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Ganzar LA, Burford K, Salvo D, Spoon C, Sallis JF, Hoelscher DM. Development, scoring, and reliability for the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes for Safe Routes to School (MAPS-SRTS) instrument. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:722. [PMID: 38448838 PMCID: PMC10916041 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Active commuting to school can be a meaningful contributor to overall physical activity in children. To inform better micro-level urban design near schools that can support active commuting to school, there is a need for measures that capture these elements. This paper describes the adaptation of an observational instrument for use in assessing micro-scale environments around urban elementary schools in the United States. METHODS The Micro-scale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes for Safe Routes to School (MAPS-SRTS) was developed from existing audit instruments not designed for school travel environments and modifications for the MAPS-SRTS instrument include the structure of the audit tool sections, the content, the observation route, and addition of new subscales. Subscales were analyzed for inter-rater reliability in a sample of 36 schools in Austin, TX. To assess reliability for each subscale, one-way random effects single-measure intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used. RESULTS Compared to the 30 original subscales, the adapted MAPS-SRTS included 26 (86.6%) subscales with revised scoring algorithms. Most MAPS-SRTS subscales had acceptable inter-rater reliability, with an ICC of 0.97 for the revised audit tool. CONCLUSIONS The MAPS-SRTS audit tool is a reliable instrument for measuring the school travel environment for research and evaluation purposes, such as assessing human-scale determinants of active commuting to school behavior and documenting built environment changes from infrastructure interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann Ganzar
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health Austin Campus, Austin, TX, 78701, USA.
| | - Katie Burford
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY, 10031, US
| | - Deborah Salvo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, College of Education, The University of Texas in Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Chad Spoon
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James F Sallis
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Deanna M Hoelscher
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health Austin Campus, Austin, TX, 78701, USA
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2
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Antoniassi SG, Machado CO, Santos DSD, Santos LD, Höfelmann DA. [Screen time, quality of the adolescent diet, and profile of the school environment]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2024; 29:e00022023. [PMID: 38198315 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024291.00022023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescents from 30 state schools in Curitiba, State of Paraná, reported total screen time, namely television, video games and laptops. Diet quality was assessed by the frequency of food consumption. The income of the school environment was taken from the Census. The built environment for physical activity was investigated by systematic observation of the school surroundings. Multilevel Poisson Regression was used to estimate associations with the exposure variables. Among 1,200 adolescents, 50.9% being male, and 74.4% were found to be exposed to excessive screen time. Excessive TV screen time (56.5%) was associated with poor diet quality. Excessive video game time (22.0%) was lower among females (PR 0.25; 95%CI 0.18;0.36), associated with poor diet quality, lower school environment income, and the worst classification of the built environment for physical activity. Excessive use of portable screens (53.2%) tended to increase with the income of the school environment. Excessive use of TV and laptops was widespread among adolescents, with different demographic and contextual variables associated according to the type of device used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Giongo Antoniassi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Pref. Lothário Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico. 80210-170 Curitiba PR Brasil.
| | | | | | - Lais Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Curitiba PR Brasil
| | - Doroteia Aparecida Höfelmann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentação e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Paraná. R. Pref. Lothário Meissner 632, Jardim Botânico. 80210-170 Curitiba PR Brasil.
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Selvakumaran S, Lin CY, Hadgraft N, Chandrabose M, Owen N, Sugiyama T. Area-level socioeconomic inequalities in overweight and obesity: Systematic review on moderation by built-environment attributes. Health Place 2023; 83:103101. [PMID: 37625238 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Residents of lower socioeconomic status (SES) areas are at a higher risk of overweight/obesity than those from higher SES areas. Built environment attributes may mitigate such inequalities. This systematic review synthesised findings of studies examining built environment attributes as potential moderators of the associations between area-level SES and overweight/obesity in adults. From five databases, nine eligible studies were identified. The SES-overweight/obesity relationship was stronger in inner areas and suburbs of large cities, while it was weaker in more rural areas. Two studies examined walkability and reported contrasting findings: no moderation in one and marginally significant moderation (less inequality in higher walkability areas) in the other. No evidence of moderation was found for street connectivity, population density, the food environment, access to physical activity facilities and several perceived environmental attributes. Further research is needed on other built environment attributes (e.g., access to, quantity and quality of green spaces, active transport features), and ideally using prospective study designs and objective makers of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkavi Selvakumaran
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Level 1 EW Building, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Level 1 EW Building, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, No. 100, Sec. 1, Jingmao Rd., Beitun Dist., Taichung, 406040, Taiwan; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Nyssa Hadgraft
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Level 1 EW Building, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia; Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Manoj Chandrabose
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Level 1 EW Building, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia; Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Neville Owen
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Level 1 EW Building, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia; Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Level 1 EW Building, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia; Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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Estevan I, García-Massó X, Menescardi C, Ortega-Benavent N, Montalt-García S, Romero-Martínez J, Castillo I, Álvarez O, Queralt A, Molina-García J. A Classroom-Based Intervention to Promote Physical Literacy in Children: ALPHYL Study Protocol. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:609. [PMID: 37504056 PMCID: PMC10376495 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical literacy is crucial for children's appropriate development and physical, social and mental health. In a school setting, class-based physical activity (PA) interventions are considered to be appropriate programs to foster PA participation and cognitive development. The purpose of this project, named the Active Learning in PHYsical Literacy (ALPHYL) study, was to describe a multicomponent classroom-based physically-active learning randomised control trial (RCT) in primary school children. The main purpose was to promote children's physical literacy, academic achievement and cognitive function. The ALPHYL study is mainly based on physical literacy, active school models and the Supportive, Active, Autonomous, Fair and Enjoyable principles. The ALPHYL is an 8-10-week RCT to be conducted in six primary schools (12 classes) in Valencia (Spain) and its metropolitan area. Schools will be randomly assigned to the intervention or waiting-list control group. After a 30 h in-person training course for teachers and weekly meetings in the three months of resource preparation, the ALPHYL intervention will be conducted in physical education (PE) and non-PE lessons by teachers. The intervention consists of at least three daily sessions of physically active learning in addition to model-based PE teaching. Its feasibility will be evaluated weekly according to the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework. To assess its effectiveness, a pre-test, post-test and retention (8-10 weeks post-intervention) with primary outcomes (i.e., PA level, motor competence, perceived motor competence and PL, motivation, perceived social support, academic achievement and cognitive function), secondary outcomes and covariates will be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Estevan
- Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Menescardi
- Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Ortega-Benavent
- Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sergio Montalt-García
- Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge Romero-Martínez
- Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Castillo
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Octavio Álvarez
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Queralt
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Avda. Menendez Pelayo, s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-UJI-UV, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Molina-García
- Department of Teaching of Physical Education, Arts and Music, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-UJI-UV, 46020 Valencia, Spain
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Paulsen L, Benz L, Bojkowska I, Domokos B, Müller C, Wallmann-Sperlich B, Bucksch J. Forschungsprojekt EUBeKo. PRA¨VENTION UND GESUNDHEITSFO¨RDERUNG 2023. [PMCID: PMC10148008 DOI: 10.1007/s11553-023-01036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hintergrund Bewegung ist über eine Reihe sozialökologischer Bedingungsfaktoren zu verstehen, an welchen eine erfolgreiche Bewegungsförderung ansetzen muss. Kommunen nehmen dabei eine bedeutende Rolle ein, da sie gesundheitsförderliche Verhältnisse ermöglichen können. Häufig wird die Konzipierung, Umsetzung und Evaluierung sozialökologischer Ansätze jedoch nicht systematisch und theoriegeleitet abgeleitet. Veränderungen in den Verhältnissen werden durch das Verhalten und die Entscheidungen sog. „change agents“ bzw. kommunaler Entscheidungstragender, wie z. B. Bürgermeister:innen, beeinflusst. Daher ist es wichtig, Einflussfaktoren auf Entscheidungsprozesse zu kennen, um Überzeugungsarbeit für Bewegungsförderung in der Kommune zu leisten. Zudem braucht es Multiplikator:innen (z. B. Mitarbeitende in Gesundheitsämtern), die Kompetenzen besitzen, verhältnisorientierte Interventionen in Kommunen systematisch umzusetzen. Zielstellung und Projektverlauf Das Forschungsprojekt „Entscheidungs- und Umsetzungsprozesse verhältnisorientierter Bewegungsförderung in der Kommune für mehr Chancengerechtigkeit systematisch planen und implementieren“ (EUBeKo) wurde im Rahmen des Förderschwerpunkts „Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung“ des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit gefördert. In diesem Beitrag werden das Projekt EUBeKo mit seinen zwei Forschungsfragen zum einen nach der Rolle und den Kompetenzen von Multiplikator:innen und zum anderen nach den Einflussfaktoren auf kommunale Entscheidungsprozesse sowie die Planung und Umsetzung verhältnisorientierter Bewegungsförderung in zwei Modellkommunen als auch die Strategien der Dissemination (z. B. Projekt-Webseite) beschrieben. Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen Zu den Stärken des Projekts zählt die systematische und theoriegeleitete Aufbereitung und Durchführung eines Prozesses verhältnisorientierter Bewegungsförderung in der Kommune mit besonderem Fokus auf Planungs- und Entscheidungsprozesse sowie auf die Zielgruppen der kommunalen Multiplikator:innen und Entscheidungstragenden. Herausforderungen finden sich im Theorie-Praxis-Transfer und in den Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie („coronavirus disease 2019“) auf die Projektumsetzung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Paulsen
- Abteilung Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung, Fakultät für Natur- und Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Lea Benz
- Abteilung Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung, Fakultät für Natur- und Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Izabela Bojkowska
- Abteilung Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung, Fakultät für Natur- und Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Bruno Domokos
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | - Christina Müller
- Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Jens Bucksch
- Abteilung Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung, Fakultät für Natur- und Gesellschaftswissenschaften, Pädagogische Hochschule Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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6
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Inter-rater reliability of streetscape audits using online observations: Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS) Global in Japan. Prev Med Rep 2022; 30:102043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Physical Activity and Food Environments in and around Schools: A Case Study in Regional North-West Tasmania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106238. [PMID: 35627775 PMCID: PMC9140536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the physical activity (PA) infrastructure in schools, the walkability of neighborhoods close to schools, and the food environments around schools, particularly in rural, socioeconomically challenged areas such as the North-West (NW) of Tasmania, could be important in the wider effort to improve the health of school-age children. Accordingly, this research aimed to assess PA resources, walkability, and food environments in and around schools in three socioeconomically disadvantaged, regional/rural Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Tasmania, Australia. A census of schools (including assessment of the PA infrastructure quality within school grounds), a walkability assessment, and a census of food outlets surrounding schools (through geospatial mapping) were executed. Most of the schools in the study region had access to an oval, basketball/volleyball/netball court, and free-standing exercise equipment. In all instances (i.e., regardless of school type), the quality of the available infrastructure was substantially higher than the number of incivilities observed. Most schools also had good (i.e., within the first four deciles) walkability. Numerous food outlets were within the walking zones of all schools in the study region, with an abundance of food outlets that predominantly sold processed unhealthy food.
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Fox EH, Chapman JE, Moland AM, Alfonsin NE, Frank LD, Sallis JF, Conway TL, Cain KL, Geremia C, Cerin E, Vanwolleghem G, Van Dyck D, Queralt A, Molina-García J, Hino AAF, Lopes AADS, Salmon J, Timperio A, Kershaw SE. International evaluation of the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS) Global instrument: comparative assessment between local and remote online observers. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:84. [PMID: 34193160 PMCID: PMC8247070 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of online imagery by non-local observers to conduct remote, centralized collection of streetscape audit data in international studies has the potential to enhance efficiency of collection and comparability of such data for research on built environments and health. The objectives of the study were to measure (1) the consistency in responses between local in-field observers and non-local remote online observers and (2) the reliability between in-country online observers and non-local remote online observers using the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Global tool to characterize pedestrian-related features along streets in five countries. METHODS Consistency and inter-rater reliability were analyzed between local and non-local observers on a pooled database of 200 routes in five study regions (Melbourne, Australia; Ghent, Belgium; Curitiba, Brazil; Hong Kong, China; and Valencia, Spain) for microscale environmental feature subscales and item-level variables using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS A local in-field versus remote online comparison had an ICC of 0.75 (95 % CI: 0.68-0.80) for the grand total score. An ICC of 0.91 (95 % CI: 0.88-0.93) was found for the local online versus remote online comparison. Positive subscales yielded stronger results in comparison to negative subscales, except for the similarly poor-performing positive aesthetics/social characteristics. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated remote audits of microscale built environments using online imagery had good reliability with local in-field audits and excellent reliability with local online audits. Results generally supported remote online environmental audits as comparable to local online audits. This identification of low-cost and efficient data acquisition methods is important for expanding research on microscale built environments and physical activity globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Fox
- Urban Design 4 Health, Inc., Rochester, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - Lawrence D. Frank
- Urban Design 4 Health, Inc., Rochester, NY USA
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - James F. Sallis
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (now Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Terry L. Conway
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (now Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kelli L. Cain
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (now Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Carrie Geremia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health (now Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Griet Vanwolleghem
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Queralt
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Molina-García
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual, and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jo Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise & Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise & Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Florindo AA, Teixeira IP, Barrozo LV, Sarti FM, Fisberg RM, Andrade DR, Garcia LMT. Study protocol: health survey of Sao Paulo: ISA-Physical Activity and Environment. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:283. [PMID: 33541300 PMCID: PMC7859902 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have investigated the association between the built environment and physical activity behavior in urban settings. However, most of the studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries were cross-sectional, which are limited to identify behavioral determinants. We propose a prospective cohort study to verify the relationship between built environment features and leisure-time and transport-related physical activity in adults from Sao Paulo city, Brazil. Methods Prospective multilevel cohort, denominated “ISA-Physical Activity and Environment”. It will build on the Health Survey of Sao Paulo in 2015 (“Inquérito de Saúde de São Paulo (ISA)” in Portuguese). The Health Survey of Sao Paulo, originally designed as a cross-sectional survey, had a multi-stage sample, covering 150 census tracts distributed in five health administrative areas. Data collection was performed by face-to-face interviews until December 2015 and the sample comprised 4043 individuals aged 12 years or more. The ISA-Physical Activity and Environment study will reassess people who are aged 18 years or more in 2020, including telephone and household interviews. The primary outcome will be leisure-time and transport-related physical activity, assessed through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire long version. Exposure variables will be built environment features in the areas participants live and work in the follow-up. Data analysis will include multivariate multilevel linear and logistic models. We will also conduct cost-effectiveness analysis and develop agent-based models to help inform decision-makers. The study will be conducted by an interdisciplinary research team specialized in physical activity epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, georeferencing applied to health, statistics, agent-based modeling, public health policy, and health economics. Discussion There are few longitudinal studies on the relationship between the built environment and physical activity behavior in low- and middle-income countries. We believe that the ISA-Physical Activity and Environment study will contribute with important results for the progress of the knowledge in this field and for the implementation of policies that promote leisure-time physical activity and active travel in Sao Paulo and similar cities across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Antonio Florindo
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Nutrition in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Physical Activity Epidemiology Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Inaian Pignatti Teixeira
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil.,Physical Activity Epidemiology Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia Vizeu Barrozo
- Department of Geography, School of Philosophy, Literature and Human Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia Mori Sarti
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Nutrition in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regina Mara Fisberg
- Graduate Program in Nutrition in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Douglas Roque Andrade
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of Sao Paulo, Rua Arlindo Bettio, 1000, Sao Paulo, SP, 03828-000, Brazil.,Physical Activity Epidemiology Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Martin Totaro Garcia
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Group, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Queralt A, Molina-García J, Terrón-Pérez M, Cerin E, Barnett A, Timperio A, Veitch J, Reis R, Silva AAP, Ghekiere A, Van Dyck D, Conway TL, Cain KL, Geremia CM, Sallis JF. Reliability of streetscape audits comparing on-street and online observations: MAPS-Global in 5 countries. Int J Health Geogr 2021; 20:6. [PMID: 33509208 PMCID: PMC7844998 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-021-00261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microscale environmental features are usually evaluated using direct on-street observations. This study assessed inter-rater reliability of the Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes, Global version (MAPS-Global), in an international context, comparing on-street with more efficient online observation methods in five countries with varying levels of walkability. METHODS Data were collected along likely walking routes of study participants, from residential starting points toward commercial clusters in Melbourne (Australia), Ghent (Belgium), Curitiba (Brazil), Hong Kong (China), and Valencia (Spain). In-person on the street and online using Google Street View audits were carried out by two independent trained raters in each city. The final sample included 349 routes, 1228 street segments, 799 crossings, and 16 cul-de-sacs. Inter-rater reliability analyses were performed using Kappa statistics or Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC). RESULTS Overall mean assessment times were the same for on-street and online evaluations (22 ± 12 min). Only a few subscales had Kappa or ICC values < 0.70, with aesthetic and social environment variables having the lowest overall reliability values, though still in the "good to excellent" category. Overall scores for each section (route, segment, crossing) showed good to excellent reliability (ICCs: 0.813, 0.929 and 0.885, respectively), and the MAPS-Global grand score had excellent reliability (ICC: 0.861) between the two methods. CONCLUSIONS MAPS-Global is a feasible and reliable instrument that can be used both on-street and online to analyze microscale environmental characteristics in diverse international urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Queralt
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Molina-García
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Terrón-Pérez
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS Research Group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony Barnett
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jenny Veitch
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Reis
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - Alexandre Augusto Paula Silva
- Research Group on Physical Activity and Quality of Life, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ariane Ghekiere
- Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Terry L. Conway
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Kelli L. Cain
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Carrie M. Geremia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
| | - James F. Sallis
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA
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11
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Cain KL, Salmon J, Conway TL, Cerin E, Hinckson E, Mitáš J, Schipperijn J, Frank LD, Anjana RM, Barnett A, Dygrýn J, Islam MZ, Molina-García J, Moran M, Wan Muda WAM, Oyeyemi AL, Reis R, Santos MP, Schmidt T, Schofield GM, Timperio A, Van Dyck D, Sallis JF. International Physical Activity and Built Environment Study of adolescents: IPEN Adolescent design, protocol and measures. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046636. [PMID: 33462102 PMCID: PMC7813342 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Only international studies can provide the full variability of built environments and accurately estimate effect sizes of relations between contrasting environments and health-related outcomes. The aims of the International Physical Activity and Environment Study of Adolescents (IPEN Adolescent) are to estimate the strength, shape and generalisability of associations of the community environment (geographic information systems (GIS)-based and self-reported) with physical activity and sedentary behaviour (accelerometer-measured and self-reported) and weight status (normal/overweight/obese). METHODS AND ANALYSIS The IPEN Adolescent observational, cross-sectional, multicountry study involves recruiting adolescent participants (ages 11-19 years) and one parent/guardian from neighbourhoods selected to ensure wide variations in walkability and socioeconomic status using common protocols and measures. Fifteen geographically, economically and culturally diverse countries, from six continents, participated: Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hong Kong SAR, India, Israel, Malaysia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Portugal, Spain and USA. Countries provided survey and accelerometer data (15 countries), GIS data (11), global positioning system data (10), and pedestrian environment audit data (8). A sample of n=6950 (52.6% female; mean age=14.5, SD=1.7) adolescents provided survey data, n=4852 had 4 or more 8+ hours valid days of accelerometer data, and n=5473 had GIS measures. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured by waist-worn ActiGraph accelerometers and self-reports, and body mass index was used to categorise weight status. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was received from each study site's Institutional Review Board for their in-country studies. Informed assent by adolescents and consent by parents was obtained for all participants. No personally identifiable information was transferred to the IPEN coordinating centre for pooled datasets. Results will be communicated through standard scientific channels and findings used to advance the science of environmental correlates of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and weight status, with the ultimate goal to stimulate and guide actions to create more activity-supportive environments internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli L Cain
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jo Salmon
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry L Conway
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Erica Hinckson
- School of Sport & Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Josef Mitáš
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Olomoucký, Czech Republic
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lawrence D Frank
- Urban Design 4 Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Urban Studies and Planning, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Anthony Barnett
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Dygrýn
- Institute of Active Lifestyle, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Olomoucký, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed Zakiul Islam
- Department of Architecture, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Dhaka District, Bangladesh
| | - Javier Molina-García
- AFIPS research group, Department of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression Teaching, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mika Moran
- Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Adewale L Oyeyemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Rodrigo Reis
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School at Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
- Graduate Program in Urban Management, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Paula Santos
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tanja Schmidt
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grant M Schofield
- School of Sport & Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Delfien Van Dyck
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - James F Sallis
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Lanza K, Oluyomi A, Durand C, Gabriel KP, Knell G, Hoelscher DM, Ranjit N, Salvo D, Walker TJ, Kohl HW. Transit environments for physical activity: Relationship between micro-scale built environment features surrounding light rail stations and ridership in Houston, Texas. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH 2020; 19:100924. [PMID: 32904408 PMCID: PMC7455164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jth.2020.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Health professionals promote transport-related physical activity because travelers oftentimes walk or bike to and from transit stops or stations. Although previous studies have examined the associations between macro-scale built environment features surrounding light rail transit (LRT) stations (e.g., density) and LRT ridership, this study examined the associations between numerous micro-scale features (e.g., street-level noise pollution) and ridership. METHODS This analysis originated from the Houston Travel-Related Activity in Neighborhoods (TRAIN) Study, a project evaluating how an LRT extension impacted adult physical activity in Houston, Texas. In 2014, researchers used the Analytic Audit Tool to quantify 58 micro-scale built environment features within six categories: Land Use Environment, Transportation Environment, Facilities, Aesthetics, Signage, and Social Environment. Feature data were obtained from 590 street segments within 0.25 miles of 22 LRT stations. For each station, separate composite indices were created per category by averaging the computed feature scores (1-7) within each category, with higher scores signifying more physical activity-promoting features. Station-level LRT ridership data were obtained from monthly ridership reports for the 12 months following station opening. Linear mixed models were constructed to examine the associations of the six built environment categories with ridership, adjusting for season, weekday vs. weekend day, and station as a random intercept. RESULTS Holding all other variables constant, every one-unit increase in composite index scores for Transportation Environment and Social Environment was associated with an increase in daily ridership by 425 and 488 riders, respectively (p < 0.05). Every one-unit increase in composite index score for Signage was associated with a decrease of 722 riders daily (p < 0.05). The relations of Land Use Environment, Facilities, and Aesthetics with ridership were statistically null (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Enhancements to the Transportation Environment and Social Environment may slightly increase overall LRT ridership, and consequently, utilitarian physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Lanza
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Casey Durand
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, Department of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory Knell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, And Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in Dallas, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, Children's Health, Dallas, TX, USA
- Andrew's Institute for Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Children's Health, Plano, TX, USA
| | - Deanna M Hoelscher
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nalini Ranjit
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Deborah Salvo
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Timothy J Walker
- Center for Health Promotion and Prevention Research, Department of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health in Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Harold W Kohl
- Michael and Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, And Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health in Austin, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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13
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Molina-García J, Campos S, García-Massó X, Herrador-Colmenero M, Gálvez-Fernández P, Molina-Soberanes D, Queralt A, Chillón P. Different neighborhood walkability indexes for active commuting to school are necessary for urban and rural children and adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2020; 17:124. [PMID: 32993682 PMCID: PMC7526424 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-020-01028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature focusing on youth has reported limited evidence and non-conclusive associations between neighborhood walkability measures and active commuting to and from school (ACS). Moreover, there is a lack of studies evaluating both macro- and micro-scale environmental factors of the neighborhood when ACS is analyzed. Likewise, most studies on built environment attributes and ACS focus on urban areas, whereas there is a lack of studies analyzing rural residential locations. Moreover, the relationship between built environment attributes and ACS may differ in children and adolescents. Hence, this study aimed to develop walkability indexes in relation to ACS for urban and rural children and adolescents, including both macro- and micro-scale school-neighborhood factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 4593 participants from Spain with a mean age of 12.2 (SD 3.6) years was carried out. Macro-scale environmental factors were evaluated using geographic information system data, and micro-scale factors were measured using observational procedures. Socio-demographic characteristics and ACS were assessed with a questionnaire. Several linear regression models were conducted, including all the possible combinations of six or less built environment factors in order to find the best walkability index. RESULTS Analyses showed that intersection density, number of four-way intersections, and residential density were positively related to ACS in urban participants, but negatively in rural participants. In rural children, positive streetscape characteristics, number of regulated crossings, traffic calming features, traffic lanes, and parking street buffers were also negatively related to ACS. In urban participants, other different factors were positively related to ACS: number of regulated crossings, positive streetscape characteristics, or crossing quality. Land use mix acted as a positive predictor only in urban adolescents. Distance to the school was a negative predictor on all the walkability indexes. However, aesthetic and social characteristics were not included in any of the indexes. CONCLUSIONS Interventions focusing on improving built environments to increase ACS behavior need to have a better understanding of the walkability components that are specifically relevant to urban or rural samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Molina-García
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sergio Campos
- Department of Urban and Spatial Planning, University of Granada, C/ Severo Ochoa, s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Herrador-Colmenero
- "La Inmaculada" Teacher Training Centre, University of Granada, C/ Joaquina Eguaras, 114, 18013, Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Gálvez-Fernández
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, PROFITH "Promoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Ctra. Alfacar, s/n, 18011, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Molina-Soberanes
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Avda. de la Investigación, 11, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Queralt
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig, s/n, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Palma Chillón
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, PROFITH "Promoting FITness and Health through physical activity" research group, Ctra. Alfacar, s/n, 18011, Granada, Spain
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14
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Kellstedt DK, Spengler JO, Foster M, Lee C, Maddock JE. A Scoping Review of Bikeability Assessment Methods. J Community Health 2020; 46:211-224. [PMID: 32419079 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bicycling holds promise as a healthy and sustainable means of transportation and physical activity. Despite the growing interest in community-based environmental approaches to promoting physical activity, bikeability has received relatively little attention. This paper provides a scoping review of the instruments developed to measure bikeability along with practice-based analyses of the tools related to user expertise, estimated cost, and required time to implement. The review summarizes the literature, identifies research gaps, and informs stakeholders with articles from EBSCO and transportation databases published after 2003 when the previous bikeability instrument review paper was published. Data extraction included the tool name, data collection method, study location, data collection scale, type of measure, and description. Two reviewers independently reviewed articles included in the full text review, and the inter-rater agreement exceeded 90%. The database search yielded 388 unique articles, and 17 met the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Most of the studies, 11 of 17, were applied to settings outside of the U.S. Five studies employed a self-report survey, and five studies examined bikeability using geospatial data, like GIS. Seven studies used a direct observation audit tool-one specifically using a mobile app and another using virtual observation techniques with Google Street View. Bikeability tools are useful for assessing communities and their supports for bicycling. Our primary finding is that advances in technology over the past two decades have driven innovative and useful methodologies, in a variety of disciplines, for assessing the environment, but more consensus is needed to provide a universal definition of bikeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra K Kellstedt
- College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - John O Spengler
- Texas A&M School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Margaret Foster
- Texas A&M University Libraries, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chanam Lee
- Texas A&M College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jay E Maddock
- Texas A&M School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
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15
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A Conceptual Framework for Modelling Safe Walking and Cycling Routes to High Schools. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093318. [PMID: 32397592 PMCID: PMC7246540 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Active transport to or from school presents an opportunity for adolescents to engage in daily physical activity. Multiple factors influence whether adolescents actively travel to/from school. Creating safe walking and cycling routes to school is a promising strategy to increase rates of active transport. This article presents a comprehensive conceptual framework for modelling safe walking and cycling routes to high schools. The framework has been developed based on several existing relevant frameworks including (a) ecological models, (b) the “Five Es” (engineering, education, enforcement, encouragement, and evaluation) framework of transport planning, and (c) a travel mode choice framework for school travel. The framework identifies built environment features (land use mix, pedestrian/cycling infrastructure, neighbourhood aesthetics, and accessibility to local facilities) and traffic safety factors (traffic volume and speed, safe road crossings, and quality of path surface) to be considered when modelling safe walking/cycling routes to high schools. Future research should test this framework using real-world data in different geographical settings and with a combination of tools for the assessment of both macro-scale and micro-scale built environment features. To be effective, the modelling and creation of safe routes to high schools should be complemented by other interventions, including education, enforcement, and encouragement in order to minimise safety concerns and promote active transport.
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Sallis JF, Cerin E, Kerr J, Adams MA, Sugiyama T, Christiansen LB, Schipperijn J, Davey R, Salvo D, Frank LD, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Owen N. Built Environment, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Findings from the International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adult Study. Annu Rev Public Health 2020; 41:119-139. [PMID: 32237990 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Creating more physical activity-supportive built environments is recommended by the World Health Organization for controlling noncommunicable diseases. The IPEN (International Physical Activity and Environment Network) Adult Study was undertaken to provide international evidence on associations of built environments with physical activity and weight status in 12 countries on 5 continents (n > 14,000). This article presents reanalyzed data from eight primary papers to identify patterns of findings across studies. Neighborhood environment attributes, whether measured objectively or by self-report, were strongly related to all physical activity outcomes (accelerometer-assessed total physical activity, reported walking for transport and leisure) and meaningfully related to overweight/obesity. Multivariable indexes of built environment variables were more strongly related to most outcomes than were single-environment variables. Designing activity-supportive built environments should be a higher international health priority. Results provide evidence in support of global initiatives to increase physical activity and control noncommunicable diseases while achieving sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sallis
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; ,
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; ,
| | - Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; ,
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jacqueline Kerr
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA; ,
| | - Marc A Adams
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona 85004-2135, USA;
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; ,
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Lars B Christiansen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; ,
| | - Jasper Schipperijn
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; ,
| | - Rachel Davey
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory 2617, Australia;
| | - Deborah Salvo
- Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA;
| | - Lawrence D Frank
- Health and Community Design Lab, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Urban Design 4 Health, Inc., Rochester, New York 14612, USA;
| | | | - Neville Owen
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- Behavioural Epidemiology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia;
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17
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A GIS-Based Method for Analysing the Association Between School-Built Environment and Home-School Route Measures with Active Commuting to School in Urban Children and Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072295. [PMID: 32235341 PMCID: PMC7177458 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the current call for a greater human health and well-being as a sustainable development goal, to encourage active commuting to and from school (ACS) seems to be a key factor. Research focusing on the analysis of the association between environmental factors and ACS in children and adolescents has reported limited and inconclusive evidence, so more knowledge is needed about it. The main aim of this study is to examine the association between different built environmental factors of both school neighbourhood and home-school route with ACS of children and adolescents belonging to urban areas. The ACS level was evaluated using a self-reported questionnaire. Built environment variables (i.e., density of residents, street connectivity and mixed land use) within a school catchment area and home-school route characteristics (i.e., distance and pedestrian route directness—PRD) were measured using a geographic information system (GIS) and examined together with ACS levels. Subsequently, the association between environmental factors and ACS was analysed by binary logistic regression. Several cut-off points of the route measures were explored using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. In addition, the PRD was further studied regarding different thresholds. The results showed that 70.5% of the participants were active and there were significant associations between most environmental factors and ACS. Most participants walked to school when routes were short (distance variable in children: OR = 0.980; p = 0.038; and adolescents: OR = 0.866; p < 0.001) and partially direct (PRD variable in children: OR = 11.334; p < 0.001; and adolescents: OR = 3.513; p < 0.001), the latter specially for children. Mixed land uses (OR = 2.037; p < 0.001) and a high density of street intersections (OR = 1.640; p < 0.001) clearly encouraged adolescents walking and slightly discouraged children walking (OR = 0.657, p = 0.010; and OR = 0.692, p = 0.025, respectively). The assessment of ACS together with the environmental factors using GIS separately for children and adolescents can inform future friendly and sustainable communities.
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18
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Pocock T, Moore A, Molina-García J, Queralt A, Mandic S. School Neighbourhood Built Environment Assessment for Adolescents' Active Transport to School: Modification of an Environmental Audit Tool and Protocol (MAPS Global-SN). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072194. [PMID: 32218286 PMCID: PMC7177319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
School neighbourhood built environments (SN-BE) can influence adolescents' active transport to school habits. Typically, SN-BE assessment has involved micro-scale (i.e., environmental audits) or macro-scale (Geographic Information Systems (GIS)) assessment tools. However, existing environmental audits are time/resource-intensive and not specific to school neighbourhoods, while GIS databases are not generally purposed to include micro-scale data. This study evaluated the inter-rater reliability and feasibility of using a modified audit tool and protocol (Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes Global-School Neighbourhood (MAPS Global-SN)) to assess the SN-BE of twelve secondary schools in Dunedin, New Zealand. Correlations between MAPS Global-SN and GIS measures of the SN-BE were also examined. Specifically, MAPS Global-SN audit and GIS spatial analysis (intersection density, residential density, land use mix, walkability) was conducted within a 0.5 km street-network buffer-zone around all twelve schools. Based on investigator and expert consultation, MAPS Global-SN included eight modifications to both auditing processes and items. Inter-rater reliability data was collected from two independent auditors across two schools. The feasibility of a condensed audit protocol (auditing one side of each street segment in the neighbourhood, compared to both sides) was also assessed. Results indicated the modified MAPS Global-SN tool had good to excellent inter-rater reliability and the condensed MAPS Global-SN audit protocol appeared to sufficiently represent the micro-scale SN-BE. Results also highlighted the complementary nature of micro- and macro-scale assessments. Further recommendations for SN-BE assessment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Pocock
- Active Living Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Antoni Moore
- School of Surveying, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Javier Molina-García
- Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, Avda. dels Tarongers, 4, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ana Queralt
- AFIPS research group, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, Jaume Roig, s/n, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Mandic
- Active Living Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Centre for Sustainability, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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19
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Cerin E, Barnett A, Chaix B, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Caeyenberghs K, Jalaludin B, Sugiyama T, Sallis JF, Lautenschlager NT, Ni MY, Poudel G, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Tham R, Wheeler AJ, Knibbs L, Tian L, Chan YK, Dunstan DW, Carver A, Anstey KJ. International Mind, Activities and Urban Places (iMAP) study: methods of a cohort study on environmental and lifestyle influences on brain and cognitive health. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036607. [PMID: 32193278 PMCID: PMC7202706 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Numerous studies have found associations between characteristics of urban environments and risk factors for dementia and cognitive decline, such as physical inactivity and obesity. However, the contribution of urban environments to brain and cognitive health has been seldom examined directly. This cohort study investigates the extent to which and how a wide range of characteristics of urban environments influence brain and cognitive health via lifestyle behaviours in mid-aged and older adults in three cities across three continents. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Participants aged 50-79 years and living in preselected areas stratified by walkability, air pollution and socioeconomic status are being recruited in Melbourne (Australia), Barcelona (Spain) and Hong Kong (China) (n=1800 total; 600 per site). Two assessments taken 24 months apart will capture changes in brain and cognitive health. Cognitive function is gauged with a battery of eight standardised tests. Brain health is assessed using MRI scans in a subset of participants. Information on participants' visited locations is collected via an interactive web-based mapping application and smartphone geolocation data. Environmental characteristics of visited locations, including the built and natural environments and their by-products (e.g., air pollution), are assessed using geographical information systems, online environmental audits and self-reports. Data on travel and lifestyle behaviours (e.g., physical and social activities) and participants' characteristics (e.g., sociodemographics) are collected using objective and/or self-report measures. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Australian Catholic University, the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong and the Parc de Salut Mar Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Government of Catalonia. Results will be communicated through standard scientific channels. Methods will be made freely available via a study-dedicated website. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ACTRN12619000817145.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Cerin
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony Barnett
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Basile Chaix
- INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | | | - Karen Caeyenberghs
- Cognitive Neurosciences Unit, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- Population Health Intelligence, Healthy People and Places Unit, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Takemi Sugiyama
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - James F Sallis
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Michael Y Ni
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Govinda Poudel
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Tham
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda J Wheeler
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luke Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yih-Kai Chan
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison Carver
- Mary MacKillop Inst Health Res, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute and School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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20
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Okabe D, Tsuji T, Hanazato M, Miyaguni Y, Asada N, Kondo K. Neighborhood Walkability in Relation to Knee and Low Back Pain in Older People: A Multilevel Cross-Sectional Study from the JAGES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16234598. [PMID: 31756959 PMCID: PMC6926577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have focused on a relationship between the built environment and musculoskeletal pain. This study aimed to investigate an association between neighborhood walkability and knee and low back pain in older people. Data were derived from the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES) 2013, a population-based study of independently living people ≥65 years old. A cross-sectional multilevel analysis was performed, of 22,892 participants in 792 neighborhoods. Neighborhood walkability was assessed by residents' perceptions and population density. Dependent variables were knee and low back pain restricting daily activities within the past year. The prevalence of knee pain was 26.2% and of low back pain 29.3%. After adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, the prevalence ratio (PR) of knee and low back pain was significantly lower in neighborhoods with better access to parks and sidewalks, good access to fresh food stores, and higher population densities. After additionally adjusting for population density, easier walking in neighborhoods without slopes or stairs was significantly inversely correlated with knee pain (PR 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.99). Neighborhoods with walkability enhanced by good access to parks and sidewalks and fresh food stores, easy walking without slopes or stairs, and high population densities, had lower prevalences of knee and low back pain among older people. Further studies should examine environmental determinants of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Okabe
- Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-90-4194-8521
| | - Taishi Tsuji
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.T.); (M.H.); (K.K.)
| | - Masamichi Hanazato
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.T.); (M.H.); (K.K.)
| | - Yasuhiro Miyaguni
- Institute for Health Economics and Policy, 1-5-11 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan;
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
| | - Nao Asada
- Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Katsunori Kondo
- Center for Preventive Medical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (T.T.); (M.H.); (K.K.)
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430 Morioka-cho, Obu City, Aichi 474-8511, Japan
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21
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Frank LD, Kuntz JL, Chapman JE, Fox EH, Dickerson JF, Meenan RT, Saelens BE, Young DR, Boone-Heinonen J, Fortmann SP. The Health and economic effects of light rail lines: design, methods, and protocol for a natural experiment. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:200. [PMID: 30770737 PMCID: PMC6377787 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health impacts of community design have been studied extensively over the past two decades. In particular, public transportation use is associated with more walking between transit stops and shops, work, home and other destinations. Change in transit access has been linked with physical activity and obesity but seldom to health outcomes and associated costs, especially within a causal framework. Health related fiscal impacts of transit investment should be a key consideration in major transit investment decisions. METHODS The Rails & Health study is a natural experiment evaluating changes in clinical measures, health care utilization and health care costs among Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) members following the opening of a new light rail transit (LRT) line in Portland, Oregon. The study is prospectively following 3036 adults exposed to the new LRT line and a similar cohort of 4386 adults who do not live close to the new line. Individual-level outcomes and covariates are extracted from the electronic medical record at KPNW, including member demographics and comorbidities, blood pressure, body mass index, lipids, glycosylated hemoglobin, and health care utilization and costs. In addition, participants are surveyed about additional demographics, travel patterns, physical activity (PA), and perceived neighborhood walkability. In a subsample of the study population, we are collecting direct measures of travel-related behavior-physical activity (accelerometry), global positioning system (GPS) tracking, and travel diaries-to document mechanisms responsible for observed changes in health outcomes and cost. Comprehensive measures of the built environment at baseline and after rail construction are also collected. Statistical analyses will (1) examine the effects of opening a new LRT line on chronic disease indicators, health care utilization, and health care costs and (2) evaluate the degree to which observed effects of the LRT line on health measures and costs are mediated by changes in total and transportation-associated PA. DISCUSSION The results of the Rails & Health study will provide urban planners, transportation engineers, health practitioners, developers, and decision makers with critical information needed to document how transit investments impact population health and related costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D. Frank
- Urban Design 4 Health, Inc., Rochester, NY USA
- Health & Community Design Lab, Schools of Population and Public Health and Community and Regional Planning, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Kuntz
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Oregon, Portland USA
| | | | - Eric H. Fox
- Urban Design 4 Health, Inc., Rochester, NY USA
| | - John F. Dickerson
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Oregon, Portland USA
| | - Richard T. Meenan
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Oregon, Portland USA
| | - Brian E. Saelens
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Deborah R. Young
- Center for Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Janne Boone-Heinonen
- Oregon Health & Science University, School of Public Health, Oregon, Portland USA
| | - Stephen P. Fortmann
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Oregon, Portland USA
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