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Liu L, Tang W, Wu S, Ma J, Wei K. Pulmonary succinate receptor 1 elevation in high-fat diet mice exacerbates lipopolysaccharides-induced acute lung injury via sensing succinate. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167119. [PMID: 38479484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with obesity have higher level of circulating succinate, which acts as a signaling factor that initiates inflammation. It is obscure whether succinate and succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) are involved in the process of obesity aggravating acute lung injury (ALI). METHODS The lung tissue and blood samples from patients with obesity who underwent lung wedgectomy or segmental resection were collected. Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were injected intratracheally (100 μg, 1 mg/ml) for 24 h to establish an ALI model. The pulmonary SUCNR1 expression and succinate level were measured. Exogenous succinate was supplemented to assess whether succinate exacerbated the LPS-induced lung injury. We next examined the cellular localization of pulmonary SUCNR1. Furthermore, the role of the succinate-SUCNR1 pathway in LPS-induced inflammatory responses in MH-s macrophages and obese mice was investigated. RESULT The pulmonary SUCNR1 expression and serum succinate level were significantly increased in patients with obesity and in HFD mice. Exogenous succinate supplementation significantly increased the severity of ALI and inflammatory response. SUCNR1 was mainly expressed on lung macrophages. In LPS-stimulated MH-s cells, knockdown of SUCNR1 expression significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines' expression, the increase of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression, inhibitory κB-α (IκB-α) phosphorylation, p65 phosphorylation and p65 translocation to nucleus. In obese mice, SUCNR1 inhibition significantly alleviated LPS-induced lung injury and decreased the HIF-1α expression and IκB-α phosphorylation. CONCLUSION The high expression of pulmonary SUCNR1 and serum succinate accumulation at least partly participate in the process of obesity aggravating LPS-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingyue Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Wu S, Tang W, Liu L, Wei K, Tang Y, Ma J, Li H, Ao Y. Obesity-induced downregulation of miR-192 exacerbates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by promoting macrophage activation. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:36. [PMID: 38486141 PMCID: PMC10938800 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage activation may play a crucial role in the increased susceptibility of obese individuals to acute lung injury (ALI). Dysregulation of miRNA, which is involved in various inflammatory diseases, is often observed in obesity. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-192 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in obese mice and its mechanism of dysregulation in obesity. METHODS Human lung tissues were obtained from obese patients (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) and control patients (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). An obese mouse model was established by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD), followed by intratracheal instillation of LPS to induce ALI. Pulmonary macrophages of obese mice were depleted through intratracheal instillation of clodronate liposomes. The expression of miR-192 was examined in lung tissues, primary alveolar macrophages (AMs), and the mouse alveolar macrophage cell line (MH-S) using RT-qPCR. m6A quantification and RIP assays helped determine the cause of miR-192 dysregulation. miR-192 agomir and antagomir were used to investigate its function in mice and MH-S cells. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were used to explore the downstream targets of miR-192. RESULTS In obese mice, depletion of macrophages significantly alleviated lung tissue inflammation and injury, regardless of LPS challenge. miR-192 expression in lung tissues and alveolar macrophages was diminished during obesity and further decreased with LPS stimulation. Obesity-induced overexpression of FTO decreased the m6A modification of pri-miR-192, inhibiting the generation of miR-192. In vitro, inhibition of miR-192 enhanced LPS-induced polarization of M1 macrophages and activation of the AKT/ NF-κB inflammatory pathway, while overexpression of miR-192 suppressed these reactions. BIG1 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-192, and its overexpression offset the protective effects of miR-192. In vivo, when miR-192 was overexpressed in obese mice, the activation of pulmonary macrophages and the extent of lung injury were significantly improved upon LPS challenge. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that obesity-induced downregulation of miR-192 expression exacerbates LPS-induced ALI by promoting macrophage activation. Targeting macrophages and miR-192 may provide new therapeutic avenues for obesity-associated ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Ke Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jingyue Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yichan Ao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No 1. YouYi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
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Cai R, Gong X, Li X, Jiang Y, Deng S, Tang J, Ge H, Wu C, Tang H, Wang G, Xie L, Chen X, Hu X, Feng J. Dectin-1 aggravates neutrophil inflammation through caspase-11/4-mediated macrophage pyroptosis in asthma. Respir Res 2024; 25:119. [PMID: 38459541 PMCID: PMC10921740 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1 was initially discovered to play a pivotal role in mediating pulmonary antifungal immunity and promoting neutrophil-driven inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that Dectin-1 is overexpressed in asthma, but the specific mechanism remains elusive. Additionally, Dectin-1 has been implicated in promoting pyroptosis, a hallmark of severe asthma airway inflammation. Nevertheless, the involvement of the non-classical pyroptosis signal caspase-11/4 and its upstream regulatory mechanisms in asthma has not been completely explored. METHODS House dust mite (HDM)-induced mice was treated with Dectin-1 agonist Curdlan, Dectin-1 inhibitor Laminarin, and caspase-11 inhibitor wedelolactone separately. Subsequently, inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analyzed. Western blotting was performed to measure the protein expression of caspase-11 and gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cell pyroptosis and the expression of chemokine were detected in vitro. The correlation between Dectin-1 expression, pyroptosis factors and neutrophils in the induced sputum of asthma patients was analyzed. RESULTS Curdlan appeared to exacerbate neutrophil airway inflammation in asthmatic mice, whereas wedelolactone effectively alleviated airway inflammation aggravated by Curdlan. Moreover, Curdlan enhanced the release of caspase-11 activation fragments and N-terminal fragments of gasdermin D (GSDMD-N) stimulated by HDM both in vivo or in vitro. In mouse alveolar macrophages (MH-S cells), Curdlan/HDM stimulation resulted in vacuolar degeneration and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In addition, there was an upregulation of neutrophil chemokines CXCL1, CXCL3, CXCL5 and their receptor CXCR2, which was suppressed by wedelolactone. In asthma patients, a positive correlation was observed between the expression of Dectin-1 on macrophages and caspase-4 (the human homology of caspase-11), and the proportion of neutrophils in induced sputum. CONCLUSION Dectin-1 activation in asthma induced caspase-11/4 mediated macrophage pyroptosis, which subsequently stimulated the secretion of chemokines, leading to the exacerbation of airway neutrophil inflammation.
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Grants
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 2022JJ30924 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82270033 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
- 81873407 National Natural Science Foundation of China,China
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Affiliation(s)
- Runjin Cai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaozhao Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shuanglinzi Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jiale Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Ge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chendong Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
| | - Juntao Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Specialty, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Conte C, Cipponeri E, Roden M. Diabetes Mellitus, Energy Metabolism, and COVID-19. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:281-308. [PMID: 37934800 PMCID: PMC10911957 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes mellitus (mostly type 2), and COVID-19 show mutual interactions because they are not only risk factors for both acute and chronic COVID-19 manifestations, but also because COVID-19 alters energy metabolism. Such metabolic alterations can lead to dysglycemia and long-lasting effects. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential for a further rise of the diabetes pandemic. This review outlines how preexisting metabolic alterations spanning from excess visceral adipose tissue to hyperglycemia and overt diabetes may exacerbate COVID-19 severity. We also summarize the different effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the key organs and tissues orchestrating energy metabolism, including adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas. Last, we provide an integrative view of the metabolic derangements that occur during COVID-19. Altogether, this review allows for better understanding of the metabolic derangements occurring when a fire starts from a small flame, and thereby help reducing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Conte
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome 00166, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan 20099, Italy
| | - Elisa Cipponeri
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan 20099, Italy
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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Johnson RM, Ardanuy J, Hammond H, Logue J, Jackson L, Baracco L, McGrath M, Dillen C, Patel N, Smith G, Frieman M. Diet-induced obesity and diabetes enhance mortality and reduce vaccine efficacy for SARS-CoV-2. J Virol 2023; 97:e0133623. [PMID: 37846985 PMCID: PMC10688338 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01336-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a wide spectrum of diseases in the human population, from asymptomatic infections to death. It is important to study the host differences that may alter the pathogenesis of this virus. One clinical finding in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is that people with obesity or diabetes are at increased risk of severe illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We used a high-fat diet model in mice to study the effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes on SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as how these comorbidities alter the response to vaccination. We find that diabetic/obese mice have increased disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection and they have slower clearance of the virus. We find that the lungs of these mice have increased neutrophils and that removing these neutrophils protects diabetic/obese mice from disease. This demonstrates why these diseases have increased risk of severe disease and suggests specific interventions upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Johnson
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy Ardanuy
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly Hammond
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - James Logue
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lian Jackson
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Baracco
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marisa McGrath
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carly Dillen
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Frieman
- Center for Pathogen Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Johnson R, Ardunay J, Hammond H, Logue J, Jackson L, Baracco L, McGrath M, Dillen C, Patel N, Smith G, Frieman M. Diet Induced Obesity and Diabetes Enhance Mortality and Reduces Vaccine Efficacy for SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.10.15.512291. [PMID: 36299426 PMCID: PMC9603822 DOI: 10.1101/2022.10.15.512291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of October 2022, there have been over 625 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including over 6.5 million deaths. Epidemiological studies have indicated that comorbidities of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with increased morbidity and mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We determined how the comorbidities of obesity and diabetes affect morbidity and mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated and adjuvanted spike nanoparticle (NVX-CoV2373) vaccinated mice. We find that obese/diabetic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 have increased morbidity and mortality compared to age matched normal mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) then vaccinated with NVX-CoV2373 produce equivalent neutralizing antibody titers to those fed a normal diet (ND). However, the HFD mice have reduced viral clearance early in infection. Analysis of the inflammatory immune response in HFD mice demonstrates a recruitment of neutrophils that was correlated with increased mortality and reduced clearance of the virus. Depletion of neutrophils in diabetic/obese vaccinated mice reduced disease severity and protected mice from lethality. This model recapitulates the increased disease severity associated with obesity and diabetes in humans with COVID-19 and is an important comorbidity to study with increasing obesity and diabetes across the world.
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Qi Y, Wu Z, Chen D, Zhu L, Yang Y. A role of STING signaling in obesity-induced lung inflammation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:325-334. [PMID: 36782056 PMCID: PMC9924210 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01272-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is established that pulmonary disorders are comorbid with metabolic disorders such as obesity. Previous studies show that the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling plays crucial roles in obesity-induced chronic inflammation via TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) pathways. However, it remains unknown whether and how the STING signaling is implicated in the inflammatory processes in the lung in obesity. METHODS Human lung tissues were obtained from obese patients (n = 3) and controls (n = 3). Mice were fed with the high-fat diet or regular control diet to establish the diet-induced obese (DIO) and lean mice, and were treated with C-176 (a specific STING inhibitor) or vehicle respectively. The lung macrophages were exposed to palmitic acid (PA) in vitro. The levels of STING singaling and metabolic inflammation factors were detected and anlyzed. RESULTS We find that STING+/CD68+ macrophages are increased in lung tissues in patients with obesity. Our data also show that the expressions of STING and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines are increased both in lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in obesity compared to controls, and inhibition of the STING blunted the obesity-induced lung inflammation. Mechanistically, our data demonstrate that the STING signaling pathway is involved in the PA-induced inflammation through the STING-TBK1-IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3)/NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) pathways in the lung macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Our results collectively suggest that the STING signaling contributes to obesity-associated inflammation by stimulating proinflammatory processes in lung macrophages, one that may serve as a therapeutic target in ameliorating obesity-related lung dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China.
| | - Zhuhua Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yunlei Yang
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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Radford-Smith DE, Anthony DC. Mechanisms of Maternal Diet-Induced Obesity Affecting the Offspring Brain and Development of Affective Disorders. Metabolites 2023; 13:455. [PMID: 36984895 PMCID: PMC10053489 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and metabolic disease are common disorders that share a bidirectional relationship and continue to increase in prevalence. Maternal diet and maternal behaviour both profoundly influence the developmental trajectory of offspring during the perinatal period. At an epidemiological level, both maternal depression and obesity during pregnancy have been shown to increase the risk of neuropsychiatric disease in the subsequent generation. Considerable progress has been made to understand the mechanisms by which maternal obesity disrupts the developing offspring gut-brain axis, priming offspring for the development of affective disorders. This review outlines such mechanisms in detail, including altered maternal care, the maternal microbiome, inflammation, breast milk composition, and maternal and placental metabolites. Subsequently, offspring may be prone to developing gut-brain interaction disorders with concomitant changes to brain energy metabolism, neurotransmission, and behaviour, alongside gut dysbiosis. The gut microbiome may act as a key modifiable, and therefore treatable, feature of the relationship between maternal obesity and the offspring brain function. Further studies examining the relationship between maternal nutrition, the maternal microbiome and metabolites, and offspring neurodevelopment are warranted to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Radford-Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX37JX, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13TA, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX13QT, UK
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Calvert BA, Quiroz EJ, Lorenzana Z, Doan N, Kim S, Senger CN, Anders JJ, Wallace WD, Salomon MP, Henley J, Ryan AL. Neutrophilic inflammation promotes SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and augments the inflammatory responses in airway epithelial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1112870. [PMID: 37006263 PMCID: PMC10061003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1112870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In response to viral infection, neutrophils release inflammatory mediators as part of the innate immune response, contributing to pathogen clearance through virus internalization and killing. Pre- existing co-morbidities correlating to incidence to severe COVID-19 are associated with chronic airway neutrophilia. Furthermore, examination of COVID-19 explanted lung tissue revealed a series of epithelial pathologies associated with the infiltration and activation of neutrophils, indicating neutrophil activity in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods To determine the impact of neutrophil-epithelial interactions on the infectivity and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we developed a co-culture model of airway neutrophilia. This model was infected with live SARS-CoV-2 virus the epithelial response to infection was evaluated. Results SARS-CoV-2 infection of airway epithelium alone does not result in a notable pro-inflammatory response from the epithelium. The addition of neutrophils induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulates a significantly augmented proinflammatory response subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The resulting inflammatory responses are polarized with differential release from the apical and basolateral side of the epithelium. Additionally, the integrity of the \epithelial barrier is impaired with notable epithelial damage and infection of basal stem cells. Conclusions This study reveals a key role for neutrophil-epithelial interactions in determining inflammation and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Calvert
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Erik J. Quiroz
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zareeb Lorenzana
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ngan Doan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Seongjae Kim
- The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christiana N. Senger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Anders
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
| | - Wiliam D. Wallace
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew P. Salomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jill Henley
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amy L. Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, United States
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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10
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Menegati LM, de Oliveira EE, Oliveira BDC, Macedo GC, de Castro E Silva FM. Asthma, obesity, and microbiota: A complex immunological interaction. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:10-20. [PMID: 36646290 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and allergic asthma are inflammatory chronic diseases mediated by distinct immunological features, obesity presents a Th1/Th17 profile, asthma is commonly associated with Th2 response. However, when combined, they result in more severe asthma symptoms, greater frequency of exacerbation episodes, and lower therapy responsiveness. These features lead to decreased life quality, associated with higher morbidity/mortality rates. In addition, obesity prompts specific asthma phenotypes, which can be dependent on atopic status, age, and gender. In adults, obesity is associated with neutrophilic/Th17 profile, while in children, the outcome is diverse, in some cases children with obesity present aggravation of atopy, and Th2 inflammation, and in others an association with a Th1 profile, with reduced IgE levels and eosinophilia. These alterations occur due to a complex group of factors among which the microbiome has been recently explored. Particularly, evidence shows its important role in susceptibility or resistance to asthma development, via gut-lung-axis, and demonstrates its relevance to the immune pathogenesis of the syndrome. Few studies address the relevance of the lung microbiome in shaping the immune response, locally. However, specific bacteria, like Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenza, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, correlate with important features of the obese-asthmatic phenotype. Although maternal obesity is known to increase asthma risk in offspring, the impact on lung colonization is unknown. This review details the main key immune mechanisms involved in obesity-aggravated asthma, featuring the effect of maternal obesity in the establishment of gut and lung microbiota of the offspring, acting as potential childhood asthma inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Machado Menegati
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Erick Esteves de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil
| | | | - Gilson Costa Macedo
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora MG, Brazil
| | - Flávia Márcia de Castro E Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas - RJ, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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11
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Xu J, Xiao N, Zhou D, Xie L. Disease tolerance: a protective mechanism of lung infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1037850. [PMID: 37207185 PMCID: PMC10189053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1037850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance and tolerance are two important strategies employed by the host immune response to defend against pathogens. Multidrug-resistant bacteria affect the resistance mechanisms involved in pathogen clearance. Disease tolerance, defined as the ability to reduce the negative impact of infection on the host, might be a new research direction for the treatment of infections. The lungs are highly susceptible to infections and thus are important for understanding host tolerance and its precise mechanisms. This review focuses on the factors that induce lung disease tolerance, cell and molecular mechanisms involved in tissue damage control, and the relationship between disease tolerance and sepsis immunoparalysis. Understanding the exact mechanism of lung disease tolerance could allow better assessment of the immune status of patients and provide new ideas for the treatment of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Xu
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Zhou, ; Lixin Xie,
| | - Lixin Xie
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, 8th Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongsheng Zhou, ; Lixin Xie,
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12
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Activation of PPARγ Protects Obese Mice from Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Promoting Mitochondrial Biogenesis. PPAR Res 2022; 2022:7888937. [PMID: 36213491 PMCID: PMC9534695 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7888937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays a role in increased susceptibility to acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is associated with lung protection and is effective in ameliorating ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of PPARγ in the lung tissues of obese mice and explore whether the PPARγ-dependent pathway could mediate decreased ALI/ARDS by regulating ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis. Methods We determined PPARγ expression in the lung tissues of normal and obese mice. ALI models of alveolar epithelial cells and of obese mice were used and treated with either PPARγ activator rosiglitazone (RSG) or PPARγ inhibitor GW9662. Lung tissue and cell samples were collected to assess lung inflammation and apoptosis, and ER stress and mitochondrial biogenesis were detected. Results PPARγ expression was significantly decreased in the lung tissue of obese mice compared with that in normal mice. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that activation of PPARγ leads to reduced expression of the ER stress marker proteins 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and Caspase12. Conversely, expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) increased. Furthermore, activation of PPARγ is associated with decreased levels of lung inflammation and epithelial apoptosis and increased expression of adiponectin (APN) and mitofusin2 (MFN2). GW9662 bound to PPARγ and blocked its transcriptional activity and then diminished the protective effect of PPARγ on lung tissues. Conclusions PPARγ activation exerts anti-inflammation effects in alveolar epithelia by alleviating ER stress and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Therefore, lower levels of PPARγ in the lung tissues of obese mice may lead to an increased susceptibility to ALI.
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Boroumand P, Prescott DC, Mukherjee T, Bilan PJ, Wong M, Shen J, Tattoli I, Zhou Y, Li A, Sivasubramaniyam T, Shi N, Zhu LY, Liu Z, Robbins C, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE, Klip A. Bone marrow adipocytes drive the development of tissue invasive Ly6C high monocytes during obesity. eLife 2022; 11:65553. [PMID: 36125130 PMCID: PMC9512398 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During obesity and high fat-diet (HFD) feeding in mice, sustained low-grade inflammation includes not only increased pro-inflammatory macrophages in the expanding adipose tissue, but also bone marrow (BM) production of invasive Ly6Chigh monocytes. As BM adiposity also accrues with HFD, we explored the relationship between the gains in BM white adipocytes and invasive Ly6Chigh monocytes by in vivo and ex vivo paradigms. We find a temporal and causal link between BM adipocyte whitening and the Ly6Chigh monocyte surge, preceding the adipose tissue macrophage rise during HFD in mice. Phenocopying this, ex vivo treatment of BM cells with conditioned media from BM adipocytes or bona fide white adipocytes favoured Ly6Chigh monocyte preponderance. Notably, Ly6Chigh skewing was preceded by monocyte metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis, reduced oxidative potential and increased mitochondrial fission. In sum, short-term HFD changes BM cellularity, resulting in local adipocyte whitening driving a gradual increase and activation of invasive Ly6Chigh monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Prescott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Wong
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jeff Shen
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivan Tattoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathopysiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yuhuan Zhou
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Angela Li
- Research Institute, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Nan Shi
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lucie Y Zhu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhi Liu
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Clinton Robbins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathophysiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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14
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Protective role of zinc in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 77:427-435. [PMID: 35982216 PMCID: PMC9387421 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. An imbalance of zinc, an essential trace element, is associated with a variety of lung diseases. We reviewed and summarized recent research (human subjects, animal studies, in vitro studies) on zinc in respiratory diseases to explore the protective mechanism of zinc from the perspective of regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and apoptosis. In the lungs, zinc has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral effects; can inhibit cancer cell migration; can regulate lipid metabolism and immune cells; and exerts other protective effects. Our comprehensive evaluation highlights the clinical and experimental effects of zinc in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Our analysis also provides insight into the clinical application of zinc-targeted therapy for respiratory diseases.
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15
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Calvert BA, Quiroz EJ, Lorenzana Z, Doan N, Kim S, Senger CN, Wallace WD, Salomon MP, Henley J, Ryan AL. Neutrophilic inflammation promotes SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and augments the inflammatory responses in airway epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2021.08.09.455472. [PMID: 34401877 PMCID: PMC8366793 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.09.455472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In response to viral infection, neutrophils release inflammatory mediators as part of the innate immune response, contributing to pathogen clearance through virus internalization and killing. Pre-existing co- morbidities correlating to incidence of severe COVID-19 are associated with chronic airway neutrophilia. Furthermore, examination of COVID-19 explanted lung tissue revealed a series of epithelial pathologies associated with the infiltration and activation of neutrophils, indicating neutrophil activity in response to SARS- CoV-2 infection. To determine the impact of neutrophil-epithelial interactions on the infectivity and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we developed a co-culture model of airway neutrophilia. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the airway epithelium alone does not result in a notable pro-inflammatory response from the epithelium. The addition of neutrophils induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines and stimulates a significantly augmented pro-inflammatory response subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The resulting inflammatory response is polarized with differential release from the apical and basolateral side of the epithelium. Additionally, the integrity of the epithelial barrier is impaired with notable epithelial damage and infection of basal stem cells. This study reveals a key role for neutrophil-epithelial interactions in determining inflammation and infectivity in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- BA Calvert
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - EJ Quiroz
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Z Lorenzana
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N Doan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Kim
- The Salk Institute of Biological Studies, 10010 North Torey Pines Road, La Jolla, Ca, USA
| | - CN Senger
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - WD Wallace
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - MP Salomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J Henley
- Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - AL Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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16
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Hernández-Bustamante I, Santander-Plantamura Y, Mata-Espinosa D, Reyes-Chaparro A, Bini EI, Torre-Villalvazo I, Tovar AR, Barrios-Payan J, Marquina-Castillo B, Hernández-Pando R, Carranza A. Structural homology between 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Inh-A enzyme: Dehydroepiandrosterone as a potential co-adjuvant treatment in diabetes-tuberculosis comorbidity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1055430. [PMID: 36699022 PMCID: PMC9870073 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1055430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is considered the precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Tuberculosis is a leading infection that constitutes a global threat remaining a major cause of morbi-mortality in developing countries. People with type 2 diabetes mellitus are more likely to suffer from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. For both type 2 diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis, there is pulmonary production of anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids mediated by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). The adrenal hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) counteracts the glucocorticoid effects of cytokine production due to the inhibition of 11β-HSD1. Late advanced tuberculosis has been associated with the suppression of the Th1 response, evidenced by a high ratio of cortisol/DHEA. In a murine model of metabolic syndrome, we determined whether DHEA treatment modifies the pro-inflammatory cytokines due to the inhibition of the 11β-HSD1 expression. Since macrophages express 11β-HSD1, our second goal was incubating them with DHEA and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to show that the microbicide effect was increased by DHEA. Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) is an essential enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in the mycolic acid synthesis. Because 11β-HSD1 and InhA are members of a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of enzymes, we hypothesize that DHEA could be an antagonist of InhA. Our results demonstrate that DHEA has a direct microbicide effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis; this effect was supported by in silico docking analysis and the molecular dynamic simulation studies between DHEA and InhA. Thus, DHEA increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung, inactivates GC by 11β-HSD1, and inhibits mycobacterial InhA. The multiple functions of DHEA suggest that this hormone or its synthetic analogs could be an efficient co-adjuvant for tuberculosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Hernández-Bustamante
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yanina Santander-Plantamura
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Reyes-Chaparro
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Estela I. Bini
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iván Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Barrios-Payan
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Brenda Marquina-Castillo
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Carranza
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Andrea Carranza,
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Heil LBB, Cruz FF, Antunes MA, Braga CL, Agra LC, Bose Leão RM, Abreu SC, Pelosi P, Silva PL, Rocco PRM. Effects of propofol and its formulation components on macrophages and neutrophils in obese and lean animals. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00873. [PMID: 34632734 PMCID: PMC8503301 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized whether propofol or active propofol component (2,6-diisopropylphenol [DIPPH] and lipid excipient [LIP-EXC]) separately may alter inflammatory mediators expressed by macrophages and neutrophils in lean and obese rats. Male Wistar rats (n = 10) were randomly assigned to receive a standard (lean) or obesity-inducing diet (obese) for 12 weeks. Animals were euthanized, and alveolar macrophages and neutrophils from lean and obese animals were exposed to propofol (50 µM), active propofol component (50 µM, 2,6-DIPPH), and lipid excipient (soybean oil, purified egg phospholipid, and glycerol) for 1 h. The primary outcome was IL-6 expression after propofol and its components exposure by alveolar macrophages extracted from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The secondary outcomes were the production of mediators released by macrophages from adipose tissue, and neutrophils from lung and adipose tissues, and neutrophil migration. IL-6 increased after the exposure to both propofol (median [interquartile range] 4.14[1.95-5.20]; p = .04) and its active component (2,6-DIPPH) (4.09[1.67-5.91]; p = .04) in alveolar macrophages from obese animals. However, only 2,6-DIPPH increased IL-10 expression (7.59[6.28-12.95]; p = .001) in adipose tissue-derived macrophages. Additionally, 2,6-DIPPH increased C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 and 4 (CXCR2 and CXCR4, respectively) in lung (10.08[8.23-29.01]; p = .02; 1.55[1.49-3.43]; p = .02) and adipose tissues (8.78[4.15-11.57]; p = .03; 2.86[2.17-3.71]; p = .01), as well as improved lung-derived neutrophil migration (28.00[-3.42 to 45.07]; p = .001). In obesity, the active component of propofol affected both the M1 and M2 markers as well as neutrophils in both alveolar and adipose tissue cells, suggesting that lipid excipient may hinder the effects of active propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Boavista Barros Heil
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Mariana Alves Antunes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Cassia Lisboa Braga
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Lais Costa Agra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Rebecca Madureira Bose Leão
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Soraia Carvalho Abreu
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated DiagnosticsUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
- Anesthesia and Intensive CareSan Martino Policlinico Hospital – IRCCS for Oncology and NeurosciencesUniversity of GenoaGenoaItaly
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary InvestigationCarlos Chagas Filho Institute of BiophysicsFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
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18
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Kuperberg SJ, Navetta-Modrov B. The Role of Obesity in the Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 Respiratory Disease and Critical Illness. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:13-21. [PMID: 33797351 PMCID: PMC8320126 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2020-0236tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the clinical syndrome caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global health pandemic with substantial morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 has cast a shadow on nearly every aspect of society, straining health systems and economies across the world. Although it is widely accepted that a close relationship exists between obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders on infection, we are only beginning to understand ways in which the immunological sequelae of obesity functions as a predisposing factor related to poor clinical outcomes in COVID-19. As both the innate and adaptive immune systems are each primed by obesity, the alteration of key pathways results in both an immunosuppressed and hyperinflammatory state. The present review will discuss the cellular and molecular immunology of obesity in the context of its role as a risk factor for severe COVID-19, discuss the role of cytokine storm, and draw parallels to prior viral epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and 2009 H1N1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Kuperberg
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Brianne Navetta-Modrov
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital/Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
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19
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Hillers-Ziemer LE, Williams AE, Janquart A, Grogan C, Thompson V, Sanchez A, Arendt LM. Obesity-Activated Lung Stromal Cells Promote Myeloid Lineage Cell Accumulation and Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1005. [PMID: 33670906 PMCID: PMC7957630 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is correlated with increased incidence of breast cancer metastasis; however, the mechanisms underlying how obesity promotes metastasis are unclear. In a diet-induced obese mouse model, obesity enhanced lung metastasis in both the presence and absence of primary mammary tumors and increased recruitment of myeloid lineage cells into the lungs. In the absence of tumors, obese mice demonstrated increased numbers of myeloid lineage cells and elevated collagen fibers within the lung stroma, reminiscent of premetastatic niches formed by primary tumors. Lung stromal cells isolated from obese tumor-naïve mice showed increased proliferation, contractility, and expression of extracellular matrix, inflammatory markers and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1). Conditioned media from lung stromal cells from obese mice promoted myeloid lineage cell migration in vitro in response to colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) expression and enhanced invasion of tumor cells. Together, these results suggest that prior to tumor formation, obesity alters the lung microenvironment, creating niches conducive to metastatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Hillers-Ziemer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Abbey E. Williams
- Program in Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Amanda Janquart
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.); (C.G.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Caitlin Grogan
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.); (C.G.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Victoria Thompson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.); (C.G.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Adriana Sanchez
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.); (C.G.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
| | - Lisa M. Arendt
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Program in Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.J.); (C.G.); (V.T.); (A.S.)
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20
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Xing F, Zhao D, Wu SY, Tyagi A, Wu K, Sharma S, Liu Y, Deshpande R, Wang Y, Cleary J, Miller LD, Chittiboyina AG, Yalamanchili C, Mo YY, Watabe K. Epigenetic and Posttranscriptional Modulation of SOS1 Can Promote Breast Cancer Metastasis through Obesity-Activated c-Met Signaling in African-American Women. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3008-3021. [PMID: 33446575 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ethnicity is considered to be one of the major risk factors in certain subtypes of breast cancer. However, the mechanism of this racial disparity remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that SOS1, a key regulator of Ras pathway, is highly expressed in African-American (AA) patients with breast cancer compared with Caucasian-American patients. Because of the higher obesity rate in AA women, increased levels of SOS1 facilitated signal transduction of the c-Met pathway, which was highly activated in AA patients with breast cancer via hepatocyte growth factor secreted from adipocytes. Elevated expression of SOS1 also enhanced cancer stemness through upregulation of PTTG1 and promoted M2 polarization of macrophages by CCL2 in metastatic sites. SOS1 was epigenetically regulated by a super-enhancer identified by H3K27ac in AA patients. Knockout of the super-enhancer by CRISPR in AA cell lines significantly reduced SOS1 expression. Furthermore, SOS1 was posttranscriptionally regulated by miR-483 whose expression is reduced in AA patients through histone trimethylation (H3K27me3) on its promoter. The natural compound, taxifolin, suppressed signaling transduction of SOS1 by blocking the interaction between SOS1 and Grb2, suggesting a potential utility of this compound as a therapeutic agent for AA patients with breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings elucidate the signaling network of SOS1-mediated metastasis in African-American patients, from the epigenetic upregulation of SOS1 to the identification of taxifolin as a potential therapeutic strategy against SOS1-driven tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xing
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Abhishek Tyagi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kerui Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sambad Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Ravindra Deshpande
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Yuezhu Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jacob Cleary
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Lance D Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Amar G Chittiboyina
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Chinni Yalamanchili
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi
| | - Yin-Yuan Mo
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
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21
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High-fat diet-induced obesity affects alpha 7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor expressions in mouse lung myeloid cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18368. [PMID: 33110180 PMCID: PMC7592050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence indicates that obesity causes dysfunctions in the lung. Previous studies also show that cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways play crucial roles in obesity-induced chronic inflammation via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) signaling. However, it remains unclear whether and how obesity affects the expressions of α7nAChR in myeloid cells in the lung. To address this question, we treated regular chow diet-fed mice or high-fat diet induced obese mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle via endotracheal injections. By using a multicolor flow cytometry approach to analyze and characterize differential cell subpopulations and α7nAChR expressions, we find no detectable α7nAChR in granulocytes, monocytes and alveolar macrophages, and low expression levels of α7nAChR were detected in interstitial macrophages. Interestingly, we find that a challenge with LPS treatment significantly increased expression levels of α7nAChR in monocytes, alveolar and interstitial macrophages. Meanwhile, we observed that the expression levels of α7nAChR in alveolar and interstitial macrophages in high-fat diet induced obese mice were lower than regular chow diet-fed mice challenged by the LPS. Together, our findings indicate that obesity alters the expressions of α7nAChR in differential lung myeloid cells.
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22
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Maia LDA, Cruz FF, de Oliveira MV, Samary CS, Fernandes MVDS, Trivelin SDAA, Rocha NDN, Gama de Abreu M, Pelosi P, Silva PL, Rocco PRM. Effects of Obesity on Pulmonary Inflammation and Remodeling in Experimental Moderate Acute Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1215. [PMID: 31275296 PMCID: PMC6593291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Obese patients are at higher risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, their survival rates are also higher compared to those of similarly ill non-obese patients. We hypothesized that obesity would not only prevent lung inflammation, but also reduce remodeling in moderate endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Obesity was induced by early postnatal overfeeding in Wistar rats in which the litter size was reduced to 3 pups/litter (Obese, n = 18); Control animals (n = 18) were obtained from unculled litters. On postnatal day 150, Control, and Obese animals randomly received E. coli lipopolysaccharide (ALI) or saline (SAL) intratracheally. After 24 h, echocardiography, lung function and morphometry, and biological markers in lung tissue were evaluated. Additionally, mediator expression in neutrophils and macrophages obtained from blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed. Compared to Control-SAL animals, Control-ALI rats showed no changes in echocardiographic parameters, increased lung elastance and resistance, higher monocyte phagocytic capacity, collagen fiber content, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and levels of interleukin (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, and type III (PCIII), and I (PCI) procollagen in lung tissue, as well as increased expressions of TNF-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in blood and BALF neutrophils. Monocyte (blood) and macrophage (adipose tissue) phagocytic capacities were lower in Obese-ALI compared to Control-ALI animals, and Obese animals exhibited reduced neutrophil migration compared to Control. Obese-ALI animals, compared to Obese-SAL, exhibited increased interventricular septum thickness (p = 0.003) and posterior wall thickness (p = 0.003) and decreased pulmonary acceleration time to pulmonary ejection time ratio (p = 0.005); no changes in lung mechanics, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, PCIII, and PCI in lung tissue; increased IL-10 levels in lung homogenate (p = 0.007); reduced MCP-1 expression in blood neutrophils (p = 0.009); decreased TNF-α expression in blood (p = 0.02) and BALF (p = 0.008) neutrophils; and increased IL-10 expression in monocytes (p = 0.004). In conclusion, after endotoxin challenge, obese rats showed less deterioration of lung function, secondary to anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects, as well as changes in neutrophil and monocyte/macrophage phenotype in blood and BALF compared to Control rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia de A Maia
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena V de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia S Samary
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius de S Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stefano de A A Trivelin
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nazareth de N Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gama de Abreu
- Pulmonary Engineering Group, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, University Hospital Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pedro L Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Impact of Obesity on Influenza A Virus Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Evolution. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1071. [PMID: 31134099 PMCID: PMC6523028 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of obesity has come an increasing awareness of its impact on communicable disease. As a consequence of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus pandemic, obesity was identified for the first time as a risk factor for increased disease severity and mortality in infected individuals. Over-nutrition that results in obesity causes a chronic state of meta-inflammation with systemic implications for immunity. Obese hosts exhibit delayed and blunted antiviral responses to influenza virus infection, and they experience poor recovery from the disease. Furthermore, the efficacy of antivirals and vaccines is reduced in this population and obesity may also play a role in altering the viral life cycle, thus complementing the already weakened immune response and leading to severe pathogenesis. Case studies and basic research in human cohorts and animal models have highlighted the prolonged viral shed in the obese host, as well as a microenvironment that permits the emergence of virulent minor variants. This review focuses on influenza A virus pathogenesis in the obese host, and on the impact of obesity on the antiviral response, viral shed, and viral evolution. We comprehensively analyze the recent literature on how and why viral pathogenesis is altered in the obese host along with the impact of the altered host and pathogenic state on viral evolutionary dynamics in multiple models. Finally, we summarized the effectiveness of current vaccines and antivirals in this populations and the questions that remain to be answered. If current trends continue, nearly 50% of the worldwide population is projected to be obese by 2050. This population will have a growing impact on both non-communicable and communicable diseases and may affect global evolutionary trends of influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States.,Integrated Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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24
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Honce R, Schultz-Cherry S. Influenza in obese travellers: increased risk and complications, decreased vaccine effectiveness. J Travel Med 2019; 26:taz020. [PMID: 30924873 PMCID: PMC6509472 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and was empirically shown to increase the risk of developing severe influenza virus infection. As international travel becomes more common and obesity is now prevalent even in low- and middle-income countries, travellers may have an increased risk of contracting influenza virus especially during peak influenza season. METHODS An analysis of the literature, centred on publications from 2014-19, was performed, with an emphasis on human epidemiological data, human studies ex vivo and studies in mouse models of obesity. Our search efforts focused on influenza disease severity, pathogenesis, evolutionary dynamics and measures of infection control in the obese and overweight host. RESULTS Obesity is associated with an increased risk of infection, as well as a greater chance for hospitalization and severe complications. Studies in mouse models of obesity have uncovered that obese hosts suffer increased viral spread, delayed viral clearance and heightened damage to the respiratory epithelium. Innate and adaptive immune responses are delayed, thus increasing morbidity and mortality. Further, infection control measures, including vaccination and antivirals, prove less effective in obese hosts. Finally, the obese microenvironment allows for increased duration and amount of viral shedding and potentially increases the chance for emergence of virulent minor variants in the viral population. Together, obese hosts are at high risk of influenza infection, as well as severe sequelae following infection. CONCLUSION Obese travellers should be aware of influenza activity in the regions visited, as well as take protective measures prior to travel. Vaccination is highly recommended for all travellers, but especially highly susceptible obese travellers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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25
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Participation of NADPH Oxidase-Related Reactive Oxygen Species in Leptin-Promoted Pulmonary Inflammation: Regulation of cPLA2α and COX-2 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051078. [PMID: 30832310 PMCID: PMC6429300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic problem and correlates to varieties of acute or chronic lung diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. An increase of leptin, a kind of adipokine, in lean mice plasma has been found to impair immune responses and facilitate the infection of Klebsiella pneumoniae, resulting in increased pneumonia severity. Also, a higher leptin level is found in exhaled breath condensates of obese or asthmatic subjects, compared to healthy ones, suggesting that leptin is involved in the occurrence or exacerbation of lung injury. In previous studies, we showed that leptin stimulated cytosolic phospholipase A2-α (cPLA2α) gene expression in lung alveolar type II cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-activated coactivator p300. Herein, we show that the in vivo application of leptin in the respiratory system upregulated the expression of inflammatory proteins cPLA2α and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) together with leukocyte infiltration. Treatment with an ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine, NAC), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), or an activating protein (AP)-1 inhibitor (tanshinone IIA) attenuated leptin-mediated cPLA2α/COX-2 expression and leukocyte recruitment in the lung. Leptin increased intracellular oxidative stress in a leptin receptor (OB-R) and NADPH oxidase-dependent manner, leading to the phosphorylation of the AP-1 subunit c-Jun. In summation, leptin increased lung cPLA2α/COX-2 expression and leukocyte recruitment via the NADPH oxidase/ROS/AP-1 pathway. Understanding the inflammatory effects of leptin on the pulmonary system provides opportunities to develop strategies against lung injury related to metabolic syndrome or obesity.
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26
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Xu P, Werner JU, Milerski S, Hamp CM, Kuzenko T, Jähnert M, Gottmann P, de Roy L, Warnecke D, Abaei A, Palmer A, Huber-Lang M, Dürselen L, Rasche V, Schürmann A, Wabitsch M, Knippschild U. Diet-Induced Obesity Affects Muscle Regeneration After Murine Blunt Muscle Trauma-A Broad Spectrum Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:674. [PMID: 29922174 PMCID: PMC5996306 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to skeletal muscle affects millions of people worldwide. The underlying regenerative process however, is a very complex mechanism, time-wise highly coordinated, and subdivided in an initial inflammatory, a regenerative and a remodeling phase. Muscle regeneration can be impaired by several factors, among them diet-induced obesity (DIO). In order to evaluate if obesity negatively affects healing processes after trauma, we utilized a blunt injury approach to damage the extensor iliotibialis anticus muscle on the left hind limb of obese and normal weight C57BL/6J without showing any significant differences in force input between normal weight and obese mice. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the injury and regeneration process revealed edema formation and hemorrhage exudate in muscle tissue of normal weight and obese mice. In addition, morphological analysis of physiological changes revealed tissue necrosis, immune cell infiltration, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and fibrosis formation in the damaged muscle tissue. Regeneration was delayed in muscles of obese mice, with a higher incidence of fibrosis formation due to hampered expression levels of genes involved in ECM organization. Furthermore, a detailed molecular fingerprint in different stages of muscle regeneration underlined a delay or even lack of a regenerative response to injury in obese mice. A time-lapse heatmap determined 81 differentially expressed genes (DEG) with at least three hits in our model at all-time points, suggesting key candidates with a high impact on muscle regeneration. Pathway analysis of the DEG revealed five pathways with a high confidence level: myeloid leukocyte migration, regulation of tumor necrosis factor production, CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell differentiation, ECM organization, and toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Moreover, changes in complement-, Wnt-, and satellite cell-related genes were found to be impaired in obese animals after trauma. Furthermore, histological satellite cell evaluation showed lower satellite cell numbers in the obese model upon injury. Ankrd1, C3ar1, Ccl8, Mpeg1, and Myog expression levels were also verified by qPCR. In summary, increased fibrosis formation, the reduction of Pax7+ satellite cells as well as specific changes in gene expression and signaling pathways could explain the delay of tissue regeneration in obese mice post trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jens-Uwe Werner
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Milerski
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carmen M Hamp
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kuzenko
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Jähnert
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pascal Gottmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Luisa de Roy
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniela Warnecke
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alireza Abaei
- Core facility "Small Animal Imaging", Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Palmer
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopaedic Research and Biomechanics, Center for Trauma Research, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Volker Rasche
- Core facility "Small Animal Imaging", Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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27
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Chan KL, Tam TH, Boroumand P, Prescott D, Costford SR, Escalante NK, Fine N, Tu Y, Robertson SJ, Prabaharan D, Liu Z, Bilan PJ, Salter MW, Glogauer M, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ, Klip A. Circulating NOD1 Activators and Hematopoietic NOD1 Contribute to Metabolic Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2415-2426. [PMID: 28273456 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a chronic inflammatory condition accompanying obesity or high fat diets that leads to type 2 diabetes. It is hypothesized that lipids and gut bacterial compounds in particular contribute to metabolic inflammation by activating the immune system; however, the receptors detecting these "instigators" of inflammation remain largely undefined. Here, we show that circulating activators of NOD1, a receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan, increase with high fat feeding in mice, suggesting that NOD1 could be a critical sensor leading to metabolic inflammation. Hematopoietic depletion of NOD1 did not prevent weight gain but protected chimeric mice against diet-induced glucose and insulin intolerance. Mechanistically, while macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue persisted, notably these cells were less pro-inflammatory, had lower CXCL1 production, and consequently, lower neutrophil chemoattraction into the tissue. These findings reveal macrophage NOD1 as a cell-specific target to combat diet-induced inflammation past the step of macrophage infiltration, leading to insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny L Chan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Theresa H Tam
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Parastoo Boroumand
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David Prescott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sheila R Costford
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Nichole K Escalante
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Noah Fine
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - YuShan Tu
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Susan J Robertson
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dilshaayee Prabaharan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Zhi Liu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Philip J Bilan
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael W Salter
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Neurosciences and Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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Silva FMC, Oliveira EE, Gouveia ACC, Brugiolo ASS, Alves CC, Correa JOA, Gameiro J, Mattes J, Teixeira HC, Ferreira AP. Obesity promotes prolonged ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation modulating T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 immune responses in BALB/c mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 189:47-59. [PMID: 28263381 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies indicate that obesity affects the development and phenotype of asthma by inducing inflammatory mechanisms in addition to eosinophilic inflammation. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of obesity on allergic airway inflammation and T helper type 2 (Th2) immune responses using an experimental model of asthma in BALB/c mice. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and analyses were performed at 24 and 48 h after the last OVA challenge. Obesity induced an increase of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-expressing macrophages and neutrophils which peaked at 48 h after the last OVA challenge, and was associated with higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9, IL-17A, leptin and interferon (IFN)-γ in the lungs. Higher goblet cell hyperplasia was associated with elevated mast cell influx into the lungs and trachea in the obese allergic mice. In contrast, early eosinophil influx and lower levels of IL-25, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), CCL11 and OVA-specific immunoglobulin (IgE) were observed in the obese allergic mice in comparison to non-obese allergic mice. Moreover, obese mice showed higher numbers of mast cells regardless of OVA challenge. These results indicate that obesity affects allergic airway inflammation through mechanisms involving mast cell influx and the release of TSLP and IL-25, which favoured a delayed immune response with an exacerbated Th1, Th2 and Th17 profile. In this scenario, an intense mixed inflammatory granulocyte influx, classically activated macrophage accumulation and intense mucus production may contribute to a refractory therapeutic response and exacerbate asthma severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M C Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - E E Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A C C Gouveia
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A S S Brugiolo
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - C C Alves
- Federal University of Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Medicial School do Mucuri, FAMMUC, São Paulo, MG, Brazil
| | - J O A Correa
- Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - J Gameiro
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - J Mattes
- Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases and Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - H C Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - A P Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Abstract
The respiratory immune response consists of multiple tiers of cellular responses that are engaged in a sequential manner in order to control infections. The stepwise engagement of effector functions with progressively increasing host fitness costs limits tissue damage. In addition, specific mechanisms are in place to promote disease tolerance in response to respiratory infections. Environmental factors, obesity and the ageing process can alter the efficiency and regulation of this tiered response, increasing pathology and mortality as a result. In this Review, we describe the cell types that coordinate pathogen clearance and tissue repair through the serial secretion of cytokines, and discuss how the environment and comorbidity influence this response.
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