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Pall ML. Central Causation of Autism/ASDs via Excessive [Ca 2+]i Impacting Six Mechanisms Controlling Synaptogenesis during the Perinatal Period: The Role of Electromagnetic Fields and Chemicals and the NO/ONOO(-) Cycle, as Well as Specific Mutations. Brain Sci 2024; 14:454. [PMID: 38790433 PMCID: PMC11119459 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The roles of perinatal development, intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i, and synaptogenesis disruption are not novel in the autism/ASD literature. The focus on six mechanisms controlling synaptogenesis, each regulated by [Ca2+]i, and each aberrant in ASDs is novel. The model presented here predicts that autism epidemic causation involves central roles of both electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and chemicals. EMFs act via voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) activation and [Ca2+]i elevation. A total of 15 autism-implicated chemical classes each act to produce [Ca2+]i elevation, 12 acting via NMDA receptor activation, and three acting via other mechanisms. The chronic nature of ASDs is explained via NO/ONOO(-) vicious cycle elevation and MeCP2 epigenetic dysfunction. Genetic causation often also involves [Ca2+]i elevation or other impacts on synaptogenesis. The literature examining each of these steps is systematically examined and found to be consistent with predictions. Approaches that may be sed for ASD prevention or treatment are discussed in connection with this special issue: The current situation and prospects for children with ASDs. Such approaches include EMF, chemical avoidance, and using nutrients and other agents to raise the levels of Nrf2. An enriched environment, vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3s in fish oil may also be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Pall
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Liu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Wang Z, Wang P, Zhang M, Shen M, Bao Y, Li D. Sulforaphane Inhibits Foam Cell Formation and Atherosclerosis via Mechanisms Involving the Modulation of Macrophage Cholesterol Transport and the Related Phenotype. Nutrients 2023; 15:2117. [PMID: 37432260 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate, is one of the major dietary phytochemicals found in cruciferous vegetables. Many studies suggest that SFN can protect against cancer and cardiometabolic diseases. Despite the proposed systemic and local vascular protective mechanisms, SFN's potential to inhibit atherogenesis by targeting macrophages remains unknown. In this study, in high fat diet fed ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, oral SFN treatment improved dyslipidemia and inhibited atherosclerotic plaque formation and the unstable phenotype, as demonstrated by reductions in the lesion areas in both the aortic sinus and whole aorta, percentages of necrotic cores, vascular macrophage infiltration and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In THP-1-derived macrophages, preadministration SFN alleviated oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury. Moreover, a functional study revealed that peritoneal macrophages isolated from SFN-treated mice exhibited attenuated cholesterol influx and enhanced apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated cholesterol efflux. Mechanistic analysis revealed that SFN supplementation induced both intralesional and intraperitoneal macrophage phenotypic switching toward high expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and ATP-binding cassette subfamily A/G member 1 (ABCA1/G1) and low expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), which was further validated by the aortic protein expression. These results suggest that the regulation of macrophages' cholesterol transport and accumulation may be mainly responsible for SFN's potential atheroprotective properties, and the regulatory mechanisms might involve upregulating ABCA1/G1 and downregulating CD36 via the modulation of PPARγ and Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ziling Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Mengfan Shen
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yongping Bao
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UQ, Norfolk, UK
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Nutrition Transformation, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Royo J, Camara A, Bertrand B, Batigne P, Coste A, Pipy B, Aubouy A. Kinetics of monocyte subpopulations during experimental cerebral malaria and its resolution in a model of late chloroquine treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:952993. [PMID: 36310859 PMCID: PMC9614070 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.952993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most severe forms of malaria and is a neuropathology that can lead to death. Monocytes have been shown to accumulate in the brain microvasculature at the onset of neurological symptoms during CM. Monocytes have a remarkable ability to adapt their function to their microenvironment from pro-inflammatory to resolving activities. This study aimed to describe the behavior of monocyte subpopulations during infection and its resolution. C57BL/6 mice were infected with the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and treated or not with chloroquine (CQ) on the first day of the onset of neurological symptoms (day 6) for 4 days and followed until day 12 to mimic neuroinflammation and its resolution during experimental CM. Ly6C monocyte subpopulations were identified by flow cytometry of cells from the spleen, peripheral blood, and brain and then quantified and characterized at different time points. In the brain, the Ly6Cint and Ly6Clow monocytes were associated with neuroinflammation, while Ly6Chi and Ly6Cint were mobilized from the peripheral blood to the brain for resolution. During neuroinflammation, CD36 and CD163 were both involved via splenic monocytes, whereas our results suggest that the low CD36 expression in the brain during the neuroinflammation phase was due to degradation. The resolution phase was characterized by increased expressions of CD36 and CD163 in blood Ly6Clow monocytes, a higher expression of CD36 in the microglia, and restored high expression levels of CD163 in Ly6Chi monocytes localized in the brain. Thus, our results suggest that increasing the expressions of CD36 and CD163 specifically in the brain during the neuroinflammatory phase contributes to its resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Royo
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Aissata Camara
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
- Pharmacy Department, Institut de Recherche et de Développement des Plantes Médicinales et Alimentaires de Guinée (IRDPMAG), Dubréka, Guinea
| | - Benedicte Bertrand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Batigne
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnes Coste
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Pipy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Agnes Aubouy
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR152) Pharmcochimie et biologie pour le développement (PHARMADEV), Université de Toulouse, French National Research Institue for Sustainable Development (IRD), UPS, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Agnes Aubouy,
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Balla J, Zarjou A. Heme Burden and Ensuing Mechanisms That Protect the Kidney: Insights from Bench and Bedside. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8174. [PMID: 34360940 PMCID: PMC8347331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With iron at its core, the tetrapyrrole heme ring is a cardinal prosthetic group made up of many proteins that participate in a wide array of cellular functions and metabolism. Once released, due to its pro-oxidant properties, free heme in sufficient amounts can result in injurious effects to the kidney and other organs. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has evolved to promptly attend to such injurious potential by facilitating degradation of heme into equimolar amounts of carbon monoxide, iron, and biliverdin. HO-1 induction is a beneficial response to tissue injury in diverse animal models of diseases, including those that affect the kidney. These protective attributes are mainly due to: (i) prompt degradation of heme leading to restraining potential hazardous effects of free heme, and (ii) generation of byproducts that along with induction of ferritin have proven beneficial in a number of pathological conditions. This review will focus on describing clinical aspects of some of the conditions with the unifying end-result of increased heme burden and will discuss the molecular mechanisms that ensue to protect the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Balla
- ELKH-UD Vascular Biology and Myocardial Pathophysiology Research Group, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Abolfazl Zarjou
- Nephrology Research and Training Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 618 Zeigler Research Building, 703 South 19th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Almeida MPO, Mota CM, Mineo TWP, Ferro EAV, Barbosa BF, Silva NM. Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction in Human BeWo Trophoblast Cells Decreases Toxoplasma gondii Proliferation in Association With the Upregulation of p38 MAPK Phosphorylation and IL-6 Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:659028. [PMID: 33912151 PMCID: PMC8071940 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.659028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzyme exerts beneficial effects at the maternal-fetal interface, especially in trophoblasts, being involved in survival and maturation of these cell phenotypes. Trophoblast cells play essential roles throughout pregnancy, being the gateway for pathogens vertically transmitted, such as Toxoplasma gondii. It was previously shown that HO-1 activity was involved in the control of T. gondii infection in vivo; however, its contribution in trophoblast cells during T. gondii infection, remain undefined. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the influence of HO-1 in T. gondii-infected BeWo and HTR-8/SVneo human trophoblast cells. For this purpose, trophoblast cells were infected and the HO-1 expression was evaluated. T. gondii-infected BeWo cells were treated with hemin or CoPPIX, as inducers of HO-1, or with bilirubin, an end-product of HO-1, and the parasitism was quantified. The involvement of p38 MAPK, a regulator of HO-1, and the cytokine production, were also evaluated. It was found that T. gondii decreased the HO-1 expression in BeWo but not in HTR-8/SVneo cells. When treated with the HO-1 inducers or bilirubin, BeWo cells reduced the parasite proliferation. T. gondii also decreased the p38 MAPK phosphorylation in BeWo cells; on the other hand, HO-1 induction sustained its activation. Finally, the IL-6 production was upregulated by HO-1 induction in T. gondii-infected cells, which was associated with the control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paulo Oliveira Almeida
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Caroline Martins Mota
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Tiago Wilson Patriarca Mineo
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology "Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo," Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Amália Vieira Ferro
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Bellisa Freitas Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology of Reproduction, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Neide Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
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Grajchen E, Wouters E, van de Haterd B, Haidar M, Hardonnière K, Dierckx T, Van Broeckhoven J, Erens C, Hendrix S, Kerdine-Römer S, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. CD36-mediated uptake of myelin debris by macrophages and microglia reduces neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:224. [PMID: 32718316 PMCID: PMC7384221 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The presence of foamy macrophages and microglia containing intracellular myelin remnants is a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite the importance of myelin internalization in affecting both central nervous system repair and neuroinflammation, the receptors involved in myelin clearance and their impact on the phagocyte phenotype and lesion progression remain to be clarified. Methods Flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry were used to define the mRNA and protein abundance of CD36 in myelin-containing phagocytes. The impact of CD36 and nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (NRF2) on the phagocytic and inflammatory features of macrophages and microglia was assessed using a pharmacological CD36 inhibitor (sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate) and Nrf2−/− bone marrow-derived macrophages. Finally, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model was used to establish the impact of CD36 inhibition on neuroinflammation and myelin phagocytosis in vivo. Results Here, we show that the fatty acid translocase CD36 is required for the uptake of myelin debris by macrophages and microglia, and that myelin internalization increased CD36 expression through NRF2. Pharmacological inhibition of CD36 promoted the inflammatory properties of myelin-containing macrophages and microglia in vitro, which was paralleled by a reduced activity of the anti-inflammatory lipid-sensing liver X receptors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. By using the EAE model, we provide evidence that CD36 is essential for myelin debris clearance in vivo. Importantly, CD36 inhibition markedly increased the neuroinflammatory burden and disease severity in the EAE model. Conclusion Altogether, we show for the first time that CD36 is crucial for clearing myelin debris and suppressing neuroinflammation in demyelinating disorders such as MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Grajchen
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elien Wouters
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Britt van de Haterd
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kévin Hardonnière
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR99, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Tess Dierckx
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jana Van Broeckhoven
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Celine Erens
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sven Hendrix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Saadia Kerdine-Römer
- Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, INSERM UMR99, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Li L, Fu J, Liu D, Sun J, Hou Y, Chen C, Shao J, Wang L, Wang X, Zhao R, Wang H, Andersen ME, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Pi J. Hepatocyte-specific Nrf2 deficiency mitigates high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis: Involvement of reduced PPARγ expression. Redox Biol 2020; 30:101412. [PMID: 31901728 PMCID: PMC6940621 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global disease with increasing prevalence. However, the mechanism of NAFLD development is not fully understood. To elucidate the cell-specific role of nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, we utilized hepatocyte- and macrophage-specific Nrf2-knockout [Nrf2(L)-KO and Nrf2(Mϕ)-KO] mice to examine the progress of NAFLD induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Compared to Nrf2-LoxP littermates, Nrf2(L)-KO mice showed less liver enlargement, milder inflammation and less hepatic steatosis after HFD feeding. In contrast, Nrf2(Mϕ)-KO mice displayed no significant difference in HFD-induced hepatic steatosis from Nrf2-LoxP control mice. Mechanistic investigations revealed that Nrf2 deficiency in hepatocytes dampens the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its downstream lipogenic genes in the liver and/or primary hepatocytes induced by HFD and palmitate exposure, respectively. While PPARγ agonists augmented PPARγ expression and its transcriptional activity in primary hepatocytes in a NRF2-dependent manner, forced overexpression of PPARγ1 or γ2 distinctively reversed the decreased expression of their downstream genes fatty acid binding protein 4, lipoprotein lipase and/or fatty acid synthase caused by Nrf2 deficiency. We conclude that NRF2-dependent expression of PPARγ in hepatocytes is a critical initiating process in the development of NAFLD, suggesting that inhibition of NRF2 specifically in hepatocytes may be a valuable approach to prevent the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Jing Sun
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Yongyong Hou
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Chengjie Chen
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Junbo Shao
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Linlin Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Group of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China
| | | | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Group of Chronic Disease and Environmental Genomics, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, PR China.
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Changes in monocyte subsets are associated with clinical outcomes in severe malarial anaemia and cerebral malaria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17545. [PMID: 31772386 PMCID: PMC6879635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are plastic heterogeneous immune cells involved in host-parasite interactions critical for malaria pathogenesis. Human monocytes have been subdivided into three populations based on surface expression of CD14 and CD16. We hypothesised that proportions and phenotypes of circulating monocyte subsets can be markers of severity or fatality in children with malaria. To address this question, we compared monocytes sampled in children with uncomplicated malaria, severe malarial anaemia, or cerebral malaria. Flow cytometry was used to distinguish and phenotype monocyte subsets through CD14, CD16, CD36 and TLR2 expression. Data were first analysed by univariate analysis to evaluate their link to severity and death. Second, multinomial logistic regression was used to measure the specific effect of monocyte proportions and phenotypes on severity and death, after adjustments for other variables unrelated to monocytes. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that decreased percentages of non-classical monocytes were associated with death, suggesting that this monocyte subset has a role in resolving malaria. Using univariate analysis, we also showed that the role of non-classical monocytes involves a mostly anti-inflammatory profile and the expression of CD16. Further studies are needed to decipher the functions of this sub-population during severe malaria episodes, and understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Circulating Monocytes, Tissue Macrophages, and Malaria. J Trop Med 2019; 2019:3720838. [PMID: 31662766 PMCID: PMC6791199 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3720838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a significant cause of global morbidity and mortality. The Plasmodium parasite has a complex life cycle with mosquito, liver, and blood stages. The blood stages can preferentially affect organs such as the brain and placenta. In each of these stages and organs, the parasite will encounter monocytes and tissue-specific macrophages—key cell types in the innate immune response. Interactions between the Plasmodium parasite and monocytes/macrophages lead to several changes at both cellular and molecular levels, such as cytokine release and receptor expression. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the relationship between malaria and blood intervillous monocytes and tissue-specific macrophages of the liver (Kupffer cells), central nervous system (microglia), and placenta (maternal intervillous monocytes and fetal Hofbauer cells). We describe their potential roles in modulating outcomes from infection and areas for future investigation.
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Borcherding DC, Siefert ME, Lin S, Brewington J, Sadek H, Clancy JP, Plafker SM, Ziady AG. Clinically-approved CFTR modulators rescue Nrf2 dysfunction in cystic fibrosis airway epithelia. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:3448-3463. [PMID: 31145101 DOI: 10.1172/jci96273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a multi-organ progressive genetic disease caused by loss of functional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channel. Previously, we identified a significant dysfunction in CF cells and model mice of the transcription factor nuclear-factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), a major regulator of redox balance and inflammatory signaling. Here we report that approved F508del CFTR correctors VX809/VX661 recover diminished Nrf2 function and colocalization with CFTR in CF human primary bronchial epithelia by proximity ligation assay, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence, concordant with CFTR correction. F508del CFTR correctors induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nrf2-dependent luciferase activity, and transcriptional activation of target genes. Rescue of Nrf2 function by VX809/VX661 was dependent on significant correction of F508del and was blocked by inhibition of corrected channel function, or high-level shRNA knockdown of CFTR or F508del-CFTR. Mechanistically, F508del-CFTR modulation restored Nrf2 phosphorylation and its interaction with the coactivator CBP. Our findings demonstrate that sufficient modulation of F508del CFTR function corrects Nrf2 dysfunction in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Borcherding
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew E Siefert
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Songbai Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Brewington
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Hesham Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John P Clancy
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Scott M Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Assem G Ziady
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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11
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Yang M, Silverstein RL. CD36 signaling in vascular redox stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 136:159-171. [PMID: 30825500 PMCID: PMC6488418 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Scavenger receptor CD36 is a multifunctional membrane protein that promotes thrombosis in conditions of oxidative stress such as metabolic disorders including dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and chronic inflammation. In these conditions, specific reactive oxidant species are generated that are context and cell dependent. In the vasculature, CD36 signaling in smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells promotes generation of reactive oxygen species, genetic downregulation of antioxidant genes, and impaired smooth muscle and endothelial function. In hematopoietic cells, CD36 signaling enhances platelet dysfunction thus decreasing the threshold for platelet activation and accelerating arterial thrombosis, whereas in macrophages, CD36 promotes lipid-laden foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. These clinically significant processes are mediated through complex redox regulated signaling mechanisms that include Src-family kinases, MAP kinases and other downstream effectors. We provide an overview of CD36 signaling in vascular redox stress highlighting the role in oxidant generation in vascular and hematopoietic cells, but with special emphasis on platelets and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moua Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Roy L Silverstein
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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12
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Li L, Fu J, Sun J, Liu D, Chen C, Wang H, Hou Y, Xu Y, Pi J. Is Nrf2-ARE a potential target in NAFLD mitigation? CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Ortega-Pajares A, Rogerson SJ. The Rough Guide to Monocytes in Malaria Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2888. [PMID: 30581439 PMCID: PMC6292935 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While half of the world's population is at risk of malaria, the most vulnerable are still children under five, pregnant women and returning travelers. Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites to the human host; but how Plasmodium interact with the innate immune system remains largely unexplored. The most recent advances prove that monocytes are a key component to control parasite burden and to protect host from disease. Monocytes' protective roles include phagocytosis, cytokine production and antigen presentation. However, monocytes can be involved in pathogenesis and drive inflammation and sequestration of infected red blood cells in organs such as the brain, placenta or lungs by secreting cytokines that upregulate expression of endothelial adhesion receptors. Plasmodium DNA, hemozoin or extracellular vesicles can impair the function of monocytes. With time, reinfections with Plasmodium change the relative proportion of monocyte subsets and their physical properties. These changes relate to clinical outcomes and might constitute informative biomarkers of immunity. More importantly, at the molecular level, transcriptional, metabolic or epigenetic changes can “prime” monocytes to alter their responses in future encounters with Plasmodium. This mechanism, known as trained immunity, challenges the traditional view of monocytes as a component of the immune system that lacks memory. Overall, this rough guide serves as an update reviewing the advances made during the past 5 years on understanding the role of monocytes in innate immunity to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya Ortega-Pajares
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Rogerson
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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14
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Park KS, Ahn SH, Lee KP, Park SY, Cheon JH, Choi JY, Kim K. The Natural Compound Dansameum Reduces foam Cell Formation by Downregulating CD36 and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma; Expression. Pharmacogn Mag 2018; 13:S868-S874. [PMID: 29491646 PMCID: PMC5822513 DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_112_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Atherosclerosis-induced vascular disorders are major causes of death in most western countries. During the development of atherosclerotic lesions, foam cell formation is essential and formed through the expression of CD36 and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Objective: To investigate whether dansameum extract (DSE) could show anti-atherosclerotic effect through down-regulating cellular redox state including CD36 and PARP-γ expression in oxidative low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-treated RAW264.7 cells and on differentiated foam cells in ApoE Knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. Materials and Methods: The Korean polyherbal medicine DSE was prepared from three plants in the following proportions: 40 g of Salvia miltiorrhiza root, 4 g of Amomumxanthioides fruit, and 4 g of Santalum album lignum. The immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used for analysis of protein and mRNA involved in foam cell formation. Results: We first showed that effects of DSE on foam cell formation in both oxLDL-induced RAW264.7 cells and in blood vessels from apolipoprotein E deficientApoE-/- mice with high fat diet-fed. DSE treatment significantly reduced the expression of CD36 and PPAR-γ in oxLDL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and ApoE-/-mice, in the latter case by regulating heme oxygenase-1. Furthermore, DSE treatment also reduced cellular lipid content in vitro and in vivo experiments. Conclusion: Our data suggest that DSE may have anti-atherosclerotic properties through regulating foam cell formation. SUMMARY Dansameum extract (DSE) Regulates the expression of CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in oxidative low-density lipoprotein-stimulated RAW264.7 Cells and ApoE Knockout (ApoE Knockout [ApoE-/-]) mice DSE Regulates Cholesterol Levels in the Serum of ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice DSE Reduced the Formation of Foam Cells by Regulating heme oxygenase-1 in ApoE-/- mice with high fat diet-fed.
Abbreviations used: DSE: Dansameum extract, PPAR-γ: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1, CVD: Cardiovascular diseases
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Seo Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Ahn
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Pa Lee
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hong Cheon
- Department of Korean Pediatrics, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kibong Kim
- Department of Korean Pediatrics, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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15
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Zheng F, Yang Y, Lu S, Yang Q, Li Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Liu F, Tian X, Wang X. CD36 Deficiency Suppresses Epileptic Seizures. Neuroscience 2017; 367:110-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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