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Tan C, Tian L, Wu C, Li K. Rapid identification of medicinal plants via visual feature-based deep learning. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:81. [PMID: 38822406 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional Chinese Medicinal Plants (CMPs) hold a significant and core status for the healthcare system and cultural heritage in China. It has been practiced and refined with a history of exceeding thousands of years for health-protective affection and clinical treatment in China. It plays an indispensable role in the traditional health landscape and modern medical care. It is important to accurately identify CMPs for avoiding the affected clinical safety and medication efficacy by the different processed conditions and cultivation environment confusion. RESULTS In this study, we utilize a self-developed device to obtain high-resolution data. Furthermore, we constructed a visual multi-varieties CMPs image dataset. Firstly, a random local data enhancement preprocessing method is proposed to enrich the feature representation for imbalanced data by random cropping and random shadowing. Then, a novel hybrid supervised pre-training network is proposed to expand the integration of global features within Masked Autoencoders (MAE) by incorporating a parallel classification branch. It can effectively enhance the feature capture capabilities by integrating global features and local details. Besides, the newly designed losses are proposed to strengthen the training efficiency and improve the learning capacity, based on reconstruction loss and classification loss. CONCLUSIONS Extensive experiments are performed on our dataset as well as the public dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves the best performance among the state-of-the-art methods, highlighting the advantages of efficient implementation of plant technology and having good prospects for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Tan
- College of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Long Tian
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Chunjie Wu
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy/Academy for Interdiscipline, Chengdu Univesity of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Li
- National Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science on Synthetic Vision, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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2
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Zhao B, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Lin Z, Wang L, Li H, Zhen H, Wu C. Study on the Nanoaggregate Formation Mechanism and Antipyretic Effect of Maxing Shigan Decoction. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19311-19319. [PMID: 38708238 PMCID: PMC11064183 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula decoctions easily form nanoaggregates due to self-assembly during the decoction process. However, research on nanoaggregates in TCM is still in its infancy with limited systematic studies. Maxing Shigan Decoction (MXSGT), a TCM formula, has been commonly used for the treatment of fever for thousands of years in China. This study used MXSGT as an example to investigate the antipyretic effects of MXSGT nanoaggregates (MXSGT-NAs) in its decoction, shedding light on the compatibility mechanisms of Chinese medicine. MXSGT-NAs were isolated by using high-speed centrifugation and dialysis techniques. The morphology, particle size distribution, and electrical potential of MXSGT-NAs were characterized. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in MXSGT-NAs. The self-assembly mechanism of MXSGT-NAs was investigated by deconstructing the prescription. In pharmacodynamic experiments, a rat fever model was established through the subcutaneous injection of dry yeast to investigate the antipyretic effects of MXSGT-NAs. The results showed the presence of regularly shaped spherical nanoaggregates in MXSGT. It contains carbon, oxygen (O), sulfur (S), sodium, aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), iron, magnesium, bismuth (Bi), etc. MXSGT-NAs exerted substantial antipyretic effects on febrile rats. Furthermore, we found micrometer-sized particles composed of Ca, O, S, potassium, and Bi in Shi gao decoctions. This study is the first to provide evidence for the self-assembling property of Shi gao, elucidate the scientific connotation of dispensing Shi gao in MXSGT, and provide a novel perspective for the study of TCM decoctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Zhao
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yanxu Zhang
- Henan-Macquarie
University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life
Sciences, Henan University, Jinming Avenue, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Zhengmin Fan
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Ziwei Lin
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Lihong Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hongteng Li
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Haojie Zhen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Chunli Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
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3
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Li L, Wang M, Chen J, Chen J, Wang Y, Zhao M, Song Q, Xu S. Therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine on heat stroke. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228943. [PMID: 37818183 PMCID: PMC10561393 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As global warming progresses, heat waves are becoming increasingly frequent and intense, meanwhile the incidence of heat stroke (HS) has increased sharply during the past decades. HS is typically associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and there is an urgent need for further research to solve this difficult issue. There currently exists difficulties regarding on-site emergency treatment methods and limited in-hospital treatment approaches, and better treatments are required as soon as possible. Theories and therapies from various traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) academic groups have been widely reported. Therefore, an exploration of prevention and protection methods should consider TCM experiences as an alternative. This article primarily reviews TCM herbal therapies and external therapies that have been described in various clinical reports and demonstrated in relevant studies. Herbal therapies, including herbal formulas, Chinese patent medicines (CPMs), single Chinese herbs, and associated extracts or monomers, are summarized based on the shared perspectives of the underlying mechanisms from TCM. In addition, external therapies including acupuncture, bloodletting, cupping, Gua sha and Tui na that have rarely been rarely mentioned and considered in most cases, are introduced and discussed to offer a unique perspective in the search for novel interventions for HS. In summary, TCM may provide abundant potential clinical benefits and research directions in the fight against HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Emergency, The Second Naval Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Sanya, China
- Heatstroke Treatment and Research Center of PLA, Sanya, China
| | - Man Wang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jikuai Chen
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juelin Chen
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghao Zhao
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Song
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Heatstroke Treatment and Research Center of PLA, Sanya, China
| | - Shuogui Xu
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Pi W, Han N, Wu L, Zhang X, Huang X, Wang Z, Yuan Z, Wang P. Discovery, traceability, formation mechanism, metal and organic components analysis of supramolecules from Maxing Shigan decoction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115532. [PMID: 37352791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction is a complex polydispersed phase system containing colloid solution, emulsion and suspension, which maybe induced by the supramolecular phenomenon in decoction. However, until now there is no systematic analysis of composition and formation mechanism of supramolecules in TCM decoction contained mineral drug and herb medicines. Maxing Shigan Decoction (MXSGT), one of the classic TCM recipes, has been widely used in the treatment of fever in clinic. In this study, we obtained the supramolecular part of MXSGT (MXSGT NPs). And its traceability, formation mechanism, metal and organic components were further analyzed. The morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS); and the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induced rats' fever model was established to evaluate the antipyretic effect of MXSGT NPs. Furthermore, interaction of the disassembled groups was studied to explore the traceability and formation mechanism of MXSGT NPs by isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC). Due to the combination of mineral gypsum and herb medicines, both ICP-OES and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS were used to analyze metal and organic components of MXSGT and MXSGT NPs, respectively. The results showed that MXSGT NPs was regular spherical nanoparticles and had the same antipyretic effect as MXSGT. Moreover, MXSGT NPs was formed by the interaction between metal and organic components, resulted in enriching the main active compounds of MXSGT. This study would provide a new idea of studying TCM decoction, especially clarifying the connotation with the participation of mineral gypsum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Pi
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Nana Han
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Linying Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhihua Yuan
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
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Hu C. Emergency Protective Measures and Strategies of COVID-19: From Lifestyle to Traditional Chinese Medicine. CLINICAL COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 3:100089. [PMID: 37342312 PMCID: PMC10076251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccmp.2023.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews various aspects of COVID-19, including its current status, its side-effects, emergency protective measures and strategies from lifestyle to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for fighting against the SARS-CoV-2, and its major variants (Delta and Omicron), with the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic, which include "Carassius auratus lifestyle" for high effective isolation, social and high-tech medical strategies, traditional Chinese herbs "Bark-Flower-Fruit-Grass-Leaf-Nucleolus(seed)-Root (BFFGLNR)", and the combination of Chinese and western medicine. As a choice, little is known whether the Chinese acupuncture is an effective method for confirming and suspecting COVID-19 patients, which include imported and asymptomatic cases. Definitely, acupuncture has been proven effective treatment for the recovery of COVID-19 cases. However, further animal experiments and clinical trials are required to confirm its effects and disclose underlying mechanisms. In conclusion, these emergency protective measures and strategies for COVID-19 will help to effectively combat the SARS-CoV-2 and its variants during the pandemic and post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hospital of Nanchang University (Jiangxi Academy of Medical Science), Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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6
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Ye L, Fan S, Zhao P, Wu C, Liu M, Hu S, Wang P, Wang H, Bi H. Potential herb‒drug interactions between anti-COVID-19 drugs and traditional Chinese medicine. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023:S2211-3835(23)00203-4. [PMID: 37360014 PMCID: PMC10239737 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread worldwide. Effective treatments against COVID-19 remain urgently in need although vaccination significantly reduces the incidence, hospitalization, and mortality. At present, antiviral drugs including Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir (PaxlovidTM), Remdesivir, and Molnupiravir have been authorized to treat COVID-19 and become more globally available. On the other hand, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for the treatment of epidemic diseases for a long history. Currently, various TCM formulae against COVID-19 such as Qingfei Paidu decoction, Xuanfei Baidu granule, Huashi Baidu granule, Jinhua Qinggan granule, Lianhua Qingwen capsule, and Xuebijing injection have been widely used in clinical practice in China, which may cause potential herb-drug interactions (HDIs) in patients under treatment with antiviral drugs and affect the efficacy and safety of medicines. However, information on potential HDIs between the above anti-COVID-19 drugs and TCM formulae is lacking, and thus this work seeks to summarize and highlight potential HDIs between antiviral drugs and TCM formulae against COVID-19, and especially pharmacokinetic HDIs mediated by metabolizing enzymes and/or transporters. These well-characterized HDIs could provide useful information on clinical concomitant medicine use to maximize clinical outcomes and minimize adverse and toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ye
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Shicheng Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Sun Yat-sen University,Guangzhou 510006,China
| | - Chenghua Wu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Menghua Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Shuang Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Peng Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
| | - Huichang Bi
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,Southern Medical University,Guangzhou 510515,China
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7
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Antimicrobial Activity of Some Medicinal Herbs to the Treatment of Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Infections: Preliminary Research. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020272. [PMID: 36838237 PMCID: PMC9962950 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Superficial, including cutaneous and mucocutaneous infections are a current public health problem with universal distribution. One of the main concerns, in the present/future, is fungal/bacterial infections by resistant microorganisms. This study aimed to verify if decoctions of coptidis (Coptis chinensis, Ranunculaceae family), neem (Azadirachta indica, Meliaceae family), and their essential oils (EOs), as well as the EO of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium, Myrtaceae family) have antimicrobial activity against prevalent species of microorganisms responsible for superficial infections. (2) Methods: The antimicrobial activity was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), using broth microdilution method, and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was determined from subculture of MIC plates. (3) Results: C. chinensis EO and decoction demonstrated some antifungal action against the yeasts and dermatophytes tested. Greatest bactericidal effect against Propionibacterium acnes and some action against Staphylococcus aureus was observed. For A. indica only EO proved activity against dermatophytes and P. acnes. L. scoparium EO showed the broadest antimicrobial spectrum with activity against bacteria, yeasts, and dermatophytes showing greater activity against P. acnes and S. aureus. (4) Conclusions: C. chinensis (EO/decoction), EOs of L. scoparium and A. indica proved in vitro efficacy against fungal, bacterial, or mixed agents of superficial infections, either by sensitive or resistant strains.
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Yu W, Hai Y, Xiaoli Y. Nursing and Treatment Experience of COVID-19 with Facial Paralysis. SAGE Open Nurs 2023; 9:23779608231196845. [PMID: 37691721 PMCID: PMC10492477 DOI: 10.1177/23779608231196845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Facial paralysis is one of the nervous system manifestations reported about COVID-19. There has been no consensus on the treatment and nursing care of COVID-19 combined with facial paralysis. On May 2022, a COVID-19 case with facial paralysis was reported to make suggestions on nursing care and treatment based on successful experience of curing the case with traditional Chinese medicine and western medicine. Case Presentation A 27-year-old male, was hospitalized because of "low fever for 12 days and difficulty in left side facial muscle movement for 2 days." The diagnosis of facial paralysis and COVID-19 infection (mild type)is definite which is based on the patient's medical history and test results afterwards. Management and Outcomes Medical staff made a comprehensive plan on COVID-19's basic nursing including nutritional support, vital signs monitoring and psychological evaluation, medication guidance including corticosteroids and traditional Chinese medicine, and specialized nursing procedures of facial paralysis. The symptoms of the patient were significantly improved after treatment with traditional Chinese medicine and low-dose corticosteroids. The COVID-19 nucleic acid test turned negative 12 days after admission, and the facial paralysis recovered 1 month later after discharge. Discussion Facial paralysis and COVID-19 can coexist. This study finds that COVID-19 (mild type) patients can be treated with traditional Chinese medicine instead of antiviral drugs. This paper puts forward reasonable suggestions that the nursing plan of patients with COVID-19 complicated with specialized diseases should be formulated together with specialist nurses. The nursing plan needs to be implemented on the "General + Specialized" mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yu
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Hai
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Xiaoli
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Promoting self‐healing power and balancing immune response: a holistic, effective strategy of traditional Chinese medicine in treating COVID‐19. PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH. MODERN CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 5:100199. [PMCID: PMC9674391 DOI: 10.1016/j.prmcm.2022.100199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a serious challenge to human medicines. Modern medicine (MM) has been excellent in identifying the virus, sequencing its mutants, and monitoring the pandemic progress. However, due to lack of effective antivirals in the first two years of the pandemic, MM treated COVID-19 mainly by conventional supportive care with limited efficacy. In China, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been actively participating the control of COVID-19, and the combination of TCM and conventional supportive care has shown better efficacies than the conventional care alone. Purpose: Clinical studies have shown that TCM treats COVID-19 through a holistic action, such as repairing organ injuries, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation and antiviral activities, etc. However, it is not clear how TCM is able to achieve these effects, and the scientific interpretation of TCM theories is lacking. This review aims to elucidate the scientific basis underlying TCM theories in the context of host-pathogen interaction and provide a working model for TCM in treating infectious diseases. Procedure: This review focuses on the essential components of host-pathogen interaction and performs an in-depth analysis of current literatures, including TCM theories and clinical studies as well as the most recent findings of tolerance (self-healing) mechanism in biomedical sciences. Conclusion: TCM treats COVID-19 through a holistic regulation of host responses, particularly by promoting patients’ self-healing power and balancing immune responses. Compared to the pathogen-centered MM, the host-centered TCM doesn't require specific antivirals and has less side-effects and drug resistance. This review provides a scientific insight into the mechanism of TCM and sheds a light on the prospective integration of TCM and MM for future challenges.
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Yang F, Zhang Q, Ji X, Zhang Y, Li W, Peng S, Xue F. Machine Learning Applications in Drug Repurposing. Interdiscip Sci 2022; 14:15-21. [PMID: 35066811 PMCID: PMC8783773 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to an rush to repurpose existing drugs, although the underlying evidence base is of variable quality. Drug repurposing is a technique by taking advantage of existing known drugs or drug combinations to be explored in an unexpected medical scenario. Drug repurposing, hence, plays a vital role in accelerating the pre-clinical process of designing novel drugs by saving time and cost compared to the traditional de novo drug discovery processes. Since drug repurposing depends on massive observed data from existing drugs and diseases, the tremendous growth of publicly available large-scale machine learning methods supplies the state-of-the-art application of data science to signaling disease, medicine, therapeutics, and identifying targets with the least error. In this article, we introduce guidelines on strategies and options of utilizing machine learning approaches for accelerating drug repurposing. We discuss how to employ machine learning methods in studying precision medicine, and as an instance, how machine learning approaches can accelerate COVID-19 drug repurposing by developing Chinese traditional medicine therapy. This article provides a strong reasonableness for employing machine learning methods for drug repurposing, including during fighting for COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Xiaokang Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- Institute for Sustainable Industries & Liveable Citie, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001 China
| | - Wentao Li
- School of Computer Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoliang Peng
- College of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- School of Computer Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Peng Cheng Lab, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
- Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
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11
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Hu Q, Chen M, Yan M, Wang P, Lei H, Xue H, Ma Q. Comprehensive analysis of Sini decoction and investigation of acid-base self-assembled complexes using cold spray ionization mass spectrometry. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Chemometric approach to find relationships between physiological elements and elements causing toxic effects in herb roots by ICP-MS. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20683. [PMID: 34667188 PMCID: PMC8526606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper 13 elements, both physiological and causing toxic effects, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in roots of 26 species of herbs used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The herbs were purchased from online shop in two batches 1 year apart to verify the variability of elemental content in time. The multivariate statistical methods—multiple regression, canonical variates and interaction effect analysis—were applied to interpret the data and to show the relationships between elements and two batches of herb roots. The maximum permissible concentration of Cd (0.3 mg kg−1) was exceeded in 7 herb roots which makes 13% of all specimens. The multiple regression analysis revealed the significant relationships between elements: Mg with Sr; V with Pb, As and Ba; Mn with Pb; Fe with As and Ba; Co with Ni and Sr, Cu with Pb, Cd and As; Zn with Pb, Cd, As and Ba. The canonical variates analysis showed that the statistical inference should not be based solely on the type of herb or number of batch because of the underlying interaction effects between those two variables that may be a source of variability of the content of determined elements.
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13
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Madkhali NAB, Haque S, Dhama K. Egypt's COVID-19 Recent Happenings and Perspectives: A Mini-Review. Front Public Health 2021; 9:696082. [PMID: 34485226 PMCID: PMC8415352 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.696082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected countries across the world. While the zoonotic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 are still under investigation, bats and pangolins are currently cited as the animal origin of the virus. Several types of vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and are being used in vaccination drives across the world. A number of countries are experiencing second and third waves of the pandemic, which have claimed nearly four million lives out of the 180 million people infected globally as of June 2021. The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and mutants are posing high public health concerns owing to their rapid transmissibility, higher severity, and in some cases, ability to infect vaccinated people (vaccine breakthrough). Here in this mini-review, we specifically looked at the efforts and actions of the Egyptian government to slow down and control the spread of COVID-19. We also review the COVID-19 statistics in Egypt and the possible reasons behind the low prevalence and high case fatality rate (CFR%), comparing Egypt COVID-19 statistics with China (the epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic) and the USA, Brazil, India, Italy, and France (the first countries in which the numbers of patients infected with COVID-19). Additionally, we have summarized the SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccines used in Egypt, and the use of medicinal plants as preventive and curative options.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, Egypt.,Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | | | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Bursa Uludağ University, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
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14
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The internationalization of TCM towards Portuguese-speaking countries. Chin Med 2021; 16:81. [PMID: 34412664 PMCID: PMC8374110 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing demand for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in Portuguese-speaking countries (PSC), local regulatory systems and relevant legislation are still insufficient and lagging, even blank in some of them. This kind of unbalanced pace either makes users of TCM exposed in potential risk or eventually obstructs the long-term development of TCM in PSC. Despite existing tremendous studies on the internationalization of TCM, there are few studies specific to PSC. Thus, by a comprehensive desk review and typical case study, this article aims to summarize current situation of TCM in PSC by a cross-regional comparison, to identify various critical challenges, and further to provide an insightful reference to impel the development of TCM in PSC.
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15
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Antonio A, Wiedemann L, Galante E, Guimarães A, Matharu A, Veiga-Junior V. Efficacy and sustainability of natural products in COVID-19 treatment development: opportunities and challenges in using agro-industrial waste from Citrus and apple. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07816. [PMID: 34423146 PMCID: PMC8366044 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been used in the treatment of illnesses throughout the history of humankind. Exploitation of bioactive compounds from natural sources can aid in the discovery of new drugs, provide the scaffold of new medicines. In the face of challenging diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, for which there was no effective treatment, nature could offer insights as to novel therapeutic options for control measures. However, the environmental impact and supply chain of bioactive production must be carefully evaluated to ensure the detrimental effects will not outweigh the potential benefits gained. History has already proven that highly bioactive compounds can be rare and not suitable for medicinal exploitation; therefore, the sustainability must be accessed before expensive, time-demanding, and large trials can be initialized. A sustainable option to readily produce a phytotherapy with minimal environmental stress is the use of agro-industry wastes, a by-product produced in high quantities. In this review we evaluate the sustainability issues associated with the production of phytotherapy as a readily available tool for pandemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.S. Antonio
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - L.S.M. Wiedemann
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - E.B.F. Galante
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - A.C. Guimarães
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Exact Sciences, Amazonas Federal University, Avenida Rodrigo Otávio, 6200, Coroado, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - A.S. Matharu
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - V.F. Veiga-Junior
- Chemical Engineering Section, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio, 80, Praia Vermelha, Urca, 22290-270, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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16
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Margolin L, Luchins J, Margolin D, Margolin M, Lefkowitz S. 20-Week Study of Clinical Outcomes of Over-the-Counter COVID-19 Prophylaxis and Treatment. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 26:2515690X211026193. [PMID: 34225463 PMCID: PMC8264737 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211026193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives and Setting. As the lethal COVID-19 pandemic enters its second year, the need for effective modalities of alleviation remains urgent. This includes modalities that can readily be used by the public to reduce disease spread and severity. Such preventive measures and early-stage treatments may temper the immediacy of demand for advanced anti-COVID measures (drugs, antibodies, vaccines) and help relieve strain also on other health system resources. Design and Participants. We present results of a clinical study with a multi-component OTC “core formulation” regimen used in a multiply exposed adult population. Analysis of clinical outcome data from our sample of over 100 subjects − comprised of roughly equal sized regimen-compliant (test) and non-compliant (control) groups meeting equivalent inclusion criteria − demonstrates a strong statistical significance in favor of use of the core formulations. Results. While both groups were moderate in size, the difference between them in outcomes over the 20-week study period was large and stark: Just under 4% of the compliant test group presented flu-like symptoms, but none of the test group was COVID-positive; whereas 20% of the non-compliant control group presented flu-like symptoms, three-quarters of whom (15% overall of the control group) were COVID-positive. Conclusions. Offering a low cost, readily implemented anti-viral approach, the study regimen may serve, at the least, as a stopgap modality and, perhaps, as a useful tool in combatting the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Margolin
- Comprehensive Pain Management Institute, LLC, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy Luchins
- Comprehensive Pain Management Institute, LLC, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel Margolin
- Comprehensive Pain Management Institute, LLC, Columbus, OH, USA
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17
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Garout MA, Al-Qaaneh AM, Sule AA, Tirupathi R, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Hasan A, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Mitra S, Emran TB, Bilal M, Singh R, Alyami SA, Moni MA, Dhama K. Diverse Immunological Factors Influencing Pathogenesis in Patients with COVID-19: A Review on Viral Dissemination, Immunotherapeutic Options to Counter Cytokine Storm and Inflammatory Responses. Pathogens 2021; 10:565. [PMID: 34066983 PMCID: PMC8150955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still not fully unraveled. Though preventive vaccines and treatment methods are out on the market, a specific cure for the disease has not been discovered. Recent investigations and research studies primarily focus on the immunopathology of the disease. A healthy immune system responds immediately after viral entry, causing immediate viral annihilation and recovery. However, an impaired immune system causes extensive systemic damage due to an unregulated immune response characterized by the hypersecretion of chemokines and cytokines. The elevated levels of cytokine or hypercytokinemia leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) along with multiple organ damage. Moreover, the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been linked with race, gender, and age; hence, this viral infection's outcome differs among the patients. Many therapeutic strategies focusing on immunomodulation have been tested out to assuage the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19. A thorough understanding of the diverse signaling pathways triggered by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is essential before contemplating relief measures. This present review explains the interrelationships of hyperinflammatory response or cytokine storm with organ damage and the disease severity. Furthermore, we have thrown light on the diverse mechanisms and risk factors that influence pathogenesis and the molecular pathways that lead to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and multiple organ damage. Recognition of altered pathways of a dysregulated immune system can be a loophole to identify potential target markers. Identifying biomarkers in the dysregulated pathway can aid in better clinical management for patients with severe COVID-19 disease. A special focus has also been given to potent inhibitors of proinflammatory cytokines, immunomodulatory and immunotherapeutic options to ameliorate cytokine storm and inflammatory responses in patients affected with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammed A. Garout
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ayman M. Al-Qaaneh
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
- Clinical Pharmacy Services Division, Pharmacy Services Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anupam A Sule
- Department of Informatics and Outcomes, St Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA;
| | - Raghavendra Tirupathi
- Department of Medicine Keystone Health, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 16801, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Wellspan Chambersburg and Waynesboro (Pa.) Hospitals, Chambersburg, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Alahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Prince Nora University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulkarim Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
- Prince Mishari Bin Saud Hospital in Baljurashi, Ministry of Health, Baljurash 22888, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India;
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandha Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India;
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, India;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Rajendra Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Salem A. Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
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18
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Muhammad J, Khan A, Sule AA, Tirupathi R, Mutair AA, Alhumaid S, Al-Omari A, Dhawan M, Tiwari R, Sharun K, Mohapatra RK, Mitra S, Bilal M, Alyami SA, Emran TB, Moni MA, Dhama K. Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:436. [PMID: 33946736 PMCID: PMC8145892 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a severe pandemic of the current century. The vicious tentacles of the disease have been disseminated worldwide with unknown complications and repercussions. Advanced COVID-19 syndrome is characterized by the uncontrolled and elevated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed immunity, leading to the cytokine storm. The uncontrolled and dysregulated secretion of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines is positively associated with the severity of the viral infection and mortality rate. The secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 leads to a hyperinflammatory response by recruiting macrophages, T and B cells in the lung alveolar cells. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that immune cells such as macrophages recruit inflammatory monocytes in the alveolar cells and allow the production of large amounts of cytokines in the alveoli, leading to a hyperinflammatory response in severely ill patients with COVID-19. This cascade of events may lead to multiple organ failure, acute respiratory distress, or pneumonia. Although the disease has a higher survival rate than other chronic diseases, the incidence of complications in the geriatric population are considerably high, with more systemic complications. This review sheds light on the pivotal roles played by various inflammatory markers in COVID-19-related complications. Different molecular pathways, such as the activation of JAK and JAK/STAT signaling are crucial in the progression of cytokine storm; hence, various mechanisms, immunological pathways, and functions of cytokines and other inflammatory markers have been discussed. A thorough understanding of cytokines' molecular pathways and their activation procedures will add more insight into understanding immunopathology and designing appropriate drugs, therapies, and control measures to counter COVID-19. Recently, anti-inflammatory drugs and several antiviral drugs have been reported as effective therapeutic drug candidates to control hypercytokinemia or cytokine storm. Hence, the present review also discussed prospective anti-inflammatory and relevant immunomodulatory drugs currently in various trial phases and their possible implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Javed Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Public Health/Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22620, Pakistan;
| | - Anupam A Sule
- Medical Director of Informatics and Outcomes, St Joseph Mercy Oakland, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA;
| | - Raghavendra Tirupathi
- Department of Medicine Keystone Health, Penn State University School of Medicine, Hershey, PA 16801, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Wellspan Chambersburg and Waynesboro (Pa.) Hospitals, Chambersburg, PA 16801, USA
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Alahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia;
- College of Nursing, Prince Nora University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Ministry of Health, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Awad Al-Omari
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia;
- Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Critical Care and Infection Control Department, Research Centre, Riyadh 11372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141027, Punjab, India;
- The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh; Pandit DeenDayal Upadhyaya PashuChikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go AnusandhaSansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mathura 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Ranjan K. Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar 758002, Odisha, India;
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh; or
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Salem A. Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh;
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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