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Nibuya M, Kezuka D, Kanno Y, Wakamatsu S, Suzuki E. Behavioral stress and antidepressant treatments altered hippocampal expression of Nogo signal-related proteins in rats. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:207-216. [PMID: 38157668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Some immune molecules including neurite outgrowth inhibitor (Nogo) ligands and their receptor(Nogo receptor-1: NgR1)are expressed at the neuronal synaptic sites. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) is another Nogo receptor that also binds to major histocompatibility complex I and β-amyloid and suppresses dendritic immune cell functions and neuronal plasticity in the central nervous system. Augmenting structural and functional neural plasticity by manipulating the Nogo signaling pathway is a novel promising strategy for treating brain ischemia and degenerative processes such as Alzheimer's disease. In recent decades psychiatric research using experimental animals has focused on the attenuation of neural plasticity by stress loadings and on the enhanced resilience by psychopharmacological treatments. In the present study, we examined possible expressional alterations in Nogo signal-related proteins in the rat hippocampus after behavioral stress loadings and antidepressant treatments. To validate the effectiveness of the procedures, previously reported increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by ECS or ketamine administration and decrease of BDNF by stress loadings are also shown in the present study. Significant increases in hippocampal NgR1 and PirB expression were observed following chronic variable stress, and a significant increase in NgR1 expression was observed under a single prolonged stress paradigm. These results indicate a possible contribution of enhanced Nogo signaling to the attenuation of neural plasticity in response to stressful experiences. Additionally, the suppression of hippocampal NgR1 expression using electroconvulsive seizure treatment and administration of subanesthetic dose of ketamine supported the increased neural plasticity induced by the antidepressant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nibuya
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan.
| | - Dai Kezuka
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanno
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Shunosuke Wakamatsu
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
| | - Eiji Suzuki
- Division of Psychiatry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 1-15-1 Fukumuro, Miyagino, Sendai City, Miyagi, 983-8536, Japan
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Xie YH, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Deng YH, Yang H, He Q, Zhou YN, Zhou CN, Luo YM, Liang X, Wang J, Huang DJ, Zhu L, Tang Y, Chao FL. Antagonizing LINGO-1 reduces activated microglia and alleviates dendritic spine loss in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neurosci Lett 2024; 820:137612. [PMID: 38142924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), microglia are involved in synaptic pruning and mediate synapse loss. LINGO-1 is a negative regulator of nerve growth, and whether antagonizing LINGO-1 can attenuate synaptic pruning by microglia and rescue dendritic spines in the hippocampus in AD is still unclear. On this basis, the anti-LINGO-1 antibody, which binds to LINGO-1 protein and antagonizes the effects of LINGO-1, was administered to 10-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice for 2 months. The Morris water maze test, immunohistochemical and stereological methods, immunofluorescence and 3D reconstruction were used. Compared to wild-type mice, APP/PS1 transgenic mice had worse performance on behavioral tests, fewer dendritic spines but more microglia in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, the microglia in APP/PS1 transgenic mice had more branches of medium length (4-6 µm) and a cell body area with greater variability. Moreover, APP/PS1 transgenic mice had more postsynaptic termini colocalized with microglia in the hippocampus than wild-type mice. The anti-LINGO-1 antibody significantly reversed these changes in AD, indicating that the anti-LINGO-1 antibody can improve hippocampus-dependent learning and memory abilities and effectively rescue dendritic spines in the hippocampus of AD mice and that microglia might participate in this progression in AD. These results provide a scientific basis for further studying the mechanism of the anti-LINGO-1 antibody in AD and help to elucidate the role of LINGO-1 in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Yu-Hui Deng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yu-Ning Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Chun-Ni Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yan-Min Luo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xin Liang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Du-Juan Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
| | - Feng-Lei Chao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Goldberg Y, Segal S, Hamdi L, Nabat H, Fainstein N, Mediouni E, Asis Y, Theotokis P, Salamotas I, Grigoriadis N, Katz A, Ben-Hur T, Einstein O. High-intensity interval training attenuates development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis solely by systemic immunomodulation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16513. [PMID: 37783693 PMCID: PMC10545672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the central nervous system (CNS) in autoimmune neuroinflammation is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the direct effects of HIIT on the CNS and development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Healthy mice were subjected to HIIT by treadmill running and the proteolipid protein (PLP) transfer EAE model was utilized. To examine neuroprotection, PLP-reactive lymph-node cells (LNCs) were transferred to HIIT and sedentary (SED) mice. To examine immunomodulation, PLP-reactive LNCs from HIIT and SED donor mice were transferred to naïve recipients and analyzed in vitro. HIIT in recipient mice did not affect the development of EAE following exposure to PLP-reactive LNCs. HIIT mice exhibited enhanced migration of systemic autoimmune cells into the CNS and increased demyelination. In contrast, EAE severity in recipient mice injected with PLP-reactive LNCs from HIIT donor mice was significantly diminished. The latter positive effect was associated with decreased migration of autoimmune cells into the CNS and inhibition of very late antigen (VLA)-4 expression in LNCs. Thus, the beneficial effect of HIIT on EAE development is attributed solely to systemic immunomodulatory effects, likely because of systemic inhibition of autoreactive cell migration and reduced VLA-4 integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Goldberg
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Shir Segal
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Liel Hamdi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Hanan Nabat
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nina Fainstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Efrat Mediouni
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Yarden Asis
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Salamotas
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tamir Ben-Hur
- Department of Neurology, The Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, 40700, Ariel, Israel.
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4
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Rashidbenam Z, Ozturk E, Pagnin M, Theotokis P, Grigoriadis N, Petratos S. How does Nogo receptor influence demyelination and remyelination in the context of multiple sclerosis? Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1197492. [PMID: 37361998 PMCID: PMC10285164 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1197492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) can progress with neurodegeneration as a consequence of chronic inflammatory mechanisms that drive neural cell loss and/or neuroaxonal dystrophy in the central nervous system. Immune-mediated mechanisms can accumulate myelin debris in the disease extracellular milieu during chronic-active demyelination that can limit neurorepair/plasticity and experimental evidence suggests that potentiated removal of myelin debris can promote neurorepair in models of MS. The myelin-associated inhibitory factors (MAIFs) are integral contributors to neurodegenerative processes in models of trauma and experimental MS-like disease that can be targeted to promote neurorepair. This review highlights the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration as a consequence of chronic-active inflammation and outlines plausible therapeutic approaches to antagonize the MAIFs during the evolution of neuroinflammatory lesions. Moreover, investigative lines for translation of targeted therapies against these myelin inhibitors are defined with an emphasis on the chief MAIF, Nogo-A, that may demonstrate clinical efficacy of neurorepair during progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rashidbenam
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ezgi Ozturk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Barmpagiannos K, Theotokis P, Petratos S, Pagnin M, Einstein O, Kesidou E, Boziki M, Artemiadis A, Bakirtzis C, Grigoriadis N. The Diversity of Astrocyte Activation during Multiple Sclerosis: Potential Cellular Targets for Novel Disease Modifying Therapeutics. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11111585. [PMID: 37297725 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroglial cells, and especially astrocytes, constitute the most varied group of central nervous system (CNS) cells, displaying substantial diversity and plasticity during development and in disease states. The morphological changes exhibited by astrocytes during the acute and chronic stages following CNS injury can be characterized more precisely as a dynamic continuum of astrocytic reactivity. Different subpopulations of reactive astrocytes may be ascribed to stages of degenerative progression through their direct pathogenic influence upon neurons, neuroglia, the blood-brain barrier, and infiltrating immune cells. Multiple sclerosis (MS) constitutes an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. Despite the previously held notion that reactive astrocytes purely form the structured glial scar in MS plaques, their continued multifaceted participation in neuroinflammatory outcomes and oligodendrocyte and neuronal function during chronicity, suggest that they may be an integral cell type that can govern the pathophysiology of MS. From a therapeutic-oriented perspective, astrocytes could serve as key players to limit MS progression, once the integral astrocyte-MS relationship is accurately identified. This review aims toward delineating the current knowledge, which is mainly focused on immunomodulatory therapies of the relapsing-remitting form, while shedding light on uncharted approaches of astrocyte-specific therapies that could constitute novel, innovative applications once the role of specific subgroups in disease pathogenesis is clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Barmpagiannos
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Maurice Pagnin
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ofira Einstein
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Christos Bakirtzis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dermitzakis I, Theotokis P, Evangelidis P, Delilampou E, Evangelidis N, Chatzisavvidou A, Avramidou E, Manthou ME. CNS Border-Associated Macrophages: Ontogeny and Potential Implication in Disease. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4285-4300. [PMID: 37232741 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Being immune privileged, the central nervous system (CNS) is constituted by unique parenchymal and non-parenchymal tissue-resident macrophages, namely, microglia and border-associated macrophages (BAMs), respectively. BAMs are found in the choroid plexus, meningeal and perivascular spaces, playing critical roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis while being phenotypically and functionally distinct from microglial cells. Although the ontogeny of microglia has been largely determined, BAMs need comparable scrutiny as they have been recently discovered and have not been thoroughly explored. Newly developed techniques have transformed our understanding of BAMs, revealing their cellular heterogeneity and diversity. Recent data showed that BAMs also originate from yolk sac progenitors instead of bone marrow-derived monocytes, highlighting the absolute need to further investigate their repopulation pattern in adult CNS. Shedding light on the molecular cues and drivers orchestrating BAM generation is essential for delineating their cellular identity. BAMs are receiving more attention since they are gradually incorporated into neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory disease evaluations. The present review provides insights towards the current understanding regarding the ontogeny of BAMs and their involvement in CNS diseases, paving their way into targeted therapeutic strategies and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iasonas Dermitzakis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Evangelidis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efthymia Delilampou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Evangelidis
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Chatzisavvidou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Avramidou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dave BP, Shah KC, Shah MB, Chorawala MR, Patel VN, Shah PA, Shah GB, Dhameliya TM. Unveiling the modulation of Nogo receptor in neuroregeneration and plasticity: Novel aspects and future horizon in a new frontier. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 210:115461. [PMID: 36828272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple Sclerosis, Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis have emerged as the most dreaded diseases due to a lack of precise diagnostic tools and efficient therapies. Despite the fact that the contributing factors of NDs are still unidentified, mounting evidence indicates the possibility that genetic and cellular changes may lead to the significant production of abnormally misfolded proteins. These misfolded proteins lead to damaging effects thereby causing neurodegeneration. The association between Neurite outgrowth factor (Nogo) with neurological diseases and other peripheral diseases is coming into play. Three isoforms of Nogo have been identified Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Among these, Nogo-A is mainly responsible for neurological diseases as it is localized in the CNS (Central Nervous System), whereas Nogo-B and Nogo-C are responsible for other diseases such as colitis, lung, intestinal injury, etc. Nogo-A, a membrane protein, had first been described as a CNS-specific inhibitor of axonal regeneration. Several recent studies have revealed the role of Nogo-A proteins and their receptors in modulating neurite outgrowth, branching, and precursor migration during nervous system development. It may also modulate or affect the inhibition of growth during the developmental processes of the CNS. Information about the effects of other ligands of Nogo protein on the CNS are yet to be discovered however several pieces of evidence have suggested that it may also influence the neuronal maturation of CNS and targeting Nogo-A could prove to be beneficial in several neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavarth P Dave
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashvi C Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Maitri B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India.
| | - Vishvas N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Palak A Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, K. B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Gandhinagar 380023, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang B Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Opp. Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Tejas M Dhameliya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad-382481, Gujarat, India
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8
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Espírito-Santo S, Coutinho V, Alcantara Gomes F. Synaptic pathology in multiple sclerosis: a role for Nogo-A signaling in astrocytes? Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:127-128. [PMID: 35799527 PMCID: PMC9241403 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.340407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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9
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Modulation of the Microglial Nogo-A/NgR Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233768. [PMID: 36497029 PMCID: PMC9737582 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics targeting chronic phases of multiple sclerosis (MS) are considerably limited in reversing the neural damage resulting from repeated inflammation and demyelination insults in the multi-focal lesions. This inflammation is propagated by the activation of microglia, the endogenous immune cell aiding in the central nervous system homeostasis. Activated microglia may transition into polarized phenotypes; namely, the classically activated proinflammatory phenotype (previously categorized as M1) and the alternatively activated anti-inflammatory phenotype (previously, M2). These transitional microglial phenotypes are dynamic states, existing as a continuum. Shifting microglial polarization to an anti-inflammatory status may be a potential therapeutic strategy that can be harnessed to limit neuroinflammation and further neurodegeneration in MS. Our research has observed that the obstruction of signaling by inhibitory myelin proteins such as myelin-associated inhibitory factor, Nogo-A, with its receptor (NgR), can regulate microglial cell function and activity in pre-clinical animal studies. Our review explores the microglial role and polarization in MS pathology. Additionally, the potential therapeutics of targeting Nogo-A/NgR cellular mechanisms on microglia migration, polarization and phagocytosis for neurorepair in MS and other demyelination diseases will be discussed.
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10
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RNA Editing Alterations Define Disease Manifestations in the Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). Cells 2022; 11:cells11223582. [PMID: 36429012 PMCID: PMC9688714 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA editing is an epitranscriptomic modification, leading to targeted changes in RNA transcripts. It is mediated by the action of ADAR (adenosine deaminases acting on double-stranded (ds) RNA and APOBEC (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like) deaminases and appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Here, we assessed its role in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used non-clinical model of autoimmune inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), which resembles many aspects of human multiple sclerosis (MS). We have analyzed in silico data from microglia isolated at different timepoints through disease progression to identify the global editing events and validated the selected targets in murine tissue samples. To further evaluate the functional role of RNA editing, we induced EAE in transgenic animals lacking expression of APOBEC-1. We found that RNA-editing events, mediated by the APOBEC and ADAR deaminases, are significantly reduced throughout the course of disease, possibly affecting the protein expression necessary for normal neurological function. Moreover, the severity of the EAE model was significantly higher in APOBEC-1 knock-out mice, compared to wild-type controls. Our results implicate regulatory epitranscriptomic mechanisms in EAE pathogenesis that could be extrapolated to MS and other neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) with common clinical and molecular features.
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11
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Comparative Analysis of Neurodegeneration and Axonal Dysfunction Biomarkers in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144122. [PMID: 35887886 PMCID: PMC9324050 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the significant role of neurodegeneration in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and insufficient therapies, there is an urgent need to better understand this pathology and to find new biomarkers that could provide important insight into the biological mechanisms of the disease. Thus, the present study aimed to compare different neurodegeneration and axonal dysfunction biomarkers in MS and verify their potential clinical usefulness. METHODS A total of 59 patients, who underwent CSF analysis during their diagnostics, were enrolled in the study. Quantitative analysis of neurodegeneration biomarkers was performed through immunological tests. Oligoclonal bands were detected by isoelectric focusing on agarose gel, whereas the concentrations of immunoglobulins and albumin were measured using nephelometry. RESULTS Our studies showed that NfL, RTN4, and tau protein enabled the differentiation of MS patients from the control group. Additionally, the baseline CSF NfL levels positively correlated with the tau and MRI results, whereas the RTN4 concentrations were associated with the immunoglobulin quotients. The AUC for NfL was the highest among the tested proteins, although the DeLong test of the ROC curves showed no significant difference between the AUCs for NfL and RTN4. CONCLUSION The CSF NfL, RTN-4, and tau levels at the time of diagnosis could be potential diagnostic markers of multiple sclerosis, although NfL seems to have the best clinical value.
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12
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Damianidou O, Theotokis P, Grigoriadis N, Petratos S. Novel contributors to B cell activation during inflammatory CNS demyelination; An oNGOing process. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:164-174. [PMID: 34975310 PMCID: PMC8692119 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.66350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the development of targeted immunotherapeutics for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis has been successfully orchestrated through the efficacious modulation of neuroinflammatory outcomes demonstrated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. In this model, the focus of developing immunomodulatory therapeutics has been demonstrated through their effectiveness in modifying the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17-dependent neuropathological outcomes of demyelination, oligodendrocytopathy and axonal dystrophy. However, recent successful preclinical and clinical trials have advocated for the significance of B cell-dependent immunopathogenic responses and has led to the development of novel biologicals that target specific B cell phenotypes. In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. One possible cognate receptor for BAFF includes the Nogo receptor (NgR) and its homologs, previously established as potent inhibitors of axonal regeneration during central nervous system (CNS) injury and disease. In this review we provide current evidence for BAFF-dependent signaling through the NgR multimeric complex, elucidating their association within the CNS compartment and underlying the importance of these potential pathogenic molecular regulators as possible therapeutic targets to limit relapse rates and potentially MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympia Damianidou
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- B' Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki 54636, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria 3004, Australia
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13
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Theotokis P, Kesidou E, Mitsiadou D, Petratos S, Damianidou O, Boziki M, Chatzidimitriou A, Grigoriadis N. Lumbar spine intrathecal transplantation of neural precursor cells promotes oligodendrocyte proliferation in hot spots of chronic demyelination. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13040. [PMID: 34845781 PMCID: PMC9245942 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a basic and reliable model used to study clinical and pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) in rodents. Several studies suggest neural precursor cells (NPCs) as a significant research tool while reporting that transplanted NPCs are a promising therapeutic approach to treating neurological disorders, such as MS. The main objective was to approach a preclinical, in vivo scenario of oligodendrogenesis with NPCs, targeting the main chronic demyelinated lumbosacral milieu of EAE, via the least invasive delivery method which is lumbar puncture. We utilized MOG35‐55 peptide to induce EAE in C57BL/6 mice and prior to the acute relapse, we intervened with either the traceable GFP+ cellular therapy or saline solution in the intrathecal space of their lumbar spine. A BrdU injection, which enabled us to monitor endogenous proliferation, marked the endpoint 50 days post‐induction (50 dpi). Neuropathology with high‐throughput, triple immunofluorescent, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data were extracted and analyzed. The experimental treatment attenuated the chronic phase of EAE (50 dpi; score <1) following an acute, clinical relapse. Myelination and axonal integrity were rescued in the NPC‐treated animals along with suppressed immune populations. The differentiation profile of the exogenous NPCs and endogenous BrdU+ cells was location‐dependent where GFP+‐rich areas drove undifferentiated phenotypes toward the oligodendrocyte lineage. In situ oligodendrocyte enrichment was demonstrated through increased (p < 0.001) gap junction channels of Cx32 and Cx47, reliable markers for proliferative oligodendroglia syncytium. TEM morphometric analysis ultimately manifested an increased g‐ratio in lumbosacral fibers of the recovered animals (p < 0.001). Herein, we suggest that a single, lumbar intrathecal administration of NPCs capacitated a viable cellular load and resulted in clinical and pathological amelioration, stimulating resident OPCs to overcome the remyelination failure in EAE demyelinating locale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Mitsiadou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olympia Damianidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Pinto MV, Santos FMF, Barros C, Ribeiro AR, Pischel U, Gois PMP, Fernandes A. BASHY Dye Platform Enables the Fluorescence Bioimaging of Myelin Debris Phagocytosis by Microglia during Demyelination. Cells 2021; 10:3163. [PMID: 34831386 PMCID: PMC8620345 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is characterized by the presence of demyelinated regions with accumulated myelin lipid debris. Importantly, to allow effective remyelination, such debris must be cleared by microglia. Therefore, the study of microglial activity with sensitive tools is of great interest to better monitor the MS clinical course. Using a boronic acid-based (BASHY) fluorophore, specific for nonpolar lipid aggregates, we aimed to address BASHY's ability to label nonpolar myelin debris and image myelin clearance in the context of demyelination. Demyelinated ex vivo organotypic cultures (OCSCs) and primary microglia cells were immunostained to evaluate BASHY's co-localization with myelin debris and also to evaluate BASHY's specificity for phagocytosing cells. Additionally, mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were injected with BASHY and posteriorly analyzed to evaluate BASHY+ microglia within demyelinated lesions. Indeed, in our in vitro and ex vivo studies, we showed a significant increase in BASHY labeling in demyelinated OCSCs, mostly co-localized with Iba1-expressing amoeboid/phagocytic microglia. Most importantly, BASHY's presence was also found within demyelinated areas of EAE mice, essentially co-localizing with lesion-associated Iba1+ cells, evidencing BASHY's potential for the in vivo bioimaging of myelin clearance and myelin-carrying microglia in regions of active demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Fábio M. F. Santos
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Catarina Barros
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Ana Rita Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO (Centro de Investigación en Química Sostenible)—Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, 21071 Huelva, Spain;
| | - Pedro M. P. Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelaide Fernandes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (M.V.P.); (F.M.F.S.); (C.B.); (A.R.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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15
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Belonwu SA, Li Y, Bunis D, Rao AA, Solsberg CW, Tang A, Fragiadakis GK, Dubal DB, Oskotsky T, Sirota M. Sex-Stratified Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis Identifies Sex-Specific and Cell Type-Specific Transcriptional Responses in Alzheimer's Disease Across Two Brain Regions. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:276-293. [PMID: 34669146 PMCID: PMC8786804 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a pervasive neurodegenerative disorder that disproportionately affects women. Since neural anatomy and disease pathophysiology differ by sex, investigating sex-specific mechanisms in AD pathophysiology can inform new therapeutic approaches for both sexes. Previous bulk human brain RNA sequencing studies have revealed sex differences in dysregulated molecular pathways related to energy production, neuronal function, and immune response; however, the sex differences in disease mechanisms are yet to be examined comprehensively on a single-cell level. We leveraged nearly 74,000 cells from human prefrontal and entorhinal cortex samples from the first two publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing AD datasets to perform a case versus control sex-stratified differential gene expression analysis and pathway network enrichment in a cell type-specific manner for each brain region. Our examination at the single-cell level revealed sex differences in AD prominently in glial cells of the prefrontal cortex. In the entorhinal cortex, we observed the same genes and networks to be perturbed in opposing directions between sexes in AD relative to healthy state. Our findings contribute to growing evidence of sex differences in AD-related transcriptomic changes, which can fuel the development of therapies that may prove more effective at reversing AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Belonwu
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yaqiao Li
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Bunis
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arjun Arkal Rao
- CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Warly Solsberg
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alice Tang
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gabriela K Fragiadakis
- CoLabs, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dena B Dubal
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Tomiko Oskotsky
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, 490 Illinois St, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Zhang N, Cui Y, Li Y, Mi Y. A Novel Role of Nogo Proteins: Regulating Macrophages in Inflammatory Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2439-2448. [PMID: 34224050 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nogo proteins, also known as Reticulon-4, have been identified as myelin-derived inhibitors of neurite outgrowth in the central nervous system (CNS). There are three Nogo variants, Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Nogo-C. Recent studies have shown that Nogo-A/B is abundant in macrophages and may have a wider effect on inflammation. In this review, we focus mainly on the possible roles of Nogo-A/B on polarization and recruitment of macrophages and their involvement in a variety of inflammatory diseases. We then discuss the Nogo receptor1 (NgR1), a common receptor for Nogo proteins that is also abundant in microglia/macrophage in the CNS. Interaction of Nogo and NgR1 in microglia/macrophage may affect the adhesion and polarization of macrophages that are involved in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Overall, this review provides insights into the roles of Nogo proteins in regulating macrophage functions and suggests that, potentially, Nogo proteins maybe a new target in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yajing Mi
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xin-Wang Street #1, Xi'an, 710021, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Bakhuraysah MM, Theotokis P, Lee JY, Alrehaili AA, Aui PM, Figgett WA, Azari MF, Abou-Afech JP, Mackay F, Siatskas C, Alderuccio F, Strittmatter SM, Grigoriadis N, Petratos S. B-cells expressing NgR1 and NgR3 are localized to EAE-induced inflammatory infiltrates and are stimulated by BAFF. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2890. [PMID: 33536561 PMCID: PMC7858582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported evidence that Nogo-A activation of Nogo-receptor 1 (NgR1) can drive axonal dystrophy during the neurological progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the B-cell activating factor (BAFF/BlyS) may also be an important ligand of NgR during neuroinflammation. In the current study we define that NgR1 and its homologs may contribute to immune cell signaling during EAE. Meningeal B-cells expressing NgR1 and NgR3 were identified within the lumbosacral spinal cords of ngr1+/+ EAE-induced mice at clinical score 1. Furthermore, increased secretion of immunoglobulins that bound to central nervous system myelin were shown to be generated from isolated NgR1- and NgR3-expressing B-cells of ngr1+/+ EAE-induced mice. In vitro BAFF stimulation of NgR1- and NgR3-expressing B cells, directed them into the cell cycle DNA synthesis phase. However, when we antagonized BAFF signaling by co-incubation with recombinant BAFF-R, NgR1-Fc, or NgR3 peptides, the B cells remained in the G0/G1 phase. The data suggest that B cells express NgR1 and NgR3 during EAE, being localized to infiltrates of the meninges and that their regulation is governed by BAFF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Bakhuraysah
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 26521, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Jae Young Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Toolgen Inc., Gasan Digital-Ro, 08594, Geumcheon, Seoul, Korea
| | - Amani A Alrehaili
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia.,Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, 26521, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Pei-Mun Aui
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - William A Figgett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Science, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Michael F Azari
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - John-Paul Abou-Afech
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Fabienne Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Science, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | | | - Frank Alderuccio
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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18
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Espírito-Santo S, Coutinho VG, Dezonne RS, Stipursky J, Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Batista C, Paes-de-Carvalho R, Fuss B, Gomes FCA. Astrocytes as a target for Nogo-A and implications for synapse formation in vitro and in a model of acute demyelination. Glia 2021; 69:1429-1443. [PMID: 33497496 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) function depends on precise synaptogenesis, which is shaped by environmental cues and cellular interactions. Astrocytes are outstanding regulators of synapse development and plasticity through contact-dependent signals and through the release of pro- and antisynaptogenic factors. Conversely, myelin and its associated proteins, including Nogo-A, affect synapses in a inhibitory fashion and contribute to neural circuitry stabilization. However, the roles of Nogo-A-astrocyte interactions and their implications in synapse development and plasticity have not been characterized. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether Nogo-A affects the capacity of astrocytes to induce synaptogenesis. Additionally, we assessed whether downregulation of Nogo-A signaling in an in vivo demyelination model impacts the synaptogenic potential of astrocytes. Our in vitro data show that cortical astrocytes respond to Nogo-A through RhoA pathway activation, exhibiting stress fiber formation and decreased ramified morphology. This phenotype was associated with reduced levels of GLAST protein and aspartate uptake, decreased mRNA levels of the synaptogenesis-associated genes Hevin, glypican-4, TGF-β1 and BDNF, and decreased and increased protein levels of Hevin and SPARC, respectively. Corroborating these findings, conditioned medium from Nogo-A-treated astrocytes suppressed the formation of structurally and functionally mature synapses in cortical neuronal cultures. After cuprizone-induced acute demyelination, we observed reduced immunostaining for Nogo-A in the visual cortex accompanied by higher levels of Hevin expression in astrocytes and an increase in excitatory synapse density. Hence, we suggest that interactions between Nogo-A and astrocytes might represent an important pathway of plasticity regulation and could be a target for therapeutic intervention in demyelinating diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Espírito-Santo
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vinícius G Coutinho
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rômulo S Dezonne
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joice Stipursky
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Batista
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto Paes-de-Carvalho
- Instituto de Biologia, Programa de Neurociências, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Babette Fuss
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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19
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Delivanoglou N, Boziki M, Theotokis P, Kesidou E, Touloumi O, Dafi N, Nousiopoulou E, Lagoudaki R, Grigoriadis N, Charalampopoulos I, Simeonidou C. Spatio-temporal expression profile of NGF and the two-receptor system, TrkA and p75NTR, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:41. [PMID: 31996225 PMCID: PMC6990493 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) and pan-neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR), are known to play bidirectional roles between the immune and nervous system. There are only few studies with inconclusive results concerning the expression pattern and role of NGF, TrkA, and p75NTR (NGF system) under the neuroinflammatory conditions in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its mouse model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of this study is to investigate the temporal expression in different cell types of NGF system in the central nervous system (CNS) during the EAE course. METHODS EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice 6-8 weeks old. CNS tissue samples were collected on specific time points: day 10 (D10), days 20-22 (acute phase), and day 50 (chronic phase), compared to controls. Real-time PCR, Western Blot, histochemistry, and immunofluorescence were performed throughout the disease course for the detection of the spatio-temporal expression of the NGF system. RESULTS Our findings suggest that both NGF and its receptors, TrkA and p75NTR, are upregulated during acute and chronic phase of the EAE model in the inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord. NGF and its receptors were co-localized with NeuN+ cells, GAP-43+ axons, GFAP+ cells, Arginase1+ cells, and Mac3+ cells. Furthermore, TrkA and p75NTR were sparsely detected on CNPase+ cells within the inflammatory lesion. Of high importance is our observation that despite EAE being a T-mediated disease, only NGF and p75NTR were shown to be expressed by B lymphocytes (B220+ cells) and no expression on T lymphocytes was noticed. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that the components of the NGF system are subjected to differential regulation during the EAE disease course. The expression pattern of NGF, TrkA, and p75NTR is described in detail, suggesting possible functional roles in neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, and remyelination by direct and indirect effects on the components of the immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/biosynthesis
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickoleta Delivanoglou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Theotokis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kesidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Touloumi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolina Dafi
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Nousiopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Roza Lagoudaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, B' Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Constantina Simeonidou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Huang LJ, Li G, Ding Y, Sun JH, Wu TT, Zhao W, Zeng YS. LINGO-1 deficiency promotes nerve regeneration through reduction of cell apoptosis, inflammation, and glial scar after spinal cord injury in mice. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112965. [PMID: 31132364 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 1 (LINGO-1) is a transmembrane protein that negatively regulates neural regeneration in the central nervous system. LINGO-1 expression is up-regulated after central nerve injury, and is accompanied by cell death. Both LINGO-1 and cell death in the injury microenvironment are thought to limit neural regeneration, but the relationship between LINGO-1 and cell death has not been characterized. To investigate whether LINGO-1 deletion improves the spinal cord microenvironment after spinal cord injury (SCI) and contributes to cell survival, we generated LINGO-1 knockout (KO) mice. These mice and wild-type control mice were subjected to spinal cord transection. Fourteen days after spinal cord transection, cell apoptosis, inflammation, glial scar, and growth of nerve fibers were evaluated by immunostaining. The results showed that LINGO-1 KO mice demonstrated a profound reduction in expression of caspase-3, transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), ionized calcium binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) compared to controls. In contrast, expression of neurofilament (NF) at the SCI site in LINGO-1 KO mice was markedly increased compared to that in wild-type mice. These results suggested that LINGO-1 plays a critical role in the injury microenvironment in processes such as cell death, inflammatory response, and glial scar formation. Importantly, LINGO-1 deletion and a positive microenvironment may exert synergistic effects to promote nerve fiber regeneration. Therefore, inhibition of LINGO-1 may be a therapeutic strategy to promote neural regeneration following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Huang
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Can We Design a Nogo Receptor-Dependent Cellular Therapy to Target MS? Cells 2018; 8:cells8010001. [PMID: 30577457 PMCID: PMC6357095 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current landscape of therapeutics designed to treat multiple sclerosis (MS) and its pathological sequelae is saturated with drugs that modify disease course and limit relapse rates. While these small molecules and biologicals are producing profound benefits to patients with reductions in annualized relapse rates, the repair or reversal of demyelinated lesions with or without axonal damage, remains the principle unmet need for progressive forms of the disease. Targeting the extracellular pathological milieu and the signaling mechanisms that drive neurodegeneration are potential means to achieve neuroprotection and/or repair in the central nervous system of progressive MS patients. The Nogo-A receptor-dependent signaling mechanism has raised considerable interest in neurological disease paradigms since it can promulgate axonal transport deficits, further demyelination, and extant axonal dystrophy, thereby limiting remyelination. If specific therapeutic regimes could be devised to directly clear the Nogo-A-enriched myelin debris in an expedited manner, it may provide the necessary CNS environment for neurorepair to become a clinical reality. The current review outlines novel means to achieve neurorepair with biologicals that may be directed to sites of active demyelination.
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The Nogo receptor inhibits proliferation, migration and axonal extension by transcriptionally regulating WNK1 in PC12 cells. Neuroreport 2018; 28:533-539. [PMID: 28489665 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration and axonal regrowth mechanisms in the injured mammalian central nervous system are largely unknown. As part of a major pathway for inhibiting axonal regeneration, activated neuronal glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Nogo receptor (NgR) interacts with LINGO-1 and p75NTR to form a complex at the cell surface. However, it was found in our previous report that upregulation of NgR stimulated by injury plays a key role in neuronal regeneration in the neonatal cortex freeze-lesion model, but its downstream signalling remains elusive. In the present study, the novel regulatory role of NgR in a serine-threonine kinase WNK1 was identified. NgR's transcriptional regulation of WNK1 was identified by RT-qPCR and semiquantitative western blot after the overexpression or knockdown of NgR, and the regulation is specific to WNK1, which is not the same for its family members, WNK2, WNK3 and WNK4. Furthermore, NgR inhibition by NEP fails to affect WNK1, which indicates that WNK1 functions outside of the Nogo-A/NgR pathway. By performing a proliferation, migration and axonal extension assay, we also identified that overexpressed NgR critically regulated these processes and impairment by overexpressing NgR was rescued with coexpression of WNK1, indicating the partial role of WNK1 in NgR-mediated morphological regulation. Our study identifies a separation of functions for the NgR-regulated WNK1 in mediating proliferation, migration and axonal extension in PC12 cells as well as a specific regulatory role between NgR and WNK1 that is important for recovery from central nervous system injury.
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p75NTR and TROY: Uncharted Roles of Nogo Receptor Complex in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6329-6336. [PMID: 29294247 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have been on the forefront of drug discovery for most of the myelin inhibitory molecules implicated in axonal regenerative process. Nogo-A along with its putative receptor NgR and co-receptor LINGO-1 has paved the way for the production of pharmaceutical agents such as monoclonal antibodies, which are already put into handful of clinical trials. On the other side, little progress has been made towards clarifying the role of neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) and TROY in disease progression, other key players of the Nogo receptor complex. Previous work of our lab has shown that their exact location and type of expression is harmonized in a phase-dependent manner. Here, in this review, we outline their façade in normal and diseased central nervous system (CNS) and suggest a role for p75NTR in chronic axonal regeneration whereas TROY in acute inflammation of EAE intercourse.
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Cyclic MOG 35-55 ameliorates clinical and neuropathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Bioorg Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28642030 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
EAE is induced to susceptible mice using linear peptides of myelin proteins of the central nervous system. Specific peptide motifs within the peptide-binding groove of the MHC peptide-complex determines the affinity of the peptide in each animal and the consequent T-cell receptor recognition and activation of the cell. Altered peptide ligand (APL) vaccination is a novel approach based on an effort to induce T-cell tolerance or alter cytokine profile from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory. In the present study we synthesized the MOG35-55 peptide and altered its 3-dimensional conformation to make it a cyclic one (c-MOG35-55). EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice and pathology was studied on acute and chronic phase of the disease. Our data indicates that c-MOG35-55 peptide alone induces a mild transient acute phase without chronic axonopathy. Administration of the c-MOG35-55 peptide at a 1:1 ratio during disease induction significantly ameliorates clinical disease and underlying pathology, such as demyelination and axonopathy in the acute and chronic phases. Binding and structural studies revealed milder interactions between the c-MOG35-55 and mouse or human MHC class II alleles (H2-IAb and HLA-DR2). Collectively, we provide data supporting for the first time the concept that the cyclic modification of an established encephalitogenic peptide ameliorates the clinical outcomes and underlying pathological processes of EAE. Such a cyclic modification of linear peptides could provide a novel treatment approach for future, patient-selective, immunomodulative treatments of multiple sclerosis.
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