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Wu K, Shieh JS, Qin L, Guo JJ. Mitochondrial mechanisms in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:76. [PMID: 38849951 PMCID: PMC11162051 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders characterized by prolonged muscle inflammation, resulting in enduring pain and diminished functionality, pose significant challenges for the patients. Emerging scientific evidence points to mitochondrial malfunction as a pivotal factor contributing to these ailments. Mitochondria play a critical role in powering skeletal muscle activity, but in the context of persistent inflammation, disruptions in their quantity, configuration, and performance have been well-documented. Various disturbances, encompassing alterations in mitochondrial dynamics (such as fission and fusion), calcium regulation, oxidative stress, biogenesis, and the process of mitophagy, are believed to play a central role in the progression of these disorders. Additionally, unfolded protein responses and the accumulation of fatty acids within muscle cells may adversely affect the internal milieu, impairing the equilibrium of mitochondrial functioning. The structural discrepancies between different mitochondrial subsets namely, intramyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria likely impact their metabolic capabilities and susceptibility to inflammatory influences. The release of signals from damaged mitochondria is known to incite inflammatory responses. Intriguingly, migrasomes and extracellular vesicles serve as vehicles for intercellular transfer of mitochondria, aiding in the removal of impaired mitochondria and regulation of inflammation. Viral infections have been implicated in inducing stress on mitochondria. Prolonged dysfunction of these vital organelles sustains oxidative harm, metabolic irregularities, and heightened cytokine release, impeding the body's ability to repair tissues. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of advancements in understanding changes in the intracellular environment, mitochondrial architecture and distribution, biogenesis, dynamics, autophagy, oxidative stress, cytokines associated with mitochondria, vesicular structures, and associated membranes in the context of chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders. Strategies targeting key elements regulating mitochondrial quality exhibit promise in the restoration of mitochondrial function, alleviation of inflammation, and enhancement of overall outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailun Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju-Sheng Shieh
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, 11490, Taiwan
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of the Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Jiong Guo
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.
- MOE China-Europe Sports Medicine Belt and Road Joint Laboratory, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang K, Zhu Z, Jia R, Wang NA, Shi M, Wang Y, Xiang S, Zhang Q, Xu L. CD151-enriched migrasomes mediate hepatocellular carcinoma invasion by conditioning cancer cells and promoting angiogenesis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:160. [PMID: 38840183 PMCID: PMC11155183 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tetraspanin family plays a pivotal role in the genesis of migrasomes, and Tetraspanin CD151 is also implicated in neovascularization within tumorous contexts. Nevertheless, research pertaining to the involvement of CD151 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) neovascularization and its association with migrasomes remains inadequate. METHODS To investigate the correlation between CD151 and migrasome marker TSPAN4 in liver cancer, we conducted database analysis using clinical data from HCC patients. Expression levels of CD151 were assessed in HCC tissues and correlated with patient survival outcomes. In vitro experiments were performed using HCC cell lines to evaluate the impact of CD151 expression on migrasome formation and cellular invasiveness. Cell lines with altered CD151 expression levels were utilized to study migrasome generation and in vitro invasion capabilities. Additionally, migrasome function was explored through cellular aggregation assays and phagocytosis studies. Subsequent VEGF level analysis and tissue chip experiments further confirmed the role of CD151 in mediating migrasome involvement in angiogenesis and cellular signal transduction. RESULTS Our study revealed a significant correlation between CD151 expression and migrasome marker TSPAN4 in liver cancer, based on database analysis of clinical samples. High expression levels of CD151 were closely associated with poor survival outcomes in HCC patients. Experimentally, decreased CD151 expression led to reduced migrasome generation and diminished in vitro invasion capabilities, resulting in attenuated in vivo metastatic potential. Migrasomes were demonstrated to facilitate cellular aggregation and phagocytosis, thereby promoting cellular invasiveness. Furthermore, VEGF-enriched migrasomes were implicated in signaling and angiogenesis, accelerating HCC progression. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings support the notion that elevated CD151 expression promotes migrasome formation, and migrasomes play a pivotal role in the invasiveness and angiogenesis of liver cancer cells, thereby facilitating HCC progression. This finding implies that migrasomes generated by elevated CD151 expression may constitute a promising high-priority target for anti-angiogenic therapy in HCC, offering crucial insights for the in-depth exploration of migrasome function and a renewed comprehension of the mechanism underlying liver cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangnan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM), Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Rongrong Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
- Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Innovative Therapeutics of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - N A Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
- Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Innovative Therapeutics of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
- Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Innovative Therapeutics of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yugang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
- Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Innovative Therapeutics of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Shihao Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China.
- Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Innovative Therapeutics of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Qinghui Zhang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China.
- Key Laboratory for Translational Research and Innovative Therapeutics of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200336, China.
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3
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Muttiah B, Ng SL, Lokanathan Y, Ng MH, Law JX. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Intercellular Communication to Therapeutic Opportunities. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:654. [PMID: 38794316 PMCID: PMC11125876 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, a multifaceted and heterogeneous disease, poses significant challenges in terms of understanding its intricate resistance mechanisms and devising effective therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate landscape of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the context of breast cancer, highlighting their diverse subtypes, biogenesis, and roles in intercellular communication within the tumour microenvironment (TME). The discussion spans various aspects, from EVs and stromal cells in breast cancer to their influence on angiogenesis, immune response, and chemoresistance. The impact of EV production in different culture systems, including two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and organoid models, is explored. Furthermore, this review delves into the therapeutic potential of EVs in breast cancer, presenting emerging strategies such as engineered EVs for gene delivery, nanoplatforms for targeted chemotherapy, and disrupting tumour derived EVs as a treatment approach. Understanding these complex interactions of EV within the breast cancer milieu is crucial for identifying resistance mechanisms and developing new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barathan Muttiah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Sook Luan Ng
- Department of Craniofacial Diagnostics and Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
| | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (Y.L.); (M.H.N.)
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Wang T, Tang Y, Xia Y, Zhang Q, Cao S, Bie M, Kang F. IGF2 promotes alveolar bone regeneration in murine periodontitis via inhibiting cGAS/STING-mediated M1 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111984. [PMID: 38565043 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with the destruction of supporting periodontal tissue. This study evaluated the role of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) in periodontitis by inhibiting the polarization of M1 macrophages via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. IGF2 was enriched in the gingival tissue of murine periodontitis model identified by RNA sequencing. IGF2 application alleviated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and promoted osteogenesis and the expression of related genes and proteins in a dose-dependent manner in periodontitis. The result of micro-CT verified this finding. Both in vivo and in vitro results revealed that IGF2 decreased the polarization of M1 macrophages and pro-inflammatory factors by immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, western blotting and RT-PCR. IGF2 application promoted the osteogenic ability of periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) indirectly via its inhibition of M1 polarization evaluated by alkaline phosphatase and alizarin red staining. Then, the cGAS/STING pathway was upregulated in periodontitis and macrophages challenged by LPS, the inhibition of which led to downregulation of M1 polarization. Furthermore, IGF2 could downregulate cGAS, STING and the phosphorylation of P65. Collectively, our study indicates IGF2 can regulate the polarization of M1 macrophages via the cGAS/STING pathway and highlights the promising future of IGF2 as a therapeutic treatment for periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairan Wang
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxing Xia
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaokang Cao
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Miaomiao Bie
- Second Dental Center, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiwu Kang
- Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China.
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Xiang Y, Wang B, Yang W, Zheng X, Chen R, Gong Q, Gu Z, Liu Y, Luo K. Mitocytosis Mediated by an Enzyme-Activable Mitochondrion-Disturbing Polymer-Drug Conjugate Enhances Active Penetration in Glioblastoma Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311500. [PMID: 38299748 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The application of nanomedicines for glioblastoma (GBM) therapy is hampered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the dense glioblastoma tissue. To achieve efficient BBB crossing and deep GBM penetration, this work demonstrates a strategy of active transcellular transport of a mitochondrion-disturbing nanomedicine, pGBEMA22-b-pSSPPT9 (GBEPPT), in the GBM tissue through mitocytosis. GBEPPT is computer-aided designed and prepared by self-assembling a conjugate of an amphiphilic block polymer and a drug podophyllotoxin (PPT). When GBEPPT is delivered to the tumor site, overexpressed γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) on the brain-blood endothelial cell, or the GBM cell triggered enzymatic hydrolysis of γ-glutamylamide on GBEPPT to reverse its negative charge to positive. Positively charged GBEPPT rapidly enter into the cell and target the mitochondria. These GBEPPT disturb the homeostasis of mitochondria, inducing mitocytosis-mediated extracellular transport of GBEPPT to the neighboring cells via mitosomes. This intracellular-to-intercellular delivery cycle allows GBEPPT to penetrate deeply into the GBM parenchyma, and exert sustainable action of PPT released from GBEPPT on the tumor cells along its penetration path at the tumor site, thus improving the anti-GBM effect. The process of mitocytosis mediated by the mitochondrion-disturbing nanomedicine may offer great potential in enhancing drug penetration through malignant tissues, especially poorly permeable solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Radiology, Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Zhou Z, Shi L, Chen B, Qian H. Regulation of regulated cell death by extracellular vesicles in acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:99-111. [PMID: 38182464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The imbalance between proliferation and death of kidney resident cells is a crucial factor in the development of acute or chronic renal dysfunction. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is often associated with the rapid loss of tubular epithelial cells (TECs). Sustained injury leads to the loss of glomerular endothelial cells (GECs) and podocytes, which is a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of glomerular diseases. This irreversible damage resulting from progressive cell loss eventually leads to deterioration of renal function characterized by glomerular compensatory hypertrophy, tubular degeneration, and renal fibrosis. Regulated cell death (RCD), which involves a cascade of gene expression events with tight structures, plays a certain role in regulating kidney health by determining the fate of kidney resident cells. Under pathological conditions, cells in the nephron have been demonstrated to constitutively release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which act as messengers that specifically interact with recipient cells to regulate their cell death process. For therapeutic intervention, exogenous EVs have exhibited great potential for the prevention and treatment of kidney disease by modulating RCD, with enhanced effects through engineering modification. Based on the functional role of EVs, this review comprehensively explores the regulation of RCD by EVs in AKI and chronic kidney disease (CKD), with emphasis on pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linru Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binghai Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Institute of Translational Medicine of Jiangsu University, Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Tsakiri M, Tsichlis I, Zivko C, Demetzos C, Mahairaki V. Lipidic Nanoparticles, Extracellular Vesicles and Hybrid Platforms as Advanced Medicinal Products: Future Therapeutic Prospects for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:350. [PMID: 38543244 PMCID: PMC10975844 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, affect a wide variety of the population and pose significant challenges with progressive and irreversible neural cell loss. The limitations of brain-targeting therapies and the unclear molecular mechanisms driving neurodegeneration hamper the possibility of developing successful treatment options. Thus, nanoscale drug delivery platforms offer a promising solution. This paper explores and compares lipidic nanoparticles, extracellular vesicles (EVs), and hybrid liposomal-EV nanoplatforms as advanced approaches for targeted delivery to combat neurodegeneration. Lipidic nanoparticles are well-characterized platforms that allow multi-drug loading and scalable production. Conversely, EVs offer the ability of selectively targeting specific tissues and high biocompatibility. The combination of these two platforms in one could lead to promising results in the treatment of neurodegeneration. However, many issues, such as the regulatory framework, remain to be solved before these novel products are translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsakiri
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.T.); (I.T.); (C.D.)
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Ioannis Tsichlis
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.T.); (I.T.); (C.D.)
| | - Cristina Zivko
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Costas Demetzos
- Section of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.T.); (I.T.); (C.D.)
| | - Vasiliki Mahairaki
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
- The Richman Family Precision Medicine Center of Excellence in Alzheimer’s Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Zhu J, Huang J, Sun Y, Xu W, Qian H. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in diabetic retinopathy. Theranostics 2024; 14:1631-1646. [PMID: 38389842 PMCID: PMC10879872 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complex complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is a leading cause of adult blindness. Hyperglycemia triggers DR, resulting in microvascular damage, glial apoptosis, and neuronal degeneration. Inflammation and oxidative stress play crucial roles during this process. Current clinical treatments for DR primarily target the advanced retinal disorder but offer limited benefits with inevitable side effects. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit unique morphological features, contents, and biological properties and can be found in cell culture supernatants, various body fluids, and tissues. In DR, EVs with specific cargo composition would induce the reaction of receptor cell once internalized, mediating cellular communication and disease progression. Increasing evidence indicates that monitoring changes in EV quantity and content in DR can aid in disease diagnosis and prognosis. Furthermore, extensive research is investigating the potential of these nanoparticles as effective therapeutic agents in preclinical models of DR. This review explores the current understanding of the pathological effects of EVs in DR development, discusses their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic strategies, and paves the way for further research and therapeutic advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhu
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 214200, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 214200, China
| | - Yaoxiang Sun
- Department of clinical laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Department of Gynecology and obstetrics, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, 214200, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Hui Qian
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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Kirchner Z, Geohagan A, Truszkowska A. A Vicsek-type model of confined cancer cells with variable clustering affinities. Integr Biol (Camb) 2024; 16:zyae005. [PMID: 38402577 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Clustering of cells is an essential component of many biological processes from tissue formation to cancer metastasis. We develop a minimal, Vicsek-based model of cellular interactions that robustly and accurately captures the variable propensity of different cells to form groups when confined. We calibrate and validate the model with experimental data on clustering affinities of four lines of tumor cells. We then show that cell clustering or separation tendencies are retained in environments with higher cell number densities and in cell mixtures. Finally, we calibrate our model with experimental measurements on the separation of cells treated with anti-clustering agents and find that treated cells maintain their distances in denser suspensions. We show that the model reconstructs several cell interaction mechanisms, which makes it suitable for exploring the dynamics of cell cluster formation as well as cell separation. Insight: We developed a model of cellular interactions that captures the clustering and separation of cells in an enclosure. Our model is particularly relevant for microfluidic systems with confined cells and we centered our work around one such emerging assay for the detection and research on clustering breast cancer cells. We calibrated our model using the existing experimental data and used it to explore the functionality of the assay under a broader set of conditions than originally considered. Future usages of our model can include purely theoretical and computational considerations, exploring experimental devices, and supporting research on small to medium-sized cell clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Kirchner
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Anna Geohagan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Agnieszka Truszkowska
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA
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10
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Yang J, Zhang Z, Lam JSW, Fan H, Fu NY. Molecular Regulation and Oncogenic Functions of TSPAN8. Cells 2024; 13:193. [PMID: 38275818 PMCID: PMC10814125 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins, a superfamily of small integral membrane proteins, are characterized by four transmembrane domains and conserved protein motifs that are configured into a unique molecular topology and structure in the plasma membrane. They act as key organizers of the plasma membrane, orchestrating the formation of specialized microdomains called "tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs)" or "tetraspanin nanodomains" that are essential for mediating diverse biological processes. TSPAN8 is one of the earliest identified tetraspanin members. It is known to interact with a wide range of molecular partners in different cellular contexts and regulate diverse molecular and cellular events at the plasma membrane, including cell adhesion, migration, invasion, signal transduction, and exosome biogenesis. The functions of cell-surface TSPAN8 are governed by ER targeting, modifications at the Golgi apparatus and dynamic trafficking. Intriguingly, limited evidence shows that TSPAN8 can translocate to the nucleus to act as a transcriptional regulator. The transcription of TSPAN8 is tightly regulated and restricted to defined cell lineages, where it can serve as a molecular marker of stem/progenitor cells in certain normal tissues as well as tumors. Importantly, the oncogenic roles of TSPAN8 in tumor development and cancer metastasis have gained prominence in recent decades. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge on the molecular characteristics and regulatory mechanisms defining TSPAN8 functions, and discuss the potential and significance of TSPAN8 as a biomarker and therapeutic target across various epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Yang
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne Shi Woon Lam
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Nai Yang Fu
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- ACRF Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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11
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Lu Y, Godbout K, Lamothe G, Tremblay JP. CRISPR-Cas9 delivery strategies with engineered extracellular vesicles. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102040. [PMID: 37842166 PMCID: PMC10571031 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic genome editing has the potential to cure diseases by directly correcting genetic mutations in tissues and cells. Recent progress in the CRISPR-Cas9 systems has led to breakthroughs in gene editing tools because of its high orthogonality, versatility, and efficiency. However, its safe and effective administration to target organs in patients is a major hurdle. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are endogenous membranous particles secreted spontaneously by all cells. They are key actors in cell-to-cell communication, allowing the exchange of select molecules such as proteins, lipids, and RNAs to induce functional changes in the recipient cells. Recently, EVs have displayed their potential for trafficking the CRISPR-Cas9 system during or after their formation. In this review, we highlight recent developments in EV loading, surface functionalization, and strategies for increasing the efficiency of delivering CRISPR-Cas9 to tissues, organs, and cells for eventual use in gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Lu
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec -Université Laval, Québec city, QC G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Kelly Godbout
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec -Université Laval, Québec city, QC G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Gabriel Lamothe
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec -Université Laval, Québec city, QC G1V4G2, Canada
| | - Jacques P. Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec -Université Laval, Québec city, QC G1V4G2, Canada
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12
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Shakes DC. Sperm bud mitochondria to adjust the numbers. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1564-1565. [PMID: 37945827 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Shakes
- Dept. of Biology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA.
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13
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Zhu X, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Shi W, Yang J, Liu Z, Zhang X. Macrophages release IL11-containing filopodial tip vesicles and contribute to renal interstitial inflammation. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:293. [PMID: 37853428 PMCID: PMC10585809 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage filopodia, which are dynamic nanotube-like protrusions, have mainly been studied in the context of pathogen clearance. The mechanisms by which they facilitate intercellular communication and mediate tissue inflammation remain poorly understood. Here, we show that macrophage filopodia produce a unique membrane structure called "filopodial tip vesicle" (FTV) that originate from the tip of macrophages filopodia. Filopodia tip-derived particles contain numerous internal-vesicles and function as cargo storage depots via nanotubular transport. Functional studies indicate that the shedding of FTV from filopodia tip allows the delivery of many molecular signalling molecules to fibroblasts. We observed that FTV derived from M1 macrophages and high glucose (HG)-stimulated macrophages (HG/M1-ftv) exhibit an enrichment of the chemokine IL11, which is critical for fibroblast transdifferentiation. HG/M1-ftv induce renal interstitial fibrosis in diabetic mice, while FTV inhibition or targeting FTV IL11- alleviates renal interstitial fibrosis, suggesting that the HG/M1-ftvIL11 pathway may be a novel mechanism underlying renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Collectively, FTV release could represent a novel function by which filopodia contribute to cell biological processes, and FTV is potentially associated with macrophage filopodia-related fibrotic diseases. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqiu Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junlan Yang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Jinling Hospital, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Diseases, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhong Da Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Zhang X, Yao L, Meng Y, Li B, Yang Y, Gao F. Migrasome: a new functional extracellular vesicle. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:381. [PMID: 37852963 PMCID: PMC10584828 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrasome is a novel cellular organelle produced during cell migration, and its biogenesis depends on the migration process. It is generated in a variety of cells such as immune cells, metastatic tumor cells, other special functional cells like podocytes and cells in developing organisms. It plays important roles in various fields especially in the information exchange between cells. The discovery of migrasome, as an important supplement to the extracellular vesicle system, provides new mechanisms and targets for comprehending various biological or pathological processes. In this article, we will review the discovery, structure, distribution, detection, biogenesis, and removal of migrasomes and mainly focus on summarizing its biological functions in cell-to-cell communication, homeostatic maintenance, embryonic development and multiple diseases. This review also creates prospects for the possible research directions and clinical applications of migrasomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xide Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Liuhuan Yao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Meng
- Naval Medical University, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital 1, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Bailong Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, P. R. China.
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15
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Liguori GL, Kralj-Iglič V. Pathological and Therapeutic Significance of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Cell Migration and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4425. [PMID: 37760395 PMCID: PMC10648223 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The infiltration of primary tumors and metastasis formation at distant sites strongly impact the prognosis and the quality of life of cancer patients. Current therapies including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are limited in targeting the complex cell migration mechanisms responsible for cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis. A better understanding of these mechanisms and the development of new therapies are urgently needed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid-enveloped particles involved in inter-tissue and inter-cell communication. This review article focuses on the impact of EVs released by tumor cells, specifically on cancer cell migration and metastasis. We first introduce cell migration processes and EV subtypes, and we give an overview of how tumor-derived EVs (TDEVs) may impact cancer cell migration. Then, we discuss ongoing EV-based cancer therapeutic approaches, including the inhibition of general EV-related mechanisms as well as the use of EVs for anti-cancer drug delivery, focusing on the harnessing of TDEVs. We propose a protein-EV shuttle as a route alternative to secretion or cell membrane binding, influencing downstream signaling and the final effect on target cells, with strong implications in tumorigenesis. Finally, we highlight the pitfalls and limitations of therapeutic EV exploitation that must be overcome to realize the promise of EVs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna L. Liguori
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IGB) “Adriano Buzzati-Traverso”, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Biophysics, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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