1
|
Oliva B, Velasco J, Leila Berto G, Polikarpov I, Cristante de Oliveira L, Segato F. Recombinant cellobiose dehydrogenase from Thermothelomyces thermophilus: Its functional characterization and applicability in cellobionic acid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130763. [PMID: 38692377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The fungus Thermothelomyces thermophilus is a thermotolerant microorganism that has been explored as a reservoir for enzymes (hydrolytic enzymes and oxidoreductases). The functional analysis of a recombinant cellobiose dehydrogenase (MtCDHB) from T. thermophilus demonstrated a thermophilic behavior, an optimal pH in alkaline conditions for inter-domain electron transfer, and catalytic activity on cellooligosaccharides with different degree of polymerization. Its applicability was evaluated to the sustainable production of cellobionic acid (CBA), a potential pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredient rarely commercialized. Dissolving pulp was used as a disaccharide source for MtCDHB. Initially, recombinant exoglucanases (MtCBHI and MtCBHII) from T. thermophilus hydrolyzed the dissolving pulp, resulting in 87% cellobiose yield, which was subsequently converted into CBA by MtCDHB, achieving a 66% CBA yield after 24 h. These findings highlight the potential of MtCDHB as a novel approach to obtaining CBA through the bioconversion of a plant-based source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Oliva
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Josman Velasco
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil; Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Leila Berto
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro Cristante de Oliveira
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE) São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" - Unesp - São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Segato
- Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu Z, Li P, Chen X, Feng Y, Ma Y, Ni Z, Zhu D, Chen H. Surface display system of Bacillus subtilis: A promising approach for improving the stability and applications of cellobiose dehydrogenase. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 218:106448. [PMID: 38373510 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) plays a crucial role in lignocellulose degradation and bioelectrochemical industries, making it highly in demand. However, the production and purification of CDH through fungal heterologous expression methods is time-consuming, costly, and challenging. In this study, we successfully displayed Pycnoporus sanguineus CDH (psCDH) on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores for the first time. Enzymatic characterization revealed that spore surface display enhanced the tolerance of psCDH to high temperature (80 °C) and low pH levels (3.5) compared to free psCDH. Furthermore, we found that glycerol, lactic acid, and malic acid promoted the activity of immobilized spore-displayed psCDH; glycerol has a more significant stimulating effect, increasing the activity from 16.86 ± 1.27 U/mL to 46.26 ± 3.25 U/mL. After four reuse cycles, the psCDH immobilized with spores retained 48% of its initial activity, demonstrating a substantial recovery rate. In conclusion, the spore display system, relying on cotG, enables the expression and immobilization of CDH while enhancing its resistance to adverse conditions. This system demonstrates efficient enzyme recovery and reuse. This approach provides a novel method and strategy for the immobilization and stability enhancement of CDH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfen Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xihua Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yong Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yi Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhong Ni
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Huayou Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Giorgianni A, Zenone A, Sützl L, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Exploring class III cellobiose dehydrogenase: sequence analysis and optimized recombinant expression. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:146. [PMID: 38783303 PMCID: PMC11112829 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase with multiple functions in plant biomass degradation. Its primary function as an auxiliary enzyme of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) facilitates the efficient depolymerization of cellulose, hemicelluloses and other carbohydrate-based polymers. The synergistic action of CDH and LPMO that supports biomass-degrading hydrolases holds significant promise to harness renewable resources for the production of biofuels, chemicals, and modified materials in an environmentally sustainable manner. While previous phylogenetic analyses have identified four distinct classes of CDHs, only class I and II have been biochemically characterized so far. RESULTS Following a comprehensive database search aimed at identifying CDH sequences belonging to the so far uncharacterized class III for subsequent expression and biochemical characterization, we have curated an extensive compilation of putative CDH amino acid sequences. A sequence similarity network analysis was used to cluster them into the four distinct CDH classes. A total of 1237 sequences encoding putative class III CDHs were extracted from the network and used for phylogenetic analyses. The obtained phylogenetic tree was used to guide the selection of 11 cdhIII genes for recombinant expression in Komagataella phaffii. A small-scale expression screening procedure identified a promising cdhIII gene originating from the plant pathogen Fusarium solani (FsCDH), which was selected for expression optimization by signal peptide shuffling and subsequent production in a 5-L bioreactor. The purified FsCDH exhibits a UV-Vis spectrum and enzymatic activity similar to other characterized CDH classes. CONCLUSION The successful production and functional characterization of FsCDH proved that class III CDHs are catalytical active enzymes resembling the key properties of class I and class II CDHs. A detailed biochemical characterization based on the established expression and purification strategy can provide new insights into the evolutionary process shaping CDHs and leading to their differentiation into the four distinct classes. The findings have the potential to broaden our understanding of the biocatalytic application of CDH and LPMO for the oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giorgianni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Alice Zenone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhong Y, Guo Z, Li M, Jia X, Zeng B. Expression of cellobiose dehydrogenase gene in Aspergillus niger C112 and its effect on lignocellulose degrading enzymes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1330079. [PMID: 38562472 PMCID: PMC10982475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1330079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is one of the cellulase auxiliary proteins, which is widely used in the field of biomass degradation. However, how to efficiently and cheaply apply it in industrial production still needs further research. Aspergillus niger C112 is a significant producer of cellulase and has a relatively complete lignocellulose degradation system, but its CDH activity was only 3.92 U. To obtain a recombinant strain of A. niger C112 with high cellulases activity, the CDH from the readily available white-rot fungus Grifola frondose had been heterologously expressed in A. niger C112, under the control of the gpdA promoter. After cultivation in the medium with alkali-pretreated poplar fiber as substrate, the enzyme activity of recombinant CDH reached 36.63 U/L. Compared with the original A. niger C112, the recombinant A. niger transformed with Grifola frondosa CDH showed stronger lignocellulase activity, the activities of cellulases, β-1, 4-glucosidase and manganese peroxidase increased by 28.57, 35.07 and 121.69%, respectively. The result showed that the expression of the gcdh gene in A. niger C112 could improve the activity of some lignocellulose degrading enzymes. This work provides a theoretical basis for the further application of gcdh gene in improving biomass conversion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zepan Guo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Meiqun Li
- Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojiang Jia
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Baiquan Zeng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu D, Garrigues S, de Vries RP. Heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12660-8. [PMID: 37405433 PMCID: PMC10386965 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are able to produce a wide range of valuable proteins and enzymes for many industrial applications. Recent advances in fungal genomics and experimental technologies are rapidly changing the approaches for the development and use of filamentous fungi as hosts for the production of both homologous and heterologous proteins. In this review, we highlight the benefits and challenges of using filamentous fungi for the production of heterologous proteins. We review various techniques commonly employed to improve the heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi, such as strong and inducible promoters, codon optimization, more efficient signal peptides for secretion, carrier proteins, engineering of glycosylation sites, regulation of the unfolded protein response and endoplasmic reticulum associated protein degradation, optimization of the intracellular transport process, regulation of unconventional protein secretion, and construction of protease-deficient strains. KEY POINTS: • This review updates the knowledge on heterologous protein production in filamentous fungi. • Several fungal cell factories and potential candidates are discussed. • Insights into improving heterologous gene expression are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dujuan Liu
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica Y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang L, Laurent CVF, Schwaiger L, Wang L, Ma S, Ludwig R. Interdomain Linker of the Bioelecrocatalyst Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Governs the Electron Transfer. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8195-8205. [PMID: 37342832 PMCID: PMC10278072 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct bioelectrocatalysis applied in biosensors, biofuel cells, and bioelectrosynthesis is based on an efficient electron transfer between enzymes and electrodes in the absence of redox mediators. Some oxidoreductases are capable of direct electron transfer (DET), while others achieve the enzyme to electrode electron transfer (ET) by employing an electron-transferring domain. Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is the most-studied multidomain bioelectrocatalyst and features a catalytic flavodehydrogenase domain and a mobile, electron-transferring cytochrome domain connected by a flexible linker. The ET to the physiological redox partner lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase or, ex vivo, electrodes depends on the flexibility of the electron transferring domain and its connecting linker, but the regulatory mechanism is little understood. Studying the linker sequences of currently characterized CDH classes we observed that the inner, mobile linker sequence is flanked by two outer linker regions that are in close contact with the adjacent domain. A function-based definition of the linker region in CDH is proposed and has been verified by rationally designed variants of Neurospora crassa CDH. The effect of linker length and its domain attachment on electron transfer rates has been determined by biochemical and electrochemical methods, while distances between the domains of CDH variants were computed. This study elucidates the regulatory mechanism of the interdomain linker on electron transfer by determining the minimum linker length, observing the effects of elongated linkers, and testing the covalent stabilization of a linker part to the flavodehydrogenase domain. The evolutionary guided, rational design of the interdomain linker provides a strategy to optimize electron transfer rates in multidomain enzymes and maximize their bioelectrocatalytic performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Christophe V. F.
P. Laurent
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Lushan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72/N2, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Su Ma
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
- State
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72/N2, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, Vienna 1190, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun J, Prabhu A, Aroney STN, Rinke C. Insights into plastic biodegradation: community composition and functional capabilities of the superworm ( Zophobas morio) microbiome in styrofoam feeding trials. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 35678705 PMCID: PMC9455710 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastics are inexpensive and widely used organic polymers, but their high durability hinders biodegradation. Polystyrene, including extruded polystyrene (also known as styrofoam), is among the most commonly produced plastics worldwide and is recalcitrant to microbial degradation. In this study, we assessed changes in the gut microbiome of superworms (Zophobas morio) reared on bran, polystyrene or under starvation conditions over a 3 weeks period. Superworms on all diets were able to complete their life cycle to pupae and imago, although superworms reared on polystyrene had minimal weight gains, resulting in lower pupation rates compared to bran reared worms. The change in microbial gut communities from baseline differed considerably between diet groups, with polystyrene and starvation groups characterized by a loss of microbial diversity and the presence of opportunistic pathogens. Inferred microbial functions enriched in the polystyrene group included transposon movements, membrane restructuring and adaptations to oxidative stress. We detected several encoded enzymes with reported polystyrene and styrene degradation abilities, supporting previous reports of polystyrene-degrading bacteria in the superworm gut. By recovering metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) we linked phylogeny and functions and identified genera including Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus and Corynebacterium that possess genes associated with polystyrene degradation. In conclusion, our results provide the first metagenomic insights into the metabolic pathways used by the gut microbiome of superworms to degrade polystyrene. Our results also confirm that superworms can survive on polystyrene feed, but this diet has considerable negative impacts on host gut microbiome diversity and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Sun
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Apoorva Prabhu
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel T N Aroney
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Christian Rinke
- Australian Centre for Ecogenomics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Promoter regulation and genetic engineering strategies for enhanced cellulase expression in Trichoderma reesei. Microbiol Res 2022; 259:127011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
9
|
Marđetko N, Trontel A, Novak M, Pavlečić M, Ljubas BD, Grubišić M, Tominac VP, Ludwig R, Šantek B. Screening of Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Activities in Fungal Species and Sequential Solid-State and Submerged Cultivation for the Production of Enzyme Cocktails. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3736. [PMID: 34771293 PMCID: PMC8588072 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various fungal species can degrade lignocellulolytic materials with their enzyme cocktails composed of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes. In this work, seven fungal species (Mucor indicus DSM 2185, Paecilomyces variotii CBS 372.70, Myceliophthora thermophila CBS 663.74, Thielavia terrestris CBS 456.75, Botryosphaeria dothidea JCM 2738, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. langenariae JCM 9293, and Fusarium verticillioides JCM 23107) and four nutrient media were used in the screening for effective lignocellulose degrading enzymes. From the seven tested fungi, F. oxysporum and F. verticilliodes, along with nutrient medium 4, were selected as the best medium and producers of lignocellulolytic enzymes based on the determined xylanase (>4 U mg-1) and glucanase activity (≈2 U mg-1). Nutrient medium 4 supplemented with pretreated corn cobs was used in the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by sequential solid-state and submerged cultivation of F. oxysporum, F. verticilliodes, and a mixed culture of both strains. F. oxysporum showed 6 times higher exoglucanase activity (3.33 U mg-1) after 5 days of cultivation in comparison with F. verticillioides (0.55 U mg-1). F. oxysporum also showed 2 times more endoglucanase activity (0.33 U mg-1). The mixed culture cultivation showed similar endo- and exoglucanase activities compared to F. oxysporum (0.35 U mg-1; 7.84 U mg-1). Maximum xylanase activity was achieved after 7 days of cultivation of F. verticilliodes (≈16 U mg-1), while F. oxysporum showed maximum activity after 9 days that was around 2 times lower compared to that of F. verticilliodes. The mixed culture achieved maximum xylanase activity after only 4 days, but the specific activity was similar to activities observed for F. oxysporum. It can be concluded that both fungal strains can be used as producers of enzyme cocktails for the degradation of lignocellulose containing raw materials, and that corn cobs can be used as an inducer for enzyme production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Marđetko
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Antonija Trontel
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Mario Novak
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Mladen Pavlečić
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Blanka Didak Ljubas
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Marina Grubišić
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Vlatka Petravić Tominac
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU—University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Božidar Šantek
- Laboratory for Biochemical Engineering, Industrial Microbiology and Malting and Brewing Technology, Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (N.M.); (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.P.); (B.D.L.); (M.G.); (V.P.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Molecular cloning, characterisation and expression of a gene encoding cellobiose dehydrogenase from Termitomyces clypeatus. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
11
|
Waghmare PR, Waghmare PP, Gao L, Sun W, Qin Y, Liu G, Qu Y. Efficient Constitutive Expression of Cellulolytic Enzymes in Penicillium oxalicum for Improved Efficiency of Lignocellulose Degradation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:740-746. [PMID: 33746194 PMCID: PMC9705867 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2101.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient cellulolytic enzyme production is important for the development of lignocellulose-degrading enzyme mixtures. However, purification of cellulases from their native hosts is time- and labor-consuming. In this study, a constitutive expression system was developed in Penicillium oxalicum for the secreted production of proteins. Using a constitutive polyubiquitin gene promoter and cultivating with glucose as the sole carbon source, nine cellulolytic enzymes of different origins with relatively high purity were produced within 48 h. When supplemented to a commercial cellulase preparation, cellobiohydrolase I from P. funiculosum and cellobiohydrolase II from Talaromyces verruculosus showed remarkable enhancing effects on the hydrolysis of steam-exploded corn stover. Additionally, a synergistic effect was observed for these two cellobiohydrolases during the hydrolysis. Taken together, the constitutive expression system provides a convenient tool for the production of cellulolytic enzymes, which is expected to be useful in the development of highly efficient lignocellulose-degrading enzyme mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China,Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong 266101, P. R. China
| | - Wan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China,Corresponding author Phone: +86-532-58632406 Fax: +86-532-58631501 E-mail:
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pérez-Torres CA, Ibarra-Laclette E, Hernández-Domínguez EE, Rodríguez-Haas B, Pérez-Lira AJ, Villafán E, Alonso-Sánchez A, García-Ávila CDJ, Ramírez-Pool JA, Sánchez-Rangel D. Molecular evidence of the avocado defense response to Fusarium kuroshium infection: a deep transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11215. [PMID: 33954045 PMCID: PMC8052963 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium kuroshium is a novel member of the Ambrosia Fusarium Clade (AFC) that has been recognized as one of the symbionts of the invasive Kuroshio shot hole borer, an Asian ambrosia beetle. This complex is considered the causal agent of Fusarium dieback, a disease that has severely threatened natural forests, landscape trees, and avocado orchards in the last 8 years. Despite the interest in this species, the molecular responses of both the host and F. kuroshium during the infection process and disease establishment remain unknown. In this work, we established an in vitro pathosystem using Hass avocado stems inoculated with F. kuroshium to investigate differential gene expression at 1, 4, 7 and 14 days post-inoculation. RNA-seq technology allowed us to obtain data from both the plant and the fungus, and the sequences obtained from both organisms were analyzed independently. The pathosystem established was able to mimic Fusarium dieback symptoms, such as carbohydrate exudation, necrosis, and vascular tissue discoloration. The results provide interesting evidence regarding the genes that may play roles in the avocado defense response to Fusarium dieback disease. The avocado data set comprised a coding sequence collection of 51,379 UniGenes, from which 2,403 (4.67%) were identified as differentially expressed. The global expression analysis showed that F. kuroshium responsive UniGenes can be clustered into six groups according to their expression profiles. The biologically relevant functional categories that were identified included photosynthesis as well as responses to stress, hormones, abscisic acid, and water deprivation. Additionally, processes such as oxidation-reduction, organization and biogenesis of the cell wall and polysaccharide metabolism were detected. Moreover, we identified orthologues of nucleotide-binding leucine-rich receptors, and their possible action mode was analyzed. In F. kuroshium, we identified 57 differentially expressed genes. Interestingly, the alcohol metabolic process biological category had the highest number of upregulated genes, and the enzyme group in this category may play an important role in the mechanisms of secondary metabolite detoxification. Hydrolytic enzymes, such as endoglucanases and a pectate lyase, were also identified, as well as some proteases. In conclusion, our research was conducted mainly to explain how the vascular tissue of a recognized host of the ambrosia complex responds during F. kuroshium infection since Fusarium dieback is an ambrosia beetle-vectored disease and many variables facilitate its establishment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia-Anahí Pérez-Torres
- Catedrático CONACyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | | | | | - Alan-Josué Pérez-Lira
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Emanuel Villafán
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | | | - Clemente de Jesús García-Ávila
- Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Tecámac, Estado de México, México
| | - José-Abrahán Ramírez-Pool
- Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Tecámac, Estado de México, México.,Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioingeniería, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana Sánchez-Rangel
- Catedrático CONACyT en la Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Van Dyck K, Pinto RM, Pully D, Van Dijck P. Microbial Interkingdom Biofilms and the Quest for Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:412. [PMID: 33671126 PMCID: PMC7921918 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal and bacterial species interact with each other within polymicrobial biofilm communities in various niches of the human body. Interactions between these species can greatly affect human health and disease. Diseases caused by polymicrobial biofilms pose a major challenge in clinical settings because of their enhanced virulence and increased drug tolerance. Therefore, different approaches are being explored to treat fungal-bacterial biofilm infections. This review focuses on the main mechanisms involved in polymicrobial drug tolerance and the implications of the polymicrobial nature for the therapeutic treatment by highlighting clinically relevant fungal-bacterial interactions. Furthermore, innovative treatment strategies which specifically target polymicrobial biofilms are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Dyck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (K.V.D.); (R.M.P.); (D.P.)
- VIB—KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rita M. Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (K.V.D.); (R.M.P.); (D.P.)
- VIB—KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Durgasruthi Pully
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (K.V.D.); (R.M.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (K.V.D.); (R.M.P.); (D.P.)
- VIB—KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wei H, Wu M, Fan A, Su H. Recombinant protein production in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Chang H, Fitz E, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Heterologous expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellobiose dehydrogenase in Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:2. [PMID: 33407462 PMCID: PMC7789494 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellobiose dehydrogenase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcCDH) is a key enzyme in lignocellulose depolymerization, biosensors and biofuel cells. For these applications, it should retain important molecular and catalytic properties when recombinantly expressed. While homologous expression is time-consuming and the prokaryote Escherichia coli is not suitable for expression of the two-domain flavocytochrome, the yeast Pichia pastoris is hyperglycosylating the enzyme. Fungal expression hosts like Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei were successfully used to express CDH from the ascomycete Corynascus thermophilus. This study describes the expression of basidiomycetes PcCDH in T. reesei (PcCDHTr) and the detailed comparison of its molecular, catalytic and electrochemical properties in comparison with PcCDH expressed by P. chrysosporium and P. pastoris (PcCDHPp). Results PcCDHTr was recombinantly produced with a yield of 600 U L−1 after 4 days, which is fast compared to the secretion of the enzyme by P. chrysosporium. PcCDHTr and PcCDH were purified to homogeneity by two chromatographic steps. Both enzymes were comparatively characterized in terms of molecular and catalytic properties. The pH optima for electron acceptors are identical for PcCDHTr and PcCDH. The determined FAD cofactor occupancy of 70% for PcCDHTr is higher than for other recombinantly produced CDHs and its catalytic constants are in good accordance with those of PcCDH. Mass spectrometry showed high mannose-type N-glycans on PcCDH, but only single N-acetyl-d-glucosamine additions at the six potential N-glycosylation sites of PcCDHTr, which indicates the presence of an endo-N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase in the supernatant. Conclusions Heterologous production of PcCDHTr is faster and the yield higher than secretion by P. chrysosporium. It also does not need a cellulose-based medium that impedes efficient production and purification of CDH by binding to the polysaccharide. The obtained high uniformity of PcCDHTr glycoforms will be very useful to investigate electron transfer characteristics in biosensors and biofuel cells, which are depending on the spatial restrictions inflicted by high-mannose N-glycan trees. The determined catalytic and electrochemical properties of PcCDHTr are very similar to those of PcCDH and the FAD cofactor occupancy is good, which advocates T. reesei as expression host for engineered PcCDH for biosensors and biofuel cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hucheng Chang
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fitz
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gangwar R, Rasool S, Mishra S. Purified cellobiose dehydrogenase of Termitomyces sp. OE147 fuels cellulose degradation resulting in the release of reducing sugars. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 51:488-496. [PMID: 33063604 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1833343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Termitomyces sp. OE 147 is one of the active cellulose degraders in the ecosphere and produces large amount of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) and β-glucosidases when cultivated on cellulose. In order to investigate its effect on cellulose, a highly purified preparation of CDH was obtained from the culture supernatant of the fungus cultivated on cellulose. A combination of ultrafiltration, ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography was used to purify CDH by ∼172-fold to a high specific activity of ∼324 U/mg protein on lactose which was used for routine measurement of enzyme activity. The enzyme displayed a pH optimum of 5.0 and stability between pH 5.0 and 8.0 with maximum catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of 397 mM-1 s-1 on cellobiose. Incubation of microcrystalline cellulose with the purified CDH led to production of reducing sugars which was accelerated by the addition of FeCl3 during the early stages of incubation. A mass spectrometric analysis revealed fragmentation products of cellulose which were concluded to be cellodextrins, sugars, and corresponding aldonic acids suggesting that CDH can release reducing sugars in the absence of externally added lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Polymerized products of glucose were also detected at low intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Gangwar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.,School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Shafaq Rasool
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra, India
| | - Saroj Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Choi HS, Yang X, Liu G, Kim DS, Yang JH, Lee JH, Han SO, Lee J, Kim SW. Development of Co-hemin MOF/chitosan composite based biosensor for rapid detection of lactose. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
18
|
Barbosa FC, Silvello MA, Goldbeck R. Cellulase and oxidative enzymes: new approaches, challenges and perspectives on cellulose degradation for bioethanol production. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:875-884. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
19
|
Co-immobilization of cellobiose dehydrogenase and deoxyribonuclease I on chitosan nanoparticles against fungal/bacterial polymicrobial biofilms targeting both biofilm matrix and microorganisms. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110499. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Antibiofilm Activity of Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Enzyme (CDH) Isolated from Aspergillus niger on Biofilm of Clinical Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.90635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Conacher CG, García-Aparicio MP, Coetzee G, van Zyl WH, Gӧrgens JF. Scalable methanol-free production of recombinant glucuronoyl esterase in Pichia pastoris. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:596. [PMID: 31533815 PMCID: PMC6751620 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucuronoyl esterase (GE) is an emerging enzyme that improves fractionation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. However, the commercial availability of GE is limited, which hinders the research of GE-based bioprocesses for its industrial application in lignocellulose biorefineries. This study evaluated a workable, cost-effective, and commercially scalable production strategy to improve the ease of GE-based research. This strategy consisted of a constitutive and methanol-free enzyme production step coupled with a two-step filtration process. The aim was to determine if this strategy can yield copious amounts of GE, by secretion into the extracellular medium with an acceptable purity that could allow its direct application. This approach was further validated for cellobiose dehydrogenase, another emerging lignocellulose degrading enzyme which is scarcely available at high cost. RESULTS The secreted recombinant enzymes were functionally produced in excess of levels previously reported for constitutive production (1489-2780 mg L-1), and were secreted at moderate to high percentages of the total extracellular protein (51-94%). The constant glycerol feed, implemented during fed-batch fermentation, lead to a decline in growth rate and plateaued productivity. Tangential flow ultrafiltration was used to concentrate cell-free enzyme extracts 5-6-fold, reaching enzyme activity levels (1020-202 U L-1) that could allow their direct application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C G Conacher
- Departments of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - M P García-Aparicio
- Departments of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. .,Departments of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - G Coetzee
- Departments of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - W H van Zyl
- Departments of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - J F Gӧrgens
- Departments of Process Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Scheiblbrandner S, Ludwig R. Cellobiose dehydrogenase: Bioelectrochemical insights and applications. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 131:107345. [PMID: 31494387 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is a flavocytochrome with a history of bioelectrochemical research dating back to 1992. During the years, it has been shown to be capable of mediated electron transfer (MET) and direct electron transfer (DET) to a variety of electrodes. This versatility of CDH originates from the separation of the catalytic flavodehydrogenase domain and the electron transferring cytochrome domain. This uncoupling of the catalytic reaction from the electron transfer process allows the application of CDH on many different electrode materials and surfaces, where it shows robust DET. Recent X-ray diffraction and small angle scattering studies provided insights into the structure of CDH and its domain mobility, which can change between a closed-state and an open-state conformation. This structural information verifies the electron transfer mechanism of CDH that was initially established by bioelectrochemical methods. A combination of DET and MET experiments has been used to investigate the catalytic mechanism and the electron transfer process of CDH and to deduce a protein structure comprising of mobile domains. Even more, electrochemical methods have been used to study the redox potentials of the FAD and the haem b cofactors of CDH or the electron transfer rates. These electrochemical experiments, their results and the application of the characterised CDHs in biosensors, biofuel cells and biosupercapacitors are combined with biochemical and structural data to provide a thorough overview on CDH as versatile bioelectrocatalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ma S, Laurent CVFP, Meneghello M, Tuoriniemi J, Oostenbrink C, Gorton L, Bartlett PN, Ludwig R. Direct Electron-Transfer Anisotropy of a Site-Specifically Immobilized Cellobiose Dehydrogenase. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marta Meneghello
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Jani Tuoriniemi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | | | - Lo Gorton
- Department of Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Philip N. Bartlett
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ma S, Ludwig R. Direct Electron Transfer of Enzymes Facilitated by Cytochromes. ChemElectroChem 2019; 6:958-975. [PMID: 31008015 PMCID: PMC6472588 DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct electron transfer (DET) of enzymes has been utilized to develop biosensors and enzymatic biofuel cells on micro- and nanostructured electrodes. Whereas some enzymes exhibit direct electron transfer between their active-site cofactor and an electrode, other oxidoreductases depend on acquired cytochrome domains or cytochrome subunits as built-in redox mediators. The physiological function of these cytochromes is to transfer electrons between the active-site cofactor and a redox partner protein. The exchange of the natural electron acceptor/donor by an electrode has been demonstrated for several cytochrome carrying oxidoreductases. These multi-cofactor enzymes have been applied in third generation biosensors to detect glucose, lactate, and other analytes. This review investigates and classifies oxidoreductases with a cytochrome domain, enzyme complexes with a cytochrome subunit, and covers designed cytochrome fusion enzymes. The structurally and electrochemically best characterized proponents from each enzyme class carrying a cytochrome, that is, flavoenzymes, quinoenzymes, molybdenum-cofactor enzymes, iron-sulfur cluster enzymes, and multi-haem enzymes, are featured, and their biochemical, kinetic, and electrochemical properties are compared. The cytochromes molecular and functional properties as well as their contribution to the interdomain electron transfer (IET, between active-site and cytochrome) and DET (between cytochrome and electrode) with regard to the achieved current density is discussed. Protein design strategies for cytochrome-fused enzymes are reviewed and the limiting factors as well as strategies to overcome them are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Ma
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory Department of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory Department of Food Science and TechnologyBOKU – University of Natural Resources and Life SciencesMuthgasse 181190ViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Grippo V, Ma S, Ludwig R, Gorton L, Bilewicz R. Cellobiose dehydrogenase hosted in lipidic cubic phase to improve catalytic activity and stability. Bioelectrochemistry 2019; 125:134-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Fitz E, Wanka F, Seiboth B. The Promoter Toolbox for Recombinant Gene Expression in Trichoderma reesei. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:135. [PMID: 30364340 PMCID: PMC6193071 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The ascomycete Trichoderma reesei is one of the main fungal producers of cellulases and xylanases based on its high production capacity. Its enzymes are applied in food, feed, and textile industry or in lignocellulose hydrolysis in biofuel and biorefinery industry. Over the last years, the demand to expand the molecular toolbox for T. reesei to facilitate genetic engineering and improve the production of heterologous proteins grew. An important instrument to modify the expression of key genes are promoters to initiate and control their transcription. To date, the most commonly used promoter for T. reesei is the strong inducible promoter of the main cellobiohydrolase cel7a. Beside this one, there is a number of alternative inducible promoters derived from other cellulase- and xylanase encoding genes and a few constitutive promoters. With the advances in genomics and transcriptomics the identification of new constitutive and tunable promoters with different expression strength was simplified. In this review, we will discuss new developments in the field of promoters and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Synthetic expression systems constitute a new option to control gene expression and build up complex gene circuits. Therefore, we will address common structural features of promoters and describe options for promoter engineering and synthetic design of promoters. The availability of well-characterized gene expression control tools is essential for the analysis of gene function, detection of bottlenecks in gene networks and yield increase for biotechnology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fitz
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franziska Wanka
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB) GmbH, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|