID: PMC9039218 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New concerns have emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic that greatly impact employees and many other aspects in organizations. We have highlighted the major organizational issues during COVID-19 and classified the relevant research findings based on 45 recent articles. Main themes identified include (1) work setting, (2) perceptions of COVID-19, (3) employee wellbeing, (4) organizational strategies, and (5) influences on career behaviors. Employees have faced challenges due to work conditions that have shifted from traditional commuting to telework. Employees have also become aware of the negative current situation, so their overall wellbeing has been threatened. In response, organizations have strived to promote positive psychological capital for employees as they attempt to cope with this crisis. Organizations have tried to maintain and manage both their employees and their business. People tended to adjust their career-related behaviors based on how they perceived their own wellbeing and organizational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
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Childs J, Thoirs K, Quinton A, Osborne B, Edwards C, Stoodley P, Lombardo P, McDonald S, Slade D, Chandler A, Taylor L, Long J, Pollard K, Halligan T. Development of a Professional Competency Framework for Australian Sonographers – Perspectives for Developing Competencies Using a Delphi Methodology. Int J Qual Health Care 2022; 34:6551067. [PMID: 35311894 PMCID: PMC9002280 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Professional competencies are important for enhancing alignment between the needs of education, industry and health consumers, whilst describing public expectations around health professionals. The development of competency standards for the sonography profession defines the behaviours, skills and knowledge sonographers should demonstrate for each learning and experience level. Objective The objective of this project was to develop a set of professional competency standards for the sonography profession which described in depth the behaviours, skills and knowledge sonographers should demonstrate across multiple learning and experience levels. Methods Representatives of three Australian ultrasound professional associations and seven tertiary institutions involved in entry-level sonographer education in Australia formed a research team (RT). The RT recruited an expert panel that responded to six survey rounds. Using a Delphi methodology, the results and free-text comments from each previous round were fed back to participants in the subsequent survey rounds to achieve a consensus. Results The project developed a professional competency framework for sonographers, which included four major domains: detailed competency standards, sonographer knowledge, sonographer attitudes and a holistic competency matrix [https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.17148035.v2.] Conclusion The Delphi methodology is an effective way to develop professional competency standards. This paper describes the methods and challenges in developing such standards for sonographers which could be translated to other health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Childs
- Lecturer Medical Sonography, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Kerry Thoirs
- Research Assistant, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Ann Quinton
- Lecturer, Medical Sonography, Central Queensland University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brooke Osborne
- Lecturer, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Edwards
- Lecturer, Medical Sonography, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Stoodley
- Lecturer, Medical Sonography, University of Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Lombardo
- Lecturer, Medical Sonography, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Debbie Slade
- Australasian Society for Ultrasound in medicine, Australia
| | - Amanda Chandler
- Lecturer, Medical Sonography, Charles Sturt University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lucy Taylor
- lecturer, Medical Sonography, Australian institute of Healthcare Education, New South Wales
| | - Jodie Long
- CEO, Australasian Sonographers Association, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Pollard
- Lecturer, Medical Sonography, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Toni Halligan
- Board Member, Australasian Sonographers Accreditation Registry, Victoria, Australia
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