Biogenesis and functions of circular RNAs and their role in diseases of the female reproductive system

The Role of the Dysregulation of circRNAs Expression in Glioblastoma Multiforme

Primary brain tumors that were the most severe and aggressive were called glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Cancers are caused in part by aberrant expression of circular RNA. Often referred to as competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), circRNA molecules act as "miRNA sponges" in cells by decreasing the inhibitory impact of miRNA on their target genes and hence raising the expression levels of those genes. circRNA molecules are rich in miRNA binding sites. The discovery of more structurally diverse and GBM-related circRNAs has great promise for the use of GMB prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, as well as for comprehending the molecular regulatory mechanisms of GBM. In this work, we present an overview of the circRNA expression patterns associated with GBM and offer a potential integrated electrochemical strategy for detecting circRNA with extreme sensitivity in the diagnosis of glioblastoma.

miRNAs in ovarian disorders: Small but strong cast

PURPOSE

This research aimed to analyze alterations in microRNA expression in the diseases POF (Premature Ovarian Failure), PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome), and ovarian cancer in order to understand the molecular changes associated with these conditions. The findings could potentially be utilized for diagnostic, therapeutic, predictive, and preventive purposes. Furthermore, the impact and role of microRNAs in each ailment, along with their functional pathways, were elucidated and examined.

METHODS

In this study, the genes involved in the disease were studied, and then the miRNAs that targeted these genes were evaluated, and finally the signaling and functional pathways of each of the miRNAs were assessed. In this process, genetic databases and previous studies were carefully assessed.

RESULTS

miRNAs are short nucleotide sequences that belong to the category of non-coding RNAs. They play a crucial role in various physiological activities, including cell division, growth, differentiation, and cell death (necrosis and apoptosis), miRNAs are involved in various physiological processes Such alterations are common in various diseases, including cancer. miRNAs are involved in various physiological processes, such as folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis, as well as in pathological conditions such as POF, PCOS, and ovarian cancer. They have powerful regulatory effects and controlling the most activities of normal and pathological cells. While microRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in normal ovarian functions, there are reports of their expression changes in PCOS, ovarian cancer, and POF.

CONCLUSIONS

miRNAs have been found to exert significant influence on both physiological and pathological cellular processes. Understanding the dynamic patterns of miRNA alterations can provide valuable insights for researchers and therapists, enabling them to utilize these biomarkers effectively in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive applications.

Progress in application of cyclic single-stranded nucleic acids

Cyclic nucleic acids are biologically stable against nucleic acid exonucleases due to the absence of 5' and 3' termini. Studies of cyclic nucleic acids mainly focus on cyclic single-stranded nucleic acids. Cyclic single-stranded nucleic acids are further divided into circular RNA (circRNA) and circular single-stranded DNA (cssDNA). The synthesis methods of circRNA include lasso-driven cyclization, intron-paired cyclization, intron cyclization, intron complementary pairing-driven cyclization, RNA-binding protein-driven cyclization, and artificial synthesis depending on the source. Its main role is to participate in gene expression and the treatment of some diseases. Circular single-stranded DNA is mainly synthesized by chemical ligation, template-directed enzyme ligation, and new techniques for the efficient preparation of DNA single loops and topologies based on CircLigase. It is mainly used in rolling circle amplification (RCA) technology and in the bioprotection of circular aptamers and second messengers. This review focuses on the types, synthesis methods, and applications of cyclic single-stranded nucleic acids, providing a reference for further research on cyclic single-stranded nucleic acids.

CircRNAs: Pivotal modulators of TGF-β signalling in cancer pathogenesis

The intricate molecular landscape of cancer pathogenesis continues to captivate researchers worldwide, with Circular RNAs (circRNAs) emerging as pivotal players in the dynamic regulation of biological functions. The study investigates the elusive link between circRNAs and the Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway, exploring their collective influence on cancer progression and metastasis. Our comprehensive investigation begins by profiling circRNA expression patterns in diverse cancer types, revealing a repertoire of circRNAs intricately linked to the TGF-β pathway. Through integrated bioinformatics analyses and functional experiments, we elucidate the specific circRNA-mRNA interactions that modulate TGF-β signalling, unveiling the regulatory controls governing this crucial pathway. Furthermore, we provide compelling evidence of the impact of circRNA-mediated TGF-β modulation on key cellular processes, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and cell proliferation. In addition to their mechanistic roles, circRNAs have shown promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential molecular targets for cancer therapy. Their ability to modulate critical pathways, such as the TGF-β signalling axis, underscores their significance in cancer biology and clinical applications. The intricate interplay between circRNAs and TGF-β is dissected, uncovering novel regulatory circuits that contribute to the complexity of cancer biology. This review unravels a previously unexplored dimension of carcinogenesis, emphasizing the crucial role of circRNAs in shaping the TGF-β signalling landscape.

The functional significance of circRNA/miRNA/mRNA interactions as a regulatory network in lung cancer biology

Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, presents significant challenges to patients due to its poor prognosis. Recent research has increasingly implicated circular RNAs in the development and progression of lung cancer. These circular RNAs have been found to impact various aspects of tumor behavior, including proliferation, metastasis, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cancer stem cells, therapy response, and the tumor microenvironment. One of the key mechanisms by which circular RNAs exert their influence is through their ability to act as miRNA sponges, sequestering microRNAs and preventing them from targeting other RNA molecules. Accumulating evidence suggests that circular RNAs can function as competing endogenous RNAs, affecting the expression of target mRNAs by sequestering microRNAs. Dysregulation of competing endogenous RNAs networks involving circular RNAs, microRNAs, and mRNAs leads to the aberrant expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved in lung cancer pathogenesis. Understanding the dynamic interplay and molecular mechanisms among circular RNAs, microRNAs, and mRNAs holds great promise for advancing early diagnosis, personalized therapeutic interventions, and improved patient outcomes in lung cancer. Therefore, this study aims to provide an in-depth exploration of the executive roles of circular RNAs/microRNAs/ mRNAs interactions in lung cancer pathogenesis and their potential utility for diagnosing lung cancer, predicting patient prognosis, and guiding targeted therapies. By offering a comprehensive overview of the dysregulation of the axes as driving factors in lung cancer, we aim to pave the way for their translation into clinical practice in the future.

Osteomyelitis and non-coding RNAS: A new dimension in disease understanding

Osteomyelitis, a debilitating bone infection, presents considerable clinical challenges due to its intricate etiology and limited treatment options. Despite strides in surgical and chemotherapeutic interventions, the treatment landscape for osteomyelitis remains unsatisfactory. Recent attention has focused on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in the pathogenesis and progression of osteomyelitis. This review consolidates current knowledge on the involvement of distinct classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, in the context of osteomyelitis. Emerging evidence from various studies underscores the potential of ncRNAs in orchestrating gene expression and influencing the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, pivotal processes in bone formation. The review initiates by elucidating the regulatory functions of ncRNAs in fundamental cellular processes such as inflammation, immune response, and bone remodeling, pivotal in osteomyelitis pathology. It delves into the intricate network of interactions between ncRNAs and their target genes, illuminating how dysregulation contributes to the establishment and persistence of osteomyelitic infections. Understanding their regulatory roles may pave the way for targeted diagnostic tools and innovative therapeutic interventions, promising a paradigm shift in the clinical approach to this challenging condition. Additionally, we delve into the promising therapeutic applications of these molecules, envisioning novel diagnostic and treatment approaches to enhance the management of this challenging bone infection.

Differential Expression of Non-Coding RNAs in Stem Cell Development and Therapeutics of Bone Disorders

Stem cells' self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation are regulated by a complex network consisting of signaling factors, chromatin regulators, transcription factors, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Diverse role of ncRNAs in stem cell development and maintenance of bone homeostasis have been discovered recently. The ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs, micro RNAs, circular RNAs, small interfering RNA, Piwi-interacting RNAs, etc., are not translated into proteins but act as essential epigenetic regulators in stem cells' self-renewal and differentiation. Different signaling pathways are monitored efficiently by the differential expression of ncRNAs, which function as regulatory elements in determining the fate of stem cells. In addition, several species of ncRNAs could serve as potential molecular biomarkers in early diagnosis of bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and bone cancers, ultimately leading to the development of new therapeutic strategies. This review aims to explore the specific roles of ncRNAs and their effective molecular mechanisms in the growth and development of stem cells, and in the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast activities. Furthermore, we focus on and explore the association of altered ncRNA expression with stem cells and bone turnover.

Astaxanthin Alleviates Foam Cell Formation and Promotes Cholesterol Efflux in Ox-LDL-Induced RAW264.7 Cells via CircTPP2/miR-3073b-5p/ABCA1 Pathway

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a common cardiovascular disease and remains the leading cause of death in the world. It is generally believed that the deposition of foam cells in the arterial wall is the main cause of AS. Moreover, promoting cholesterol efflux and enhancing the ability of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can effectively inhibit the formation of foam cells, thereby preventing the occurrence and development of AS. Astaxanthin, with a powerful antioxidant ability, has a potential role in the prevention of atherosclerosis, but how it works in preventing atherosclerosis remains unknown. Here, our experimental results suggest that astaxanthin can upregulate the expression of circular RNA tripeptidyl-peptidase II (circTPP2) and eventually promote cholesterol efflux by modulating ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1). The expression of ABCA1 was significantly suppressed after knocking down circTPP2 in macrophage-derived foam cells. In addition, the experimental results showed that circTPP2 could downregulate the expression of microRNA-3073b-5p (miR-3073b-5p), and ABCA1 was identified as the target gene of miR-3073b-5p. In conclusion, the circTPP2/miR-3073b-5p/ABCA1 axis may be the specific mechanism of astaxanthin promoting cholesterol efflux.

In situ detection of exosomal RNAs for cancer diagnosis

Exosomes are considered as biomarkers reflecting the physiological state of the human body. Studies have revealed that the expression levels of specific exosomal RNAs are closely associated with certain cancers. Thus, detection of exosomal RNA offers a new avenue for liquid biopsy of cancers. Many exosomal RNA detection methods based on various principles have been developed, and most of the methods detect the extracted RNAs after lysing exosomes. Besides complex and time-consuming extraction steps, a major drawback of this approach is the degradation of the extracted RNAs in the absence of plasma membrane and cytosol. In addition, there is considerable loss of RNAs during their extraction. In situ detection of exosomal RNAs can avoid these drawbacks, thus allowing higher diagnostic reliability. In this paper, in situ detection of exosomal RNAs was systematically reviewed from the perspectives of detection methods, transport methods of the probe systems, probe structures, signal amplification strategies, and involved functional materials. Furthermore, the limitations and possible improvements of the current in situ detection methods for exosomal RNAs towards the clinical diagnostic application are discussed. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for the development of in situ exosomal RNA detection strategies for non-invasive diagnosis of cancers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Certain RNAs have been identified as valuable biomarkers for some cancers, and sensitive detection of cancer-related RNAs is expected to achieve better diagnostic efficacy. Currently, the detection of exosomal RNAs is receiving increasing attention due to their high stability and significant concentration differences between patients and healthy individuals. In situ detection of exosomal RNAs has greater diagnostic reliability due to the avoidance of RNA degradation and loss. However, this mode is still limited by some factors such as detection methods, transport methods of the probe systems, probe structures, signal amplification strategies, etc. This review focuses on the progress of in situ detection of exosomal RNAs and aims to promote the development of this field.

Decoding the complexity of circular RNAs in cardiovascular disease

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a new class of covalently circularized noncoding RNAs widely expressed in the human heart. Emerging evidence suggests they have a regulatory role in a variety of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review's current focus includes our understanding of circRNA classification, biogenesis, function, stability, degradation mechanisms, and their roles in various cardiovascular disease conditions. Our knowledge of circRNA, the relatively recent member of the noncoding RNA family, is still in its infancy; however, recent literature proposes circRNAs may be promising targets for the understanding and treatment of CVD.

Circular RNA ciRS-7 affects the propagation of Cryptosporidium parvum in HCT-8 cells by sponging miR-1270 to activate the NF-κB signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Cryptosporidium is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for severe enteric diseases in humans and animals. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying host and Cryptosporidium interactions are still not clear.

METHODS

To study the roles of circRNAs in host cells during Cryptosporidium infection, the expression profiles of circRNAs in HCT-8 cells infected with C. parvum were investigated using a microarray assay, and the regulatory role of a significantly upregulated circRNA, ciRS-7, was investigated during C. parvum infection.

RESULTS

C. parvum infection caused notable alterations in the expression profiles of circRNAs in HCT-8 cells, and a total of 178 (including 128 up- and 50 downregulated) circRNAs were significantly differentially expressed following C. parvum infection. Among them, ciRS-7 was significantly upregulated and regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway by sponging miR-1270 during C. parvum infection. Furthermore, the ciRS-7/miR-1270/relA axis markedly affected the propagation of C. parvum in HCT-8 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed that ciRS-7 would promote C. parvum propagation by regulating the miR-1270/relA axis and affecting the NF-κB pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the role of circRNA during Cryptosporidium infection, and the findings provide a novel view for implementing control strategies against Cryptosporidium infection.

Current and Future Roles of Circular RNAs in Normal and Pathological Endometrium

The uterine endometrium, which lines the mammalian uterus, is essential for embryo implantation. This lining undergoes significant changes during sexual and menstrual cycles. The endometrium is also associated with hormone-related diseases such as endometriosis and endometrial cancer. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a role in various biological processes. Recent studies have determined that circRNAs function in both normal and pathological endometrial environments. Here, we review high-throughput studies pertaining to circRNAs as well as individual circRNAs active in the endometrium, in order to explore the myriad functions of circRNAs in the endometrium and mechanisms underlying these functions, from panoramic and individual perspectives. Owing to their abundant expression, stability, and small size, circRNAs have displayed potential usefulness as diagnostic markers and treatment targets for endometrial-related diseases. Therefore, the specific role of circRNAs in the endometrium warrants systematic investigation in the future.