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Chantawong P, Potiwong J, Choochote N, Piyarungsri K, Kunkaew C, Tangtrongsup S, Tiwananthagorn S. Occurrence and Risk Factors Associated with Platynosomum illiciens Infection in Cats with Elevated Liver Enzymes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1065. [PMID: 38612303 PMCID: PMC11010932 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Platynosomum spp., a hepatic trematode, causes fatal hepatobiliary disease in cats. Feline platynosomiasis is often underestimated due to a lack of awareness and diagnostic challenges. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence, factors, and clinicopathological abnormalities associated with Platynosomum spp. infection in cats with elevated serum ALT levels. Platynosomum infection was determined using zinc sulfate flotation and formalin-ether sedimentation. DNA sequence analysis of PCR products from the Platynosomum internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region and cox1 gene was used to identify Platynosomum species. Of a total of 43 cat fecal samples, the proportion of Platynosomum spp. infection by microscopic examination was 11.63% (5/43). All PCR-positive samples were molecularly identified as Platynosomum illiciens. From the logistic regression analysis, the odds of Platynosomum infection in cats without a deworming program were 16 times higher than those of regularly dewormed cats. Demographic data, housing conditions, and predatory behavior were not significantly associated with the infection. Regarding blood profiles, infected cats had higher eosinophil counts (p = 0.014), with no significant differences in ALT (p = 0.791) or ALP (p = 0.970) levels compared to non-infected cats. Our findings demonstrate that eosinophilia in cats with increased serum ALT may suggest P. illiciens infection in endemic areas. We strongly recommend a regular deworming program to mitigate the risk of P. illiciens infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinkarn Chantawong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.C.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (K.P.)
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Potiwong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.C.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (K.P.)
| | - Natchanon Choochote
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.C.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (K.P.)
| | - Kakanang Piyarungsri
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.C.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (K.P.)
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chakorn Kunkaew
- Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Science and Agricultural Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Lampang 52000, Thailand;
| | - Sahatchai Tangtrongsup
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.C.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (K.P.)
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Saruda Tiwananthagorn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (P.C.); (J.P.); (N.C.); (K.P.)
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Tamarozzi F, Ronzoni N, Degani M, Oliboni E, Tappe D, Gruener B, Gobbi F. Confirmed Autochthonous Case of Human Alveolar Echinococcosis, Italy, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:350-353. [PMID: 38270188 PMCID: PMC10826761 DOI: 10.3201/eid3002.231527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In September 2023, a patient in Italy who had never traveled abroad was referred for testing for suspected hepatic cystic echinococcosis. Lesions were incompatible with cystic echinococcosis; instead, autochthonous alveolar echinococcosis was confirmed. Alveolar echinococcosis can be fatal, and awareness must be raised of the infection's expanding distribution.
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Delling C, Helm C, Heinze P, Friedman M, Böttcher D. First report of infection with metacestode stages of Echinococcus multilocularis in a kulan ( Equus hemionus kulan) from Slovakia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:80-83. [PMID: 37736617 PMCID: PMC10509565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
While the principle definitive host of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in Europe is the red fox, several rodent species act as main intermediate hosts. Among others, e.g., humans, dogs, and pigs, also horses have been described to act as aberrant hosts in highly endemic regions. Here, a case of an E. multilocularis infection in a kulan (Equus hemionus kulan) is described. The five years old kulan from a zoo in Slovakia was transported to an animal park in Germany. The animal had to be euthanized within a few weeks after the import due to its poor general state of health. The pathological examination revealed a nodular mass in the liver as an incidental finding. By histological examination of the mass, a pyogranulomatous and necrotizing inflammation and intralesional fragments of amorphous eosinophil layers were detected. The suspected diagnosis of E. multilocularis infection was confirmed by PCR addressing parts of the genes 12S rRNA and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2, showing very high identities with isolates from France, Slovakia and the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Delling
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 35, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christiane Helm
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peggy Heinze
- Tierpark Chemnitz, Nevoigtstraße 18, 09117, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Miroslava Friedman
- Zoologická záhrada Košice, Ulica k Zoologickej záhrade 1, 040 01, Košice-Kavečany, Slovakia
| | - Denny Böttcher
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 33, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Bariselli S, Maioli G, Pupillo G, Calzolari M, Torri D, Cirasella L, Luppi A, Torreggiani C, Garbarino C, Barsi F, Rugna G, Dottori M. Identification and phylogenetic analysis of Taenia spp. parasites found in wildlife in the Emilia-Romagna region, northern Italy (2017-2022). Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:20-27. [PMID: 37584009 PMCID: PMC10424076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent expansion of the habitat of several wildlife species, comprising anthropized areas, is a relevant risk factor for many zoonotic diseases and should be considered in national and regional sanitary monitoring systems. We evaluated adult intestinal Taenia spp. parasites isolated from wild carnivores and cystic larval forms isolated from wild mammals analysed at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia ed Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER) as part of the regional wildlife sanitary surveillance plan. Then, we assessed parasite species through molecular analysis (multiplex PCR followed by ribosomal 12S subunit gene sequencing) in order to update the epidemiological situation on Taeniids infection in the Emilia-Romagna wildlife, reporting the prevalence of each isolated species. The most commonly isolated species was Taenia serialis, which we detected in both wolves and foxes as definitive hosts and in roe deer as intermediate host. More attention on the distribution of Taeniids in wildlife should be paid, considering their potential zoonotic role: several Taenia spp. (Taenia solium, Taenia multiceps, Taenia serialis, Taenia brauni, Taenia glomerulatus) are known for causing coenurosis in humans, with possible severe or fatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bariselli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Maioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pupillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mattia Calzolari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Deborah Torri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Letizia Cirasella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camilla Torreggiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Garbarino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Barsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Rugna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Dottori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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Cuccato M, Rubiola S, Rossi L, Piga S, Scaglione FE. Case-report: Massive infection by Cysticercus longicollis in a captive Lemur catta from Italy. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1288451. [PMID: 38026662 PMCID: PMC10657981 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1288451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An adult male ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) from a biopark of northern Italy was submitted to necropsy. A multi-organ parasitic infection was macroscopically evident. Abundant sero-hemorrhagic fluid with larval parasites was present in all cavities. The microscopic evaluation of parasites and the molecular characterization revealed the presence of Cysticercus longicollis (the larval stage of Taenia crassiceps). Histology of liver, lungs, intestine and urinary bladder revealed several larval parasites surrounded by a severe lymphocytic infiltrate, fibrous tissue and hemorrhages. This is the first report of a ring-tailed lemur with an infection of C. longicollis in Italy. The source of infection is still not known however, the discovery of this parasite in a captive lemur poses more attention on the control of parasitic diseases implementing monitoring tests and biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cuccato
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Selene Rubiola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Bezerra-Santos MA, Dantas-Torres F, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Thompson RCA, Modry D, Otranto D. Invasive mammalian wildlife and the risk of zoonotic parasites. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:786-798. [PMID: 37429777 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Invasive wild mammals are present in all continents, with Europe, North America, and the Asian-Pacific region having the largest number of established species. In particular, Europe has been the continent with the highest number of zoonotic parasites associated with invasive wild mammals. These invasive species may represent a major threat for the conservation of native ecosystems and may enter in the transmission cycle of native parasites, or act as spreaders of exotic parasites. Here, we review the role of invasive wild mammals as spreaders of zoonotic parasites, presenting important examples from Europe, America, and the Asia-Pacific region. Finally, we emphasize the need for more research on these mammals and their parasites, especially in areas where their monitoring is scantily performed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - R C Andrew Thompson
- Division of Veterinary Biology, School of Veterinary Studies, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - David Modry
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Crotti S, Spina S, Cruciani D, Bonelli P, Felici A, Gavaudan S, Gobbi M, Morandi F, Piseddu T, Torricelli M, Morandi B. Tapeworms detected in wolf populations in Central Italy (Umbria and Marche regions): A long-term study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY: PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2023; 21:11-16. [PMID: 37025622 PMCID: PMC10070192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Tapeworms are trophically-transmitted and multi-host parasites with a complex indirect life cycle, strictly depending on predator-prey interactions. Their presence in a free-living population, mainly definitive hosts, is arduous to study due to the complexity of collecting fecal samples. However, epidemiological studies on their frequency are crucial from a public health perspective, providing information on food habits and prey selection of predators. The present study aims to update the frequency of tapeworms detected in stool samples by molecular analysis in Italian wolf populations of Umbria and Marche regions collected from 2014 to 2022. Tapeworm's total frequency was 43.2%. In detail, Taenia serialis was detected in 27 samples (21.6%), T. hydatigena in 22 (17.6%), and Mesocestoides corti (syn. M. vogae) in 2 (1.6%). Three samples were identified as M. litteratus and E. granulosus s.s. (G3) and T. pisiformis, with a proportion of 0.8%, respectively. The low frequency of E. granulosus in a hyperendemic area is discussed. The results show for the first time a high frequency of Taenia serialis not comparable to other Italian studies conducted on wild Carnivora; thus, a new ecological niche is conceivable. These findings suggest a plausible wolf-roe deer cycle for T. serialisin the investigated area.
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Crotti S, Brustenga L, Cruciani D, Bonelli P, D'Avino N, Felici A, Morandi B, Sebastiani C, Spina S, Gobbi M. Molecular Screening of Echinococcus spp. and Other Cestodes in Wild Carnivores from Central Italy. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050318. [PMID: 37235401 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tapeworm infections are among the most relevant parasitic diseases in humans and animals. Tapeworms from the Genus Echinococcus are particularly important as they can cause cystic or alveolar echinococcosis. A molecular screening was performed on 279 fecal samples collected from carcasses of wild carnivores from Central Italy using PCR targeting diagnostic fragments of nad1, rrnS, and nad5 genes. Samples positive for either Taenia spp. or Echinococcus granulosus were sequenced to taxonomically identify the parasitic DNA. Of the 279 samples, 134 (48.0%) gave positive results in the multiplex PCR. Only one (0.4%) sample from an Apennine wolf tested positive for Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (genotype G3), whereas no sample tested positive for E. multilocularis. The most frequently detected tapeworms were: Mesocestoides corti (syn M. vogae) (12.9%), M. litteratus (10.8%), Taenia serialis (9.3%), and T. hydatigena (6.5%), other tapeworms were rarely detected. The results suggest that Echinococcus infections in Central Italy do not seem to be sustained by sylvatic cycles, confirming the absence of E. multilocularis in Central Italy. The survey corroborates, yet again, the importance of passive surveillance of wild animals that can serve as reservoirs for zoonotic pathogens, especially on wild canids that in other areas are strongly implicated in the transmission of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Brustenga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 6, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Centro Nazionale di Referenza per l'Echinococcosi/Idatidosi (Ce.NRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna "G. Pegreffi", Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta D'Avino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Felici
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetto Morandi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carla Sebastiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Spina
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati" (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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Veronesi F, Deak G, Diakou A. Wild Mesocarnivores as Reservoirs of Endoparasites Causing Important Zoonoses and Emerging Bridging Infections across Europe. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020178. [PMID: 36839450 PMCID: PMC9964259 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesocarnivores are small- or mid-sized carnivore species that display a variety of ecologies and behaviours. In Europe, wild mesocarnivores are represented by the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the golden jackal (Canis aureus), the European wildcat (Felis silvestris), the Mustelidae of the genera Meles, Martes, Mustela, Lutra, the invasive species of raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and American mink (Neogale vison). These abundant animals thrive in various habitats and often develop their activity close to human settlements. Thus, they may play an important role in the introduction, maintenance, and transmission of major parasitic zoonoses and promote bridging infections with domestic animals. Against this background, this article reports and discusses some of the most important endoparasites of wild mesocarnivores living in Europe, on the basis of their actual role as reservoirs, spreaders, or sentinels. The data derived from epizootiological studies in different European countries, and the proven or speculated implications of the detected endoparasites in human and domestic animals' health, are discussed. Through older and recent literature review, the state-of-the-art knowledge on the occurrence and prevalence of the parasites under consideration is presented, showing further, warranted investigations and the need for surveillance and vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Veronesi
- Parasitology Laboratory of the University Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, 06124 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Georgiana Deak
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.D.)
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (F.V.); (G.D.); (A.D.)
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Marchiori E, Obber F, Celva R, Marcer F, Danesi P, Maurizio A, Cenni L, Massolo A, Citterio CV, Cassini R. Comparing copromicroscopy to intestinal scraping to monitor red fox intestinal helminths with zoonotic and veterinary importance. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1085996. [PMID: 36713854 PMCID: PMC9878611 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1085996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The red fox acts as reservoir for several helminthic infections which are of interest for both public and animal health. Huge efforts have been made for the assessment of the sensitivity of coprological tests for the detection of Echinococcus multilocularis, while less attention has been paid to other helminthic species. This study aimed at assessing the performance of two copromicroscopic techniques in the detection and prevalence estimation of gastrointestinal helminths in the red fox. Helminths were isolated from the small intestines of 150 red foxes from Bolzano province, Italy, with a scraping, filtration and counting technique (SFCT) and morphologically identified. Rectal contents were collected and submitted to simple flotation (FT) and, only for Taenids, a method based on the concentration of eggs and identification with multiplex PCR (CMPCR). Using SFCT as a reference standard, we estimated the sensitivity of the copromicroscopic tests. Three species of nematodes (namely, Toxocara canis, Uncinaria stenocephala and Pterygodermatites sp.) and five species of cestodes (E. multilocularis, Taenia crassiceps, T. polycantha, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Mesocestoides sp.) were identified with SFCT, whereas eggs referable to the same taxa were detected with fecal diagnostics, except for Pterygodermatites sp. and Mesocestoides sp. The sensitivity of FT was low for all taxa, ranging from 9.8 to 36.3%, with lower values for Taeniidae. CMPCR was confirmed to perform better for the detection of Taeniidae eggs (23.5%) and the multiplex PCR on retrieved eggs was effective in the identification of the species. A meta-analysis of literature also suggested that our results are consistent with existing data, indicating that copromicroscopy tends to underestimate the prevalence of helminthic infections. The extent of such underestimation varies with taxon, being higher at high prevalence levels, in particular for cestodes. Irregular dynamics of egg shedding, and routine deep freezing of red fox feces may explain the frequency of false negatives with copromicroscopy. Low sensitivity of copromicroscopic tests should be accounted for when estimating prevalence and when defining the correct sample size for the detection of the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Marchiori
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy,*Correspondence: Erica Marchiori ✉
| | - Federica Obber
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberto Celva
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Federica Marcer
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Patrizia Danesi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Anna Maurizio
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lucia Cenni
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Ethology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy,Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - Rudi Cassini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Assessing Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes) Demographics to Monitor Wildlife Diseases: A Spotlight on Echinococcus multilocularis. Pathogens 2022; 12:pathogens12010060. [PMID: 36678408 PMCID: PMC9862526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of red fox population density is considered relevant to the surveillance of zoonotic agents vectored by this species. However, density is difficult to estimate reliably, since the ecological plasticity and elusive behavior of this carnivore hinder classic methods of inference. In this study, red fox population density was estimated using a non-invasive molecular spatial capture-recapture (SCR) approach in two study areas: one in a known hotspot of the zoonotic cestode Echinococcus multilocularis, and another naïve to the parasite. Parasitological investigations on collected samples confirmed the presence of the parasite exclusively in the former area; the SCR results indicated a higher fox population density in the control area than in the hotspot, suggesting either that the relationship between fox density and parasite prevalence is not linear and/or the existence of other latent factors supporting the parasitic cycle in the known focus. In addition, fox spotlight count data for the two study areas were used to estimate the index of kilometric abundance (IKA). Although this method is cheaper and less time-consuming than SCR, IKA values were the highest in the areas with the lower molecular SCR density estimates, confirming that IKA should be regarded as a relative index only.
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Den-Dwelling Carnivores in Central Poland: Long-Term Trends in Abundance and Productivity. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The monitoring of medium-sized carnivores is essential because of their role in disease transmission and as predators. We focused on red foxes, badgers, raccoon dogs, and domestic dogs, and considered 9441 ha of field–forest mosaic in Central Poland. We compared current (2011–2018) abundance (i.e., number of natal dens recorded annually) and breeding parameters (assessed with the aid of camera traps) with published past data (1980s–1990s). The red fox population increased after rabies vaccinations were introduced and has increased further in the last few years. The population is now stable, which suggests that other factors, possibly mange, limit the population instead. Contrary to historical data, one-fourth of red fox females now breed outside of forests areas, indicating the high plasticity of the species. The number of natal dens of badgers and recruitment rates have also increased. The mean litter sizes of these two species are positively affected by small rodent availability. The raccoon dog, which is an alien and invasive species, used to be recorded sporadically but now breeds regularly (1.8 breeding cases yearly). Nowadays, free-ranging/feral domestic dogs are not controlled by culling, so they have started to breed in the wild (1.6 cases per year), which is a new occurrence.
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Samorek-Pieróg M, Karamon J, Brzana A, Sobieraj L, Włodarczyk M, Sroka J, Bełcik A, Korpysa-Dzirba W, Cencek T. Molecular Confirmation of Taenia crassiceps Cysticercosis in a Captive Ring-Tailed Lemur ( Lemur catta) in Poland. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080835. [PMID: 35894058 PMCID: PMC9331665 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Taenia crassiceps is a cosmopolitan tapeworm endemic to the northern hemisphere with an indirect lifecycle. Its definitive hosts are carnivores, and its intermediate hosts are rodents and rabbits. Nonhuman primates in zoos appear to be highly susceptible to T. crassiceps cysticercosis. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence and the molecular characterization of T. crassiceps cysts isolated from a captive ring-tailed lemur. (2) Methods: Surgery revealed multifocal, transparent saccules containing several thin-walled tapeworm cysticerci. In some of the metacestodes, single or multiple exogenous buds from daughter cysticerci were spotted. A molecular analysis was performed to confirm our morphological examinations, using two protocols to obtain the partial nad1 and cox1 genes of the Taenia sp. (3) Results: On the basis of morphological features and molecular analysis, the cysticerci were identified as T. crassiceps metacestodes, and products taken from the PCRs were sequenced. With respect to interpreting the sequencing results of the obtained amplicons, we compared them with data in the GenBank database, proving that, in this case, the causative agent was indeed T. crassiceps. (4) Conclusions: The received data can be used to supplement descriptions of this species. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of cysticercosis caused by T. crassiceps in a nonhuman primate in Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (W.K.-D.); (T.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-81-889-3124
| | - Jacek Karamon
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (W.K.-D.); (T.C.)
| | - Adam Brzana
- Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Wrocławska 170, 46-020 Opole, Poland;
| | - Lesław Sobieraj
- Zoo Opole, Spacerowa 10, 45-094 Opole, Poland; (L.S.); (M.W.)
| | | | - Jacek Sroka
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (W.K.-D.); (T.C.)
| | - Aneta Bełcik
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (W.K.-D.); (T.C.)
| | - Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (W.K.-D.); (T.C.)
| | - Tomasz Cencek
- Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów Avenue 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (J.K.); (J.S.); (A.B.); (W.K.-D.); (T.C.)
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Lartigot-Campin AS, Rousseau L, Moné H. Occurrence of Taeniidae in a Middle Pleistocene speleothem of the Bàsura cave (Toirano, Liguria, Italy). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2022; 37:60-67. [PMID: 35512547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to (i) analyse whether speleothems may contain fossil parasitic worm eggs and, if so, (ii) identify the pathogens involved, and (iii) place them in geological, palaeontological, and chronological contexts to know the zoonoses that could affect human and animal populations during the Middle Pleistocene. MATERIALS A sample of calcite dated to the beginning of MIS 9 and MIS 8 from the Bàsura cave (Liguria, Italy) was analysed. METHODS The chemical protocol applied is characterised using hydrochloric acid, the reduction of hydrofluoric acid application time, and by the absence of the use of base, dense liquor or acetolysis. RESULTS An embryophore of a taeniid was recovered. CONCLUSIONS Endoparasitic worm eggs can be found in speleothems. A taeniid embryophore was found in a calcite level dated to MIS 9. Zoonoses related to the Taeniidae family existed 300,000 years ago in the northern Mediterranean region and may have affected Middle Pleistocene predators, carnivores, or humans. Speleothems are good tools for paleoparasitological studies. SIGNIFICANCE This is the oldest taeniid recovered and identified. LIMITATIONS A more precise determination of the genus of this taeniid is not possible in the absence of more precise palaeontological data. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH An application of this approach to other Pleistocene speleothems could broaden the spectrum of parasites and their zoonoses over remote Pleistocene periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lartigot-Campin
- UMR 7194 HNHP "Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique", Université de Perpignan, CNRS, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre Européen de Recherches Préhistoriques de Tautavel, Avenue Léon-Jean Grégory, 66720 Tautavel, France.
| | - L Rousseau
- UMR 7194 HNHP "Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique", Département "Homme et Environnement", Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France
| | - H Moné
- UMR 5244 IHPE "Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements", Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Bâtiment R, Avenue Paul Alduy, 66860 Perpignan, France.
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Wolf Dispersal Patterns in the Italian Alps and Implications for Wildlife Diseases Spreading. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101260. [PMID: 35625106 PMCID: PMC9137635 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wildlife dispersal directly influences population expansion patterns, and may have indirect effects on the spread of wildlife diseases. For many species, little is known about dispersal, despite its importance to conservation. We documented the natural dispersal processes of an expanding wolf (Canis lupus) population in the Italian Alps to understand the dynamics of the recolonization pattern and identify diseases that might be connected with the process through the use of non-invasive genetic sampling over a 20-year period. By documenting 55 dispersal events, with an average minimum straight dispersal distance of 65.8 km (±67.7 km), from 7.7 km to 517.2 km, we discussed the potential implications for maintaining genetic diversity of the population and for wildlife diseases spreading. Abstract Wildlife dispersal directly influences population expansion patterns, and may have indirect effects on the spread of wildlife diseases. Despite its importance to conservation, little is known about dispersal for several species. Dispersal processes in expanding wolf (Canis lupus) populations in Europe is not well documented. Documenting the natural dispersal pattern of the expanding wolf population in the Alps might help understanding the overall population dynamics and identifying diseases that might be connected with the process. We documented 55 natural dispersal events of the expanding Italian wolf alpine population over a 20-year period through the use of non-invasive genetic sampling. We examined a 16-locus microsatellite DNA dataset of 2857 wolf samples mainly collected in the Western Alps. From this, we identified 915 individuals, recaptured 387 (42.3%) of individuals, documenting 55 dispersal events. On average, the minimum straight dispersal distance was 65.8 km (±67.7 km), from 7.7 km to 517.2 km. We discussed the potential implications for maintaining genetic diversity of the population and for wildlife diseases spreading.
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A highly endemic area of Echinococcus multilocularis identified through a comparative re-assessment of prevalence in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), Alto Adige (Italy: 2019–2020). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268045. [PMID: 35511816 PMCID: PMC9070940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance of Echinococcus multilocularis at the edge of its range is hindered by fragmented distributional patterns and low prevalence in definitive hosts. Thus, tests with adequate levels of sensitivity are especially important for discriminating between infected and non-infected areas. In this study we reassessed the prevalence of E. multilocularis at the southern border of its distribution in Province of Bolzano (Alto Adige, northeastern Alps, Italy), to improve surveillance in wildlife and provide more accurate estimates of exposure risk. We compared the diagnostic test currently implemented for surveillance based on coproscopy and multiplex PCR (CMPCR) to a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) in 235 fox faeces collected in 2019 and 2020. The performances of the two tests were estimated using a scraping technique (SFCT) applied to the small intestines of a subsample (n = 123) of the same foxes as the reference standard. True prevalence was calculated and the sample size required by each faecal test for the detection of the parasite was then estimated. True prevalence of E. multilocularis in foxes (14.3%) was markedly higher than reported in the last decade, which was never more than 5% from 2012 to 2018 in the same area. In addition, qPCR showed a much higher sensitivity (83%) compared to CMPCR (21%) and agreement with the reference standard was far higher for qPCR (0.816) than CMPCR (0.298) meaning that for the latter protocol, a smaller sample size would be required to detect the disease. Alto Adige should be considered a highly endemic area. Routine surveillance on definitive hosts at the edges of the E. multilocularis distribution should be applied to smaller geographic areas, and rapid, sensitive diagnostic tools using directly host faeces, such as qPCR, should be adopted.
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Morandi B, Bazzucchi A, Gambini S, Crotti S, Cruciani D, Morandi F, Napoleoni M, Piseddu T, Di Donato A, Gavaudan S. A novel intermediate host for Taenia serialis (Gervais, 1847): The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L. 1758) from the Monti Sibillini National Park (MSNP), Italy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 17:110-113. [PMID: 35024334 PMCID: PMC8733149 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Taeniids are multi-host parasites with an indirect life cycle that strictly depends on a predator-prey relationship. Parasites with a complex life cycle may exhibit different degrees of host-specificity at each life stage. Knowing the host breadth is a fundamental concept of the biology and epidemiology of these multi-host parasites. Morphological identification of tapeworms is challenging and occasionally may produce misdiagnosis. Thus, molecular investigations were carried out for the identification of parasitic cysts detected from muscle tissues in a male roe deer necropsied at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (Central Italy). Sanger sequencing showed 99% query cover, 2e-109 e-value, and 100% identity with Taenia serialis. The exact definitive host was not revealed in this report, but red foxes and Italian wolves may play a significant role as being widespread within the area. Wildlife surveillance is crucial to monitor for human and animal health since global distribution and flexibility in intermediate hosts of many and even more critical taeniids species may enlarge their host range. A new intermediate host for a not commonly detected tapeworm was documented. A new ecological niche might be hypothesized. Molecular investigation is crucial for the diagnosis of tapeworms to avoid misdiagnosis. To perform necropsy on wildlife is essential for the local and global understanding of free-living animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetto Morandi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
- Corresponding author.
| | - Alessandra Bazzucchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Sofia Gambini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Crotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Deborah Cruciani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Federico Morandi
- Monti Sibillini National Park, P.zza Del Forno 1, 62039, Visso, Italy
| | - Maira Napoleoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Toni Piseddu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Laboratory for Cystic Echinococcosis (CeNRE), Istituto Zooprofilattico Della Sardegna (IZS), Via Vienna 2, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gavaudan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Dell’Umbria e Delle Marche “Togo Rosati”, Via G.Salvemini, 1, 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Gottstein B, Deplazes P. Alveolar echinococcosis: what triggers emergence in North America, Central Europe and Asia? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:440-446. [PMID: 34524197 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Infection with the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a serious hepatic disorder. The parasite has increased its infection extensity in wildlife and domestic dogs, mainly due to urbanization and spatial extension of wildlife hosts in Europe, Asia as well as North America, resulting in emerging infection risk for humans. RECENT FINDINGS In hyperendemic areas such as Kyrgyzstan and China, ecological and socioeconomic changes have been associated with the unpredictable increase of AE cases. In North America, the appearance of the European-like genotype is of concern. In Europe, the annual increase of human case numbers reached a plateau even in hyperendemic situations. Therefore, we conclude that most of the exposed individuals are resistant to parasite invasion and/or to disease development. Thus, AE develops in a few healthy individuals, but preferentially in immunosuppressed patients. SUMMARY In the future, improved diagnostic strategies will allow more precise estimations of transmission routes including the role of food, water and direct dog contact, which should yield improved public health recommendations. Finally, understanding protective innate and acquired immune mechanisms as well as parasite-driven immune-evasion processes will be essential to develop curative therapies in nonoperable patients and, futuristically, appropriate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jesudoss Chelladurai JRJ, Brewer MT. Global prevalence of Mesocestoides infections in animals - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2021; 298:109537. [PMID: 34418810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesocestoides spp. are zoonotic cestodes found as adults in carnivorous domestic and wild definitive hosts and as metacestodes in several taxa of intermediate hosts. Although several regional studies record its occurrence in different host populations, the global prevalence and patterns of occurrence of Mesocestoides spp. are not fully understood. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature to estimate the global prevalence of Mesocestoides spp. in major definitive and intermediate host taxa. Records published in English were collected from NCBI PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases, with 364 papers being included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence estimates show that 21.72 % (95 % CI: 18.49-25.14) of terrestrial carnivore definitive hosts and 7.09 % (95 % CI: 5.79-8.51) of intermediate hosts are infected. Among definitive hosts, opossums and foxes were most commonly infected with pooled global prevalence of 48.16 % (95 % CI: 14.62 - 82.69) and 35.97 % (295 % CI: 9.54 - 42.66) respectively. Pooled global prevalence in domestic dogs and cats were 7.97 % (95 % CI: 5.67 - 10.63) and 8.32 % (95 % CI: 3.78 - 14.41) respectively. Among intermediate hosts, birds and snakes were most commonly infected with pooled global prevalence of 16.19 % (95 %CI: 5.9 - 30.31) and 15.74 % (95 % CI: 10.59 - 21.69) respectively. Our analysis demonstrates that prevalence of Mesocestoides spp. is variable across the world. The sylvatic cycle in wild hosts is likely to be more important than the domestic cycle for the maintenance of Mesocestoides spp. globally. Currently available genetic data at the mitochondrial COI locus was also phylogenetically analyzed. The genetic data supports the taxonomic distinctiveness of only a few of the numerous morphologically described Mesocestoides spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeba R J Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, United States.
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, United States
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