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Culbreath CJ, McCullen SD, Mefford OT. Controlling Mechanical Properties of Medical-Grade Scaffolds through Electrospinning Parameter Selection. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:36982-36992. [PMID: 39246470 PMCID: PMC11375708 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Electrospinning (ES) is a versatile process mode for creating fibrous materials with various structures that have broad applications ranging from regenerative medicine to tissue engineering and surgical mesh implants. The recent commercialization of this technology for implant use has driven the use of resorbable electrospun products. Resorbable electrospun meshes offer great promise as temporary implants that can utilize the layer upon layer method of additive manufacturing to incorporate porosity as a function of process parameters into a scaffold structure. The interconnected porosity and feature size known to ES have previously been observed to hold great potential for simulating the natural cellular environment of soft tissue. This microstructure, proper degradation kinetics, and mechanical properties combine to provide the design basis for artificial tissue structures that could aid in not only wound healing but also true tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. While current advancement in the field is understood to be limited by material properties, the importance of optimizing mechanical properties with currently available materials should not be overlooked. This work investigated the process parameter effects and interactions that control the structure-property relationship for a range of medical-grade aliphatic polyester materials with a range of intrinsic properties. An ε-caprolactone homopolymer (PCL), l-lactide homopolymer (PLLA), and Lactoflex, a copolymer with intermediate properties relative to the homopolymers, were characterized before, during, and after the additive manufacturing process. The interacting effects of process parameters, distance to collector, and dispensing rate were shown to produce variable-density, nonwoven scaffold structures. The resorbable mesh scaffolds of PLLA, PCL, and Lactoflex demonstrated a broad range of mechanical properties (approximately 1-10 MPa ultimate tensile strength and 5-390 MPa tensile modulus). Postprocessing of scaffolds demonstrated removal of solvents and preservation of micrometer-sized features. Resorbable polymers and electrospinning can produce scaffold materials with excellent features and offer tremendous potential in the field of implantable resorbable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J Culbreath
- Poly-Med, Inc. Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Seth D McCullen
- Poly-Med, Inc. Anderson, South Carolina 29625, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - O Thompson Mefford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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2
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Demir E, Duygun İK, Bedeloğlu A. The Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polylactic Acid/Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol Multi-Material Structures Manufactured by Material Extrusion. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2024; 11:197-206. [PMID: 38389667 PMCID: PMC10880662 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), and PLA/PETG structures manufactured using the multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) method were studied in this work. Material extrusion additive manufacturing was used to print PLA/PETG samples with various PLA and PETG layer numbers. By varying the top and bottom layer numbers of two thermoplastics, the effect of layer number on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed structures was investigated. The chemical and thermal characteristics of PLA and PETG were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Tensile and flexural strength of 3D-printed PLA, PETG, and PLA/PETG samples were determined using tensile and three-point bending tests. The fracture surfaces of the samples were evaluated using optical microscopy. The results indicated that multi-material part containing 13 layers of PLA and 3 layers of PETG exhibited the highest ultimate tensile strength (65.4 MPa) and a good flexural strength (91.4 MPa). MMAM was discovered to be a viable way for producing PLA/PETG materials with great mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Demir
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - İnal Kaan Duygun
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Bedeloğlu
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
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3
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Negrescu AM, Mocanu AC, Miculescu F, Mitran V, Constantinescu AE, Cimpean A. In Vitro Studies on 3D-Printed PLA/HA/GNP Structures for Bone Tissue Regeneration. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:55. [PMID: 38275452 PMCID: PMC10813057 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The successful regeneration of large-size bone defects remains one of the most critical challenges faced in orthopaedics. Recently, 3D printing technology has been widely used to fabricate reliable, reproducible and economically affordable scaffolds with specifically designed shapes and porosity, capable of providing sufficient biomimetic cues for a desired cellular behaviour. Natural or synthetic polymers reinforced with active bioceramics and/or graphene derivatives have demonstrated adequate mechanical properties and a proper cellular response, attracting the attention of researchers in the bone regeneration field. In the present work, 3D-printed graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA)/hydroxyapatite (HA) composite scaffolds were fabricated using the fused deposition modelling (FDM) technique. The in vitro response of the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophages revealed that these newly designed scaffolds exhibited various survival rates and a sustained proliferation. Moreover, as expected, the addition of HA into the PLA matrix contributed to mimicking a bone extracellular matrix, leading to positive effects on the pre-osteoblast osteogenic differentiation. In addition, a limited inflammatory response was also observed. Overall, the results suggest the great potential of the newly developed 3D-printed composite materials as suitable candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea-Mariana Negrescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Aura-Cătălina Mocanu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.M.); (F.M.); (A.-E.C.)
| | - Florin Miculescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.M.); (F.M.); (A.-E.C.)
| | - Valentina Mitran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Andreea-Elena Constantinescu
- Department of Metallic Materials Science, Physical Metallurgy, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, J Building, District 6, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.M.); (F.M.); (A.-E.C.)
| | - Anisoara Cimpean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-M.N.); (V.M.)
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4
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Bharathi R, Harini G, Sankaranarayanan A, Shanmugavadivu A, Vairamani M, Selvamurugan N. Nuciferine-loaded chitosan hydrogel-integrated 3D-printed polylactic acid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: A combinatorial approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127492. [PMID: 37858655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defects resulting from severe trauma and open fractures cannot spontaneously heal and require surgical intervention. Limitations of traditional bone grafting include immune rejection and demand-over-supply issues leading to the development of novel tissue-engineered scaffolds. Nuciferine (NF), a plant-derived alkaloid, has excellent therapeutic properties, but its osteogenic potential is yet to be reported. Furthermore, the bioavailability of NF is obstructed due to its hydrophobicity, requiring an efficient drug delivery system, such as chitosan (CS) hydrogel. We designed and fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds via 3D printing and integrated them with NF-containing CS hydrogel to obtain the porous biocomposite scaffolds (PLA/CS-NF). The fabricated scaffolds were subjected to in vitro physicochemical characterization, cytotoxicity assays, and osteogenic evaluation studies. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed uniform pore size distribution on PLA/CS-NF scaffolds. An in vitro drug release study showed a sustained and prolonged release of NF. The cyto-friendly nature of NF in PLA/CS-NF scaffolds towards mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) was observed. Also, cellular and molecular level studies signified the osteogenic potential of NF in PLA/CS-NF scaffolds on mMSCs. These results indicate that the PLA/CS-NF scaffolds could promote new bone formation and have potential applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanathan Bharathi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ganesh Harini
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aravind Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abinaya Shanmugavadivu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariappanadar Vairamani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nagarajan Selvamurugan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India..
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Liu Q, Wei F, Coathup M, Shen W, Wu D. Effect of Porosity and Pore Shape on the Mechanical and Biological Properties of Additively Manufactured Bone Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301111. [PMID: 37689976 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of porosity and pore shape on the biological and mechanical behavior of additively manufactured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE). Polylactic acid scaffolds with varying porosity levels (15-78%) and pore shapes, including regular (rectangular pores), gyroid, and diamond (triply periodic minimal surfaces) structures, are fabricated by fused filament fabrication. Murine-derived macrophages and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs) are seeded onto the scaffolds. The compressive behavior and surface morphology of the scaffolds are characterized. The results show that scaffolds with 15%, 30%, and 45% porosity display the highest rate of macrophage and hBMSC growth. Gyroid and diamond scaffolds exhibit a higher rate of macrophage proliferation, while diamond scaffolds exhibit a higher rate of hBMSC proliferation. Additionally, gyroid and diamond scaffolds exhibit better compressive behavior compared to regular scaffolds. Of particular note, diamond scaffolds have the highest compressive modulus and strength. Surface morphology characterization indicates that the surface roughness of diamond and gyroid scaffolds is greater than that of regular scaffolds at the same porosity level, which is beneficial for cell attachment and proliferation. This study provides valuable insights into porosity and pore shape selection for additively manufactured scaffolds in BTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Fei Wei
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Melanie Coathup
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Wen Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Dazhong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
- Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
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6
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Garnica-Bohórquez I, Güiza-Argüello VR, López-Gualdrón CI. Effect of Sterilization on the Dimensional and Mechanical Behavior of Polylactic Acid Pieces Produced by Fused Deposition Modeling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3317. [PMID: 37571211 PMCID: PMC10422276 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully implement additive manufacturing (AM) techniques for custom medical device (MD) production with low-cost resources, it is imperative to understand the effect of common and affordable sterilization processes, such as formaldehyde or steam sterilization, on pieces manufactured by AM. In this way, the performance of low-risk MDs, such as biomodels and surgical guides, could be assessed for complying with safety, precision, and MD delivery requirements. In this context, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of formaldehyde and steam sterilization on the dimensional and mechanical stability of standard polylactic acid (PLA) test pieces produced by fused deposition modeling (FDM). To achieve this, PLA samples were sterilized according to the sterilization protocol of a public hospital in the city of Bucaramanga, Colombia. Significant changes regarding mechanical and dimensional properties were found as a function of manufacturing parameters. This research attempts to contribute to the development of affordable approaches for the fabrication of functional and customized medical devices through AM technologies, an issue of particular interest for low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Garnica-Bohórquez
- Industrial Design Department, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
| | - Viviana R. Güiza-Argüello
- Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
| | - Clara I. López-Gualdrón
- Industrial Design Department, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680002, Colombia;
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7
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Krobot Š, Melčová V, Menčík P, Kontárová S, Rampichová M, Hedvičáková V, Mojžišová E, Baco A, Přikryl R. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and Polycaprolactone (PCL) Based Blends for Tissue Engineering and Bone Medical Applications Processed by FDM 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102404. [PMID: 37242979 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presented work, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB-based composite blends for bone medical applications and tissue engineering are prepared and characterized. PHB used for the work was in two cases commercial and, in one case, was extracted by the chloroform-free route. PHB was then blended with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or polycaprolactone (PCL) and plasticized by oligomeric adipate ester (Syncroflex, SN). Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) particles were used as a bioactive filler. Prepared polymer blends were processed into the form of 3D printing filaments. The samples for all the tests performed were prepared by FDM 3D printing or compression molding. Differential scanning calorimetry was conducted to evaluate the thermal properties, followed by optimization of printing temperature by temperature tower test and determination of warping coefficient. Tensile test, three-point flexural test, and compression test were performed to study the mechanical properties of materials. Optical contact angle measurement was conducted to determine the surface properties of these blends and their influence on cell adhesion. Cytotoxicity measurement of prepared blends was conducted to find out whether the prepared materials were non-cytotoxic. The best temperatures for 3D printing were 195/190, 195/175, and 195/165 °C for PHB-soap/PLA-SN, PHB/PCL-SN, and PHB/PCL-SN-TCP, respectively. Their mechanical properties (strengths ~40 MPa, moduli ~2.5 GPa) were comparable with human trabecular bone. The calculated surface energies of all blends were ~40 mN/m. Unfortunately, only two out of three materials were proven to be non-cytotoxic (both PHB/PCL blends).
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Krobot
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Melčová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Menčík
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Soňa Kontárová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Rampichová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Věra Hedvičáková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, CAS, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Mojžišová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Andrej Baco
- PANARA, a.s., Krškanská 21, 949 05 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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The healing of bone defects by cell-free and stem cell-seeded 3D-printed PLA tissue-engineered scaffolds. J Orthop Surg Res 2022; 17:320. [PMID: 35725606 PMCID: PMC9208215 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-022-03213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the in-vivo healing of critical-sized bony defects by cell-free and stem cell-seeded 3D-printed PLA scaffolds was studied in rat calvaria bone. The scaffolds were implanted in the provided defect sites and histological analysis was conducted after 8 and 12 weeks. The results showed that both cell-free and stem cell-seeded scaffolds exhibited superb healing compared with the empty defect controls, and new bone and connective tissues were formed in the healing site after 8 and 12 weeks, postoperatively. The higher filled area, bone formation and bone maturation were observed after 12 weeks, particularly for PLA + Cell scaffolds.
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9
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Zhang C, Li X, Xiao D, Zhao Q, Chen S, Yang F, Liu J, Duan K. Cu 2+ Release from Polylactic Acid Coating on Titanium Reduces Bone Implant-Related Infection. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13020078. [PMID: 35735933 PMCID: PMC9225639 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Implant-related infection (IRI) is a major problem in orthopedics. Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element with strong bactericidal activity and, thus, presents potential for reducing IRI. The present study explored a straightforward strategy for releasing Cu2+ from titanium (Ti) implants, and we conducted a preliminary study to assess the feasibility of this approach in clinical translation. Polylactic acid (PLA) coatings containing different concentrations of copper ions were prepared on Ti discs. The antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of the copper ion-incorporated Ti implants were evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and animal models. In vitro, the coatings produced burst release of Cu2+ in 12 h, and inhibited S. aureus growth in a dose-dependent manner. The coatings prepared from PLA solutions containing 0.5 or 1.0 mg/mL reduced the viability and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, but these effects were negated after the coatings were immersed in culture medium for 6 h. Four weeks after implantation, the Cu-free K-wires challenged with S. aureus had persistent infection and inferior fracture healing to the other three groups, while Cu-coated wires had no evidence of infection. Furthermore, the Cu-coated wires placed in rabbits without S. aureus challenge showed superior fracture healing to the other three groups. These results suggest that PLA coatings containing Cu2+ may be an effective design for reducing IRI without adversely affecting adjacent bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengdong Zhang
- Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xingping Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengfei Hospital, Chengdu 610091, China;
| | - Dongqin Xiao
- Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (K.D.)
| | - Qiao Zhao
- Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Y.)
| | - Shuo Chen
- Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yang
- Research Institute of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Nanchong Central Hospital, The Second Clinical College of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China; (C.Z.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jinhui Liu
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
| | - Ke Duan
- Sichuan Provincial Laboratory of Orthopaedic Engineering, Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
- Correspondence: (D.X.); (K.D.)
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10
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Arifin N, Sudin I, Ngadiman NHA, Ishak MSA. A Comprehensive Review of Biopolymer Fabrication in Additive Manufacturing Processing for 3D-Tissue-Engineering Scaffolds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2119. [PMID: 35632000 PMCID: PMC9147259 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The selection of a scaffold-fabrication method becomes challenging due to the variety in manufacturing methods, biomaterials and technical requirements. The design and development of tissue engineering scaffolds depend upon the porosity, which provides interconnected pores, suitable mechanical strength, and the internal scaffold architecture. The technology of the additive manufacturing (AM) method via photo-polymerization 3D printing is reported to have the capability to fabricate high resolution and finely controlled dimensions of a scaffold. This technology is also easy to operate, low cost and enables fast printing, compared to traditional methods and other additive manufacturing techniques. This article aims to review the potential of the photo-polymerization 3D-printing technique in the fabrication of tissue engineering scaffolds. This review paper also highlights the comprehensive comparative study between photo-polymerization 3D printing with other scaffold fabrication techniques. Various parameter settings that influence mechanical properties, biocompatibility and porosity behavior are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulhuda Arifin
- Quality Engineering, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL), Persiaran Sinaran Ilmu, Bandar Seri Alam 81750, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Izman Sudin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Nor Hasrul Akhmal Ngadiman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohamad Shaiful Ashrul Ishak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kampus Pauh Putra, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia;
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11
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Plavec R, Horváth V, Hlaváčiková S, Omaníková L, Repiská M, Medlenová E, Feranc J, Kruželák J, Přikryl R, Figalla S, Kontárová S, Baco A, Danišová L, Vanovčanová Z, Alexy P. Influence of Multiple Thermomechanical Processing of 3D Filaments Based on Polylactic Acid and Polyhydroxybutyrate on Their Rheological and Utility Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101947. [PMID: 35631830 PMCID: PMC9143941 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on material recycling of a biodegradable blend based on PLA and PHB for multiple applications of biodegradable polymeric material under real conditions. In this study, we investigated the effect of multiple processing of a biodegradable polymer blend under the trade name NONOILEN®, which was processed under laboratory as well as industrial conditions. In this article, we report on testing the effect of blending and multiple processing on thermomechanical stability, molecular characteristics, as well as thermophysical and mechanical properties of experimental- and industrial-type tested material suitable for FDM 3D technology. The results showed that the studied material degraded during blending and subsequently during multiple processing. Even after partial degradation, which was demonstrated by a decrease in average molecular weight and a decrease in complex viscosity in the process of multiple reprocessing, there was no significant change in the material’s thermophysical properties, either in laboratory or industrial conditions. There was also no negative impact on the strength characteristics of multiple processed samples. The results of this work show that a biodegradable polymer blend based on PLA and PHB is a suitable candidate for material recycling even in industrial processing conditions. In addition, the results suggest that the biodegradable polymeric material NONOILEN® 3D 3056-2 is suitable for multiple uses in FDM technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderik Plavec
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Vojtech Horváth
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Slávka Hlaváčiková
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Leona Omaníková
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Martina Repiská
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Elena Medlenová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Jozef Feranc
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Ján Kruželák
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (S.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Silvestr Figalla
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (S.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Soňa Kontárová
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (R.P.); (S.F.); (S.K.)
| | - Andrej Baco
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Lucia Danišová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Zuzana Vanovčanová
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
| | - Pavol Alexy
- Institute of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (V.H.); (S.H.); (L.O.); (M.R.); (E.M.); (J.F.); (J.K.); (A.B.); (L.D.); (Z.V.); (P.A.)
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12
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Grivet-Brancot A, Boffito M, Ciardelli G. Use of Polyesters in Fused Deposition Modeling for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200039. [PMID: 35488769 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, 3D printing techniques experienced a growing interest in several sectors, including the biomedical one. Their main advantage resides in the possibility to obtain complex and personalized structures in a cost-effective way impossible to achieve with traditional production methods. This is especially true for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), one of the most diffused 3D printing methods. The easy customization of the final products' geometry, composition and physico-chemical properties is particularly interesting for the increasingly personalized approach adopted in modern medicine. Thermoplastic polymers are the preferred choice for FDM applications, and a wide selection of biocompatible and biodegradable materials is available to this aim. Moreover, these polymers can also be easily modified before and after printing to better suit the body environment and the mechanical properties of biological tissues. This review focuses on the use of thermoplastic aliphatic polyesters for FDM applications in the biomedical field. In detail, the use of poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(lactic acid), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s, thermo-plastic poly(ester urethane)s and their blends has been thoroughly surveyed, with particular attention to their main features, applicability and workability. The state-of-the-art is presented and current challenges in integrating the additive manufacturing technology in the medical practice are discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Grivet-Brancot
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, Università di Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Monica Boffito
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ciardelli
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
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13
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Satzer P, Achleitner L. 3D printing: Economical and supply chain independent single-use plasticware for cell culture. N Biotechnol 2022; 69:55-61. [PMID: 35337999 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
3D printing represents a democratization of manufacturing processes, and inexpensive 3D printed parts for cell culture have been tested as replacements for single-use plastics currently unavailable due to worldwide supply chain issues. In addition, such distributed manufacturing of cell culture laboratory materials helps remote areas and developing countries with limited resources. HEK293 cells were used to test printed shake flasks for cell culture applications and their ease of manufacture. Recorded growth curves showed that renewable biodegradable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) thermoplastic is an excellent and economical replacement for single-use plastic shake flasks, which have shipment lead times during pandemic situations or other supply chain disruptions of over 6 months. With a price of 0.60 € in materials, and printing machines with prices lower than one box of single-use pre-sterilized plastic shake flasks (<350€), the use of PLA is very affordable. Low-cost photopolymerization resins were also tested, but the inherent cytotoxicity of these materials prevented cell growth. This was also true for plant-based resins marketed as having low volatile organic compounds (VOC). Treatment of parts to reduce VOC content was partially successful, but not sufficient to sustain prolonged cell growth. A high-cost medical device IIa-class material showed no improved cell growth. Nevertheless, with PLA a low-cost printing material was identified and the use as cell culture compatible material was demonstrated, providing low-cost supply chain independence. In the future, the printing of pilot-scale bioreactors with PLA as a green sustainable material at the point of its use will be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Satzer
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lena Achleitner
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; acib - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Dedukh N, Makarov V, Pavlov A. Біоматеріал на основі полілактиду та його використання як кісткових імплантатів (аналітичний огляд літератури). PAIN, JOINTS, SPINE 2021. [DOI: 10.22141/2224-1507.9.1.2019.163056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
У багатьох галузях медицини широке застосування отримали імплантати з різних синтетичних та природних біоматеріалів. Серед матеріалів, що частіше використовують для створення імплантатів, полілактид (PLA), особливістю якого є біодеградація в ділянках імплантації, остеоінтеграція, здатність індукувати процеси утворення кісткової тканини та висока біосумісність з організмом. Мета огляду: проаналізувати та узагальнити дані щодо перебудови в кістці біорезорбуючих біоматеріалів на основі полілактиду та визначити тенденції розвитку проблеми. В огляді літератури подано загальну характеристику та визначено історичні віхи розвитку проблеми та використання деградуючих полімерів у кістковій хірургії. Надані дані щодо факторів, що впливають на біодеградацію в кістках цього біоматеріалу, та визначено особливості його остеоінтеграції залежно від складу. Наведено дані щодо використання PLA та співполімерів у кістковій хірургії та регенераторній медицині. Важливим напрямком майбутніх досліджень буде розробка композитних біоматеріалів на основі PLA з бажаними якостями остеоінтеграції та керованою біодеградацією. Подано нові тенденції розвитку напрямку використання в кістковій хірургії імплантатів на основі композитних матеріалів, виготовлених на основі PLA, та новітні способи створення імплантатів та композитів із використанням 3D-принтера.
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15
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Burns AB, Doris C, Vehar K, Saxena V, Bardliving C, Shamlou PA, Phillips MI. Novel low shear 3D bioreactor for high purity mesenchymal stem cell production. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252575. [PMID: 34133442 PMCID: PMC8208585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow derived human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) are an attractive candidate for regenerative medicine. However, their harvest can be invasive, painful, and expensive, making it difficult to supply the enormous amount of pure hMSCs needed for future allogeneic therapies. Because of this, a robust method of scaled bioreactor culture must be designed to supply the need for high purity, high density hMSC yields. Here we test a scaled down model of a novel bioreactor consisting of an unsubmerged 3D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) lattice matrix wetted by culture media. The growth matrix is uniform, replicable, and biocompatible, enabling homogenous cell culture in three dimensions. The goal of this study was to prove that hMSCs would culture well in this novel bioreactor design. The system tested resulted in comparable stem cell yields to other cell culture systems using bone marrow derived hMSCs, while maintaining viability (96.54% ±2.82), high purity (>98% expression of combined positive markers), and differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Burns
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Corinna Doris
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Vehar
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
| | - Vinit Saxena
- Sepragen Corporation, Hayward, California, United States of America
| | - Cameron Bardliving
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Parviz A. Shamlou
- Jefferson Institute for Bioprocessing, Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Ian Phillips
- Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Sciences, Claremont, California, United States of America
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16
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Qu M, Wang C, Zhou X, Libanori A, Jiang X, Xu W, Zhu S, Chen Q, Sun W, Khademhosseini A. Multi-Dimensional Printing for Bone Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001986. [PMID: 33876580 PMCID: PMC8192454 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of 3D printing has significantly advanced the field of bone tissue engineering by enabling the fabrication of scaffolds that faithfully recapitulate desired mechanical properties and architectures. In addition, computer-based manufacturing relying on patient-derived medical images permits the fabrication of customized modules in a patient-specific manner. In addition to conventional 3D fabrication, progress in materials engineering has led to the development of 4D printing, allowing time-sensitive interventions such as programed therapeutics delivery and modulable mechanical features. Therapeutic interventions established via multi-dimensional engineering are expected to enhance the development of personalized treatment in various fields, including bone tissue regeneration. Here, recent studies utilizing 3D printed systems for bone tissue regeneration are summarized and advances in 4D printed systems are highlighted. Challenges and perspectives for the future development of multi-dimensional printed systems toward personalized bone regeneration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyuan Qu
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Canran Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xingwu Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alberto Libanori
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xing Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weizhe Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Songsong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310006, China
| | - Wujin Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT) University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Radiology University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90064, United States
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17
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Zhu C, Li T, Mohideen MM, Hu P, Gupta R, Ramakrishna S, Liu Y. Realization of Circular Economy of 3D Printed Plastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050744. [PMID: 33673625 PMCID: PMC7957743 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing technology is a versatile technology. The waste of 3D printed plastic products is a matter of concern because of its impact on the circular economy. In this paper, we discuss the current status and problems of 3D printing, different methods of 3D printing, and applications of 3D printing. This paper focuses on the recycling and degradation of different 3D printing materials. The degradation, although it can be done without pollution, has restrictions on the type of material and time. Degradation using ionic liquids can yield pure monomers but is only applicable to esters. The reprocessing recycling methods can re-utilize the excellent properties of 3D printed materials many times but are limited by the number of repetitions of 3D printed materials. Although each has its drawbacks, the great potential of the recycling of 3D printed waste plastics is successfully demonstrated with examples. Various recycling approaches provide the additional possibility of utilizing 3D printing waste to achieve more efficient circular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihan Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Tianya Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Mohamedazeem M. Mohideen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema 797106, India;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11576, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (Y.L.)
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18
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Morales X, Cortés-Domínguez I, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C. Modeling the Mechanobiology of Cancer Cell Migration Using 3D Biomimetic Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:17. [PMID: 33673091 PMCID: PMC7930983 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how cancer cells migrate, and how this migration is affected by the mechanical and chemical composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to investigate and possibly interfere with the metastatic process, which is responsible for most cancer-related deaths. In this article we review the state of the art about the use of hydrogel-based three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds as artificial platforms to model the mechanobiology of cancer cell migration. We start by briefly reviewing the concept and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the materials commonly used to recreate the cancerous ECM. Then we summarize the most relevant knowledge about the mechanobiology of cancer cell migration that has been obtained using 3D hydrogel scaffolds, and relate those discoveries to what has been observed in the clinical management of solid tumors. Finally, we review some recent methodological developments, specifically the use of novel bioprinting techniques and microfluidics to create realistic hydrogel-based models of the cancer ECM, and some of their applications in the context of the study of cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Ortiz-de-Solorzano
- IDISNA, Ciberonc and Solid Tumors and Biomarkers Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (X.M.); (I.C.-D.)
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19
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Study of Microchannels Fabricated Using Desktop Fused Deposition Modeling Systems. MICROMACHINES 2020; 12:mi12010014. [PMID: 33375727 PMCID: PMC7823880 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices are used to transfer small quantities of liquid through micro-scale channels. Conventionally, these devices are fabricated using techniques such as soft-lithography, paper microfluidics, micromachining, injection moulding, etc. The advancement in modern additive manufacturing methods is making three dimensional printing (3DP) a promising platform for the fabrication of microfluidic devices. Particularly, the availability of low-cost desktop 3D printers can produce inexpensive microfluidic devices in fast turnaround times. In this paper, we explore fused deposition modelling (FDM) to print non-transparent and closed internal micro features of in-plane microchannels (i.e., linear, curved and spiral channel profiles) and varying cross-section microchannels in the build direction (i.e., helical microchannel). The study provides a comparison of the minimum possible diameter size, the maximum possible fluid flow-rate without leakage, and absorption through the straight, curved, spiral and helical microchannels along with the printing accuracy of the FDM process for two low-cost desktop printers. Moreover, we highlight the geometry dependent printing issues of microchannels, pressure developed in the microchannels for complex geometry and establish that the profiles in which flowrate generates 4000 Pa are susceptible to leakages when no pre or post processing in the FDM printed parts is employed.
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20
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Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer material used for the fabrication of objects by fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing. FFF 3D printing technology has been quickly spreading over the past few years. An FFF-3D-printed object is formed from melted polymer extruded from a nozzle layer-by-layer. The mechanical properties of the object, and the changes in those properties as the object degrades, differ from the properties and changes observed in bulk objects. In this study we evaluated FFF-3D-printed objects by uniaxial tensile tests and four-point flexural tests to characterize the changes of three mechanical properties, namely, the maximum stress, elastic modulus, and breaking energy. Eight types of test pieces printed directly by an FFF 3D printer using two scan patterns and two interior fill percentages (IFPs) were tested by the aforesaid methods. The test pieces were immersed in saline and kept in an incubator at 37 °C for 30, 60, or 90 days before the mechanical testing. The changes in the mechanical properties differed largely between the test piece types. In some of the test pieces, transient increases in strength were observed before the immersion degraded the strength. Several of the test piece types were found to have superior specific strength in the tests. The results obtained in this research will be helpful for the design of PLA structures fabricated by FFF 3D printing.
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21
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Sharma B, Sharma S, Jain P. Leveraging advances in chemistry to design biodegradable polymeric implants using chitosan and other biomaterials. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 169:414-427. [PMID: 33352152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The metamorphosis of biodegradable polymers in biomedical applications is an auspicious myriad of indagation. The utmost challenge in clinical conditions includes trauma, organs failure, soft and hard tissues, infection, cancer and inflammation, congenital disorders which are still not medicated efficiently. To overcome this bone of contention, proliferation in the concatenation of biodegradable materials for clinical applications has emerged as a silver bullet owing to eco-friendly, nontoxicity, exorbitant mechanical properties, cost efficiency, and degradability. Several bioimplants are designed and fabricated in a way to reabsorb or degrade inside the body after performing the specific function rather than eliminating the bioimplants. The objective of this comprehensive is to unfurl the anecdote of emerging biological polymers derived implants including silk, lignin, soy, collagen, gelatin, chitosan, alginate, starch, etc. by explicating the selection, fabrication, properties, and applications. Into the bargain, emphasis on the significant characteristics of current discernment and purview of nanotechnology integrated biopolymeric implants has also been expounded. This robust contrivance shed light on recent inclinations and evolution in tissue regeneration and targeting organs followed by precedency and fly in the ointment concerning biodegradable implants evolved by employing fringe benefits provided by 3D printing technology for building tissues or organs construct for implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhasha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka Sec-2, Delhi, India.
| | - Shreya Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka Sec-2, Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka Sec-2, Delhi, India
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Melčová V, Svoradová K, Menčík P, Kontárová S, Rampichová M, Hedvičáková V, Sovková V, Přikryl R, Vojtová L. FDM 3D Printed Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering Based on Plasticized Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2806. [PMID: 33260879 PMCID: PMC7761374 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a current trend in the regenerative medicine putting pressure on scientists to develop highly functional materials and methods for scaffolds' preparation. In this paper, the calibrated filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) based on plasticized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(d,l-lactide) 70/30 blend modified with tricalcium phosphate bioceramics were prepared. Two different plasticizers, Citroflex (n-Butyryl tri-n-hexyl citrate) and Syncroflex (oligomeric adipate ester), both used in the amount of 12 wt%, were compared. The printing parameters for these materials were optimized and the printability was evaluated by recently published warping test. The samples were studied with respect to their thermal and mechanical properties, followed by biological in vitro tests including proliferation, viability, and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. According to the results from differential scanning calorimetry and tensile measurements, the Citroflex-based plasticizer showed very good softening effect at the expense of worse printability and unsatisfactory performance during biological testing. On the other hand, the samples with Syncroflex demonstrated lower warping tendency compared to commercial polylactide filament with the warping coefficient one third lower. Moreover, the Syncroflex-based samples exhibited the non-cytotoxicity and promising biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Melčová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Kateřina Svoradová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Přemysl Menčík
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Soňa Kontárová
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Michala Rampichová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Věra Hedvičáková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Věra Sovková
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (V.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Radek Přikryl
- Institute of Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (P.M.); (S.K.); (R.P.)
| | - Lucy Vojtová
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Advanced Biomaterials, Purkyňova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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23
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Guessasma S, Belhabib S, Nouri H. Effect of printing temperature on microstructure, thermal behavior and tensile properties of
3D
printed nylon using fused deposition modeling. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofiane Belhabib
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144 F‐44000 Nantes, France Carquefou Cédex France
| | - Hedi Nouri
- TPCIM IMT Lille‐Douai Douai France
- LASEM ENIS, University of SFAX TUNISIA
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24
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Laser polished fused deposition poly-lactic acid objects for personalized orthopaedic application. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPatient-specific surgical guides are increasingly demanded. Material Extrusion (ME) is a popular 3D printing technique to fabricate personalized surgical guides. However, the ME process usually generates deleterious surface topography which is not suitable for orthopaedic emergencies. We designed and optimized parametric combinations of a laser polishing approach as post process to improve the surface quality of ME-made poly-lactic acid (PLA) objects. In this study, we investigated the contribution of processing variables to the mechanical properties and the biocompatibilities in vitro of the ME-made PLA objects. Conventional surface grinding was conducted as comparison. The results demonstrate that the ME-made PLA samples exhibit good mechanical properties and favourable biocompatibility after being post processed using laser polishing. The post laser polishing, as a powerful tool in manufacture of ME-made PLA objects, will open a new approach with a great promise in its applications in personalized and timely management of medical emergencies.
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25
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Kamath S M, K S, V G, Sankar K, A S, Gupta N, S S J SA, Patil S S. Facile manufacturing of fused deposition modelled composite scaffold for tissue engineering - An embedment model with plasticity for incorporation of additives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 16:015028. [PMID: 33059337 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abc1b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) process is carried out at an elevated temperature, preventing the addition of biological factors, drugs, bioactive compounds, etc., during fabrication. To surpass this disadvantage, 3D interlinked porous PLA (Polylactic acid) scaffold was fabricated by FDM, followed by embedment of PCL (polycaprolactone) scaffold into the pores of PLA at room temperature yielding PLA-PCL scaffold. In addition, PLA-PCL scaffold with nanohydroxyapatite (PLA-PCL-nHAP) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PLA-PCL-MWCNT) were also fabricated. Herein, FDM fabricated PLA scaffold functions as a "structural component" whereas embedded PCL scaffold acts as "functional component" which provides a provision to functionalize the scaffolds with desired chemical or biological materials. The embedment process is straightforward, cost effective, and does not require sophistication. Mechanical characterization of scaffolds suggests Young's modulus of PLA-PCL scaffold (16.02 MPa) was higher than FDM fabricated PLA (9.98 MPa) scaffold by virtue of embedded PCL matrix. Besides, Finite element analysis showed, von Mises stress on mandible with scaffolds at 4.04 MPa, whereas mandible with the defect was 6.7 MPa suggesting stress distribution efficiency and mechanical stability of these scaffolds. Further, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis implied interlinked porous structures with a pore diameter of 50 µm to 300 µm. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed an increased crystallinity (%) of embedment models (PLA-PCL, PLA-PCL-nHAP and PLA-PCL-MWCNT) compared to PLA printed scaffold. Additionally, Raman analysis revealed that the embedment process did not impart chemical alterations in polymeric chains. In vitro analysis with human osteoblasts exhibited osteoconductive nature of the scaffold by supporting mineralization. In brief, the advantages the model is that, it helps to overcome the hassles of manufacturing a filament with desired additives for FDM, and offers provision to incorporate desired concentrations of heat labile bioactive molecules during embedment process at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath Kamath S
- Center for environmental and Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, INDIA
| | - Sridhar K
- ICAPS, SRM Institutes for Medical Science Vadapalani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
| | - Gopinath V
- Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, Helicobacter Research Laboratory, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, MALAYSIA
| | - KrishnaKumar Sankar
- Department of Translational medicine and research, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
| | - Sundaram A
- Department of pathology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
| | - Nilkantha Gupta
- Center for environmental and Nuclear Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, INDIA
| | - Shiek Ahmed S S J
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
| | - Shantanu Patil S
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, INDIA
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26
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Salifu AA, Obayemi JD, Uzonwanne VO, Soboyejo WO. Mechanical stimulation improves osteogenesis and the mechanical properties of osteoblast-laden RGD-functionalized polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2421-2434. [PMID: 32362069 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the results of the combined effects of RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartate) functionalization and mechanical stimulation on osteogenesis that could lead to the development of implantable robust tissue-engineered mineralized constructs. Porous polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) scaffolds are functionalized with RGD-C (arginine-glycine-aspartate-cysteine) peptide. The effects of RGD functionalization are then explored on human fetal osteoblast cell adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity), extracellular matrix (ECM) production, and mineralization over 28 days. The effects of RGD functionalization followed by mechanical stimulation with a cyclic fluid shear stress of 3.93 mPa in a perfusion bioreactor are also elucidated. The tensile properties (Young's moduli and ultimate tensile strengths) of the cell-laden scaffolds are measured at different stages of cell culture to understand how the mechanical properties of the tissue-engineered structures evolve. RGD functionalization is shown to promote initial cell adhesion, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and ECM production. However, it does not significantly affect mineralization and tensile properties. Mechanical stimulation after RGD functionalization is shown to further improve the ALP activity, ECM production, mineralization, and tensile properties, but not cell proliferation. The results suggest that combined RGD functionalization and mechanical stimulation of cell-laden PCL/HA scaffolds can be used to accelerate the regeneration of robust bioengineered bone structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Salifu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John D Obayemi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanessa O Uzonwanne
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Winston O Soboyejo
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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27
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Bioprinting with bioactive glass loaded polylactic acid composite and human adipose stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2020.e00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Placone JK, Mahadik B, Fisher JP. Addressing present pitfalls in 3D printing for tissue engineering to enhance future potential. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:010901. [PMID: 32072121 PMCID: PMC7010521 DOI: 10.1063/1.5127860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing in tissue engineering has significantly advanced in acceptance and use to address complex problems. However, there are still limitations to the technologies used and potential challenges that need to be addressed by the community. In this manuscript, we describe how the field can be advanced not only through the development of new materials and techniques but also through the standardization of characterization, which in turn may impact the translation potential of the field as it matures. Furthermore, we discuss how education and outreach could be modified to ensure end-users have a better grasp on the benefits and limitations of 3D printing to aid in their career development.
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29
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Fan D, Staufer U, Accardo A. Engineered 3D Polymer and Hydrogel Microenvironments for Cell Culture Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E113. [PMID: 31847117 PMCID: PMC6955903 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of biomimetic microenvironments for cell biology applications such as organ-on-chip, in vitro drug screening, and tissue engineering is one of the most fascinating research areas in the field of bioengineering. The continuous evolution of additive manufacturing techniques provides the tools to engineer these architectures at different scales. Moreover, it is now possible to tailor their biomechanical and topological properties while taking inspiration from the characteristics of the extracellular matrix, the three-dimensional scaffold in which cells proliferate, migrate, and differentiate. In such context, there is therefore a continuous quest for synthetic and nature-derived composite materials that must hold biocompatible, biodegradable, bioactive features and also be compatible with the envisioned fabrication strategy. The structure of the current review is intended to provide to both micro-engineers and cell biologists a comparative overview of the characteristics, advantages, and drawbacks of the major 3D printing techniques, the most promising biomaterials candidates, and the trade-offs that must be considered in order to replicate the properties of natural microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelo Accardo
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands; (D.F.); (U.S.)
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30
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Shick TM, Abdul Kadir AZ, Ngadiman NHA, Ma’aram A. A review of biomaterials scaffold fabrication in additive manufacturing for tissue engineering. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911519877426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current developments in three-dimensional printing also referred as “additive manufacturing” have transformed the scenarios for modern manufacturing and engineering design processes which show greatest advantages for the fabrication of complex structures such as scaffold for tissue engineering. This review aims to introduce additive manufacturing techniques in tissue engineering, types of biomaterials used in scaffold fabrication, as well as in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Biomaterials and fabrication methods could critically affect the outcomes of scaffold mechanical properties, design architectures, and cell proliferations. In addition, an ideal scaffold aids the efficiency of cell proliferation and allows the movements of cell nutrient inside the human body with their specific material properties. This article provides comprehensive review that covers broad range of all the biomaterial types using various additive manufacturing technologies. The data were extracted from 2008 to 2018 mostly from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using keywords such as “Additive Manufacturing,” “3D Printing,” “Tissue Engineering,” “Biomaterial” and “Scaffold.” A 10 years research in this area was found to be mostly focused toward obtaining an ideal scaffold by investigating the fabrication strategies, biomaterials compatibility, scaffold design effectiveness through computer-aided design modeling, and optimum printing machine parameters identification. As a conclusion, this ideal scaffold fabrication can be obtained with the combination of different materials that could enhance the material properties which performed well in optimum additive manufacturing condition. Yet, there are still many challenges from the printing methods, bioprinting and cell culturing that needs to be discovered and investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Mei Shick
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Aini Zuhra Abdul Kadir
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hasrul Akhmal Ngadiman
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Azanizawati Ma’aram
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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31
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Poon KK, Wurm MC, Evans DM, Einarsrud MA, Lutz R, Glaum J. Biocompatibility of (Ba,Ca)(Zr,Ti)O 3 piezoelectric ceramics for bone replacement materials. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:1295-1303. [PMID: 31444960 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Total joint replacement implants are generally designed to physically mimic the biological environment to ensure compatibility with the host tissue. However, implant instability exposes patients to long recovery periods, high risk for revision surgeries, and high expenses. Introducing electrical stimulation to the implant site to accelerate healing is promising, but the cumbersome nature of wired devices is detrimental to the implant design. We propose a novel strategy to stimulate cells at the implant site by utilizing piezoelectric ceramics as electrical stimulation sources. The inherent ability of these materials to form electric surface potentials under mechanical load allows them to act as internal power sources. This characteristic is commonly exploited in non-biomedical applications such as transducers or sensors. We investigate calcium/zirconium-doped barium titanate (BCZT) ceramics in an in vitro environment to determine their potential as implant materials. BCZT exhibits low cytotoxicity with human osteoblast and endothelial cells as well as high piezoelectric responses. Microstructural adaptation was identified as a route for optimizing piezoelectric behavior. Our results show that BCZT is a promising system for biomedical applications. Its characteristic ability to autonomously generate electric surface potentials opens the possibility to functionalize existing bone replacement implant designs to improve implant ingrowth and long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara K Poon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthias C Wurm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Donald M Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari-Ann Einarsrud
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rainer Lutz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Glaum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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32
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Multi-scale investigation on the phase miscibility of polylactic acid/o-carboxymethyl chitosan blends. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Abstract
Human bones have unique structures and characteristics, and replacing a natural bone in the case of bone fracture or bone diseases is a very complicated problem. The main goal of this paper was to summarize the recent research on polymer materials as bone substitutes and for bone repair. Bone treatment methods, bone substitute materials as well as their advantages and drawbacks, and manufacturing methods were reviewed. Biopolymers are the most promising materials in the field of artificial bones and using biopolymers with the shape memory effect can improve the integration of an artificial bone into the human body by better mimicking the structure and properties of natural bones, decreasing the invasiveness of surgical procedures by producing deployable implants. It has been shown that the application of the rapid prototyping technology for artificial bones allows the customization of bone substitutes for a patient and the creation of artificial bones with a complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kashirina
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongtao Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Yanju Liu
- Department of Astronautical Science and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, PO Box 301, No. 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinsong Leng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 2 YiKuang Street, Harbin 150080, China.
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34
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Witko T, Solarz D, Feliksiak K, Rajfur Z, Guzik M. Cellular architecture and migration behavior of fibroblast cells on polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO): A natural polymer of bacterial origin. Biopolymers 2019; 110:e23324. [PMID: 31348536 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable and biocompatible novel materials of natural origin are gaining more and more attention in recent years. These so called biopolymers, characterized by their biointegrity and biocompatibility, find completely new and promising applications in biomedical sciences. The presented work focuses on the medium chain length elastomeric polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymer-polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO). This biopolymer is fully biodegradable without formation of harmful byproducts.We investigated PHO's physical properties with nanoindentation technique and scratch testing to determine Young's modulus and friction coefficient. Further, the work focused on the impact of PHO, used as growth substrate, on the physiology and morphology of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF 3T3). Application of fluorescent staining protocols and advanced microscopic techniques allowed to study the morphological changes in the cytoskeletons of cells grown on PHO and also gave an insight into their migration strategies on the polymer surface. We found that PHO exhibits no cellular cytotoxicity, similarly to a glass substrate. MEF cells spread better on glass surface than on each tested PHO substrate though there was almost no difference between PHO substrates cast from different solvents. However, a detailed analysis of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal architecture reveals changes in the density of actin and microtubular networks. Migration of MEF cells on PHO substrates was slower than on the glass substrate. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of observed changes in cytoskeletal architecture and migration parameters can be of special interest for future medical application of PHO polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Witko
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Daria Solarz
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Feliksiak
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Guzik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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35
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Arany P, Róka E, Mollet L, Coleman AW, Perret F, Kim B, Kovács R, Kazsoki A, Zelkó R, Gesztelyi R, Ujhelyi Z, Fehér P, Váradi J, Fenyvesi F, Vecsernyés M, Bácskay I. Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing: Test Platforms for Evaluating Post-Fabrication Chemical Modifications and In-Vitro Biological Properties. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E277. [PMID: 31200501 PMCID: PMC6630791 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing is attracting considerable interest for its capacity to produce prototypes and small production runs rapidly. Fused deposit modeling (FDM) was used to produce polyvalent test plates for investigation of the physical, chemical, and in-vitro biological properties of printed materials. The polyvalent test plates (PVTPs) are poly-lactic acid cylinders, 14 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height. The polymer ester backbone was surface modified by a series of ramified and linear oligoamines to increase its hydrophilicity and introduce a positive charge. The chemical modification was verified by FT-IR spectroscopy, showing the introduction of amide and amine functions, and contact angle measurements confirmed increased hydrophilicity. Morphology studies (SEM, optical microscopy) indicated that the modification of PVTP possessed a planar morphology with small pits. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy demonstrated that the polymeric free volume decreased on modification. An MTT-based prolonged cytotoxicity test using Caco-2 cells showed that the PVTPs are non-toxic at the cellular level. The presence of surface oligoamines on the PVTPs reduced biofilm formation by Candida albicans SC5314 significantly. The results demonstrate that 3D printed objects may be modified at their surface by a simple amidation reaction, resulting in a reduced propensity for biofilm colonization and cellular toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Arany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Eszter Róka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
- ICBMS, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1, F69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurent Mollet
- LMI CNRS UMR 5615, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | - Florent Perret
- ICBMS, UMR 5246, Université Lyon 1, F69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Beomjoon Kim
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS UMI 2820, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Renátó Kovács
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Adrienn Kazsoki
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Semmelweis, Hőgyes Endre utca 7-9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Romána Zelkó
- University Pharmacy Department of Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Semmelweis, Hőgyes Endre utca 7-9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Rudolf Gesztelyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Ujhelyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Pálma Fehér
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Judit Váradi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Fenyvesi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Vecsernyés
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Bácskay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei körút 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Improving Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Chloroquine Diphosphate into Biodegradable Nanoparticles: A Promising Approach against Herpes Virus Simplex-1 Infection. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040255. [PMID: 30513856 PMCID: PMC6320969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroquine diphosphate (CQ) is a hydrophilic drug with low entrapment efficiency in hydrophobic nanoparticles (NP). Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus worldwide known as a common human pathogen. This study aims to develop chloroquine-loaded poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles (CQ-NP) to improve the chloroquine anti- HSV-1 efficacy. CQ-NP were successfully prepared using a modified emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Physicochemical properties of the NP were monitored using dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, drug loading efficiency, and drug release studies. Spherical nanoparticles were produced with modal diameter of <300 nm, zeta potential of −20 mv and encapsulation efficiency of 64.1%. In vitro assays of CQ-NP performed in Vero E6 cells, using the MTT-assay, revealed different cytotoxicity levels. Blank nanoparticles (B-NP) were biocompatible. Finally, the antiviral activity tested by the plaque reduction assay revealed greater efficacy for CQ-NP compared to CQ at concentrations equal to or lower than 20 µg mL−1 (p < 0.001). On the other hand, the B-NP had no antiviral activity. The CQ-NP has shown feasible properties and great potential to improve the antiviral activity of drugs.
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Oberoi G, Nitsch S, Edelmayer M, Janjić K, Müller AS, Agis H. 3D Printing-Encompassing the Facets of Dentistry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:172. [PMID: 30525032 PMCID: PMC6262086 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review presents an overview on the currently available 3D printing technologies and their utilization in experimental, clinical and educational facets, from the perspective of different specialties of dentistry, including oral and maxillofacial surgery, orthodontics, endodontics, prosthodontics, and periodontics. It covers research and innovation, treatment modalities, education and training, employing the rapidly developing 3D printing process. Research-oriented advancement in 3D printing in dentistry is witnessed by the rising number of publications on this topic. Visualization of treatment outcomes makes it a promising clinical tool. Educational programs utilizing 3D-printed models stimulate training of dental skills in students and trainees. 3D printing has enormous potential to ameliorate oral health care in research, clinical treatment, and education in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunpreet Oberoi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Nitsch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Health Sciences, FH Wien, University of Applied Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Edelmayer
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Oral Surgery, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Sonja Müller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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Abouzaid K, Guessasma S, Belhabib S, Bassir D, Chouaf A. Printability of co-polyester using fused deposition modelling and related mechanical performance. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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39
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Torres-Hernández YG, Ortega-Díaz GM, Téllez-Jurado L, Castrejón-Jiménez NS, Altamirano-Torres A, García-Pérez BE, Balmori-Ramírez H. Biological Compatibility of a Polylactic Acid Composite Reinforced with Natural Chitosan Obtained from Shrimp Waste. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11081465. [PMID: 30126167 PMCID: PMC6119920 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of chitosan content (1, 3 and 5 wt %) dispersed in polylactic acid (PLA) on the structure and properties of composites. Also, the hydrolytic degradation, and the cell viability and adhesion of human MG-63 osteoblasts are analyzed to determine the composites’ suitability for use in tissue engineering. For the manufacture of the materials, natural chitosan was extracted chemically from shrimp exoskeleton. The composites were fabricated by extrusion, because it is a low-cost process, it is reproducible, and it does not compromise the biocompatibility of the materials. FT-IR and XRD show that the chitosan does not change the polymer structure, and interactions between the composite components are discarded. In vitro degradation tests show that the composites do not induce significant pH changes in phosphate buffer solution due to their low susceptibility to hydrolytic degradation. The adhesion and morphological characteristics of the osteoblasts are evaluated using confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cell viability is determined by the MTT assay. Osteoblasts adhesion is observed on the surface of PLA and composites. A higher amount of chitosan, higher number of cells with osteoblastic morphology, and mineralized nodules are observed on the composite surface. The highest metabolic activity is evidenced at 21 days. The results suggest that the Polylactic acid/chitosan composites are potentially suitable for use as a biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaret Gabriela Torres-Hernández
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas (ESIQIE), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos (UPALM), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, C.P., Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Gloria Michel Ortega-Díaz
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Department of Microbiology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás. C.P., Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Lucía Téllez-Jurado
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas (ESIQIE), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos (UPALM), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, C.P., Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - Nayeli Shantal Castrejón-Jiménez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Department of Microbiology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás. C.P., Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Alejandro Altamirano-Torres
- Department of Materials, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, San Pablo No.180, Col. Reynosa-Tamaulipas, C.P., Ciudad de México 02200, Mexico.
| | - Blanca Estela García-Pérez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Department of Microbiology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Casco de Santo Tomás. C.P., Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico.
| | - Heberto Balmori-Ramírez
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas (ESIQIE), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos (UPALM), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional S/N, C.P., Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
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40
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Chiulan I, Frone AN, Brandabur C, Panaitescu DM. Recent Advances in 3D Printing of Aliphatic Polyesters. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 5:bioengineering5010002. [PMID: 29295559 PMCID: PMC5874868 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing represents a valuable alternative to traditional processing methods, clearly demonstrated by the promising results obtained in the manufacture of various products, such as scaffolds for regenerative medicine, artificial tissues and organs, electronics, components for the automotive industry, art objects and so on. This revolutionary technique showed unique capabilities for fabricating complex structures, with precisely controlled physical characteristics, facile tunable mechanical properties, biological functionality and easily customizable architecture. In this paper, we provide an overview of the main 3D-printing technologies currently employed in the case of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), two of the most important classes of thermoplastic aliphatic polyesters. Moreover, a short presentation of the main 3D-printing methods is briefly discussed. Both PLA and PHA, in the form of filaments or powder, proved to be suitable for the fabrication of artificial tissue or scaffolds for bone regeneration. The processability of PLA and PHB blends and composites fabricated through different 3D-printing techniques, their final characteristics and targeted applications in bioengineering are thoroughly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Chiulan
- Polymer Department, National Institute for R&D in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Adriana Nicoleta Frone
- Polymer Department, National Institute for R&D in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Călin Brandabur
- Symme3D and LTHD Corporation SRL, 300425 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - Denis Mihaela Panaitescu
- Polymer Department, National Institute for R&D in Chemistry and Petrochemistry ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
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Ritz U, Gerke R, Götz H, Stein S, Rommens PM. A New Bone Substitute Developed from 3D-Prints of Polylactide (PLA) Loaded with Collagen I: An In Vitro Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2569. [PMID: 29186036 PMCID: PMC5751172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a lot of research has been performed, large segmental bone defects caused by trauma, infection, bone tumors or revision surgeries still represent big challenges for trauma surgeons. New and innovative bone substitutes are needed. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a novel procedure to create 3D porous scaffolds that can be used for bone tissue engineering. In the present study, solid discs as well as porous cage-like 3D prints made of polylactide (PLA) are coated or filled with collagen, respectively, and tested for biocompatibility and endotoxin contamination. Microscopic analyses as well as proliferation assays were performed using various cell types on PLA discs. Stromal-derived factor (SDF-1) release from cages filled with collagen was analyzed and the effect on endothelial cells tested. This study confirms the biocompatibility of PLA and demonstrates an endotoxin contamination clearly below the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) limit. Cells of various cell types (osteoblasts, osteoblast-like cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells) grow, spread and proliferate on PLA-printed discs. PLA cages loaded with SDF-1 collagen display a steady SDF-1 release, support cell growth of endothelial cells and induce neo-vessel formation. These results demonstrate the potential for PLA scaffolds printed with an inexpensive desktop printer in medical applications, for example, in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Ritz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Rebekka Gerke
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hermann Götz
- Platform for Biomaterial Research, University Medical Center, BiomaTiCS, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Stefan Stein
- Georg-Speyer-Haus-Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60659 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Pol Maria Rommens
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, BiomaTiCS, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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