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Ibrahim EA, Wamalwa M, Odindi J, Tonnang HEZ. Insights and challenges of insecticide resistance modelling in malaria vectors: a review. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:174. [PMID: 38570854 PMCID: PMC10993508 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the most devastating tropical diseases, resulting in loss of lives each year, especially in children under the age of 5 years. Malaria burden, related deaths and stall in the progress against malaria transmission is evident, particularly in countries that have moderate or high malaria transmission. Hence, mitigating malaria spread requires information on the distribution of vectors and the drivers of insecticide resistance (IR). However, owing to the impracticality in establishing the critical need for real-world information at every location, modelling provides an informed best guess for such information. Therefore, this review examines the various methodologies used to model spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal patterns of IR within populations of malaria vectors, incorporating pest-biology parameters, adopted ecological principles, and the associated modelling challenges. METHODS The review focused on the period ending March 2023 without imposing restrictions on the initial year of publication, and included articles sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. It was also limited to publications that deal with modelling of IR distribution across spatial and temporal dimensions and excluded articles solely focusing on insecticide susceptibility tests or articles not published in English. After rigorous selection, 33 articles met the review's elibility criteria and were subjected to full-text screening. RESULTS Results show the popularity of Bayesian geostatistical approaches, and logistic and static models, with limited adoption of dynamic modelling approaches for spatial and temporal IR modelling. Furthermore, our review identifies the availability of surveillance data and scarcity of comprehensive information on the potential drivers of IR as major impediments to developing holistic models of IR evolution. CONCLUSIONS The review notes that incorporating pest-biology parameters, and ecological principles into IR models, in tandem with fundamental ecological concepts, potentially offers crucial insights into the evolution of IR. The results extend our knowledge of IR models that provide potentially accurate results, which can be translated into policy recommendations to combat the challenge of IR in malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ali Ibrahim
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), PO box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Mark Wamalwa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), PO box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Odindi
- School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Henri Edouard Zefack Tonnang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (Icipe), PO box 30772, Nairobi, Kenya.
- School of Agricultural, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Alafo C, Montoya LF, Martí-Soler H, Máquina M, Malheia A, Sacoor C, Abílio AP, Marrenjo D, Cuamba N, Galatas B, Aide P, Saúte F, Paaijmans KP. An evaluation of LLIN physical integrity and population attitudes towards net use, care and handling during the Magude project in southern Mozambique. Malar J 2024; 23:87. [PMID: 38532416 PMCID: PMC10967156 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Magude Project assessed the feasibility of eliminating malaria in Magude district, a low transmission setting in southern Mozambique, using a package of interventions, including long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). As the efficacy of LLINs depends in part on their physical integrity, this metric was quantified for Olyset® Nets post mass-distribution, in addition to net use, care and handling practices and other risk factors associated with net physical integrity. METHODS Nets were collected during a cross-sectional net evaluation, nine months after the Magude project commenced, which was 2 years after the nets were distributed by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP). The physical integrity of the nets was assessed by counting and sizing the holes at different positions on each net. A structured questionnaire was administered to assess how the selected net was used and treated (care, wash and repair). Net bio-efficacy was assessed following the standard World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedures. RESULTS Out of the 170 Olyset® Nets included in the analysis, 63.5% had been used the night before. The main reason for not using a net was the notion that there were no mosquitoes present. The average number of people using each net was 1.79. Two thirds of the nets had only been washed once or twice since distribution. Most nets (80.9%) were holed and 18% were torn, but none of the risk factors were significantly associated with net integrity, except for presence of mice in the household. Less than half of the participants noticed holes in holed nets, and of those only 38.6% attempted to repair those. None of the six nets that were tested for bio-efficacy passed the WHO threshold of 80% mosquito mortality. CONCLUSION Overall the majority of Olyset® Nets were in serviceable condition two years post-distribution, but their insecticidal effect may have been lost. This study-together with previous evidence on suboptimal access to and use of LLINs in Magude district-highlights that LLINs as an intervention could have been optimized during the Magude project to achieve maximum intervention impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso Alafo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Lucia Fernandez Montoya
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mara Máquina
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Arlindo Malheia
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Charfudin Sacoor
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Ana Paula Abílio
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Dulcisaria Marrenjo
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Nelson Cuamba
- Programa Nacional de Controlo da Malária, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
- PMI VectorLink Project, Abt Associates Inc., Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Beatriz Galatas
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Global Malaria Program, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Aide
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Instituto Nacional da Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Francisco Saúte
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Fundação Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain.
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Simon A. Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Mendis BAN, Peiris V, Harshani WAK, Fernando HSD, de Silva BGDNK. Fine-scale monitoring of insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Sri Lanka and modeling the phenotypic resistance using rational approximation. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:18. [PMID: 38216956 PMCID: PMC10785423 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06100-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unplanned and intensified use of insecticides to control mosquito-borne diseases has led to an upsurge of resistance to commonly used insecticides. Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, is primarily controlled through the application of adulticides (pyrethroid insecticides) and larvicides (temephos). Fine spatial-scale analysis of resistance may reveal important resistance-related patterns, and the application of mathematical models to determine the phenotypic resistance status lessens the cost and usage of resources, thus resulting in an enhanced and successful control program. METHODS The phenotypic resistance for permethrin, deltamethrin, and malathion was monitored in the Ae. aegypti populations using the World Health Organization (WHO) adult bioassay method. Mosquitoes' resistance to permethrin and deltamethrin was evaluated for the commonly occurring base substitutions in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene. Rational functions were used to determine the relationship between the kdr alleles and the phenotypic resistant percentage of Ae. aegypti in Sri Lanka. RESULTS The results of the bioassays revealed highly resistant Ae. aegypti populations for the two pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin and deltamethrin) tested. All populations were susceptible to 5% malathion insecticide. The study also revealed high frequencies of C1534 and G1016 in all the populations studied. The highest haplotype frequency was detected for the haplotype CC/VV, followed by FC/VV and CC/VG. Of the seven models obtained, this study suggests the prediction models using rational approximation considering the C allele frequencies and the total of C, G, and P allele frequencies and phenotypic resistance as the best fits for the area concerned. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to our knowledge to provide a model to predict phenotypic resistance using rational functions considering kdr alleles. The flexible nature of the rational functions has revealed the most suitable association among them. Thus, a general evaluation of kdr alleles prior to insecticide applications would unveil the phenotypic resistance percentage of the wild mosquito population. A site-specific strategy is recommended for monitoring resistance with a mathematical approach and management of insecticide applications for the vector population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A N Mendis
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - V Peiris
- Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
- Center for Optimization and Decision Science, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - W A K Harshani
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - H S D Fernando
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - B G D N K de Silva
- Center for Biotechnology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.
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Jobe NB, Huijben S, Paaijmans KP. Non-target effects of chemical malaria vector control on other biological and mechanical infectious disease vectors. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e706-e717. [PMID: 37558351 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Public health insecticides play a crucial role in malaria control and elimination programmes. Many other arthropods, including mechanical and biological vectors of infectious diseases, have similar indoor feeding or resting behaviours, or both, as malaria mosquitoes, and could be exposed to the same insecticides. In this Personal View, we show that little is known about the insecticide susceptibility status and the extent of exposure to malaria interventions of other arthropod species. We highlight that there is an urgent need to better understand the selection pressure for insecticide resistance in those vectors, to ensure current and future active ingredients remain effective in targeting a broad range of arthropod species, allowing us to prevent and control future outbreaks of infectious diseases other than malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndey Bassin Jobe
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Silvie Huijben
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Simon A Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Krijn P Paaijmans
- The Center for Evolution & Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Simon A Levin Mathematical, Computational and Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; The Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique.
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