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Li F, Muhmood A, Akhter M, Gao X, Sun J, Du Z, Wei Y, Zhang T, Wei Y. Characterization, health benefits, and food applications of enzymatic digestion- resistant dextrin: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126970. [PMID: 37730002 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Resistant dextrin or resistant maltodextrin (RD), a short-chain glucose polymer that is highly resistant to hydrolysis by human digestive enzymes, has shown broad developmental prospects in the food industry and has gained substantial attention owing to its lack of undesirable effects on the sensory features of food or the digestive system. However, comprehensive fundamental and application information on RD and how RD improves anti-diabetes and obesity have not yet been received. Therefore, the characterization, health benefits and application of RD in various fields are summarized and discussed in the current study. Typically, RD is prepared by the acid thermal method and possesses excellent physicochemical properties, including low viscosity, high solubility, storage stability, and low retro-gradation, which are correlated with its low molecular weight (Mw) and non-digestible glycosidic linkages. In contrast, RD prepared by the simultaneous debranching and crystallization method has low solubility and high crystallinity. The ingestion of RD can positively affect metabolic diseases (diabetes and obesity) in animals and humans by producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and facilitating the inflammatory response. Moreover, RD has been widely used in the beverage, dairy products, and dessert industries due to its nutritional value and textural properties without unacceptable quality loss. More studies are required to further explore RD application potential in the food industry and its role in the management of different chronic metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Shandong Luhua Group Co., Ltd., Laiyang 265200, China
| | - Atif Muhmood
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Denmark.
| | - Muhammad Akhter
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Shandong Huatao Food Co., Ltd., Weifang 262100, China.
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zubo Du
- Shandong Luhua Group Co., Ltd., Laiyang 265200, China.
| | - Yuxi Wei
- College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Henan University of Technology, Grain College, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yunlu Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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2
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Dehnavi Z, Esfehani AJ, Hajhoseini O, Barghchi H, Yazdi AG, Khorasanchi Z, Shadnoush M, Rezvani R, Esmaily H, Safarian M. Postprandial effects of dietary protein source on metabolic responses, appetite, and arterial stiffness indices in overweight and obese men: the study protocol for a randomized crossover clinical trial. Trials 2023; 24:415. [PMID: 37337271 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different dietary protein sources are supposed to have various effects on metabolic responses and arterial stiffness in the postprandial period. This study aims to assess the postprandial effects of dietary protein sources, including animal-based protein (AP) and plant-based protein (PP), as part of a high-protein breakfast on appetite response, energy metabolism, and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese men. METHODS This acute randomized crossover clinical trial will be conducted at the Persian study research center at Imam Reza Hospital, affiliated with the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, located in the northeast of Iran. Forty-six healthy overweight, and obese men aged 18-60 years will be enrolled based on the eligibility criteria. The subjects will complete two interventions (high-protein AP and PP meals) with 1 week washout period. The primary outcome will be the acute effect of the two test meals on appetite response, energy metabolism parameters, including resting metabolism rate (RMR), diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and substrate oxidation (SO), and arterial stiffness indices, including pulse wave velocity (PWV) and pulse wave analysis (PWA). The secondary outcomes include changes in lipemia, glycemia, and insulinemia. DISCUSSION The findings of this study will provide novel insight regarding the acute effects of different protein sources on energy metabolism, appetite, and arterial stiffness as a significant cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor. It will help dieticians develop effective and efficient meal plans to improve weight reduction and maintenance in overweight/obese individuals. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials; code: IRCT20211230053570N1; registered on February 10, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Dehnavi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Omolbanin Hajhoseini
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hanieh Barghchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Aliyeh Ghannadzadeh Yazdi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Khorasanchi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Shadnoush
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Safarian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Campus, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran.
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Bastings JJAJ, Venema K, Blaak EE, Adam TC. Influence of the gut microbiota on satiety signaling. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:243-255. [PMID: 36870872 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show a link between the gut microbiota and the regulation of satiety and energy intake, processes that contribute to the development and pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. However, this link is predominantly established in animal and in vitro studies, whereas human intervention studies are scarce. In this review we focus on recent evidence linking satiety and the gut microbiome, with specific emphasis on gut microbial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Based on a systematic search we provide an overview of human studies linking the intake of prebiotics with gut microbial alterations and satiety signaling. Our outcomes highlight the importance of in-depth examination of the gut microbiota in relation to satiety and provide insights into recent and future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J A J Bastings
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Centre for Healthy Eating and Food Innovation, Maastricht University, Campus Venlo, Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tanja C Adam
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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4
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Suntharesan J, Atapattu N, Jasinghe E, Ekanayake S, de Silva DAGH, Dunseath G, Luzio S, Premawardhana L. Acute postprandial gut hormone, leptin, glucose and insulin responses to resistant starch in obese children: a single blind crossover study. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:47-52. [PMID: 36347569 PMCID: PMC9763173 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistant starch (RS) has beneficial effects on postprandial glucose metabolism in both animals and adults. Hitherto, there have been no studies in children of the acute metabolic and hormonal effects of RS-containing meals. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare serial plasma glucose, insulin, gut hormone, leptin profiles and satiety scores in obese children after meals containing variable amounts of RS. METHODS This was a single blind, non-randomised, crossover study of 20 obese children aged 10-14 years old without comorbidities. Three test meals containing rice (M1), rice cooked with coconut oil (M2), rice cooked in coconut oil with lentils (M3) were given in sequence after a 12-hour fast . Blood samples were analysed for glucose (PG), insulin, leptin, glucagon-like polypeptide (GLP) 1, ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) at appropriate times between 0 and 180 min. RESULTS Meal M2 resulted in significantly lower postprandial glucose values compared with meal M1 (maximal incremental glucose, ∆Cmax, p<0.05; area under the curve, ∆AUC0-3, p<0.01) and meal M3 (maximal concentration, Cmax, p<0.01; ∆Cmax, p<0.001, and ∆AUC0-3p<0.01). M2 also produced lower insulin values compared with M1 (p<0.05). Postprandial ghrelin was significantly higher after M1 compared with M3 (p<0.05). PYY, GLP1 and median satiety scores were not significantly different between the three meals. CONCLUSION This study shows that M2, the meal containing RS alone, induced beneficial effects on acute postprandial glucose, insulin and ghrelin concentrations in obese children without diabetes. Acute postprandial satiety scores were not significantly affected by the three meals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER SLCTR/2020/007.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navoda Atapattu
- Endocrinology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sagarika Ekanayake
- Biochemistry, University of Sri Jayawardenepura Department of Medical Education and Health Sciences, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Gareth Dunseath
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Steohan Luzio
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Lakdasa Premawardhana
- Thyroid Research Group, Cardiff University College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, UK
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5
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Kabisch S, Weickert MO, Pfeiffer AFH. The role of cereal soluble fiber in the beneficial modulation of glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4331-4347. [PMID: 36382636 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2141190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
According to cohort studies, cereal fiber, and whole-grain products might decrease risk for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), inflammatory processes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. These associations, mainly affect insoluble, but not soluble cereal fiber. In intervention studies, soluble fiber elicit anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory short-term effects, partially explained by fermentation to short-chain fatty acids, which acutely counteract insulin resistance and inflammation. ß-glucans lower cholesterol levels and possibly reduce liver fat. Long-term benefits are not yet shown, maybe caused by T2DM heterogeneity, as insulin resistance and fatty liver disease - the glycometabolic points of action of soluble cereal fiber - are not present in every patient. Thus, only some patients might be susceptive to fiber. Also, incretin action in response to fiber could be a relevant factor for variable effects. Thus, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge from human studies on the impact of soluble cereal fiber on glycometabolic gastrointestinal hormones. Effects on GLP-1 appear to be highly contradictory, while these fibers might lower GIP and ghrelin, and increase PYY and CCK. Even though previous results of specific trials support a glycometabolic benefit of soluble fiber, larger acute, and long-term mechanistic studies are needed in order to corroborate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin O Weickert
- Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism; The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS CoE, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
- Centre of Applied Biological & Exercise Sciences (ABES), Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- Translational & Experimental Medicine, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V, Geschäftsstelle am Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Miranda-Comas G, Petering RC, Zaman N, Chang R. Implications of the Gut Microbiome in Sports. Sports Health 2022; 14:894-898. [PMID: 35034531 PMCID: PMC9631033 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211060006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Two-thirds of an individual's gut microbiota is unique and influenced by dietary and exercise habits, age, sex, genetics, ethnicity, antibiotics, health, and disease. It plays important roles in nutrient and vitamin metabolism, inflammatory modulation, immune system function, and overall health of an individual. Specifically, in sports it may help decrease recovery time and improve athletic performance. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed and Medline databases were used for the literature search. Bibliographies based on the original search were utilized to pursue further literature search. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. RESULTS Diet and exercise play very important roles in the composition of the gut microbiota in the athletic and nonathletic individual. Ingestion of carbohydrates during and after exercise seems to have an anti-inflammatory effect postexercise. Supplementation with probiotic seems to aid in recovery after exercise, too, especially restoring the "normal" gut microbiota. Physically active individuals of all levels have more alpha diversity and "health-promoting gut species" in their microbiome than nonactive individuals, along with higher concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and SCFA-producing organisms. However, exercise interventions should be longer than 8 weeks to see these positive characteristics. Immune function is highly influenced by the gut microbiota's response to exercise. A transient immune dysfunction occurs after prolonged high-intensity exercise, which correlates with microbiota dysregulation. Nevertheless, long-term exposure to exercise will enhance the immune response and lead to positive changes in the gut microbiota. CONCLUSION Although the exact mechanisms of the effects that diet, exercise, and genetics have on the gut microbiota remain largely unknown, there is evidence that suggests overall health benefits. In the athletic population, these benefits can ultimately lead to performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Miranda-Comas
- Department of Rehabilitation and
Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New
York,Gerardo
Miranda-Comas, MD, 1510 Ashford Avenue, Apartment 802, San Juan, PR
00911 ()
(Twitter: @SportsMDgmirand)
| | - Ryan C. Petering
- Department of Family Medicine,
Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland,
Oregon
| | - Nadia Zaman
- PM&R, Tufts University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Chang
- Department of Rehabilitation and
Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New
York
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7
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Rashed AA, Saparuddin F, Rathi DNG, Nasir NNM, Lokman EF. Effects of Resistant Starch Interventions on Metabolic Biomarkers in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Adults. Front Nutr 2022; 8:793414. [PMID: 35096939 PMCID: PMC8790517 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.793414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to maintaining a physically active way of life, the diet has become one of the bases in managing TD2M. Due to many studies linking the ability of resistant starch (RS) to a substantial role in enhancing the nutritional quality of food and disease prevention, the challenge of incorporating RS into the diet and increasing its intake remains. Therefore, we conducted this review to assess the potential benefits of RS on metabolic biomarkers in pre-diabetes and diabetes adults based on available intervention studies over the last decade. Based on the conducted review, we observed that RS intake correlates directly to minimize possible effects through different mechanisms for better control of pre-diabetic and diabetic conditions. In most studies, significant changes were evident in the postprandial glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Comparative evaluation of RS consumption and control groups also showed differences with inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and E-selectin. Only RS2 and RS3 were extensively investigated and widely reported among the five reported RS types. However, a proper comparison and conclusion are deemed inappropriate considering the variations observed with the study duration, sample size, subjects and their metabolic conditions, intervention doses, and the intervention base products. In conclusion, this result provides interesting insights into the potential use of RS as part of a sustainable diet in diabetes management and should be further explored in terms of the mechanism involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswir Abd Rashed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Fatin Saparuddin
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Devi-Nair Gunasegavan Rathi
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najihah Mohd Nasir
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
| | - Ezarul Faradianna Lokman
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam, Malaysia
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Kleftaki SA, Simati S, Amerikanou C, Gioxari A, Tzavara C, Zervakis GI, Kalogeropoulos N, Kokkinos A, Kaliora AC. Pleurotus eryngii improves postprandial glycaemia, hunger and fullness perception, and enhances ghrelin suppression in people with metabolically unhealthy obesity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105979. [PMID: 34798266 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine potential postprandial benefits of Pleurotus eryngii in nineteen volunteers with metabolically unhealthy obesity. An acute, randomized, crossover-designed trial comparing a meal with Pleurotus eryngii and a control meal was performed. The two meals matched in macronutrient and caloric content. Participants consumed both meals in random order after an overnight fast. Blood samples were drawn before and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min after meal consumption (in total 266 samples) to determine glucose, insulin, ghrelin, peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide-1 and glicentin. Visual analog scales measuring the subjective perception of hunger and fullness were completed at the same time points. The test meal resulted in lower glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Additionally, the iAUC of the ghrelin response over time was substantially lower after the test meal (p = 0.033). Lower desire to eat and higher fullness was reflected by significantly lower hunger iAUC (p = 0.046) and higher fullness iAUC (p = 0.042) after the test meal. No differences in insulin, PYY, GLP-1 and glicentin were observed. Pleurotus eryngii can ameliorate postprandial glycaemia, appetite and regulate ghrelin levels at the postprandial state. This effect is attributed to the bioactive polysaccharides that inhibit the activity of enzymes catalysing carbohydrate hydrolysis, cause a delayed gastric emptying and glucose absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia-Angeliki Kleftaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatia Simati
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampia Amerikanou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristea Gioxari
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Tzavara
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Zervakis
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Nick Kalogeropoulos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andriana C Kaliora
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece.
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9
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Avirineni BS, Singh A, Zapata RC, Phillips CD, Chelikani PK. Dietary whey and egg proteins interact with inulin fiber to modulate energy balance and gut microbiota in obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108860. [PMID: 34520853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diets supplemented with protein and fiber are well known to reduce food intake and weight gain; however, less is known about the combined effects of protein and prebiotic fiber on energy balance and gut microbiota composition. We compared effects of diets containing high egg or whey protein with cellulose or prebiotic (inulin) fiber on energy balance, gut microbiota, hormones, and metabolites. Male obese rats (n=8/group) were allocated to four diets: Egg albumen+Cellulose (EC), Egg albumen+Inulin (EI), Whey protein+Cellulose (WC), and Whey protein+Inulin (WI). Results revealed that diet-induced hypophagia was transient with EC and prolonged with EI and WI, compared to WC. Importantly, CCK-1 receptor antagonist (Devazepide) attenuated the hypophagic effects of EC, EI, and WI. Further, EC, EI and WI decreased respiratory quotient, energy expenditure, weight and adiposity gains, and improved glycemia, relative to WC. Propranolol (β1-β2-receptor blocker) attenuated diet-induced changes in energy expenditure. Transcript abundance of thermogenic markers in brown adipose tissue, plasma hormones, and metabolites especially acyl-carnitines and glycerophospholipids, were differentially altered by diets. Diet explained 25% of compositional differences in cecal microbiomes, but diets with same fiber type did not differ. Microbiota differing between groups also strongly correlated with gut hormones and metabolites. Species most strongly correlated to a marker for butyrate production were in highest abundance in inulin diets. Together, these findings indicate that inulin enriched diets containing egg or whey protein improved energy balance, decreased adiposity, and modulated gut microbiota and metabolites, with CCK signaling partly mediating the satiety effects of diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharath S Avirineni
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rizaldy C Zapata
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Caleb D Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, Texas, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
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10
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Suklaew PO, Chusak C, Wang CK, Adisakwattana S. RD43 rice flour: the effect on starch digestibility and quality of noodles, glycemic response, short-acting satiety hormones and appetite control in humans. Food Funct 2021; 12:7975-7985. [PMID: 34259302 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop wheat noodles substituted with 10-40% RD43 rice flour. Starch digestibility and physicochemical and sensory properties of RD43 rice noodles and its effect on glycemic response, gut hormones, and appetite sensation in humans were also determined. The results demonstrated that the substitution of 10-40% RD43 rice flour reduced starch digestibility, the hydrolysis index, and rapidly digestible starch (RDS), while increasing undigestible starch in noodles. Noodles prepared with 30% RD43 rice flour slightly increased water absorption (WA), and the swelling index (SI) without altering cooking loss. When compared with the control, 30% RD43 rice showed higher lightness (L*) and lower redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and hardness with similar overall acceptability. In human studies, ingestion of 30% RD43 rice noodles significantly lowered postprandial plasma glucose at 15-90 min. Interestingly, the postprandial concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY) also significantly increased at 30 min after the intake of 30% RD43 rice noodles. A significantly lower desire to eat and higher fullness were detected after 30% RD43 rice noodle consumption until 120 min. This suggests that RD43 rice flour could be a potential ingredient in noodles for controlling the glycemic response, short-acting satiety hormones, and appetite sensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phim On Suklaew
- Phytochemical and Functional Food Research Unit for Clinical Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Mohr AE, Minicucci O, Long D, Miller VJ, Keller A, Sheridan C, O’brien G, Ward E, Schuler B, Connelly S, Holst JJ, Astrup A, He F, Gentile CL, Arciero PJ. Resistant Starch Combined with Whey Protein Increases Postprandial Metabolism and Lowers Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Adult Men. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030537. [PMID: 33807618 PMCID: PMC8000721 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) and/or protein consumption favorably influence energy metabolism, substrate utilization, and weight management. The current study administered four different versions of a pancake breakfast containing waxy maize or RS with and without whey protein (WP) and measured postprandial thermogenesis (TEM), fuel utilization, and circulating satiation and appetite factors for 180 min in a group of healthy, adult men. On four separate visits to the laboratory, eight participants were administered four different pancake breakfast meal challenges using a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) waxy maize starch (WMS) control; (2) WMS and WP (WMS + WP); (3) RS; or (4) RS and WP (RS + WP). TEM (kcals/180 min) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in RS + WP (45.11; confidence interval (CI), 33.81–56.41) compared to WMS (25.61; CI, 14.31–36.91), RS (29.44; CI, 18.14–40.74), and WMS + WP (24.64; CI, 13.34–35.94), respectively. Fat oxidation was enhanced (p < 0.05) after RS + WP compared to RS at 60 min (+23.10%), WMS at 120 min (+27.49%), and WMS and WMS + WP at 180 min (+35.76%; +17.31%, respectively), and RER was decreased with RS + WP versus the other three meals (mean differences: ≥−0.021). Insulin concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) following RS + WP compared to WMS, whereas both RS (−46.19%) and RS + WP (−53.05%) insulin area under the curve (AUC) were greatly reduced (p < 0.01) compared to WMS. While limited by sample size, meals containing both RS and WP increased postprandial thermogenesis and fat oxidation, and lowered insulin response compared to isocaloric meals without this combination. Therefore, RS + WP may favorably impact energy metabolism and thus weight control and body composition under chronic feeding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Mohr
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Olivia Minicucci
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Dale Long
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Vincent J. Miller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Allison Keller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Caitlin Sheridan
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Gabriel O’brien
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Emery Ward
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Brad Schuler
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Scott Connelly
- Scott Connelly Foundation, Corona Del Mar, Newport Beach, CA 92625, USA;
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Feng He
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - Christopher L. Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-580-5366; Fax: +1-518-580-8356
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12
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Amini S, Mansoori A, Maghsumi-Norouzabad L. The effect of acute consumption of resistant starch on appetite in healthy adults; a systematic review and meta-analysis of the controlled clinical trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 41:42-48. [PMID: 33487300 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although several clinical trials have assessed the effect of Resistant Starch (RS) supplementation on appetite, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of RS on the healthy adults' rating of appetite. MATERIALS AND METHODS To this end, Pubmed, CENTRAL, Web of science, Scopus, Medline, and Proquest were systematically searched to find the relevant randomized, and placebo-controlled human trials up to June 2019. As a result, the area under curve (AUC) and standard deviations of the participants' rating appetite were extracted from four eligible studies. RESULTS Meta-analysis showed a lower appetite in RS group compared to the controls (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -1.375 mm min, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -1.673, -1.076). Since high heterogeneity was observed among the included studies (I2 = 94.5%, P < 0.001), subgroup analysis was carried out by RS dose, RS type, duration of supplementation, and time of AUC measuring. In studies that used RS dose of ≥25 gr, heterogeneity disappeared (P = 0.560, I2 = 0%). In such studies, a significant reduction was observed in rating of appetite (WMD = -4.513 mm min, 95%CI: -5.270, -3.755; P < 0.001) than studies with RS dose of <25 gr (WMD = -0.799 mm min, 95%CI: -1.123,-0.474; P < 0.001). Additionally, subgroup analysis based on the type of RS showed a significant decrease of appetite in studies that used RS2 (WMD = -4.808 mm min, 95%CI: -5.834, -3.782; P < 0.001) than RS1 (WMD = -0.128 mm min, 95%CI: -0.457, 0.202; P = 0.448). CONCLUSIONS To decrease the rate of appetite more effectively, we suggest other researchers to identify RS dose and type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Amini
- Department of Nutrition, Shoushtar Faculty of Medical Sciences, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Department of Nutrition, Para-Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Leila Maghsumi-Norouzabad
- Department of Nutrition, Para-Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Affiliation(s)
- Dery Bede
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Luhu Avenue Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
| | - Lou Zaixiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University 1800 Luhu Avenue Wuxi Jiangsu Province 214122 P. R. China
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Kemmler W, Kohl M, Fröhlich M, Engelke K, von Stengel S, Schoene D. Effects of High-Intensity Resistance Training on Fitness and Fatness in Older Men With Osteosarcopenia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1014. [PMID: 32973550 PMCID: PMC7481458 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, there has been no study on the long-term effects of resistance exercise on sarcopenia and obesity indices for people with sarcopenia. The present study thus aimed to determine the effect of 18 months of periodized, high-velocity/intensity/effort progressive resistance training (HIT-RT) on body composition and strength in older men with osteosarcopenia. Using a single-blind, two-group parallel design, 43 community-dwelling men, 72 years and older, with osteopenia and sarcopenia in Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, were randomly assigned to two study arms by drawing lots: (1) an exercise group that conducted a consistently supervised periodized high-velocity/intensity/effort protocol (HIT-RT; n = 21) on machines twice a week for 18 months or (2) a control group (CG; n = 22) that maintained their physical activity/exercise habits. Both groups were supplied with protein, cholecalciferol, and calcium according to current recommendations. The study outcomes were lean body mass (LBM), total and abdominal body fat as determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and maximum hip/leg extensor strength as assessed on an isokinetic leg press at baseline and after 8, 12, and 18 months of follow-up. The intention-to-treat principle and multiple imputation were applied to calculated study outcomes. After 18 months of HIT-RT, altogether five participants were lost to follow up (HIT-RT: n = 2, CG: n = 3). The attendance rates (95%) for HIT-RT were high; relevant adverse effects were not observed. Significant effects (i.e., differences between HIT-RT vs. CG) in favor of HIT-RT were determined for LBM (+1.73 kg, 95% CI: +1.13 to +2.32 kg), total body fat mass (-2.44 kg, 95% CI: -1.28 to 3.60 kg), abdominal body fat percentage (-2.68, 95% CI: -1.70 to -3.66), and maximum hip/leg extensor strength (+533 N, 95% CI: +397 to +670 N; all p < 0.001). Even after adjusting for multiple testing, all effects remained significant. Of note, after 8 months of HIT-RT, only slight (LBM and fat indices) to moderate (maximum strength) ongoing effects were observed. Carefully introduced, continuously supervised HIT-RT is an effective, attractive, feasible, and safe method to improve body composition and muscle strength in older community-dwelling men with sarcopenia. However, even when consequently applying principles of exercise intensity progression within the RT protocol, only slight further positive changes were observed after 8 months of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Michael Fröhlich
- Department of Sports Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Klaus Engelke
- Department of Medicine III, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Schoene
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Lower Postprandial Thermogenic Response to an Unprocessed Whole Food Meal Compared to an Iso-Energetic/Macronutrient Meal Replacement in Young Women: A Single-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082469. [PMID: 32824408 PMCID: PMC7469013 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to ultra-processed foods that are associated with increased weight gain and obesity risk, nutritionally engineered dietary supplements, including meal replacement (MR) bars and shakes, are generally promoted as healthy. Limited data is available comparing the metabolic and hunger responses of whole food (WF) versus MR meals. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the thermic effect (TEM), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), hunger/taste ratings, and glucose response of two different breakfast meals containing MR and WF products in young healthy women. Eight volunteers completed two iso-caloric (529 kcals)/macronutrient (50% carbohydrates; 26% fat; 24% protein) test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) whole food meal; or (2) meal replacement. TEM was significantly higher following MR compared with WF (percent mean difference: 7.76 ± 3.78%; absolute mean difference: 0.053 ± 0.026 kcal/minute, p = 0.048), whereas WF substrate utilization demonstrated lower carbohydrate oxidation (RER) than MR (mean difference: -0.024 ± 0.008, p = 0.005). No differences existed for blood glucose response and feelings of hunger, desire to eat, and satiety among trials. Consumption of an MR meal increases postprandial thermogenesis and RER compared to a WF meal, which may impact weight control and obesity risk over the long-term.
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16
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A Gluten-Free Meal Produces a Lower Postprandial Thermogenic Response Compared to an Iso-Energetic/Macronutrient Whole Food or Processed Food Meal in Young Women: A Single-Blind Randomized Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072035. [PMID: 32659919 PMCID: PMC7400113 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of ultra-processed food (PF) is associated with obesity risk compared with whole food (WF) intake. Less is known regarding the intake of gluten-free (GF) food products. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the thermic effect (TEM), substrate utilization, hunger/taste ratings, and glucose response of three different meals containing PF, WF, and GF food products in young healthy women. Eleven volunteers completed all three iso-caloric/macronutrient test meals in a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) whole food meal (WF); (2) processed food meal (PF); or (3) gluten-free meal (GF). TEM was significantly lower following GF compared with WF (−20.94 kcal/meal, [95% CI, −35.92 to −5.96], p = 0.008) and PF (mean difference: −14.94 kcal/meal, [95% CI, −29.92 to 0.04], p = 0.04), respectively. WF consumption resulted in significantly higher feelings of fullness compared to GF (mean difference: +14.36%, [95% CI, 3.41 to 25.32%], p = 0.011) and PF (mean difference: +16.81%, [95% CI, 5.62 to 28.01%], p = 0.004), respectively, and enhanced palatability (taste of meal) compared to PF meal (mean Δ: +27.41%, [95% CI, 5.53 to 49.30%], p = 0.048). No differences existed for substrate utilization and blood glucose response among trials. Consumption of a GF meal lowers postprandial thermogenesis compared to WF and PF meals and fullness ratings compared to a WF meal which may impact weight control and obesity risk over the long-term.
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17
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Mohr AE, Jäger R, Carpenter KC, Kerksick CM, Purpura M, Townsend JR, West NP, Black K, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Wells SD, Arent SM, Kreider RB, Campbell BI, Bannock L, Scheiman J, Wissent CJ, Pane M, Kalman DS, Pugh JN, Ortega-Santos CP, Ter Haar JA, Arciero PJ, Antonio J. The athletic gut microbiota. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:24. [PMID: 32398103 PMCID: PMC7218537 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00353-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract play a significant role in nutrient uptake, vitamin synthesis, energy harvest, inflammatory modulation, and host immune response, collectively contributing to human health. Important factors such as age, birth method, antibiotic use, and diet have been established as formative factors that shape the gut microbiota. Yet, less described is the role that exercise plays, particularly how associated factors and stressors, such as sport/exercise-specific diet, environment, and their interactions, may influence the gut microbiota. In particular, high-level athletes offer remarkable physiology and metabolism (including muscular strength/power, aerobic capacity, energy expenditure, and heat production) compared to sedentary individuals, and provide unique insight in gut microbiota research. In addition, the gut microbiota with its ability to harvest energy, modulate the immune system, and influence gastrointestinal health, likely plays an important role in athlete health, wellbeing, and sports performance. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms in which the gut microbiota could play in the role of influencing athletic performance is of considerable interest to athletes who work to improve their results in competition as well as reduce recovery time during training. Ultimately this research is expected to extend beyond athletics as understanding optimal fitness has applications for overall health and wellness in larger communities. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to summarize current knowledge of the athletic gut microbiota and the factors that shape it. Exercise, associated dietary factors, and the athletic classification promote a more “health-associated” gut microbiota. Such features include a higher abundance of health-promoting bacterial species, increased microbial diversity, functional metabolic capacity, and microbial-associated metabolites, stimulation of bacterial abundance that can modulate mucosal immunity, and improved gastrointestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI, 53202, USA
| | | | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | | | - Jeremy R Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN, 37204, USA
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Medical Research and Menzies Health Institute of QLD, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | | | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4253, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Craig J Wissent
- Jamieson Wellness Inc., 4025 Rhodes Drive, Windsor, Ontario, N8W 5B5, Canada
| | - Marco Pane
- Bioloab Research, Via E. Mattei 3, 28100, Novara, Italy
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Scientific Affairs, Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc. Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | | | | | - Paul J Arciero
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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18
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Guo J, Tan L, Kong L. Impact of dietary intake of resistant starch on obesity and associated metabolic profiles in human: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:889-905. [PMID: 32321291 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1747391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
As a global public health issue with an increasing prevalence, obesity is related to several metabolic disorders, but is largely preventable. Resistant starch (RS), the indigestible portion of starch, has been studied for its potential effects on reducing obesity. This systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of dietary intake of RS on obesity development and related metabolic profiles in human, including body weight and composition, energy intake and satiety, lipid profiles, blood glucose and insulin, and other blood biomarkers. Eleven peer-reviewed articles published in English between 2000 and 2019 were identified after screening using CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus. Based on the results, RS intake had no direct effect on body weight and body composition. Evidence for its effect on reducing energy intake and increasing satiety, as well as improving lipid profiles was inconsistent. Beneficial effects of RS intake on several blood biomarkers were supported, indicating its regulatory roles in blood glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and gut hormone concentrations. Specifically, five out of the eight articles measuring blood glucose reported a decrease in either fasting or postprandial glucose levels; two out of the three articles measuring insulin sensitivity indicated a significant improvement after RS supplementation; studies measuring gut hormone concentrations including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY) also showed significant improvements after RS interventions. In conclusion, the effect of dietary intake of RS on obesity and its related metabolic complications was not conclusive. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer duration is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Guo
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Libo Tan
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Lingyan Kong
- Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
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19
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Rosas-Pérez AM, Honma K, Goda T. Sustained effects of resistant starch on the expression of genes related to carbohydrate digestion/absorption in the small intestine. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 71:572-580. [PMID: 31976784 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1711362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) consumption has beneficial effects on health, such as reduced postprandial blood glucose levels. In this study, we evaluated the effect of a 14-day diet containing RS on α-glucosidase activity and the expression of genes related to carbohydrate digestion/absorption in rats. We examined whether the effects of RS persist when the rats were shifted to a control diet. The results suggest that RS consumption reduces α-glucosidase activity and Mgam, Si and Sglt1 mRNA levels in the proximal jejunum. In addition, RS consumption appeared to influence the serum GIP level, up to 2 days after the animals were shifted to a control diet. To our knowledge, this is the first report that RS has a sustained effect on gut hormone expression and the expression of genes related to carbohydrate digestion/absorption in the proximal jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aratza M Rosas-Pérez
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazue Honma
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinao Goda
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology, Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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The In Vivo Net Energy Content of Resistant Starch and Its Effect on Macronutrient Oxidation in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102484. [PMID: 31623184 PMCID: PMC6835355 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo net energy content of resistant starch (RS) has not been measured in humans so it has not been possible to account for the contribution of RS to dietary energy intake. We aimed to determine the in vivo net energy content of RS and examine its effect on macronutrient oxidation. This was a randomized, double-blind cross-over study. Eighteen healthy adults spent 24 h in a whole room indirect calorimeter to measure total energy expenditure (TEE), substrate oxidation, and postprandial metabolites in response to three diets: 1) digestible starch (DS), 2) RS (33% dietary fiber; RS), or 3) RS with high fiber (RSF, 56% fiber). The in vivo net energy content of RS and RSF are 2.74 ± 0.41 and 3.16 ± 0.27 kcal/g, respectively. There was no difference in TEE or protein oxidation between DS, RS, and RSF. However, RS and RSF consumption caused a 32% increase in fat oxidation (p = 0.04) with a concomitant 18% decrease in carbohydrate oxidation (p = 0.03) versus DS. Insulin responses were unaltered after breakfast but lower in RS and RSF after lunch, at equivalent glucose concentrations, indicating improved insulin sensitivity. The average in vivo net energy content of RS is 2.95 kcal/g, regardless of dietary fiber content. RS and RSF consumption increase fat and decrease carbohydrate oxidation with postprandial insulin responses lowered after lunch, suggesting improved insulin sensitivity at subsequent meals.
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Melson CE, Nepocatych S, Madzima TA. The effects of whey and soy liquid breakfast on appetite response, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake. Nutrition 2018; 61:179-186. [PMID: 30822749 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the effects of animal-based protein (whey; WP) compared with plant-based protein (soy; SP) and carbohydrate (CHO) liquid breakfast on appetite, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake. METHODS Seventeen healthy individuals consumed three isocaloric breakfast smoothies with whey, soy, or carbohydrate (no protein) in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. Participants completed an 11-point rating scale of appetite profile (before, 0, 60, 120, and 180 min). Indirect calorimetry was used to determine the thermic effect of a meal (TEM; at 45-60, 105-120, and 165-180 min). An ad libitum lunch was offered at 180 min after breakfast and energy intake was assessed. RESULTS There was a significant difference in hunger (P = 0.033), fullness (P = 0.002), satiety (P = 0.001), desire to eat (P = 0.024), and prospective food consumption (P = 0.021) between the three breakfast meals. Fullness and SP compared with CHO. A higher (P < 0.001) TEM and lower (P < 0.05) respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was observed after WP and SP compared with CHO. In addition, a higher (P = 0.022) energy intake at lunch was observed after CHO (769 ± 259 kcal) compared with WP (654 ± 252 kcal) and SP (664 ± 296 kcal), with no difference (P = 0.966) between WP and SP. Consuming SP at breakfast exerts comparable effects to WP on appetite profile, energy metabolism, and subsequent energy intake, suggesting that SP is a reasonable alternative to WP as a protein supplement source to aid in body weight control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Melson
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA
| | - Svetlana Nepocatych
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Takudzwa A Madzima
- Department of Exercise Science and Energy Metabolism and Body Composition Research Laboratory, Elon University, Elon, North Carolina, USA
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Meenu M, Xu B. A critical review on anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of dietary resistant starch. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3019-3031. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1481360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maninder Meenu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, China
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23
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Kemmler W, Kohl M, Freiberger E, Sieber C, von Stengel S. Effect of whole-body electromyostimulation and / or protein supplementation on obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older men with sarcopenic obesity: the randomized controlled FranSO trial. BMC Geriatr 2018; 18:70. [PMID: 29523089 PMCID: PMC5845205 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-018-0759-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenic Obesity (SO) is characterized by low lean and high fat mass; i.e. from a functional aspect a disproportion between engine (muscle) and mass to be moved (fat). At present, most research focuses on the engine, but the close "cross talk" between age-associated adipose and skeletal muscle tissue inflammation calls for comprehensive interventions that affect both components alike. Protein and exercise are likely candidates, however with respect to the latter, the enthusiasm for intense and frequent exercise is rather low, especially in functionally limited older people. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS), a time-efficient, joint-friendly and highly customizable exercise technology, on obesity parameters and cardiometabolic risk in men with SO. METHODS One-hundred community-dwelling (cdw) Bavarian men ≥70 years with SO were randomly assigned to either (a) whey protein supplementation (WPS), (b) WB-EMS and protein supplementation (WB-EMS&P) or (c) non-intervention control (CG). Protein supplementation contributed to an intake of 1.7-1.8 g/kg/body mass/d, WB-EMS consisted of 1.5 × 20 min/week (85 Hz, 350 μs, 4 s of strain-4 s of rest) with moderate-high intensity. Using an intention to treat approach with multiple imputation, the primary study endpoint was total body fat mass (TBF), secondary endpoints were trunk fat mass (TF), waist circumference (WC) and total-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C). RESULTS After 16 weeks of intervention, TBF was reduced significantly in the WPS (- 3.6 ± 7.2%; p = 0.005) and WB-EMS&P (- 6.7 ± 6.2%; p < 0.001), but not in the CG (+ 1.6 ± 7.1%; p = 0.191). Changes in the WB-EMS&P (p < 0.001) and the WPS group (p = 0.011) differ significantly from the CG. TF decreased in the WB-EMS&P (p < 0.001) and WPS (p = .117) and increased in the CG (p = .159); WC decreased significantly in the treatment groups and was maintained in the CG. Lastly, the TC/HDL-C ratio improved significantly in the WB-EMS&P and WPS group and was maintained in the CG. Significant differences between WB-EMS&P and WPS were determined for waist circumference only (p = 0.015; TBF: p = 0.073; TF: p = 0.087; TC/HDL-C: p = .773). CONCLUSION Moderate-high dosed whey protein supplementation, especially when combined with WB-EMS, may be a feasible choice to address obesity and cardiometabolic risk in older cdw men with SO unable or unmotivated to exercise conventionally. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02857660 ; registration date: 05/01/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University of Furtwangen, Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Ellen Freiberger
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Cornel Sieber
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Simon von Stengel
- Institute of Medical Physics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 91, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Stewart ML, Wilcox ML, Bell M, Buggia MA, Maki KC. Type-4 Resistant Starch in Substitution for Available Carbohydrate Reduces Postprandial Glycemic Response and Hunger in Acute, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:E129. [PMID: 29373530 PMCID: PMC5852705 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is a type of dietary fiber that has been acknowledged for multiple physiological benefits. Resistant starch type 4 (RS4) is a subcategory of RS that has been more intensively studied as new types of RS4 emerge in the food supply. The primary aim of this randomized, double-blind, controlled study was to characterize the postprandial glucose response in healthy adults after consuming a high fiber scone containing a novel RS4 or a low fiber control scone without RS4. Secondary aims included assessment of postprandial insulin response, postprandial satiety, and gastrointestinal tolerance. The fiber scone significantly reduced postprandial glucose and insulin incremental areas under the curves (43-45% reduction, 35-40% reduction, respectively) and postprandial glucose and insulin maximum concentrations (8-10% and 22% reduction, respectively). The fiber scone significantly reduced hunger and desire to eat during the 180 min following consumption and yielded no gastrointestinal side effects compared with the control scone. The results from this study demonstrate that a ready-to-eat baked-good, such as a scone, can be formulated with RS4 replacing refined wheat flour to yield statistically significant and clinically meaningful reductions in blood glucose and insulin excursions. This is the first study to report increased satiety after short-term RS4 intake, which warrants further investigation in long-term feeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Stewart
- Global Nutrition R & D, Ingredion Incorporated, 10 Finderne Ave, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA.
| | - Meredith L Wilcox
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, 489 Taft Ave Suite 202, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.
| | - Marjorie Bell
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, 489 Taft Ave Suite 202, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.
| | - Mary A Buggia
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, 489 Taft Ave Suite 202, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.
| | - Kevin C Maki
- Midwest Biomedical Research, Center for Metabolic and Cardiovascular Health, 489 Taft Ave Suite 202, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137, USA.
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Thompson SV, Hannon BA, An R, Holscher HD. Effects of isolated soluble fiber supplementation on body weight, glycemia, and insulinemia in adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:1514-1528. [PMID: 29092878 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.163246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is strong epidemiologic evidence that dietary fiber intake is protective against overweight and obesity; however, results of intervention studies have been mixed. Soluble fiber beneficially affects metabolism, and fiber supplementation may be a feasible approach to improve body composition and glycemia in adults with overweight and obesity.Objective: We evaluated randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of isolated soluble fiber supplementation in overweight and obese adults on outcomes related to weight management [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2), body weight, percentage of body fat, and waist circumference] and glucose and insulin metabolism (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and fasting insulin) through a systematic review and meta-analysis.Design: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Cochrane Library databases. Eligible studies were RCTs that compared isolated soluble fiber with placebo treatments without energy-restriction protocols. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled effect sizes and 95% CIs. Meta-regressions were performed to assess outcomes in relation to the intervention duration, fiber dose, and fiber type. Publication bias was assessed via Begg's and Egger's tests and funnel plot inspection.Results: Findings from 12 RCTs (n = 609 participants) from 2 to 17 wk of duration are summarized in this review. Soluble fiber supplementation reduced BMI by 0.84 (95% CI: -1.35, -0.32; P = 0.001), body weight by 2.52 kg (95% CI: -4.25, -0.79 kg; P = 0.004), body fat by 0.41% (95% CI: -0.58%, -0.24%; P < 0.001), fasting glucose by 0.17 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.28, -0.06 mmol/L; P = 0.002), and fasting insulin by 15.88 pmol/L (95% CI: -29.05, -2.71 pmol/L; P = 0.02) compared with the effects of placebo treatments. No publication bias was identified. Considerable between-study heterogeneity was observed for most outcomes.Conclusions: Isolated soluble fiber supplementation improves anthropometric and metabolic outcomes in overweight and obese adults, thereby indicating that supplementation may improve fiber intake and health in these individuals. However, the interpretation of these findings warrants caution because of the considerable between-study heterogeneity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03003897.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruopeng An
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and.,Departments of Kinesiology and Community Health and
| | - Hannah D Holscher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, and .,Departments of Kinesiology and Community Health and.,Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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26
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Reimer RA, Willis HJ, Tunnicliffe JM, Park H, Madsen KL, Soto-Vaca A. Inulin-type fructans and whey protein both modulate appetite but only fructans alter gut microbiota in adults with overweight/obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28730743 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Independently, prebiotics and dietary protein have been shown to improve weight loss and/or alter appetite. Our objective was to determine the effect of combined prebiotic and whey protein on appetite, body composition and gut microbiota in adults with overweight/obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS In a 12 week, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, 125 adults with overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to receive isocaloric snack bars of: (1) Control; (2) Inulin-type fructans (ITF); (3) Whey protein; (4) ITF + Whey protein. Appetite, body composition and gut microbiota composition/genetic potential were assessed. Compared to Control, body fat was significantly reduced in the Whey protein group at 12 wks. Hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption were all lower with ITF, Whey protein and ITF + Whey protein compared to Control at 12 wks. Microbial community structure differed from 0 to 12 wks in the ITF and ITF +Whey Protein groups (i.e. increased Bifidobacterium) but not Whey Protein or Control. Changes in microbial genetic potential were seen between Control and ITF-containing treatments. CONCLUSION Adding ITF, whey protein or both to snack bars improved several aspects of appetite control. Changes in gut microbiota may explain in part the effects of ITF but likely not whey protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Holly J Willis
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, USA
| | | | - Heekuk Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Centre of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Adriana Soto-Vaca
- General Mills Bell Institute of Health and Nutrition, Golden Valley, MN, USA
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Ble-Castillo JL, Juárez-Rojop IE, Tovilla-Zárate CA, García-Vázquez C, Servin-Cruz MZ, Rodríguez-Hernández A, Araiza-Saldaña CI, Nolasco-Coleman AM, Díaz-Zagoya JC. Acute Consumption of Resistant Starch Reduces Food Intake but Has No Effect on Appetite Ratings in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070696. [PMID: 28677623 PMCID: PMC5537811 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the benefits of native banana starch (NBS) supplementation in improving glucose metabolism and reducing body weight (BW) in humans. However, the effect of this starch on appetite regulation is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of NBS rich resistant starch on subjective measurements of appetite, energy intake, and appetite hormones in healthy subjects. Postprandial glucose and insulin responses were also assessed. In a randomized, single-blind, crossover study, 28 healthy young subjects consumed a beverage containing either 40 g of NBS or 40 g of digestible corn starch (DCS) on two separate occasions. Effects on appetite were estimated using visual analogue scales (VAS) and satiety hormone responses. At the end of the intervention, participants were provided with a pre-weighed ad libitum homogeneous test meal. After a washout period of 1 week, subjects received the alternative treatment. NBS supplementation induced a reduction in food intake, glucose area under the curve (AUC)-180 min, and insulin AUC-180 min. However, there was no associated effect on the subjective appetite ratings or gut hormones. NBS supplementation may help to reduce meal size and control BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Ble-Castillo
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Isela E Juárez-Rojop
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Carlos A Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, UJAT, Comalcalco, 86658 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Carlos García-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Magda Z Servin-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | - Arturo Rodríguez-Hernández
- Unidad de Medicina Familiar 10, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Xalapa, 91000 Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Claudia I Araiza-Saldaña
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
| | | | - Juan C Díaz-Zagoya
- Centro de Investigación, DACS, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa, 86150 Tabasco, Mexico.
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28
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Maziarz MP, Preisendanz S, Juma S, Imrhan V, Prasad C, Vijayagopal P. Resistant starch lowers postprandial glucose and leptin in overweight adults consuming a moderate-to-high-fat diet: a randomized-controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:14. [PMID: 28222742 PMCID: PMC5320660 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High-amylose maize resistant starch type 2 (HAM-RS2) stimulates gut-derived satiety peptides and reduces adiposity in animals. Human studies have not supported these findings despite improvements in glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity after HAM-RS2 intake which can lower adiposity-related disease risk. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of HAM-RS2 consumption on blood glucose homeostasis in overweight, healthy adults. We also examined changes in biomarkers of satiety (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1], peptide YY [PYY], and leptin) and body composition determined by anthropometrics and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, dietary intake, and subjective satiety measured by a visual analogue scale following HAM-RS2 consumption. Methods Using a randomized-controlled, parallel-arm, double-blind design, 18 overweight, healthy adults consumed either muffins enriched with 30 g HAM-RS2 (n = 11) or 0 g HAM-RS2 (control; n = 7) daily for 6 weeks. The HAM-RS2 and control muffins were similar in total calories and available carbohydrate. Results At baseline, total PYY concentrations were significantly higher 120 min following the consumption of study muffins in the HAM-RS2 group than control group (P = 0.043). Within the HAM-RS2 group, the area under the curve (AUC) glucose (P = 0.028), AUC leptin (P = 0.022), and postprandial 120-min leptin (P = 0.028) decreased independent of changes in body composition or overall energy intake at the end of 6 weeks. Fasting total PYY increased (P = 0.033) in the HAM-RS2 group, but changes in insulin or total GLP-1 were not observed. Mean overall change in subjective satiety score did not correlate with mean AUC biomarker changes suggesting the satiety peptides did not elicit a satiation response or change in overall total caloric intake. The metabolic response from HAM-RS2 occurred despite the habitual intake of a moderate-to-high-fat diet (mean range 34.5% to 39.4% of total calories). Conclusion Consuming 30 g HAM-RS2 daily for 6 weeks can improve glucose homeostasis, lower leptin concentrations, and increase fasting PYY in healthy overweight adults without impacting body composition and may aid in the prevention of chronic disease. However, between-group differences in biomarkers were not observed and future research is warranted before specific recommendations can be made. Trial registration None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Patterson Maziarz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Texas Woman's University, 6700 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sara Preisendanz
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Shanil Juma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Victorine Imrhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA
| | - Chandan Prasad
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.,Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Parakat Vijayagopal
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, P.O Box 425888, Denton, TX, 76204, USA.
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Bindels LB, Segura Munoz RR, Gomes-Neto JC, Mutemberezi V, Martínez I, Salazar N, Cody EA, Quintero-Villegas MI, Kittana H, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Schmaltz RJ, Muccioli GG, Walter J, Ramer-Tait AE. Resistant starch can improve insulin sensitivity independently of the gut microbiota. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:12. [PMID: 28166818 PMCID: PMC5294823 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-related diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, have reached epidemic proportions in industrialized nations, and dietary interventions for their prevention are therefore important. Resistant starches (RS) improve insulin sensitivity in clinical trials, but the mechanisms underlying this health benefit remain poorly understood. Because RS fermentation by the gut microbiota results in the formation of physiologically active metabolites, we chose to specifically determine the role of the gut microbiota in mediating the metabolic benefits of RS. To achieve this goal, we determined the effects of RS when added to a Western diet on host metabolism in mice with and without a microbiota. RESULTS RS feeding of conventionalized mice improved insulin sensitivity and redressed some of the Western diet-induced changes in microbiome composition. However, parallel experiments in germ-free littermates revealed that RS-mediated improvements in insulin levels also occurred in the absence of a microbiota. RS reduced gene expression of adipose tissue macrophage markers and altered cecal concentrations of several bile acids in both germ-free and conventionalized mice; these effects were strongly correlated with the metabolic benefits, providing a potential microbiota-independent mechanism to explain the physiological effects of RS. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that some metabolic benefits exerted by dietary RS, especially improvements in insulin levels, occur independently of the microbiota and could involve alterations in the bile acid cycle and adipose tissue immune modulation. This work also sets a precedent for future mechanistic studies aimed at establishing the causative role of the gut microbiota in mediating the benefits of bioactive compounds and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure B Bindels
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Rafael R Segura Munoz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - João Carlos Gomes-Neto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Inés Martínez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Elizabeth A Cody
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IPLA-CSIC), Asturias, Spain
| | - Robert J Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Enhanced anti-obesity effects of complex of resistant starch and chitosan in high fat diet fed rats. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:834-841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Nie Y, Luo F, Wang L, Yang T, Shi L, Li X, Shen J, Xu W, Guo T, Lin Q. Anti-hyperlipidemic effect of rice bran polysaccharide and its potential mechanism in high-fat diet mice. Food Funct 2017; 8:4028-4041. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00654c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of the lipid-lowering effect of rice bran polysaccharides (RBP) and identification of the related genes of lipid metabolism. RBP, rice bran polysaccharide; HFD, high fat diet.
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Rahat-Rozenbloom S, Fernandes J, Cheng J, Wolever TMS. Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016; 71:953-958. [PMID: 27966574 PMCID: PMC5423780 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Colonic fermentation of dietary-fibre to short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFA) influences appetite hormone secretion in animals, but SCFA production is excessive in obese animals. This suggests there may be resistance to the effect of SCFA on appetite-hormones in obesity. Objectives to determine the effects of inulin (IN) and resistant-starch (RS) on postprandial SCFA, and gut hormone (GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin) responses in healthy overweight/obese (OWO) vs lean (LN) humans. Methods Overnight fasted participants (13 OWO, 12 LN) consumed 300mL water containing 75g glucose (GLU) as Control, or 75g glucose plus 24g IN, or 28.2g RS using a randomized, single-blind, cross-over design. Blood for appetite-hormones and SCFA was collected at intervals over 6h. A standard lunch was served 4h after the test drink. Results Relative to GLU, IN, but not RS, significantly increased SCFA AUC from 4–6h (AUC4-6). Neither IN nor RS affected GLP-1 or PYY-AUC4-6. Although neither IN nor RS reduced ghrelin-AUC4-6 compared to GLU, ghrelin at 6h after IN was significantly lower than that after GLU (p<0.05). After IN, relative to GLU, the changes in SCFA-AUC4-6 were negatively related to the changes in ghrelin-AUC4-6 (p=0.017). SCFA and hormone responses did not differ significantly between LN and OWO. Conclusions Acute increases in colonic SCFA do not affect GLP-1 or PYY responses in LN or OWO subjects, but may reduce ghrelin. The results do not support the hypothesis that SCFA acutely stimulate PYY and GLP-1 secretion; however, a longer adaptation to increased colonic fermentation or a larger sample size may yield different results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahat-Rozenbloom
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Fernandes
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Cheng
- Biostatistics Unit, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Charlton East, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - T M S Wolever
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Arciero PJ, Edmonds R, He F, Ward E, Gumpricht E, Mohr A, Ormsbee MJ, Astrup A. Protein-Pacing Caloric-Restriction Enhances Body Composition Similarly in Obese Men and Women during Weight Loss and Sustains Efficacy during Long-Term Weight Maintenance. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8080476. [PMID: 27483317 PMCID: PMC4997389 DOI: 10.3390/nu8080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-Term protein-pacing (P; ~6 meals/day, >30% protein/day) and caloric restriction (CR, ~25% energy deficit) improves total (TBF), abdominal (ABF) and visceral (VAT) fat loss, energy expenditure, and biomarkers compared to heart healthy (HH) recommendations (3 meals/day, 15% protein/day) in obese adults. Less is known whether obese men and women respond similarly to P-CR during weight loss (WL) and whether a modified P-CR (mP-CR) is more efficacious than a HH diet during long-term (52 week) weight maintenance (WM). The purposes of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of: (1) P-CR on TBF, ABF, resting metabolic rate (RMR), and biomarkers between obese men and women during WL (weeks 0–12); and (2) mP-CR compared to a HH diet during WM (weeks 13–64). During WL, men (n = 21) and women (n = 19) were assessed for TBF, ABF, VAT, RMR, and biomarkers at weeks 0 (pre) and 12 (post). Men and women had similar reductions (p < 0.01) in weight (10%), TBF (19%), ABF (25%), VAT (33%), glucose (7%–12%), insulin (40%), leptin (>50%) and increase in % lean body mass (9%). RMR (kcals/kg bodyweight) was unchanged and respiratory quotient decreased 9%. Twenty-four subjects (mP-CR, n = 10; HH, n = 14) completed WM. mP-CR regained significantly less body weight (6%), TBF (12%), and ABF (17%) compared to HH (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate P-CR enhances weight loss, body composition and biomarkers, and maintains these changes for 52-weeks compared to a traditional HH diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Rohan Edmonds
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Feng He
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-Chico, Chico, CA 95929, USA.
| | - Emery Ward
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Health and Exercise Sciences Department, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | | | - Alex Mohr
- Isagenix International LLC, Gilbert, AZ 85297, USA.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, København 1017, Denmark.
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Bonnema AL, Altschwager DK, Thomas W, Slavin JL. The effects of the combination of egg and fiber on appetite, glycemic response and food intake in normal weight adults - a randomized, controlled, crossover trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 67:723-31. [PMID: 27306734 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1196654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated appetite and glycemic effects of egg-based breakfasts, containing high and moderate protein (30 g protein and 20 g protein +7 g fiber, respectively) compared to a low-protein cereal breakfast (10 g protein) examined in healthy adults (N = 48; age 24 ± 1 yr; BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m(2); mean ± SE). Meals provided 390 kcal/serving and equal fat content. Food intake was measured at an ad libitum lunch meal and blood glucose response was measured. Visual analog scales (VAS) were used to assess hunger, satisfaction, fullness, and prospective food intake. The egg-based breakfast meal with high protein produced greater overall satiety (p < 0.0001), and both high protein and moderate protein with fiber egg-based breakfasts reduced postprandial glycemic response (p < 0.005) and food intake (p < 0.05) at subsequent meal (by 135 kcal and 69 kcal; effect sizes 0.44 and 0.23, respectively) compared to a cereal-based breakfast with low protein and fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Bonnema
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Minnesota , St Paul , MN , USA
| | - Deena K Altschwager
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Minnesota , St Paul , MN , USA
| | - William Thomas
- b Division of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Joanne L Slavin
- a Department of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Minnesota , St Paul , MN , USA
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Impact of resistant starch from unripe banana flour on hunger, satiety, and glucose homeostasis in healthy volunteers. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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37
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Protein-Pacing and Multi-Component Exercise Training Improves Physical Performance Outcomes in Exercise-Trained Women: The PRISE 3 Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060332. [PMID: 27258301 PMCID: PMC4924173 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial cardiometabolic and body composition effects of combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) and multi-mode exercise (resistance, interval, stretching, endurance; RISE) training (PRISE) in obese adults has previously been established. The current study examines PRISE on physical performance (endurance, strength and power) outcomes in healthy, physically active women. Thirty exercise-trained women (>4 days exercise/week) were randomized to either PRISE (n = 15) or a control (CON, 5-6 meals/day at 1.0 g/kg BW/day; n = 15) for 12 weeks. Muscular strength (1-RM bench press, 1-RM BP) endurance (sit-ups, SUs; push-ups, PUs), power (bench throws, BTs), blood pressure (BP), augmentation index, (AIx), and abdominal fat mass were assessed at Weeks 0 (pre) and 13 (post). At baseline, no differences existed between groups. Following the 12-week intervention, PRISE had greater gains (p < 0.05) in SUs, PUs (6 ± 7 vs. 10 ± 7, 40%; 8 ± 13 vs. 14 ± 12, 43% ∆reps, respectively), BTs (11 ± 35 vs. 44 ± 34, 75% ∆watts), AIx (1 ± 9 vs. -5 ± 11, 120%), and DBP (-5 ± 9 vs. -11 ± 11, 55% ∆mmHg). These findings suggest that combined protein-pacing (P; 5-6 meals/day at 2.0 g/kg BW/day) diet and multi-component exercise (RISE) training (PRISE) enhances muscular endurance, strength, power, and cardiovascular health in exercise-trained, active women.
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Arciero PJ, Edmonds RC, Bunsawat K, Gentile CL, Ketcham C, Darin C, Renna M, Zheng Q, Zhang JZ, Ormsbee MJ. Protein-Pacing from Food or Supplementation Improves Physical Performance in Overweight Men and Women: The PRISE 2 Study. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8050288. [PMID: 27187451 PMCID: PMC4882701 DOI: 10.3390/nu8050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that protein-pacing (P; six meals/day @ 1.4 g/kg body weight (BW), three of which included whey protein (WP) supplementation) combined with a multi-mode fitness program consisting of resistance, interval sprint, stretching, and endurance exercise training (RISE) improves body composition in overweight individuals. The purpose of this study was to extend these findings and determine whether protein-pacing with only food protein (FP) is comparable to WP supplementation during RISE training on physical performance outcomes in overweight/obese individuals. Thirty weight-matched volunteers were prescribed RISE training and a P diet derived from either whey protein supplementation (WP, n = 15) or food protein sources (FP, n = 15) for 16 weeks. Twenty-one participants completed the intervention (WP, n = 9; FP, n = 12). Measures of body composition and physical performance were significantly improved in both groups (p < 0.05), with no effect of protein source. Likewise, markers of cardiometabolic disease risk (e.g., LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, systolic blood pressure) were significantly improved (p < 0.05) to a similar extent in both groups. These results demonstrate that both whey protein and food protein sources combined with multimodal RISE training are equally effective at improving physical performance and cardiometabolic health in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Rohan C Edmonds
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Kanokwan Bunsawat
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Christopher L Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Caitlin Ketcham
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Christopher Darin
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Mariale Renna
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Qian Zheng
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Jun Zhu Zhang
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA.
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Florida State University, Institute of Sports Sciences & Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA.
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise, and Leisure Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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Resistant starch analysis of commonly consumed potatoes: Content varies by cooking method and service temperature but not by variety. Food Chem 2016; 208:297-300. [PMID: 27132853 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) has unique digestive and absorptive properties which may provide health benefits. We conducted a study to determine the contributions of cultivar, cooking method and service temperature on the RS contents of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.). We hypothesized that the RS content would vary by variety, cooking method and service temperature. Potatoes of three common commercial varieties (Yukon Gold, Dark Red Norland, and Russet Burbank) were subjected to two methods of cooking (baking or boiling) and three service temperatures: hot (65°C), chilled (4°C) and reheated (4°C for 6d; reheated to 65°C) and analyzed the starch content by modification of a commercially available assay. Results showed that RS content (g/100g) varied by cooking method and service temperature but not variety. Baked potatoes had higher RS contents than boiled; chilled potatoes had more RS than either hot or reheated. These results may assist in dietary choices for reducing chronic disease risk.
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