Novel avian single-chain fragment variable (scFv) targets dietary gluten and related natural grain prolamins, toxic entities of celiac disease

Advances in IgY antibody dosage form design and delivery strategies: Current status and future perspective

Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), a unique type of antibody found in birds, is attracting increasing attention for a broad range of biomedical applications. Rational IgY protection, dosage form design, and delivery are highly essential to transform functional IgY antibodies into desired IgY products for therapeutic and prophylactic administration. Although progress has been made in this field, it remains in the early stages, highlighting the fundamental research and development needed in this aspect of IgY technology. Hence, this article reviews the conventional and innovative IgY dosage designs and delivery strategies, emphasizes the challenges faced in various IgY delivery systems, discusses the criteria for evaluating IgY dosage form performance, and provides a comprehensive analysis of the current research status and prospects of IgY delivery strategies.

Psychiatric and Neurological Manifestations of Celiac Disease in Adults

Celiac disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestines, affects 0.7% to 1.4% of the world's population. CD causes diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, flatulence, and, in rare cases, constipation in the digestive tract. Since the identification of gluten as the disease-causing antigen, CD patients have been treated with a gluten-free diet, which is advantageous but has limitations for certain patient groups. CD is associated with mood disorders, such as manic-depressive disease, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, as well as other disorders such as depression and anxiety. The relationship between CD and psychological issues is not entirely understood. Here, we look at the most recent psychiatric data as they pertain to CD, as well as the relevant psychiatric manifestations that have been associated with this condition. Clinicians should examine mental health factors when a CD diagnosis is established. More research is needed to understand the pathophysiology of CD's psychiatric manifestations.

A Comprehensive Review of the Neurological Manifestations of Celiac Disease and Its Treatment

Celiac disease (CD) is a common chronic inflammatory disorder occurring in genetically predisposed individuals secondary to gluten ingestion. CD usually presents with gastrointestinal symptoms such as pain, bloating, flatulence, and constipation or diarrhea. However, individuals can present in a nonclassical manner with only extraintestinal symptoms. The neurological manifestations of CD include ataxia, cognitive impairment, epilepsy, headache, and neuropathy. A lifelong gluten-free diet is the current recommended treatment for CD. This review discusses the relevant neurological manifestations associated with CD and the novel therapeutics. Further research is required to get a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of the neurological manifestations associated with CD. Clinicians should keep CD in the differential diagnosis in individuals presenting with neurological dysfunction of unknown cause.

The mosaic puzzle of the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments - A modular transition from full-length immunoglobulins to antibody mimetics

The use of monoclonal antibodies represents an important and efficient diagnostic and therapeutic tool in disease management and modern science but remains limited by several factors including the uneven distribution in diseased tissues as well as undesired activation of side immune reactions. Major scientific advancements including Recombinant DNA Technology, Hybridoma Technology, and Polymerase Chain Reaction have considerably impacted the use of monoclonal antibodies providing technical and effective solutions to overcome the shortcomings encountered with conventional antibodies. Initially, the introduction of antibody fragments allowed a more uniform and deeper penetration of the targeted tissue and reduced unwanted activation of Fc-mediated immune reactions. On another level, the immunogenicity of murine-derived antibodies was overcome by humanizing their encoding genes with specific sequences of human origin andtransgenic mice able to synthesize fully human antibodies were successfully created. Moreover, the advancement of genetic engineering techniques supported by the modular structure of antibody coding genes paved the way for the development of a new generation of antibody fragments with a wide spectrum of monospecific and bispecific agents. These later could be monovalent, bivalent, or multivalent, and either expressed as a single chain, assembled in multimeric forms or stringed in tandem. This has conferred improved affinity, stability, and solubility to antibody targetting. Lately, a new array of monoclonal antibody fragments was introduced with the engineering of nanobody and antibody mimetics as non-immunoglobulin-derived fragments with promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications. In this review, we decipher the molecular basis of monoclonal antibody engineering with a detailed screening of the antibody derivatives that provides new perspectives to expand the use of monoclonal fragments into previously unexplored fields.

How does a celiac iceberg really float? The relationship between celiac disease and gluten

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease caused by intolerance of genetically susceptible individuals after intake of gluten-containing grains (including wheat, barley, etc.) and their products. Currently, CD, with "iceberg" characteristics, affects a large population and is distributed over a wide range of individuals. This present review summarizes the latest research progress on the relationship between CD and gluten. Furthermore, the structure and function of gluten peptides related to CD, gluten detection methods, the effects of processing on gluten and gluten-free diets are emphatically reviewed. In addition, the current limitations in CD research are also discussed. The present work facilitates a comprehensive understanding of CD as well as gluten, which can provide a theoretical reference for future research.

New Insights into Non-Dietary Treatment in Celiac Disease: Emerging Therapeutic Options

To date, the only treatment for celiac disease (CD) consists of a strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD), which has numerous limitations in patients with CD. For this reason, dietary transgressions are frequent, implying intestinal damage and possible long-term complications. There is an unquestionable need for non-dietary alternatives to avoid damage by involuntary contamination or voluntary dietary transgressions. In recent years, different therapies and treatments for CD have been developed and studied based on the degradation of gluten in the intestinal lumen, regulation of the immune response, modulation of intestinal permeability, and induction of immunological tolerance. In this review, therapeutic lines for CD are evaluated with special emphasis on phase III and II clinical trials, some of which have promising results.

Current and emerging therapies for coeliac disease

Coeliac disease is a common enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals in response to the ingestion of gluten proteins present in wheat, rye and barley. Currently, the only available treatment for the condition is a strict, life-long gluten-free diet that, despite being safe and often effective, is associated with several challenges. Due to the high cost, particularly restrictive nature and perception of decreased quality of life associated with the diet, some patients are continuously exposed to gluten, which prevents an adequate disease control. Moreover, a subgroup of patients does not respond to the diet adequately, and healing of the small-bowel mucosa can be incomplete. Thus, there is a need for alternative treatment forms. The increasingly understood pathogenetic process of coeliac disease has enabled the identification of various targets for future therapies. Multiple investigational therapies ranging from tolerogenic to immunological approaches are in the pipeline, and several drug candidates have entered phase II/III clinical trials. This Review gives a broad overview of the different investigative treatment modalities for coeliac disease and summarizes the latest advances in this field.

IgY-technology (egg yolk antibodies) in human medicine: A review of patents and clinical trials

IgY-technology (the production and extraction of specific IgY antibodies from egg yolk) is an innovative method to produce antibodies for therapy and prophylaxis. Advantages of IgY over other antibodies comprise its cost-effective extraction, the minimization of animal harm and distress, and its reduced reactivity with mammalian factors. Many research groups have demonstrated that IgY is active against several pathogens or conditions, a fact that may support the design of novel, safe and effective health products. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of IgY-based biologicals for human medicine, including patent applications and clinical trials during the period 2010-2018, and addresses how IgY-technology can lead to innovation in the production of biologicals for the treatment and prophylaxis of a wide range of infectious and non-communicable diseases.

High pressure homogenization is a key unit operation in inclusion body processing

Recombinant protein production in E. coli often leads to the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs). Although downstream processing of IBs has the reputation of being a great hurdle, advantages of IBs can be substantial. Highly pure recombinant protein with the possibility of correctly folded structures and an easy separation from cell matter are decisive factors that make IB processes so interesting. Product yield, purity and biological activity of the refolded protein are the responses to evaluate an IB process. The objective of this case study was to develop a refolding process in an integrated manner. The effects of the unit operations 1) homogenization, 2) IB wash and 3) IB solubilisation as well as their interdependencies were analyzed. We revealed interesting factor interactions between homogenization and IB wash, as well as homogenization and solubilisation, which would be overlooked if the single unit operations were investigated individually. Furthermore, we found that homogenization was a key unit operation for IB processing. By changing the conditions during homogenization only, the product yield, purity and biological activity of the refolded product was affected 2-fold, 1.2-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively.

Evolving Therapy for Celiac Disease

Gluten is known to be the main triggering factor for celiac disease (CeD), an immune-mediated disorder. CeD is therefore managed using a strict and lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD), the only effective treatment available currently. However, the GFD is restrictive. Hence, efforts are being made to explore alternative therapies. Based on their mechanisms of action on various molecular targets involved in the pathogenesis of CeD, these therapies may be classified into one of the following five broad approaches. The first approach focuses on decreasing the immunogenic content of gluten, using strategies like genetically modified wheat, intra-intestinal gluten digestion using glutenases, microwave thermal treatment of hydrated wheat kernels, and gluten pretreatment with either bacterial/ fungal derived endopeptidases or microbial transglutaminase. The second approach involves sequestering gluten in the gut lumen before it is digested into immunogenic peptides and absorbed, using binder drugs like polymer p(HEMA-co-SS), single chain fragment variable (scFv), and anti- gluten antibody AGY. The third approach aims to prevent uptake of digested gluten through intestinal epithelial tight junctions, using a zonulin antagonist. The fourth approach involves tissue transglutaminase (tTG) inhibitors to prevent the enhancement of immunogenicity of digested gluten by the intestinal tTG enzyme. The fifth approach seeks to prevent downstream immune activation after uptake of gluten immunogenic peptides through the intestinal mucosal epithelial layer. Examples include HLA-DQ2 blockers that prevent presentation of gluten derived- antigens by dendritic cells to T cells, immune- tolerizing therapies like the vaccine Nexvax2 and TIMP-Glia, cathepsin inhibitors, immunosuppressants like corticosteroids, azathioprine etc., and anti-cytokine agents targeting TNF-α and interleukin-15. Apart from these approaches, research is being done to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics/prebiotics, helminth therapy using Necator americanus, low FODMAP diet, and pancreatic enzyme supplementation in CeD symptom control; however, the mechanisms by which they play a beneficial role in CeD are yet to be clearly established. Overall, although many therapies being explored are still in the pre-clinical phase, some like the zonulin antagonist, immune tolerizing therapies and glutenases have reached phase II/III clinical trials. While these potential options appear exciting, currently they may at best be used to supplement rather than supplant the GFD.

The production of a recombinant tandem single chain fragment variable capable of binding prolamins triggering celiac disease

Background

Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common food-related chronic disorders. It is mediated by the dietary consumption of prolamins, which are storage proteins of different grains. So far, no therapy exists and patients are bound to maintain a lifelong diet to avoid symptoms and long-term complications. To support those patients we developed a tandem single chain Fragment variable (tscFv) acting as a neutralizing agent against prolamins. We recombinantly produced this molecule in E. coli, but mainly obtained misfolded product aggregates, so-called inclusion bodies, independent of the cultivation strategy we applied.

Results

In this study, we introduce this novel tscFv against CD and present our strategy of obtaining active product from inclusion bodies. The refolded tscFv shows binding capabilities towards all tested CD-triggering grains. Compared to a standard polyclonal anti-PT-gliadin-IgY, the tscFv displays a slightly reduced affinity towards digested gliadin, but an additional affinity towards prolamins of barley.

Conclusion

The high binding specificity of tscFv towards prolamin-containing grains makes this novel molecule a valuable candidate to support patients suffering from CD in the future.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-018-0443-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A combination of HPLC and automated data analysis for monitoring the efficiency of high-pressure homogenization

Background

Cell disruption is a key unit operation to make valuable, intracellular target products accessible for further downstream unit operations. Independent of the applied cell disruption method, each cell disruption process must be evaluated with respect to disruption efficiency and potential product loss. Current state-of-the-art methods, like measuring the total amount of released protein and plating-out assays, are usually time-delayed and involve manual intervention making them error-prone. An automated method to monitor cell disruption efficiency at-line is not available to date.

Results

In the current study we implemented a methodology, which we had originally developed to monitor E. coli cell integrity during bioreactor cultivations, to automatically monitor and evaluate cell disruption of a recombinant E. coli strain by high-pressure homogenization. We compared our tool with a library of state-of-the-art methods, analyzed the effect of freezing the biomass before high-pressure homogenization and finally investigated this unit operation in more detail by a multivariate approach.

Conclusion

A combination of HPLC and automated data analysis describes a valuable, novel tool to monitor and evaluate cell disruption processes. Our methodology, which can be used both in upstream (USP) and downstream processing (DSP), describes a valuable tool to evaluate cell disruption processes as it can be implemented at-line, gives results within minutes after sampling and does not need manual intervention.

Insights into the chicken IgY with emphasis on the generation and applications of chicken recombinant monoclonal antibodies

The advantages of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) antibodies as immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic biomolecules has only been recently recognized. Even so, chicken antibodies remain less-well characterized than their mammalian counterparts. This review aims at providing a current overview of the structure, function, development and generation of chicken antibodies. Additionally, brief but comprehensive insights into current knowledge pertaining to the immunogenetic framework and diversity-generation of the chicken immunoglobulin repertoire which have contributed to the establishment of recombinant chicken mAb-generating methods are discussed. Focus is provided on the current methods used to generate antibodies from chickens with added emphasis on the generation of recombinant chicken mAbs and its derivative formats. The advantages and limitations of established protocols for the generation of chicken mAbs are highlighted. The various applications of recombinant chicken mAbs and its derivative formats in immunodiagnostics and immunotherapy are further detailed.

Mechanistic platform knowledge of concomitant sugar uptake in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strains

When producing recombinant proteins, the use of Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) in combination with the T7-based pET-expression system is often the method of choice. In a recent study we introduced a mechanistic model describing the correlation of the specific glucose uptake rate (q_s,glu) and the corresponding maximum specific lactose uptake rate (q_s,lac,max) for a pET-based E. coli BL21(DE3) strain producing a single chain variable fragment (scFv). We showed the effect of q_s,lac,max on productivity and product location underlining its importance for recombinant protein production. In the present study we investigated the mechanistic q_s,glu/q_s,lac,max correlation for four pET-based E. coli BL21(DE3) strains producing different recombinant products and thereby proved the mechanistic model to be platform knowledge for E. coli BL21(DE3). However, we found that the model parameters strongly depended on the recombinant product. Driven by this observation we tested different dynamic bioprocess strategies to allow a faster investigation of this mechanistic correlation. In fact, we succeeded and propose an experimental strategy comprising only one batch cultivation, one fed-batch cultivation as well as one dynamic experiment, to reliably determine the mechanistic model for q_s,glu/q_s,lac,max and get trustworthy model parameters for pET-based E. coli BL21(DE3) strains which are the basis for bioprocess development.

A Screening Approach for Identifying Gliadin Neutralizing Antibodies on Epithelial Intestinal Caco-2 Cells

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory condition caused by the ingestion of gliadin-containing food in genetically susceptible individuals. Undigested peptides of gliadin exert various effects, including increased intestinal permeability and inflammation in the small intestine. Although many therapeutic approaches are in development, a gluten-free diet is the only effective treatment for CD. Affecting at least 1% of the population in industrialized countries, it is important to generate therapeutic options against CD. Here, we describe the establishment of a high-throughput screening (HTS) platform based on AlphaLISA and electrical cell–substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) technology for the identification of anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective compounds in human enterocytes after pepsin-trypsin-digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) treatment. Our results show that the combination of these HTS technologies enables fast, reliable, simple, and label-free screening of IgY antibodies against PT-gliadin. Using this platform, we have identified a new chicken anti-PT-gliadin IgY antibody as a potential anti-CD agent.

The E. coli pET expression system revisited-mechanistic correlation between glucose and lactose uptake

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are mainly produced in mammalian cells to date. However, unglycosylated antibody fragments can also be produced in the bacterium Escherichia coli which brings several advantages, like growth on cheap media and high productivity. One of the most popular E. coli strains for recombinant protein production is E. coli BL21(DE3) which is usually used in combination with the pET expression system. However, it is well known that induction by isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) stresses the cells and can lead to the formation of insoluble inclusion bodies. In this study, we revisited the pET expression system for the production of a novel antibody single-chain variable fragment (scFv) with the goal of maximizing the amount of soluble product. Thus, we (1) investigated whether lactose favors the recombinant production of soluble scFv compared to IPTG, (2) investigated whether the formation of soluble product can be influenced by the specific glucose uptake rate (q_s,glu) during lactose induction, and (3) determined the mechanistic correlation between the specific lactose uptake rate (q_s,lac) and q_s,glu. We found that lactose induction gave a much greater amount of soluble scFv compared to IPTG, even when the growth rate was increased. Furthermore, we showed that the production of soluble protein could be tuned by varying q_s,glu during lactose induction. Finally, we established a simple model describing the mechanistic correlation between q_s,lac and q_s,glu allowing tailored feeding and prevention of sugar accumulation. We believe that this mechanistic model might serve as platform knowledge for E. coli.