1
|
Moore JM, Crom AB, Feldblyum JI, Genna DT. Disulfide-Driven Pore Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302144. [PMID: 37486291 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Post-synthetic modification (PSM) imparts additional functionality to metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) that is often difficult to access using solvothermal synthesis. As such, expanding the repertory of PSM reactions available to the practitioner is of increased importance for the generation of materials tailored for desired applications. Herein, a method is described for the protecting group-free installation of diverse functional groups within the pores of a MIL-53(Al) analogue via disulfide bond formation. The majority of the reactions proceed with thiol-to-disulfide conversions ranging from high to nearly quantitative. The disulfide bonds are stable in various solvents and can be cleaved in the presence of a reducing agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Moore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| | - Audrey B Crom
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Jeremy I Feldblyum
- Department of Chemistry, The University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Douglas T Genna
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH 44555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Todaro B, Ottalagana E, Luin S, Santi M. Targeting Peptides: The New Generation of Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1648. [PMID: 37376097 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides can act as targeting molecules, analogously to oligonucleotide aptamers and antibodies. They are particularly efficient in terms of production and stability in physiological environments; in recent years, they have been increasingly studied as targeting agents for several diseases, from tumors to central nervous system disorders, also thanks to the ability of some of them to cross the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we will describe the techniques employed for their experimental and in silico design, as well as their possible applications. We will also discuss advancements in their formulation and chemical modifications that make them even more stable and effective. Finally, we will discuss how their use could effectively help to overcome various physiological problems and improve existing treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Todaro
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Ottalagana
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza, Via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, San Giuliano Terme, 56017 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Melissa Santi
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dharpure PD, Behera M, Thube AS, Bhat RG. Base Dependent Rearrangement of Dithiane and Dithiolane under Visible-light Photoredox catalysis. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201128. [PMID: 36630181 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The rearrangement of dithiolanes and dithianes to access disulfide-linked-dithioesters under visible-light photoredox catalysis via controlled C-S bond cleavage has been disclosed. Unlike, the usual deprotection of dithioacetals to corresponding aldehydes under the oxidative conditions, we observed unique regioselective oxidative reactivity of five and six membered cyclic dithioacetals to form disulfide-linked-dithioesters by exchanging DMAP and imidazole bases. The generality of the protocol has been demonstrated by exploring a wide range of substrates. As an application, in situ generated thiyl radical has been trapped with disulfides to prepare hetero-disulfides of potential utility. The protocol proved to be practical on gram scale quantity and relied on clean energy source for the transformation. Based on the series of control experiments, cyclic voltammetry and Stern-Volmer studies the plausible mechanism has been proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj D Dharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mousumi Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana S Thube
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ramakrishna G Bhat
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, 411008, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ossadnik D, Kuzin S, Qi M, Yulikov M, Godt A. A Gd III-Based Spin Label at the Limits for Linewidth Reduction through Zero-Field Splitting Optimization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:408-432. [PMID: 36525400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The remarkably narrow central line in the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum and the very weak zero-field splitting (ZFS) make [GdIII(NO3Pic)] ([GdIII(TPATCN)]) an attractive starting point for the development of spin labels. For retaining the narrow line of this parent complex when modifying it with a substituent enabling bioconjugation, alkyl with a somehow remote functional group as a substituent at the picolinate moiety was found to be highly suitable because ZFS stayed weak, even if the threefold axial symmetry was broken. The ZFS is so weak that hyperfine coupling and/or g-value variations noticeably determine the linewidth in Q band and higher fields when the biomolecule is protonated, which is the standard situation, and in W band and higher fields for the protonated complex in a fully deuterated surrounding. Clearly, [NDSE-{GdIII(NO3Pic)}], a spin label targeting the cysteines in a peptide, is at a limit of linewidth narrowing through ZFS minimization. The labeling reaction is highly chemoselective and, applied to a polyproline with two cysteine units, it took no more than a minute at 7 °C and pH 7.8. Subsequent disulfide scrambling is very slow and can therefore be prevented. Double electron-electron resonance and relaxation-induced dipolar modulation enhancement applied to the spin-labeled polyproline proved the spin label useful for distance determination in peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ossadnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sergei Kuzin
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mian Qi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Burdușel AC, Andronescu E. Lipid Nanoparticles and Liposomes for Bone Diseases Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123158. [PMID: 36551914 PMCID: PMC9775639 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their outstanding biocompatibility, sufficient capacity to control drug release, and passive targeting capability, lipid nanoparticles are one of the world's most widely utilized drug delivery systems. However, numerous disadvantages limit the use of lipid nanoparticles in clinical settings, especially in bone regeneration, such as challenges in transporting, storing, and maintaining drug concentration in the local area. Scaffolds are frequently employed as implants to provide mechanical support to the damaged area or as diagnostic and imaging tools. On the other hand, unmodified scaffolds have limited powers in fostering tissue regeneration and curing illnesses. Liposomes offer a solid foundation for the long-term development of various commercial solutions for the effective drug delivery-assisted treatment of medical conditions. As drug delivery vehicles in medicine, adjuvants in vaccination, signal enhancers/carriers in medical diagnostics and analytical biochemistry, solubilizers for various ingredients as well as support matrices for various ingredients, and penetration enhancers in cosmetics are just a few of the industrial applications for liposomes. This review introduces and discusses the use of lipid nanoparticles and liposomes and the application of lipid nanoparticles and liposome systems based on different active substances in bone diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Burdușel
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei 54, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei 54, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmad A, Khan JM. pH-sensitive endosomolytic peptides in gene and drug delivery: Endosomal escape and current challenges. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
7
|
González-Rubio S, Salgado C, Manzaneda-González V, Muñoz-Úbeda M, Ahijado-Guzmán R, Natale P, Almendro-Vedia VG, Junquera E, Barcina JO, Ferrer I, Guerrero-Martínez A, Paz-Ares L, López-Montero I. Tunable gold nanorod/NAO conjugates for selective drug delivery in mitochondria-targeted cancer therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:8028-8040. [PMID: 35616261 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonyl acridine orange (NAO) is a lipophilic and positively charged molecule widely used as a mitochondrial fluorescent probe. NAO is cytotoxic at micromolar concentration and might be potentially used as a mitochondria-targeted drug for cancer therapy. However, the use of NAO under in vivo conditions would be compromised by the unspecific interactions with off-target cells and negatively charged proteins present in the bloodstream. To tackle this limitation, we have synthesized NAO analogues carrying an imidazole group for their specific binding to nitrilotriacetic (NTA) functionalized gold nanorods (AuNRs). We demonstrate that AuNRs provide 104 binding sites and a controlled delivery under acidic conditions. Upon incubation with mouse embryonic fibroblasts, the endosomal acidic environment releases the NAO analogues from AuNRs, as visualized through the staining of the mitochondrial network. The addition of the monoclonal antibody Cetuximab to the conjugates enhanced their uptake within lung cancer cells and the conjugates were cytotoxic at subnanomolar concentrations (c50 ≈ 0.06 nM). Moreover, the specific interactions of Cetuximab with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) provided a specific targeting of EGFR-expressing lung cancer cells. After intravenous administration in patient-derived xenografts (PDX) mouse models, the conjugates reduced the progression of EGFR-positive tumors. Overall, the NAO-AuNRs provide a promising strategy to realize membrane mitochondria-targeted conjugates for lung cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio González-Rubio
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cástor Salgado
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Manzaneda-González
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Muñoz-Úbeda
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rubén Ahijado-Guzmán
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paolo Natale
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Víctor G Almendro-Vedia
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elena Junquera
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Osío Barcina
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Guerrero-Martínez
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Ciberonc, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Departamento Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (imas12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Ps. Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Muñoz-Úbeda M, Semenzato M, Franco-Romero A, Junquera E, Aicart E, Scorrano L, López-Montero I. Transgene expression in mice of the Opa1 mitochondrial transmembrane protein through bicontinuous cubic lipoplexes containing gemini imidazolium surfactants. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:425. [PMID: 34922554 PMCID: PMC8684174 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipoplexes are non-viral vectors based on cationic lipids used to deliver DNA into cells, also known as lipofection. The positively charge of the hydrophilic head-group provides the cationic lipids the ability to condensate the negatively charged DNA into structured complexes. The polar head can carry a large variety of chemical groups including amines as well as guanidino or imidazole groups. In particular, gemini cationic lipids consist of two positive polar heads linked by a spacer with different length. As for the hydrophobic aliphatic chains, they can be unsaturated or saturated and are connected to the polar head-groups. Many other chemical components can be included in the formulation of lipoplexes to improve their transfection efficiency, which often relies on their structural features. Varying these components can drastically change the arrangement of DNA molecules within the lamellar, hexagonal or cubic phases that are provided by the lipid matrix. Lipofection is widely used to deliver genetic material in cell culture experiments but the simpler formulations exhibit major drawbacks related to low transfection, low specificity, low circulation half-life and toxicity when scaled up to in vivo experiments. RESULTS So far, we have explored in cell cultures the transfection ability of lipoplexes based on gemini cationic lipids that consist of two C16 alkyl chains and two imidazolium polar head-groups linked with a polyoxyethylene spacer, (C16Im)2(C4O). Here, PEGylated lipids have been introduced to the lipoplex formulation and the transgene expression of the Opa1 mitochondrial transmembrane protein in mice was assessed. The addition of PEG on the surface of the lipid mixed resulted in the formation of Ia3d bicontinuous cubic phases as determined by small angle X-ray scattering. After a single intramuscular administration, the cubic lipoplexes were accumulated in tissues with tight endothelial barriers such as brain, heart, and lungs for at least 48 h. The transgene expression of Opa1 in those organs was identified by western blotting or RNA expression analysis through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS The expression reported here is sufficient in magnitude, duration and toxicity to consolidate the bicontinuous cubic structures formed by (C16Im)2(C4O)-based lipoplexes as valuable therapeutic agents in the field of gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Muñoz-Úbeda
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Martina Semenzato
- Fondazione Per La Ricerca Biomèdica Avanzata, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Anais Franco-Romero
- Fondazione Per La Ricerca Biomèdica Avanzata, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Junquera
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Aicart
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Fondazione Per La Ricerca Biomèdica Avanzata, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova, Italy
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Hospital, 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.
- Dpto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anson F, Liu B, Kanjilal P, Wu P, Hardy JA, Thayumanavan S. Evaluating Endosomal Escape of Caspase-3-Containing Nanomaterials Using Split GFP. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1261-1272. [PMID: 33591168 PMCID: PMC8477791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability for biologics to access intracellular targets hinges on the translocation of active, unmodified proteins. This is often achieved using nanoscale formulations, which enter cells through endocytosis. This uptake mechanism often limits the therapeutic potential of the biologics, as the propensity of the nanocarrier to escape the endosome becomes the key determinant. To appropriately evaluate and compare competing delivery systems of disparate compositions, it is therefore critical to assess endosomal escape efficiencies. Unfortunately, quantitative tools to assess endosomal escape are lacking, and standard approaches often lead to an erroneous interpretation of cytosolic localization. In this study we use a split-complementation endosomal escape (SEE) assay to evaluate levels of cytosolic caspase-3 following delivery by polymer nanogels and mesoporous silica nanoparticles. In particular, we use SEE as a means to enable the systematic investigation of the effect of polymer composition, polymer architecture (random vs block), hydrophobicity, and surface functionality. Although polymer structure had little influence on endosomal escape, nanogel functionalization with cationic and pH-sensitive peptides significantly enhanced endosomal escape levels and, further, significantly increased the amount of nanogel per endosome. This work serves as a guide for developing an optimal caspase-3 delivery system, as this caspase-3 variant can be easily substituted for a therapeutic caspase-3 cargo in any system that results in cytosolic accumulation and cargo release. In addition, these data provide a framework that can be readily applied to a wide variety of protein cargos to assess the independent contributions of both uptake and endosomal escape of a wide range of protein delivery vehicles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeanne A. Hardy
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Almeida B, Nag OK, Rogers KE, Delehanty JB. Recent Progress in Bioconjugation Strategies for Liposome-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2020; 25:E5672. [PMID: 33271886 PMCID: PMC7730700 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery, liposomes are the most widely used drug carrier, and the only NP system currently approved by the FDA for clinical use, owing to their advantageous physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Recent advances in liposome technology have been focused on bioconjugation strategies to improve drug loading, targeting, and overall efficacy. In this review, we highlight recent literature reports (covering the last five years) focused on bioconjugation strategies for the enhancement of liposome-mediated drug delivery. These advances encompass the improvement of drug loading/incorporation and the specific targeting of liposomes to the site of interest/drug action. We conclude with a section highlighting the role of bioconjugation strategies in liposome systems currently being evaluated for clinical use and a forward-looking discussion of the field of liposomal drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Almeida
- American Society for Engineering Education, Washington, DC 20036, USA;
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (O.K.N.); (K.E.R.)
| | - Okhil K. Nag
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (O.K.N.); (K.E.R.)
| | - Katherine E. Rogers
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (O.K.N.); (K.E.R.)
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, 2330 Kim Engineering Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - James B. Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA; (O.K.N.); (K.E.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
An Underestimated Factor: The Extent of Cross-Reactions Modifying APIs in Surface-Modified Liposomal Preparations Caused by Comprised Activated Lipids. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194436. [PMID: 32992540 PMCID: PMC7582356 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the nowadays available plentitude of strategies to selectively introduce functional surface modification of liposomes, in preclinical research this process is still primarily performed after liposomal preparation utilizing comprised activated phospholipids with functionalized head groups. However, because these activated lipids are present during the liposomal preparation process, they can cross-react with incorporated drugs, especially the particularly often utilized active esters and maleimide groups. Macromolecular drugs, being composed of amino acids, are particularly prone to such cross-reactions due to their often multiple reactive functionalities such as amino and disulfide groups. To demonstrate this impact on the formulation in liposomal surface modification, we assessed the extent of cross-reaction during the liposomal preparation of two activated phospholipids with typically used head group functionalized phospholipids, with the two peptide drugs vancomycin and insulin comprising disulfide and amino functionalities. Both drugs revealed a considerable fraction of covalent modification (estimated 2 to 12%) generated during the liposome preparation process with comprised activated lipids. Modification of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was determined by high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis. These findings clearly demonstrate the non-negligibility of potential cross reactions using the post preparation liposomal surface modification strategy in preclinical research.
Collapse
|
12
|
The Entrapment of Somatostatin in a Lipid Formulation: Retarded Release and Free Radical Reactivity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173085. [PMID: 31450691 PMCID: PMC6749267 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural peptide somatostatin has hormonal and cytostatic effects exerted by the binding to specific receptors in various tissues. Therapeutic uses are strongly prevented by its very short biological half-life of 1–2 min due to enzymatic hydrolysis, therefore encapsulation methodologies are explored to overcome the need for continuous infusion regimes. Multilamellar liposomes made of natural phosphatidylcholine were used for the incorporation of a mixture of somatostatin and sorbitol dissolved in citrate buffer at pH = 5. Lyophilization and reconstitution of the suspension were carried out, showing the flexibility of this preparation. Full characterization of this suspension was obtained as particle size, encapsulation efficiency and retarded release properties in aqueous medium and human plasma. Liposomal somatostatin incubated at 37 °C in the presence of Fe(II) and (III) salts were used as a biomimetic model of drug-cell membrane interaction, evidencing the free radical processes of peroxidation and isomerization that transform the unsaturated fatty acid moieties of the lipid vesicles. This study offers new insights into a liposomal delivery system and highlights molecular reactivity of sulfur-containing drugs with its carrier or biological membranes for pharmacological applications.
Collapse
|