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Zhong Y, Song Y, Artioli GG, Gee TI, French DN, Zheng H, Lyu M, Li Y. The Practice of Weight Loss in Combat Sports Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1050. [PMID: 38613083 PMCID: PMC11013344 DOI: 10.3390/nu16071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review is to comprehensively assess the weight loss (WL) practices in different combat sports (CS). The review protocol was preregistered with PROSPERO [CRD42023487196]. Three databases were searched (Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and PubMed) until 8 December 2023. Eligible studies had to meet five criteria: they must have been (a) written in English, (b) published in a peer-reviewed journal, (c) used a survey design to investigate the WL practices of CS athletes, and (d) reported the WL methods used by athletes using a five-point scale. Twenty-six studies (3994 participants from 14 CS) were included. This review found that (1) WL is highly prevalent in CS athletes; (2) many CS athletes started losing weight for competition as teenagers two to three times a year; (3) CS athletes usually lose <5% body weight in 7-14 days before competition; (4) increasing exercise and gradually dieting are the most commonly used WL methods; and (5) the influence of scientific practitioners on athletes is negligible. The habitual practices of CS athletes may be relatively harmless, but in some special cases, CS athletes also perform extreme WL practices. Scientific practitioners have little influence on their WL practices, which may form a vicious cycle of non-qualified influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zhong
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Changhai Road 399, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yuou Song
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Changhai Road 399, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.Z.); (M.L.)
| | | | - Thomas I. Gee
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK;
| | - Duncan N. French
- Ultimate Fighting Championship Performance Institute, Las Vegas, NV 89118, USA;
| | - Hang Zheng
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Changhai Road 399, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengde Lyu
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Changhai Road 399, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.Z.); (M.L.)
| | - Yongming Li
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Changhai Road 399, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200438, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (H.Z.); (M.L.)
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
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Maksimovic N, Cvjeticanin O, Rossi C, Manojlovic M, Roklicer R, Bianco A, Carraro A, Sekulic D, Milovancev A, Trivic T, Drid P. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its association with rapid weight loss among former elite combat sports athletes in Serbia. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:245. [PMID: 38254092 PMCID: PMC10801998 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17763-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In terms of the potential influence of rapid weight loss (RWL) on the metabolic health of former combat sports athletes (CSA), the scientific literature is quite scarce. Therefore, the objective of the presented research was to determine the differences in metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters and the prevalence of MetS between former athletes who performed RWL and athletes who did not. METHODS The sample of the presented study comprised 150 participants from Serbia, equally divided into two groups: 75 former athletes who had practiced combat sports and 75 ex-athletes of various other sports who did not practice RWL during their careers. The following parameters related to the MetS were evaluated: waist circumference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to assess the participant's body response to sugar. RESULTS The RWL group had significantly higher both systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) compared to the group of athletes who did not practice weight reduction during their careers. Additionally, a tendency toward statistically significant differences between groups was recorded in the variable triglycerides (p = 0.069). Regarding OGTT, increased values of fasting blood glucose at the final measurement were revealed only in the RWL group (p = 0.003). The prevalence of MetS was substantially higher in CSA than in the control group (39.5% vs. 16.2%, respectively p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that former elite CSA who used RWL during their sports career are susceptible to negative metabolic alterations at the end of their competitive period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Maksimovic
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, Palermo, 90144, Italy
| | - Ognjen Cvjeticanin
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Carlo Rossi
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, Palermo, 90144, Italy.
- Centro Medico Di Fisioterapia "Villa Sarina", Alcamo, 91011, Italy.
| | - Marko Manojlovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39042, Brixen-Bressanone, BZ, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Giovanni Pascoli 6, Palermo, 90144, Italy
| | - Attilio Carraro
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39042, Brixen-Bressanone, BZ, Italy
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, 21000, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Milovancev
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
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Evans C, Stull C, Sanders G, Ricci A, French D, Antonio J, Peacock CA. Weight cutting in female UFC fighters. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2247384. [PMID: 37621001 PMCID: PMC10453969 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2247384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common practice for fight sport athletes to use a variety of weight manipulation strategies to compete in desired weight classes. Although numerous studies have highlighted rapid weight loss (RWL) strategies and the magnitude of weight loss, few have focused specifically on weight loss in female fighters. The purpose of this study was to provide descriptive information on professional UFC female fighters engaging in RWL in all women's UFC weight divisions: strawweight (52.2 kg): flyweight (56.7 kg); bantamweight (61.2 kg); featherweight (65.8 kg). METHODS All fighter's weights were obtained at five separate time points: 72 hrs. pre-weigh-in, 48 hrs. pre-weigh-in, 24hrs. pre-weigh-in, official weigh-in, and 24 hrs. post-weigh-in (competition weight). Mixed effects models and random effects analysis were used to assess changes in weight and differences between weight divisions. All statistics were analyzed, and significance was set at p ≤0.05. Significant changes in weight between all time points were reported. RESULTS No statistical differences between weight divisions were observed. Female fighters lost 4.5-6.6% of their weight prior to the official weigh-in. CONCLUSION Females engaged in RWL practices lose weight in a similar fashion irrespective of weight class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Evans
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Sanders
- Northern Kentucky University, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Highland Heights, KY, USA
| | - Anthony Ricci
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Duncan French
- UFC Performance Institute, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Australia Catholic University, School of Health Sciences, Melbourne, Australia
- Edith Cowan University, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Corey A. Peacock
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Fight Science Lab, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
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Trivic T, Roklicer R, Zenic N, Modric T, Milovancev A, Lukic-Sarkanovic M, Maksimovic N, Bianco A, Carraro A, Drid P. Rapid weight loss can increase the risk of acute kidney injury in wrestlers. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001617. [PMID: 37397266 PMCID: PMC10314685 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Restrictive diets, forced starvation or voluntary weight loss are attracting more and more attention from scientists. Overall trends show that about 80% of combat sports athletes use specific methods of reducing body mass. Rapid weight loss could be a risk factor for kidney-related adverse outcomes. This study aimed to examine the impact of high-intensity specific training combined with rapid weight loss in the first and without rapid weight loss in the second phases on body composition and biochemical markers of kidney function. Methods The study was conducted on 12 male wrestlers. Kidney function markers were measured, including blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, uric acid and serum Cystatin-C. Alterations in analysed markers were noted in both phases of the research. Results According to the data, a significant increase was noted in blood urea nitrogen (p=0.002), uric acid (p=0.000) and serum creatinine (p=0.006) during the first phase in comparison with the second phase. The levels of serum Cystatin-C were slightly elevated after both phases compared with the initial measurement. Conclusion It is evident that high-intensity specific training combined with rapid weight loss significantly affects the increase in kidney function markers compared with identical training without rapid weight loss. The findings in this study suggest that rapid body mass reduction is associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury in wrestlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Natasa Zenic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Aleksandra Milovancev
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Mirka Lukic-Sarkanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Intensive Therapy and Pain Therapy, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Maksimovic
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Attilio Carraro
- Faculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Pélissier L, Ennequin G, Bagot S, Pereira B, Lachèze T, Duclos M, Thivel D, Miles-Chan J, Isacco L. Lightest weight-class athletes are at higher risk of weight regain: results from the French-Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2023; 51:144-152. [PMID: 34875202 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.2014285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rapid weight loss (RWL) is a common precompetitive strategy used by athletes in weight-class sports and carries with it an increased risk to future cardiometabolic health. The Rapid Weight Loss Questionnaire (RWLQ) is a self-reported tool designed to identify and characterize such weight loss practices. OBJECTIVES After developing a reliable and reproducible French version of the RWLQ (RWLQ-FR), the present study aims to analyse RWL patterns among French weight-class athletes and to point out potential relationships between such practices and risk of subsequent weight gain. METHODS A test-retest analysis was performed in 54 athletes to test the questionnaire reproducibility before applying it in a cohort of 168 weight-cycling athletes (23.78 ± 9.25 y, 67.6 ± 12.6 kg, 81 males and 87 females, n = 24 strength sports and n = 144 various combat sports). RESULTS The test-retest showed good agreement of the RWLQ-FR (Rho = 0.794, [0.696-0.893]). Athletes reported losing an average of 4.1 ± 2.9% of their initial weight in 13.1 ± 9.6 days, with the main methods used being an increase in exercise, training in rubber or plastic suits, and gradual dieting. The average weight recovery in a week was 3.5 ± 2.8% and results showed that the athletes with the lower inter-season weight (weight outside of the training and competition season) regained the more weight (p = 0.025). The average RWLQ-FR score was 31.9 ± 17.3 and athletes who began to lose weight earlier in their competitive carrier had the higher scores (p = 0.032). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates relationships between the pattern of RWL practices and potential increased risk of subsequent weight gain in weight-cycling athletes, and the need to better understand the long-term health-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léna Pélissier
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaël Ennequin
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sarah Bagot
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Unit of Biostatistics (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Lachèze
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital (Chu) Clermont-Ferrand, Hospital G. Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jennifer Miles-Chan
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurie Isacco
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (Ame2p), Crnh Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Bueno JCA, Silva RB, Diotaiuti P, Andreato LV, Andrade A. Effect of rapid weight loss on mood states and burnout of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1114816. [PMID: 37205078 PMCID: PMC10185838 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1114816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to analyze the psychological alterations resulting from rapid weight loss in the mood states and burnout of male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. For the purpose of this study, 31 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes participated, divided into two groups (RWLG: rapid weight loss group and CG: control group). Data collections were performed at three moments (1: baseline, before weight loss; 2: weigh-in, during the official competition; and 3: recovery, 7 to 10 days after the competition), with application of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Considering the outcomes, for body mass, the athletes from RWLG presented mean reductions of 3.5 kg (4.2% of the initial body mass). For mood states, both groups (RWLG and CG) presented a moment effect for tension and confusion, with higher levels during weigh-in compared to baseline and recovery (p < 0.05). For burnout, both groups showed low levels of burnout, with no effect of moment, group, or interaction in the analyses (p > 0.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that weight loss, in the magnitude performed in this study, did not generate an additional impact on mood or level of burnout in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Alves Bueno
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- *Correspondence: João Carlos Alves Bueno,
| | - Rodrigo Batalha Silva
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences, University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Roklicer R, Rossi C, Bianco A, Stajer V, Ranisavljev M, Todorovic N, Manojlovic M, Gilic B, Trivic T, Drid P. Prevalence of rapid weight loss in Olympic style wrestlers. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:593-602. [PMID: 36250149 PMCID: PMC9559051 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2119095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Carlo Rossi
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marijana Ranisavljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Todorovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko Manojlovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Barbara Gilic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Mauricio CDA, Merino P, Merlo R, Vargas JJN, Chávez JÁR, Pérez DV, Aedo-Muñoz EA, Slimani M, Brito CJ, Bragazzi NL, Miarka B. Rapid Weight Loss of Up to Five Percent of the Body Mass in Less Than 7 Days Does Not Affect Physical Performance in Official Olympic Combat Athletes With Weight Classes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:830229. [PMID: 35492609 PMCID: PMC9039236 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.830229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the relevance of the effects that weight loss can generate on the physical performance in athletes, this study performed a systematic review with meta-analysis of the published literature on rapid weight loss (RWL) and examined its impact on the physical performance in Official Olympic combat sports athletes. The “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis” (PRISMA) guidelines were followed to ensure an ethical and complete reporting of the findings. PubMed, SPORT Discus, and EBSCO were the electronic databases explored for article retrieval and selection. The following string was applied: “RWL” OR “weight loss” OR “weight reduction” AND “judo” OR “wrestling” or “taekwondo” or “boxing” AND “performance.” Based on the quality analysis, conducted according to the “Tool for the assessment of study quality and reporting in exercise training studies” (TESTEX), ten articles achieved a score >6 points. The meta-analysis showed a significant difference in pre- vs. post-weight loss (p = 0.003) and no effects in pre- vs. post-power and strength performance analysis (p > 0.05 for both results). Based on our systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature, RWL up to ≤5% of the body mass in less than 7 days does not influence performance outcomes in Official Olympic combat athletes with weight classes, considering the strength and power measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clóvis De Albuquerque Mauricio
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pablo Merino
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Núcleo de Investigación en Ciencias de la Motricidad Humana, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Merlo
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Jairo Narrea Vargas
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Ángel Rodríguez Chávez
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Valenzuela Pérez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Magister en Ciencias la Actividad Física y Deportes Aplicadas al Entrenamiento Rehabilitación y Reintegro Deportivo, Universidad Santo Tomás, Saniago, Chile
| | - Esteban Ariel Aedo-Muñoz
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Brazil
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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9
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Tubić T, Živanović B, Lakićević N, Zenić N, Gilić B, Rudas E, Eliseev S, Trivić TB, Bianco A, Drid P. Psychological Distress in Elite Sambo and Recreational Athletes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:781880. [PMID: 35572229 PMCID: PMC9100417 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.781880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggest that engagement in any type of physical activity can be protective against mental health issues, whereas elite-level athletes can endure various mental health challenges. The aim of this study was to determine variations in the prevalence of psychological distress among elite sambo athletes and their recreational counterparts. Methods A sample consisting of 245 athletes (127 males and 118 females) was chosen. Out of the total sample, 105 were elite-level athletes while 140 were recreational athletes. Participants were accessed via the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 to determine their stress in various domains at a given time. Results Data indicated that all tested differences between elite sambo athletes and recreational athletes were statistically significant; recreational athletes had a higher score on the depression scale, anxiety and stress, and a general distress score than sambo athletes. Although there are no gender differences in psychological distress in the total sample of athletes, elite sambo athletes achieve significantly lower scores in all tested variants than recreational ones. Women who engage in recreational activities have stood out as a vulnerable subsample in psychological stress. Conclusion Future epidemiological and interventional studies should explore optimal strategies to identify mental health needs based on specific sport activity, especially in terms of gender. There is a need to place special emphasis on psychological distress in the context of combat sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Tubić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bogdan Živanović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Lakićević
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nataša Zenić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Barbara Gilić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Sergey Eliseev
- Institute of Sport and Physical Education, Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatjana B. Trivić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Patrik Drid
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Ranisavljev M, Kuzmanovic J, Todorovic N, Roklicer R, Dokmanac M, Baic M, Stajer V, Ostojic SM, Drid P. Rapid Weight Loss Practices in Grapplers Competing in Combat Sports. Front Physiol 2022; 13:842992. [PMID: 35222096 PMCID: PMC8864148 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.842992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Grappling is a wrestling style that combines different techniques such as freestyle wrestling, jiu-jitsu, judo, sambo, and others. As with other combat sports, it requires categorizing the athletes in weight classes, which leads to the use of certain methods to lose body weight in a short amount of time which poses a serious threat to athletes’ health and wellbeing. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the most widespread rapid weight loss (RWL) methods and sources of influence used by grappling athletes. Methods A total of 145 athletes took part in the study by voluntarily filling out a questionnaire regarding their weight loss techniques and methods. They were divided into two groups, male (27.7 ± 5.2 years, 1.76 ± 0.13 m, and 82.1 ± 20 kg) and female (27.33 ± 6.3 years, 1.65 ± 0.08 m, and 64.3 ± 10.4 kg), for further statistical analysis. After calculating descriptive statistics for all the variables, a t-test was conducted for gender differences in weight loss and weight regain, and a chi-square test measured the diversity in techniques and source of influence. Results Out of 145 participants, 120 athletes (85.2%) reported engaging in rapid weight loss prior to weigh-in. Coaches (52.4 and 59%) and teammates (42.6 and 22.1%) seemed to be the most influential on their rapid weight-loss strategies, whereas physicians (17.1 and 17.9%) and parents (23.2 and 23.1%) were the least influential. A statistical difference between men and women (p = 0.05) was found when teammates were a source of influence (42.6 and 21.1%, respectively). Regarding the methods used, both groups practiced gradual dieting (85.4 and 79.5%) as the most prevalent, followed by increased exercise (79 and 66.6%) and sauna (78.7 and 66.6%). Moreover, men trained in plastic suits significantly more often than women (67.1 vs. 41%, p = 0.01). Conclusion Rapid weight loss is detrimental to athletes’ health and wellbeing. Hence, it is crucial to find and implement methods that will control and ultimately limit its use in combat sports. Physicians and nutritionists need to be closely linked with the staff, collaborate and supervise the weight cutting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Ranisavljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jovan Kuzmanovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nikola Todorovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Mario Baic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Patrik Drid,
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11
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Attentive Processes and Blood Lactate in the Sambo. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031113. [PMID: 35162138 PMCID: PMC8834330 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sambo is a martial art and combat sport that originated in the Soviet Union. There are two main stiles, Sport Sambo and Combat Sambo which resembles modern mixed martial arts. Very little literature is available about physiological aspects of Sambo and, in particular, on the possible effects on cognitive domains. The purpose of the present research was to determine if there is a correlation between a blood lactate increase and the intensity and/or selectivity of attentions. METHODS Sixteen male athletes practicing Sambo for at least 5 years participated voluntarily in the study. Each athlete had to sustain, with an interval of one week, both a Sport Sambo match and a Combat Sambo match, each lasting 5 min. Blood lactate levels as well as attentive capacities were evaluated at three different times: at rest, i.e., 5 min before the start of the session (pre), at end of the session and 15 min after its conclusion. Reaction time protocol was used to evaluate the intensity of attention, whereas divided attention was assessed for analyzing the selectivity of attention together with errors and omissions. RESULTS Concerning Sport Sambo, blood lactate was 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session, reached a mean value of 3.40 mmol/L (±0.45 SD) at the end of the session (end) and returned to values similar to initial ones (a mean value of 1.98 mmol/L (±0.37 SD) after 15 min (15-end). None of the attentive parameters examined, showed statistically significant differences. Conversely, for Combat Sambo, it was found a significant increase in blood lactate levels that went from 1.66 mmol/L (±0.55 SD) before the session (pre), to 4.76 mmol/L (±0.60 SD) at the end (end) and then back to values similar to those observed before the session 15 min after its conclusion (15-end), i.e., 1.97 mmol/L (±0.37 SD); however, after a Combat Sambo session increases in blood lactate were associated with significant worsening of attentional mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in all the participants, the worsening of attentional mechanisms was observed only after the Combat Sambo session in which blood lactate values exceeded 4 mmol/L. This figure, also known as the Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA), is commonly used to determine the anaerobic threshold.
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12
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Lakicevic N, Mani D, Paoli A, Roklicer R, Bianco A, Drid P. Weight cycling in combat sports: revisiting 25 years of scientific evidence. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:154. [PMID: 34906212 PMCID: PMC8670259 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As combat sports are classified by body mass, many athletes engage in rapid weight loss (RWL) prior to competition so they can gain an advantage over lighter opponents. Following the weigh-in, athletes engage in rapid weight gain (RWG), whereby some athletes have been able to compete up to three weight categories greater than the official division weighed in at. RESULTS Although the impact of weight cycling on performance remains equivocal, robust scientific evidence indicates serious acute and chronic negative consequences on physiological and health-related parameters. Still, weight cycling remains highly prevalent in combat sports, and interventions to limit or stop this cultural norm are recommended. CONCLUSIONS Weigh-ins for combat sports should be transitioned to take place closer to the start of competition. This reduced time and access to engage in RWG will cut down, if not completely prevent, weight cycling. These rule changes that aim to benefit athlete's health and promote fairness must be made at the international level, which will promote them at those levels below, as well, given qualification protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Lakicevic
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90133, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Diba Mani
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122, Padua, Italy
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
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13
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Principles of Rapid Weight Loss in Female Sambo Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111356. [PMID: 34769872 PMCID: PMC8583233 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In combat sports, competitors are separated into weight divisions, to create equality between the athletes. Consequently, rapid weight loss (RWL) is a common practice in combat sports. Although the methods used to induce RWL are similar among athletes, currently, there are limited data concerning the RWL methodologies used by sambo athletes. Therefore, this study aimed at determining RWL procedures among female sambo athletes. Participants in the study were top-level athletes competing at the World Sambo Championship held in Novi Sad. A total sample of 47 female sambo athletes, of whom 24 were seniors (27.3 ± 4 year/age, 1.61 ± 0.09 m/height, 61.8 ± 8.87 kg/weight) and 23 juniors (18.7 ± 0.8 year/age, 1.66 ± 0.07 m/height, 63.7 ± 12.1 kg/weight), were examined in the study. To determine RWL methods, data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. As a result, 88.7% of the female sambo athletes declared that they intentionally cut their weight before the competition. The most commonly used methods were gradual dieting, followed by sauna, fluid restriction, and skipping meals. The most considerable influence on the RWL strategies of athletes came from coaches and personal trainers, while physicians and dietitians were far less influential. The results obtained from this representative sample highlight the most common practices concerning weight cutting prior to competition among females. Therefore, there is a need to inform and educate both athletes and coaches about the potentially harmful effects of RWL in combat sports.
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Gentile A, Trivic T, Bianco A, Lakicevic N, Figlioli F, Roklicer R, Eliseev S, Tabakov S, Maksimovic N, Drid P. Living in the "Bubble": Athletes' Psychological Profile During the Sambo World Championship. Front Psychol 2021; 12:657652. [PMID: 34122241 PMCID: PMC8187578 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.657652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way we conduct daily life, as well as sports training and sports competitions. Given the stress produced by COVID-19, and the "bubble" safety measures for the World Sambo Championship, held in Novi Sad, from the 6th to the 8th of November, 2020, athletes might have experienced more stress than athletes normally would in non-pandemic conditions. Therefore, the current study aimed to create a psychological profile of sambo athletes participating in the Sambo World Championship and living in this condition. Methods: One-hundred-fifteen participants took part in the study, completing the Profile of Mood Scale (POMS), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. A mediation model with Fear of COVID-19 predicting both stress level directly and stress level through mood disturbance was hypothesized. Gender differences were evaluated through t-test. Results: The results showed that the sample presented higher levels of stress but no problems in sleeping. In particular, data analysis confirmed an indirect effect of Fear of COVID on Perceived stress through mood disturbance (β = 0.14, Z = 2.80, and p = 0.005), but did not have a significant impact on the direct effect (β = -0.04, Z = -0.48, and p = 0.63). Gender differences emerged in the perceived stress level (t = -2.86, df = 114, and p = 0.005) and daytime dysfunction (t = -2.52, df = 114, and p = 0.01) where females scored higher than males for both aspects. Conclusion: The athletes participating to the World Sambo Championship experienced stress levels determined by the mood disturbance produced by the fear of the COVID-19 pandemic. Female athletes were more stressed and showed higher daytime dysfunction. The findings of the current study are useful to understand the psychological profile of the athletes competing in the "bubble" conditions during COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Gentile
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nemanja Lakicevic
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Figlioli
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sergey Eliseev
- Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Tabakov
- Russian State University of Physical Education, Sports, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nebojsa Maksimovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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15
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Figlioli F, Bianco A, Thomas E, Stajer V, Korovljev D, Trivic T, Maksimovic N, Drid P. Rapid Weight Loss Habits before a Competition in Sambo Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041063. [PMID: 33805862 PMCID: PMC8064378 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other combat sports, sambo has competition rules that divide athletes into categories based on gender, age and weight. Athletes in combat sports often resort to rapid weight loss (RWL) methods to be more competitive in lower weight categories and gain an advantage against lighter, smaller and weaker competitors. The aim of this study was to examine the methodology implemented by two different sambo age categories, junior and senior athletes, in order to attain RWL. METHODS The sample consisted of 103 male sambo elite athletes (seniors/juniors: age 28.5 ± 4.3/18.9 ± 0.8; height (m): 1.7 ± 0.1/1.8 ± 0.1; weight (kg): 76.3 ± 17.8/74.4 ± 16.3; BMI (kg/m2): 25.0 ± 3.8/23.7 ± 3.9) who completed a survey on RWL. RESULTS Athletes reported losing a mean of 5 kg starting approximately 12 days before a competition. The most common methodology reported by senior and junior sambo athletes was gradually increasing dieting, followed by sauna and plastic suit training. Less common methods adopted were laxatives, diuretics, the use of diet pills and vomiting. There were significant group differences for sauna and diet pill ingestion. Coaches and parents are influential people in the lives of athletes concerning the weight loss strategy to be adopted. CONCLUSIONS This study's results unequivocally confirm the prevalent practice of RWL in both senior and junior sambo athletes. Although athletes prevalently chose "less harmful" methods, there is a need to inform parents and coaches of the risks and benefits of RWL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Figlioli
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (F.F.); (A.B.); (E.T.)
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (D.K.); (T.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Darinka Korovljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (D.K.); (T.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (D.K.); (T.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Nebojsa Maksimovic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (D.K.); (T.T.); (N.M.)
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.S.); (D.K.); (T.T.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
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