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Vicente ED, Figueiredo D, Alves C. Toxicity of particulate emissions from residential biomass combustion: An overview of in vitro studies using cell models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171999. [PMID: 38554951 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
This article aims to critically review the current state of knowledge on in vitro toxicological assessments of particulate emissions from residential biomass heating systems. The review covers various aspects of particulate matter (PM) toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammation, genotoxicity, and cytotoxicity, all of which have important implications for understanding the development of diseases. Studies in this field have highlighted the different mechanisms that biomass combustion particles activate, which vary depending on the combustion appliances and fuels. In general, particles from conventional combustion appliances are more potent in inducing cytotoxicity, DNA damage, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress than those from modern appliances. The sensitivity of different cell lines to the toxic effects of biomass combustion particles is also influenced by cell type and culture conditions. One of the main challenges in this field is the considerable variation in sampling strategies, sample processing, experimental conditions, assays, and extraction techniques used in biomass burning PM studies. Advanced culture systems, such as co-cultures and air-liquid interface exposures, can provide more accurate insights into the effects of biomass combustion particles compared to simpler submerged monocultures. This review provides critical insights into the complex field of toxicity from residential biomass combustion emissions, underscoring the importance of continued research and standardisation of methodologies to better understand the associated health hazards and to inform targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Vicente
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - D Figueiredo
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Mitroo D, Das DN, Hamilton PD, Kumfer BM, Ravi N. Combustion conditions influence toxicity of flame-generated soot to ocular (ARPE-19) cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123307. [PMID: 38190877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Soot is a prevalent aerosol found both indoors and outdoors that has several sources, such as natural (e.g., wildfires), civilian (e.g., cooking), or military (e.g., burn pit operation). Additionally, within the sources, factors that influence the physicochemical properties of the soot include combustion temperature, oxygen availability, and fuel type. Being able to reproduce soot in the laboratory and systematically assess its toxicity is important in the pursuit of elucidating pathologies associated with its exposure. Of the organs of interest, we targeted the eye given the scant attention received. Yet, air pollution constituents such as soot have been linked to diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We developed a bench-scale system to synthesize different types of soot, that is, soot with a systematically varied physical attributes or chemical composition. We used common analytical techniques to probe such properties, and used statistical analyses to correlate them with toxicity in vitro using ARPE-19 cells. Within the range of flame conditions studied, we find that soot toxicity increases with increasing oxygen concentration in fuel-rich premixed flames, and weakly increases with decreasing flame temperature. Additionally, soot particles produced in premixed flames are generally smaller in size, exhibit a lesser fractal structure, and are considerably more toxic to ARPE-19 cells than soot particles produced in non-premixed flames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Mitroo
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Durgesh N Das
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul D Hamilton
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA
| | - Benjamin M Kumfer
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Nathan Ravi
- Veterans Research and Education Foundation, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO, 63103, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis MO 63110, USA; Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Upadhyay S, Rahman M, Rinaldi S, Koelmel J, Lin EZ, Mahesh PA, Beckers J, Johanson G, Pollitt KJG, Palmberg L, Irmler M, Ganguly K. Assessment of wood smoke induced pulmonary toxicity in normal- and chronic bronchitis-like bronchial and alveolar lung mucosa models at air-liquid interface. Respir Res 2024; 25:49. [PMID: 38245732 PMCID: PMC10799428 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has the highest increased risk due to household air pollution arising from biomass fuel burning. However, knowledge on COPD patho-mechanisms is mainly limited to tobacco smoke exposure. In this study, a repeated direct wood smoke (WS) exposure was performed using normal- (bro-ALI) and chronic bronchitis-like bronchial (bro-ALI-CB), and alveolar (alv-ALI) lung mucosa models at air-liquid interface (ALI) to assess broad toxicological end points. METHODS The bro-ALI and bro-ALI-CB models were developed using human primary bronchial epithelial cells and the alv-ALI model was developed using a representative type-II pneumocyte cell line. The lung models were exposed to WS (10 min/exposure; 5-exposures over 3-days; n = 6-7 independent experiments). Sham exposed samples served as control. WS composition was analyzed following passive sampling. Cytotoxicity, total cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and stress responsive NFkB were assessed by flow cytometry. WS exposure induced changes in gene expression were evaluated by RNA-seq (p ≤ 0.01) followed by pathway enrichment analysis. Secreted levels of proinflammatory cytokines were assessed in the basal media. Non-parametric statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS 147 unique compounds were annotated in WS of which 42 compounds have inhalation toxicity (9 very high). WS exposure resulted in significantly increased ROS in bro-ALI (11.2%) and bro-ALI-CB (25.7%) along with correspondingly increased NFkB levels (bro-ALI: 35.6%; bro-ALI-CB: 18.1%). A total of 1262 (817-up and 445-down), 329 (141-up and 188-down), and 102 (33-up and 69-down) genes were differentially regulated in the WS-exposed bro-ALI, bro-ALI-CB, and alv-ALI models respectively. The enriched pathways included the terms acute phase response, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, NFkB, ROS, xenobiotic metabolism of AHR, and chronic respiratory disorder. The enrichment of the 'cilium' related genes was predominant in the WS-exposed bro-ALI (180-up and 7-down). The pathways primary ciliary dyskinesia, ciliopathy, and ciliary movement were enriched in both WS-exposed bro-ALI and bro-ALI-CB. Interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α were reduced (p < 0.05) in WS-exposed bro-ALI and bro-ALI-CB. CONCLUSION Findings of this study indicate differential response to WS-exposure in different lung regions and in chronic bronchitis, a condition commonly associated with COPD. Further, the data suggests ciliopathy as a candidate pathway in relation to WS-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna Upadhyay
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mizanur Rahman
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Selina Rinaldi
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, 570015, India
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum Für Gesundheit Und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD E.V.), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lena Palmberg
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum Für Gesundheit Und Umwelt (GmbH), 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Koustav Ganguly
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Pardo M, Li C, Jabali A, Petrick LM, Ben-Ari Z, Rudich Y. Toxicity mechanisms of biomass burning aerosols in in vitro hepatic steatosis models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166988. [PMID: 37704129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease that contributes to the global rise in liver-related morbidity and mortality. Wood tar (WT) aerosols are a significant fraction of carbonaceous aerosol originating from biomass smoldering, contributing to air pollution particles smaller than 2.5 mm (PM2.5). Mechanistic biological associations exist between exposure to PM2.5 and increased NAFLD phenotypes in both cell and animal models. Therefore, this study examines whether an existing NAFLD-like condition can enhance the biological susceptibility of liver cells exposed to air pollution in the form of WT material. Liver cells were incubated with lauric or oleic acid (LA, OA, respectively) for 24 h to accumulate lipids and served as an in vitro hepatic steatosis model. When exposed to 0.02 or 0.2 g/L water-soluble WT aerosols, both steatosis model cells showed increased cell death compared to the control cells (blank-treated cells with or without pre-incubation with LA or OA) or compared to WT-treated cells without pre-incubation with LA or OA. Furthermore, alterations in oxidative status included variations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, elevated levels of lipid peroxidation adducts, and decreased expression of antioxidant genes associated with the NRF2 transcription factor. In addition, steatosis model cells exposed to WT had a higher degree of DNA damage than the control cells (blank-treated cells with or without pre-incubation with LA or OA). These results support a possible systemic effect through the direct inflammatory and oxidative stress response following exposure to water-soluble WT on liver cells, especially those predisposed to fatty liver. Furthermore, the liver steatosis model can be influenced by the type of fatty acid used; increased adverse effects of WT on metabolic dysregulation were observed in the LA model to a higher extent compared to the OA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Amani Jabali
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Lauren M Petrick
- The Bert Strassburger Metabolic Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ziv Ben-Ari
- Liver Disease Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Noah TL, Worden CP, Rebuli ME, Jaspers I. The Effects of Wildfire Smoke on Asthma and Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:375-387. [PMID: 37171670 PMCID: PMC10176314 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the recent literature on the effects of wildfire smoke (WFS) exposure on asthma and allergic disease, and on potential mechanisms of disease. RECENT FINDINGS Spatiotemporal modeling and increased ground-level monitoring data are allowing a more detailed picture of the health effects of WFS exposure to emerge, especially with regard to asthma. There is also epidemiologic and some experimental evidence to suggest that WFS exposure increases allergic predisposition and upper airway or sinonasal disease, though much of the literature in this area is focused more generally on PM2.5 and is not specific for WFS. Experimental evidence for mechanisms includes disruption of epithelial integrity with downstream effects on inflammatory or immune pathways, but experimental models to date have not consistently reflected human disease in this area. Exposure to WFS has an acute detrimental effect on asthma. Potential mechanisms are suggested by in vitro and animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Noah
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 Macnider Building, 333 S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | - Cameron P Worden
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 Macnider Building, 333 S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 260 Macnider Building, 333 S. Columbia St., Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
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Friesen A, Fritsch-Decker S, Mülhopt S, Quarz C, Mahl J, Baumann W, Hauser M, Wexler M, Schlager C, Gutmann B, Krebs T, Goßmann AK, Weis F, Hufnagel M, Stapf D, Hartwig A, Weiss C. Comparing the Toxicological Responses of Pulmonary Air-Liquid Interface Models upon Exposure to Differentially Treated Carbon Fibers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031927. [PMID: 36768249 PMCID: PMC9915385 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the use of carbon fibers (CFs) in various sectors of industry has been increasing. Despite the similarity of CF degradation products to other toxicologically relevant materials such as asbestos fibers and carbon nanotubes, a detailed toxicological evaluation of this class of material has yet to be performed. In this work, we exposed advanced air-liquid interface cell culture models of the human lung to CF. To simulate different stresses applied to CF throughout their life cycle, they were either mechanically (mCF) or thermo-mechanically pre-treated (tmCF). Different aspects of inhalation toxicity as well as their possible time-dependency were monitored. mCFs were found to induce a moderate inflammatory response, whereas tmCF elicited stronger inflammatory as well as apoptotic effects. Furthermore, thermal treatment changed the surface properties of the CF resulting in a presumed adhesion of the cells to the fiber fragments and subsequent cell loss. Triple-cultures encompassing epithelial, macrophage, and fibroblast cells stood out with an exceptionally high inflammatory response. Only a weak genotoxic effect was detected in the form of DNA strand breaks in mono- and co-cultures, with triple-cultures presenting a possible secondary genotoxicity. This work establishes CF fragments as a potentially harmful material and emphasizes the necessity of further toxicological assessment of existing and upcoming advanced CF-containing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Friesen
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanne Fritsch-Decker
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sonja Mülhopt
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Chemistry, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Caroline Quarz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonathan Mahl
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Chemistry, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Werner Baumann
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Chemistry, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manuela Hauser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Chemistry, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Manuela Wexler
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Chemistry, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | | | - Tobias Krebs
- Vitrocell Systems GmbH, 79183 Waldkirch, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Hufnagel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dieter Stapf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Technical Chemistry, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Carsten Weiss
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Biological Information Processing, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.H.); (C.W.)
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Singh D, Tassew DD, Nelson J, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG, Tesfaigzi Y, Demokritou P. Physicochemical and toxicological properties of wood smoke particulate matter as a function of wood species and combustion condition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129874. [PMID: 36084462 PMCID: PMC9532370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Wood burning is a major source of ambient particulate matter (PM) and has been epidemiologically linked to adverse pulmonary health effects, however the impact of fuel and burning conditions on PM properties has not been investigated systematically. Here, we employed our recently developed integrated methodology to characterize the physicochemical and biological properties of emitted PM as a function of three common hardwoods (oak, cherry, mesquite) and three representative combustion conditions (flaming, smoldering, incomplete). Differences in PM and off-gas emissions (aerosol number/mass concentrations; carbon monoxide; volatile organic compounds) as well as inorganic elemental composition and organic carbon functional content of PM0.1 were noted between wood types and combustion conditions, although the combustion scenario exerted a stronger influence on the emission profile. More importantly, flaming combustion PM0.1 from all hardwoods significantly stimulated the promoter activity of Sterile Alpha Motif (SAM) pointed domain containing ETS (E-twenty-six) Transcription Factor (SPDEF) in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293 T) cells, a biomarker for mucin gene expression associated with mucus production in pulmonary diseases. However, no bioactivity was observed for smoldering and incomplete combustion, which was likely driven by differences in the organic composition of PM0.1. Detailed chemical speciation of organic components of wood smoke is warranted to identify the individual compounds that drive specific biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Dereje Damte Tassew
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jordan Nelson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216, USA
| | - Marie-Cecile G Chalbot
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216, USA
| | - Ilias G Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, 55 West 125th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA; Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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8
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Chen TL, Hsiao TC, Chuang HC, Ting YC, Wang CH. A mobile platform for characterizing on-road tailpipe emissions and toxicity of ultrafine particles under real driving Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114523. [PMID: 36270534 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute exposure to fresh traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) can be high for road users, including motorbike drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. However, evaluating the toxicity of fresh traffic emissions from on-road vehicles is challenging since pollution properties can change dynamically within a short distance and time. This study demonstrated a mobile platform equipped with an On-Board Diagnostic II (OBDII) system, a tailor-made portable emission measurement system, and an electrostatic air-liquid interface exposure system with human monocytic THP-1 cells to characterize on-road tailpipe emissions under real driving conditions. High number concentrations up to 106-107 # cm-3 of ultrafine particles (UFPs) were observed for a gasoline engine at the cold-start stage and a diesel engine during particulate filter regeneration. In particular, a substantial fraction of freshly emitted UFPs within the size less than 23 nm were observed and should be cautioned. The potential toxicity of fresh TRAPs was quantified by cell viability, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory biomarkers. Results show that the decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and high oxidative stress induced by the fresh TRAPs were potentially contributed by gaseous pollutants as well as particles, especially driving with the high idling frequency. Moreover, the dominant contributor to the toxicity is different for gasoline's and diesel's TRAPs. Characterizing on-road air pollutant toxicity as well as physicochemical properties using an innovative mobile platform can fill this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Lun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chih Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Ting
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hua Wang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Di Cristo L, Sabella S. Cell Cultures at the Air-Liquid Interface and Their Application in Cancer Research. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:41-64. [PMID: 37202611 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) cell cultures are considered a valid tool for the replacement of animals in biomedical research. By mimicking crucial features of the human in vivo epithelial barriers (e.g., lung, intestine, and skin), ALI cell cultures enable proper structural architectures and differentiated functions of normal and diseased tissue barriers. Thereby, ALI models realistically resemble tissue conditions and provide in vivo-like responses. Since their implementation, they are routinely used in several applications, from toxicity testing to cancer research, receiving an appreciable level of acceptance (in some cases a regulatory acceptance) as attractive testing alternatives to animals. In this chapter, an overview of the ALI cell cultures will be presented together with their application in cancer cell culture, highlighting the potential advantages and disadvantages of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisana Di Cristo
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Nanoregulatory Group, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Stefania Sabella
- D3 PharmaChemistry, Nanoregulatory Group, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
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10
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Mechanisms of Lung Damage and Development of COPD Due to Household Biomass-Smoke Exposure: Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, MicroRNAs, and Gene Polymorphisms. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010067. [PMID: 36611860 PMCID: PMC9818405 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to indoor biomass smoke from the combustion of solid organic fuels is a major cause of disease burden worldwide. Almost 3 billion people use solid fuels such as wood, charcoal, and crop residues for indoor cooking and heating, accounting for approximately 50% of all households and 90% of rural households globally. Biomass smoke contains many hazardous pollutants, resulting in household air pollution (HAP) exposure that often exceeds international standards. Long-term biomass-smoke exposure is associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in adults, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, chronic bronchitis, and other lung conditions. Biomass smoke-associated COPD differs from the best-known cigarette smoke-induced COPD in several aspects, such as a slower decline in lung function, greater airway involvement, and less emphysema, which suggests a different phenotype and pathophysiology. Despite the high burden of biomass-associated COPD, the molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are poorly understood. This review describes the pathogenic mechanisms potentially involved in lung damage, the development of COPD associated with wood-derived smoke exposure, and the influence of genetic and epigenetic factors on the development of this disease.
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11
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Puris E, Saveleva L, Górová V, Vartiainen P, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Sippula O, Malm T, Jalava PI, Auriola S, Fricker G, Kanninen KM. Air pollution exposure increases ABCB1 and ASCT1 transporter levels in mouse cortex. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104003. [PMID: 36283621 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane transporters are important for maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating the passage of solutes into, out of, and within the brain. Growing evidence suggests neurotoxic effects of air pollution exposure and its contribution to neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet limited knowledge is available on the exact cellular impacts of exposure. This study investigates how exposure to ubiquitous solid components of air pollution, ultrafine particles (UFPs), influence brain homeostasis by affecting protein levels of membrane transporters. Membrane transporters were quantified and compared in brain cortical samples of wild-type and the 5xFAD mouse model of AD in response to subacute exposure to inhaled UFPs. The cortical ASCT1 and ABCB1 transporter levels were elevated in wild-type and 5xFAD mice subjected to a 2-week UFP exposure paradigm, suggesting impairment of brain homeostatic mechanisms. This study provides new insight on the molecular mechanisms underlying adverse effects of air pollution on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Puris
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Veronika Górová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gert Fricker
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70211, Finland.
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12
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Singh D, Tassew DD, Nelson J, Chalbot MCG, Kavouras IG, Demokritou P, Tesfaigzi Y. Development of an Integrated Platform to Assess the Physicochemical and Toxicological Properties of Wood Combustion Particulate Matter. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1541-1557. [PMID: 36066868 PMCID: PMC9491341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wood burning contributes to indoor and ambient particulate matter (PM) pollution and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Here, we present an integrated methodology that allows to generate, sample, and characterize wood smoke derived from different moisture contents and representative combustion conditions using pine wood as a model. Flaming, smoldering, and incomplete combustion were assessed for low-moisture pine, whereas both low-moisture pine and high-moisture pine were investigated under flaming conditions. Real-time monitoring of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, and aerosol number concentration/size in wood smoke was performed. The PM was size-fractionated, sampled, and characterized for elemental/organic carbon, organic functional groups, and inorganic elements. Bioactivity of PM was assessed by measuring the sterile alpha motif (SAM) pointed domain containing ETS (E-twenty-six) transcription factor (SPDEF) gene promoter activity in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK-293T) cells, a biomarker for mucin gene expression. Findings showed that moisture content and combustion condition significantly affected the organic and inorganic elemental composition of PM0.1 as well as its bioactivity. Also, for a given moisture and combustion scenario, PM chemistry and bioactivity differed considerably with PM size. Importantly, PM0.1 from flaming combustion of low-moisture pine contained the highest abundance of the oxygenated saturated aliphatic functional group [H-C-O] and was also biologically most potent in stimulating SPDEF promoter activity, suggesting the role of organic compounds such as carbohydrates and sugar alcohols (that contain [H-C-O]) in driving mucus-related respiratory outcomes. Our platform enables further well-controlled parametric studies using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches to link wood burning parameters with acute and chronic inhalation health effects of wood smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Dereje Damte Tassew
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jordan Nelson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216
| | - Marie-Cecile G. Chalbot
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35216
| | - Ilias G. Kavouras
- Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, 55 West 125th Street, New York, NY 10027
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
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13
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Hakkarainen H, Salo L, Mikkonen S, Saarikoski S, Aurela M, Teinilä K, Ihalainen M, Martikainen S, Marjanen P, Lepistö T, Kuittinen N, Saarnio K, Aakko-Saksa P, Pfeiffer TV, Timonen H, Rönkkö T, Jalava PI. Black carbon toxicity dependence on particle coating: Measurements with a novel cell exposure method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156543. [PMID: 35679919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) is a component of ambient particulate matter which originates from incomplete combustion emissions. BC is regarded as an important short-lived climate forcer, and a significant public health hazard. These two concerns have made BC a focus in aerosol science. Even though, the toxicity of BC particles is well recognized, the mechanism of toxicity for BC as a part of the total gas and particle emission mixture from combustion is still largely unknown and studies concerning it are scarce. In the present study, using a novel thermophoresis-based air-liquid interface (ALI) in vitro exposure system, we studied the toxicity of combustion-generated aerosols containing high levels of BC, diluted to atmospheric levels (1 to 10 μg/m3). Applying multiple different aerosol treatments, we simulated different sources and atmospheric aging processes, and utilizing several toxicological endpoints, we thoroughly examined emission toxicity. Our results revealed that an organic coating on the BC particles increased the toxicity, which was seen as larger genotoxicity and immunosuppression. Furthermore, aging of the aerosol also increased its toxicity. A deeper statistical analysis of the results supported our initial conclusions and additionally revealed that toxicity increased with decreasing particle size. These findings regarding BC toxicity can be applied to support policies and technologies to reduce the most hazardous compositions of BC emissions. Additionally, our study showed that the thermophoretic ALI system is both a suitable and useful tool for toxicological studies of emission aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Hakkarainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Laura Salo
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna Saarikoski
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Kimmo Teinilä
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sampsa Martikainen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Petteri Marjanen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu Lepistö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niina Kuittinen
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Karri Saarnio
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Päivi Aakko-Saksa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Tobias V Pfeiffer
- VSParticle B.V., Molengraaffsingel 10, 2629 JD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Topi Rönkkö
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, P.O. Box 692, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Inhalation Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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14
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Candeias J, Zimmermann EJ, Bisig C, Gawlitta N, Oeder S, Gröger T, Zimmermann R, Schmidt-Weber CB, Buters J. The priming effect of diesel exhaust on native pollen exposure at the air-liquid interface. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:112968. [PMID: 35240115 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pollen related allergic diseases have been increasing for decades. The reasons for this increase are unknown, but environmental pollution like diesel exhaust seem to play a role. While previous studies explored the effects of pollen extracts, we studied here for the first time priming effects of diesel exhaust on native pollen exposure using a novel experimental setup. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to native birch pollen (real life intact pollen, not pollen extracts) at the air-liquid interface (pollen-ALI). BEAS-2B cells were also pre-exposed in a diesel-ALI to diesel CAST for 2 h (a model for diesel exhaust) and then to pollen in the pollen-ALI 24 h later. Effects were analysed by genome wide transcriptome analysis after 2 h 25 min, 6 h 50 min and 24 h. Selected genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR. RESULTS Bronchial epithelial cells exposed to native pollen showed the highest transcriptomic changes after about 24 h. About 3157 genes were significantly up- or down-regulated for all time points combined. After pre-exposure to diesel exhaust the maximum reaction to pollen had shifted to about 2.5 h after exposure, plus the reaction to pollen was desensitised as only 560 genes were differentially regulated. Only 97 genes were affected synergistically. Of these, enrichment analysis showed that genes involved in immune and inflammatory response were involved. CONCLUSION Diesel exhaust seems to prime cells to react more rapidly to native pollen exposure, especially inflammation related genes, a factor known to facilitate the development of allergic sensitization. The marker genes here detected could guide studies in humans when investigating whether modern and outdoor diesel exhaust exposure is still detrimental for the development of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Candeias
- Center Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University Munich / Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Elias J Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Gawlitta
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Helmholtz Center Munich, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr. Lorenzweg 2, D-18051, Rostock, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University Munich / Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany
| | - Jeroen Buters
- Center Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University Munich / Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany.
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15
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Gene Expression Profiling of Mono- and Co-Culture Models of the Respiratory Tract Exposed to Crystalline Quartz under Submerged and Air-Liquid Interface Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147773. [PMID: 35887123 PMCID: PMC9324045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro lung cell models like air-liquid interface (ALI) and 3D cell cultures have advanced greatly in recent years, being especially valuable for testing advanced materials (e.g., nanomaterials, fibrous substances) when considering inhalative exposure. Within this study, we established submerged and ALI cell culture models utilizing A549 cells as mono-cultures and co-cultures with differentiated THP-1 (dTHP-1), as well as mono-cultures of dTHP-1. After ALI and submerged exposures towards α-quartz particles (Min-U-Sil5), with depositions ranging from 15 to 60 µg/cm2, comparison was made with respect to their transcriptional cellular responses employing high-throughput RT-qPCR. A significant dose- and time-dependent induction of genes coding for inflammatory proteins, e.g., IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-6, IL-8, and CCL22, as well as genes associated with oxidative stress response such as SOD2, was observed, even more pronounced in co-cultures. Changes in the expression of similar genes were more pronounced under submerged conditions when compared to ALI exposure in the case of A549 mono-cultures. Hereby, the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the NLRP3 inflammasome seem to play an important role. Regarding genotoxicity, neither DNA strand breaks in ALI cultivated cells nor a transcriptional response to DNA damage were observed. Altogether, the toxicological responses depended considerably on the cell culture model and exposure scenario, relevant to be considered to improve toxicological risk assessment.
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16
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Offer S, Hartner E, Di Bucchianico S, Bisig C, Bauer S, Pantzke J, Zimmermann EJ, Cao X, Binder S, Kuhn E, Huber A, Jeong S, Käfer U, Martens P, Mesceriakovas A, Bendl J, Brejcha R, Buchholz A, Gat D, Hohaus T, Rastak N, Jakobi G, Kalberer M, Kanashova T, Hu Y, Ogris C, Marsico A, Theis F, Pardo M, Gröger T, Oeder S, Orasche J, Paul A, Ziehm T, Zhang ZH, Adam T, Sippula O, Sklorz M, Schnelle-Kreis J, Czech H, Kiendler-Scharr A, Rudich Y, Zimmermann R. Effect of Atmospheric Aging on Soot Particle Toxicity in Lung Cell Models at the Air–Liquid Interface: Differential Toxicological Impacts of Biogenic and Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:27003. [PMID: 35112925 PMCID: PMC8812555 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed from anthropogenic or biogenic gaseous precursors in the atmosphere substantially contribute to the ambient fine particulate matter [PM ≤2.5μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5)] burden, which has been associated with adverse human health effects. However, there is only limited evidence on their differential toxicological impact. Objectives: We aimed to discriminate toxicological effects of aerosols generated by atmospheric aging on combustion soot particles (SPs) of gaseous biogenic (β-pinene) or anthropogenic (naphthalene) precursors in two different lung cell models exposed at the air–liquid interface (ALI). Methods: Mono- or cocultures of lung epithelial cells (A549) and endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were exposed at the ALI for 4 h to different aerosol concentrations of a photochemically aged mixture of primary combustion SP and β-pinene (SOAβPIN-SP) or naphthalene (SOANAP-SP). The internally mixed soot/SOA particles were comprehensively characterized in terms of their physical and chemical properties. We conducted toxicity tests to determine cytotoxicity, intracellular oxidative stress, primary and secondary genotoxicity, as well as inflammatory and angiogenic effects. Results: We observed considerable toxicity-related outcomes in cells treated with either SOA type. Greater adverse effects were measured for SOANAP-SP compared with SOAβPIN-SP in both cell models, whereas the nano-sized soot cores alone showed only minor effects. At the functional level, we found that SOANAP-SP augmented the secretion of malondialdehyde and interleukin-8 and may have induced the activation of endothelial cells in the coculture system. This activation was confirmed by comet assay, suggesting secondary genotoxicity and greater angiogenic potential. Chemical characterization of PM revealed distinct qualitative differences in the composition of the two secondary aerosol types. Discussion: In this study using A549 and EA.hy926 cells exposed at ALI, SOA compounds had greater toxicity than primary SPs. Photochemical aging of naphthalene was associated with the formation of more oxidized, more aromatic SOAs with a higher oxidative potential and toxicity compared with β-pinene. Thus, we conclude that the influence of atmospheric chemistry on the chemical PM composition plays a crucial role for the adverse health outcome of emissions. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9413
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Offer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elena Hartner
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Bisig
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jana Pantzke
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elias J. Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Xin Cao
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Binder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Evelyn Kuhn
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anja Huber
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Seongho Jeong
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jan Bendl
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ramona Brejcha
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Angela Buchholz
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Daniella Gat
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thorsten Hohaus
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Yue Hu
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Ogris
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Annalisa Marsico
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michal Pardo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Oeder
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Paul
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Till Ziehm
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Adam
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Astrid Kiendler-Scharr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Center (JMSC) at Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- JMSC at Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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17
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Ihantola T, Hirvonen MR, Ihalainen M, Hakkarainen H, Sippula O, Tissari J, Bauer S, Di Bucchianico S, Rastak N, Hartikainen A, Leskinen J, Yli-Pirilä P, Martikainen MV, Miettinen M, Suhonen H, Rönkkö TJ, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Martens P, Orasche J, Michalke B, Yildirim AÖ, Jokiniemi J, Zimmermann R, Jalava PI. Genotoxic and inflammatory effects of spruce and brown coal briquettes combustion aerosols on lung cells at the air-liquid interface. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150489. [PMID: 34844316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid fuel usage in residential heating and cooking is one of the largest sources of ambient and indoor air particulate matter, which causes adverse effects on the health of millions of peoples worldwide. Emissions from solid fuel combustion, such as biomass or coal, are detrimental to health, but toxicological responses are largely unknown. In the present study, we compared the toxicological responses regarding cytotoxicity, inflammation and genotoxicity of spruce (SPR) and brown coal briquette (BCB) combustion aerosols on human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) as well as a coculture of A549 and differentiated human monocytic cells (THP-1) into macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI). We included both the high emissions from the first hour and moderate emissions from the third hour of the batch combustion experiment in one ALI system, whereas, in the second ALI system, we exposed the cells during the whole 4-hour combustion experiment, including all combustion phases. Physico-chemical properties of the combustion aerosol were analysed both online and offline. Both SPR and BCB combustion aerosols caused mild cytotoxic but notable genotoxic effects in co-cultured A549 cells after one-hour exposure. Inflammatory response analysis revealed BCB combustion aerosols to cause a mild increase in CXCL1 and CXCL8 levels, but in the case of SPR combustion aerosol, a decrease compared to control was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Mika Ihalainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Stefanie Bauer
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Narges Rastak
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jani Leskinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mirella Miettinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Suhonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Orasche
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Michalke
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Gmunder Str. 37, D-81379 München, Germany; Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Rostock University, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Shen F, Li D, Chen J. Mechanistic toxicity assessment of fine particulate matter emitted from fuel combustion via pathway-based approaches in human cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150214. [PMID: 34571223 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fuel exhaust particulate matter (FEPM) is an important source of air pollution worldwide. However, the comparative and mechanistic toxicity of FEPMs emitted from combustion of different fuels is still not fully understood. This study employed pathway-based approaches via human cells to evaluate mechanistic toxicity of FEPMs. The results showed that FEPMs caused concentration-dependent (0.1-200 μg/mL) cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. FEPMs at low concentration (10 μg/mL) induced cell cycle arrest in S and G2 phases, while high level of FEPMs (200 μg/mL) caused cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Different FEPMs induced distinct expression profiles of toxicity-related genes, illustrating different toxic mechanisms. Furthermore, FEPMs inhibited the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), which related with reproductive toxicity. Spearman rank correlations among the chemicals carried by FEPMs and the toxic effects revealed that PAHs and metals promoted cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase and suppressed PKA activity. Furthermore, PAHs (Nap and Acy) and metals (Al and Pb) in FEPMs were highly and positively correlated with the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, ER stress, metal stress and inflammation. Our findings offered more mechanistic information of FEPMs at the level of subcellular toxicity and help to better understand their potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Shen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Dan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), IRDR ICoE on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Fudan Tyndall Center, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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19
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Saveleva L, Vartiainen P, Górová V, Chew S, Belaya I, Konttinen H, Zucchelli M, Korhonen P, Kaartinen E, Kortelainen M, Lamberg H, Sippula O, Malm T, Jalava PI, Kanninen KM. Subacute Inhalation of Ultrafine Particulate Matter Triggers Inflammation Without Altering Amyloid Beta Load in 5xFAD mice. Neurotoxicology 2022; 89:55-66. [PMID: 34999154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal that air pollution exposure may exacerbate neurodegeneration. Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are pollutants that remain unregulated in ambient air by environmental agencies. Due to their small size (<100 nm), UFPs have the most potential to cross the bodily barriers and thus impact the brain. However, little information exists about how UFPs affect brain function. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, which has been linked to air pollutant exposure, yet limited information is available on the mechanistic connection between them. This study aims to decipher the effects of UFPs in the brain and periphery using the 5xFAD mouse model of AD. In our study design, AD mice and their wildtype littermates were subjected to 2-weeks inhalation exposure of UFPs in a whole-body chamber. That subacute exposure did not affect the amyloid-beta accumulation. However, when multiple cytokines were analyzed, we found increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain and periphery, with a predominant alteration of interferon-gamma in response to UFP exposure in both genotypes. Following exposure, mitochondrial superoxide dismutase was significantly upregulated only in the 5xFAD hippocampi, depicting oxidative stress induction in the exposed AD mouse group. These data demonstrate that short-term exposure to inhaled UFPs induces inflammation without affecting amyloid-beta load. This study provides a better understanding of adverse effects caused by short-term UFP exposure in the brain and periphery, also in the context of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Saveleva
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Petra Vartiainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Veronika Górová
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Sweelin Chew
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Irina Belaya
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Henna Konttinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Martina Zucchelli
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Paula Korhonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Emma Kaartinen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Miika Kortelainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Katja M Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.
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20
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Candeias J, Schmidt-Weber CB, Buters J. Dosing intact birch pollen grains at the air-liquid interface (ALI) to the immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259914. [PMID: 34784380 PMCID: PMC8594808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In real life, humans are exposed to whole pollen grains at the air epithelial barrier. We developed a system for in vitro dosing of whole pollen grains at the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) and studied their effect on the immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Pollen are sticky and large particles. Dosing pollen needs resuspension of single particles rather than clusters, and subsequent transportation to the cells with little loss to the walls of the instrumentation i.e. in a straight line. To avoid high speed impacting insults to cells we chose sedimentation by gravity as a delivery step. Pollen was resuspended into single particles by pressured air. A pollen dispersion unit including PTFE coating of the walls and reduced air pressure limited impaction loss to the walls. The loss of pollen to the system was still about 40%. A linear dose effect curve resulted in 327-2834 pollen/cm2 (± 6.1%), the latter concentration being calculated as the amount deposited on epithelial cells on high pollen days. After whole pollen exposure, the largest differential gene expression at the transcriptomic level was late, about 7 hours after exposure. Inflammatory and response to stimulus related genes were up-regulated. We developed a whole pollen exposure air-liquid interface system (Pollen-ALI), in which cells can be gently and reliably dosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Candeias
- Center Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University Munich, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber
- Center Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University Munich, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeroen Buters
- Center Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technical University Munich, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
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21
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Su B, Zhang G, Zhuo Z, Xie Q, Du X, Fu Y, Wu S, Huang F, Bi X, Li X, Li L, Zhou Z. Different characteristics of individual particles from light-duty diesel vehicle at the launching and idling state by AAC-SPAMS. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126304. [PMID: 34329016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of cities and economic prosperity greatly motivates the growth of vehicular exhaust particles, especially the diesel-exhausted particles from the large fleet of passenger and freight, which present profound implications on climate, air quality, and biological health (e.g., pulmonary, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases). As important physiochemical properties of atmospheric aerosols, however, the mixing state and effective density of individual particles emitted from diesel-powered vehicles under different driving conditions and their environmental implications remain uncertain. Here, a single-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) was used to investigate the chemical composition and vacuum aerodynamic diameter (Dva), along with the aerodynamic diameter (Da) from an aerodynamic aerosol classifier (AAC), to determine the effective density of primary particles emitted from a light- duty diesel vehicle (LDDV) under the launching and idling engine states. Interestingly, the particle types and effective density appear to vary significantly with the engine status. A single particle type of Ca-rich particles, named Na-Ca-PAH, was predominant in the idling state, whose chemical components may be affected by the lubricants and incomplete combustion, contributing to a higher effective density (0.66 ± 0.21 g cm-3). In contrast, launching particles exhibited a lower effective density (0.34 ± 0.17 g cm-3) because of the substantial elemental carbon (EC). In addition, the effective density depends not only on the particle size but also on the chemical components with various abundances. EC and Ca play opposite roles in the effective density of LDDV emissions. Notably, a higher proportion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was observed in the idling particles, contributing to 78 ± 1.2%. Given the high contribution to these PAH-containing particles in the idling state, indispensable precautions should be taken at bus stops or waiting for pedestrians. This study provides more comprehensive insights into the initial characteristics of LDDV particles due to the launching and idling states, which is beneficial for improving the model results of source apportionment and understanding its environmental behavior regarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiang Su
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zeming Zhuo
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Qinhui Xie
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Xubing Du
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - YuZhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Si Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fugui Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Limited Company, Guangzhou 510530, PR China
| | - Xinhui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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22
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Pardo M, Li C, Fang Z, Levin-Zaidman S, Dezorella N, Czech H, Martens P, Käfer U, Gröger T, Rüger CP, Friederici L, Zimmermann R, Rudich Y. Toxicity of Water- and Organic-Soluble Wood Tar Fractions from Biomass Burning in Lung Epithelial Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1588-1603. [PMID: 34033466 PMCID: PMC8277191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Widespread smoke from wildfires and biomass burning contributes to air pollution and the deterioration of air quality and human health. A common and major emission of biomass burning, often found in collected smoke particles, is spherical wood tar particles, also known as "tar balls". However, the toxicity of wood tar particles and the mechanisms that govern their health impacts and the impact of their complicated chemical matrix are not fully elucidated. To address these questions, we generated wood tar material from wood pyrolysis and isolated two main subfractions: water-soluble and organic-soluble fractions. The chemical characteristics as well as the cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, and DNA damage mechanisms were investigated after exposure of A549 and BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells to wood tar. Our results suggest that both wood tar subfractions reduce cell viability in exposed lung cells; however, these fractions have different modes of action that are related to their physicochemical properties. Exposure to the water-soluble wood tar fraction increased total reactive oxygen species production in the cells, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and induced oxidative damage and cell death, probably through apoptosis. Exposure to the organic-soluble fraction increased superoxide anion production, with a sharp decrease in MMP. DNA damage is a significant process that may explain the course of toxicity of the organic-soluble fraction. For both subfractions, exposure caused cell cycle alterations in the G2/M phase that were induced by upregulation of p21 and p16. Collectively, both subfractions of wood tar are toxic. The water-soluble fraction contains chemicals (such as phenolic compounds) that induce a strong oxidative stress response and penetrate living cells more easily. The organic-soluble fraction contained more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs and induced genotoxic processes, such as DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pardo
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Nili Dezorella
- Electron
Microscopy Unit, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Cooperation Group Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Gmunder Str. 37, 81379 München, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Patrick Martens
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Käfer
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Gröger
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Cooperation Group Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Gmunder Str. 37, 81379 München, Germany
| | - Christopher P. Rüger
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Lukas Friederici
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Comprehensive Molecular Analytics (CMA), Cooperation Group Helmholtz Zentrum München
- German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Gmunder Str. 37, 81379 München, Germany
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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23
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Rönkkö TJ, Hirvonen MR, Happo MS, Ihantola T, Hakkarainen H, Martikainen MV, Gu C, Wang Q, Jokiniemi J, Komppula M, Jalava PI. Inflammatory responses of urban air PM modulated by chemical composition and different air quality situations in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110382. [PMID: 33130172 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The health risks of air pollutants and ambient particulate matter (PM) are widely known. PM composition and toxicity have shown substantial spatiotemporal variability. Yet, the connections between PM composition and toxicological and health effects are vaguely understood. This is a crucial gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed in order to establish air quality guidelines and limit values that consider the chemical composition of PM instead of the current assumption of equal toxicity per inhaled dose. Here, we demonstrate further evidence for varying toxicological effects of urban PM at equal mass concentrations, and estimate how PM composition and emission source characteristics influenced this variation. We exposed a co-culture model mimicking alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages with size-segregated urban ambient PM collected before, during, and after the Nanjing Youth Olympic Games 2014. We measured the release of a set of cytokines, cell cycle alterations, and genotoxicity, and assessed the spatiotemporal variations in these responses by factorial multiple regression analysis. Additionally, we investigated how a previously identified set of emission sources and chemical components affected these variations by mixed model analysis. PM-exposure induced cytokine signaling, most notably by inducing dose-dependent increases of macrophage-regulating GM-CSF and proinflammatory TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β concentrations, modest dose-dependent increase for cytoprotective VEGF-A, but very low to no responses for anti-inflammatory IL-10 and immunoregulatory IFNγ, respectively. We observed substantial differences in proinflammatory cytokine production depending on PM sampling period, location, and time of day. The proinflammatory response correlated positively with cell cycle arrest in G1/G0 phase and loss of cellular metabolic activity. Furthermore, PM0.2 caused dose-dependent increases in sub-G1/G0 cells, suggesting increased DNA degradation and apoptosis. Variations in traffic and oil/fuel combustion emissions contributed substantially to the observed spatiotemporal variations of toxicological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu J Rönkkö
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko S Happo
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Ramboll Finland Oy, Itsehallintokuja 3, FI-02601, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tuukka Ihantola
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Hakkarainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria-Viola Martikainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cheng Gu
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin'geng Wang
- Nanjing University, School of the Environment, Branch 24 Mailbox of Nanjing University Xianlin Campus, No. 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jorma Jokiniemi
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mika Komppula
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi I Jalava
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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24
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Air-Liquid Interface Exposure of Lung Epithelial Cells to Low Doses of Nanoparticles to Assess Pulmonary Adverse Effects. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010065. [PMID: 33383962 PMCID: PMC7823463 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and predictive in vitro assays for hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are still limited. Specifically, exposure systems which more realistically recapitulate the physiological conditions in the lung are needed to predict pulmonary toxicity. To this end, air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been developed in recent years which might be better suited than conventional submerged exposure assays. However, there is still a need for rigorous side-by-side comparisons of the results obtained with the two different exposure methods considering numerous parameters, such as different MNMs, cell culture models and read outs. In this study, human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages were exposed under submerged conditions to two abundant types of MNMs i.e., ceria and titania nanoparticles (NPs). Membrane integrity, metabolic activity as well as pro-inflammatory responses were recorded. For comparison, A549 monocultures were also exposed at the ALI to the same MNMs. In the case of titania NPs, genotoxicity was also investigated. In general, cells were more sensitive at the ALI compared to under classical submerged conditions. Whereas ceria NPs triggered only moderate effects, titania NPs clearly initiated cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression and genotoxicity. Interestingly, low doses of NPs deposited at the ALI were sufficient to drive adverse outcomes, as also documented in rodent experiments. Therefore, further development of ALI systems seems promising to refine, reduce or even replace acute pulmonary toxicity studies in animals.
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Karkossa I, Raps S, von Bergen M, Schubert K. Systematic Review of Multi-Omics Approaches to Investigate Toxicological Effects in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9371. [PMID: 33317022 PMCID: PMC7764599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the modes of action (MoAs) of xenobiotics are of utmost importance for the definition of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), which are essential for a mechanism-based risk assessment. A well-established strategy to reveal MoAs of xenobiotics is the use of omics. However, often an even more comprehensive approach is needed, which can be achieved using multi-omics. Since the immune system plays a central role in the defense against foreign substances and pathogens, with the innate immune system building a first barrier, we systematically reviewed multi-omics studies investigating the effects of xenobiotics on macrophages. Surprisingly, only nine publications were identified, combining proteomics with transcriptomics or metabolomics. We summarized pathways and single proteins, transcripts, or metabolites, which were described to be affected upon treatment with xenobiotics in the reviewed studies, thus revealing a broad range of effects. In summary, we show that macrophages are a relevant model system to investigate the toxicological effects induced by xenobiotics. Furthermore, the multi-omics approaches led to a more comprehensive overview compared to only one omics layer with slight advantages for combinations that complement each other directly, e.g., proteome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Stefanie Raps
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research—UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (I.K.); (S.R.); (M.v.B.)
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