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Pang S, Wang L, Liu M, Shao M, Zhu G, Duan Q. Truncated flagellin lacking the hypervariable region: A structural basis for improved immune responses and adjuvanticity. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 308:142742. [PMID: 40180103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2025] [Accepted: 03/31/2025] [Indexed: 04/05/2025]
Abstract
Bacterial flagellins are recognized for their potent immunomodulatory properties and potential as vaccine adjuvants. They activate innate and adaptive immune responses by interacting with Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and the cytosolic NOD-like receptor protein 4 (NLRC4) inflammasome, thereby enhancing immune responses. This study investigates the impact of various truncated flagellin derivatives, derived from Escherichia coli (EHEC EDL933) and lacking specific domains, on TLR5 activation and their adjuvant properties. We generated several truncated flagellin mutants and assessed their ability to activate TLR5 in vitro and their immunoadjuvant effects in vivo. Our data show that only the FliCH7, FliCNC, FliCH7-FaeG, and FliCNC-FaeG proteins, which lack the hypervariable region (HVP) but retain both the amino- and carboxy-terminal regions, significantly enhanced TNF-α and IL-8 production compared to other flagellin derivatives. These findings underscore the essential roles of both conserved terminal regions in TLR5 activation. Notably, the FliCNC truncated mutant exhibited TLR5 activation comparable to that of native flagellin and induced higher antibody titers when co-administered with a model antigen or used as a fusion protein. Our results suggest that the HVR is not essential for flagellin's immunoadjuvant activity and that its removal enhances flagellin's ability to activate the innate immune system. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing flagellin derivatives for vaccine development, offering a more potent platform for enhancing immune responses against a range of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingqing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou 225009, China; Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Wang S, Yang Y, Yue X, Liu Z, Yuan F, Yang K, Zhu J, Liu W, Tian Y, Wu Q, Gao T, Li C, Song H, Zhou D, Bei W. Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Epitope-Based ETEC K88-K99 Bivalent Vaccine. Vet Sci 2025; 12:381. [PMID: 40284883 PMCID: PMC12030781 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci12040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2025] [Revised: 04/14/2025] [Accepted: 04/16/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the primary pathogens causing diarrhea in piglets, causing significant economic losses in the swine farming industry. Due to the numerous serotypes of ETEC, traditional vaccines fail to provide sufficient cross-protection, and subunit vaccines based on epitope design have emerged as a safer and more effective approach for prevention and control. Unlike vaccine development strategies that involve the tandem arrangement of multiple antigenic epitopes, this study used the K88-FaeG protein as a backbone and incorporated the antigenic epitopes of K99-FanC to achieve a better immunogenicity. By using bioinformatics software to predict B-cell linear epitopes (score of over 0.6), B-cell epitopes from three-dimensional structures (50% amino acid score of ≥0.2), and B-cell epitope IgG antibody subtypes, as well as docking analysis with Sus scrofa aminopeptidase N (APN) receptors, six antigenic epitopes of K99-FanC were selected. Through Western blotting and competitive ELISA, we confirmed that all six recombinant proteins exhibited binding capabilities to K88- and K99-positive serum. The ELISA results showed that the serum levels of specific IgG and IgA antibodies increased after immunization, with FaeG-Ep3 and FaeG-Ep5 inducing the highest antibody titers against FanC-IgG (Log2 = 14.96) and FaeG-IgG (Log2 = 17.96), respectively. Bacterial adhesion assays revealed that only FaeG-Ep3 effectively blocked the adhesion of both K99 and K88 to IPEC-J2 cells. Immunization challenge experiments showed that, in the unimmunized group, mice infected with K88 and K99 experienced weight loss (p < 0.05) with intestinal villus shedding and intestinal wall structural damage. However, in the FaeG-Ep3-immunized group, no significant weight loss occurred after infection, and the villus protection rate (83%) was the same as that in the FaeG and FanC immunized groups. Overall, the FaeG-Ep3 recombinant protein identified in this study shows potential vaccine application value and provides new insights for developing multivalent vaccines against ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Resources Discovery and Utilization, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (X.Y.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Xinru Yue
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Resources Discovery and Utilization, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (X.Y.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Fangyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Keli Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yongxiang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Ting Gao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Chang Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Haofei Song
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Danna Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control Agents for Animal Bacteriosis (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenic Microbiology, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (Y.Y.); (Z.L.); (F.Y.); (K.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.L.); (Y.T.); (Q.W.); (T.G.); (C.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Weicheng Bei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Resources Discovery and Utilization, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (X.Y.)
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Yang YH, Gao HM, Yang YX, Shan XF, Sun WW, Li MH, Li RM. Enhanced mucosal immunity and protection against Aeromonas veronii infection in crucian carp via synergistic immunization with Bacillus coagulans and recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing mshB gene. Microb Pathog 2025; 201:107385. [PMID: 39978488 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2025] [Accepted: 02/17/2025] [Indexed: 02/22/2025]
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii) is a pathogen that causes zoonotic diseases in humans, animals, and aquatic organisms, leading to symptoms such as scale loss, red and swollen anus, and hemorrhaging of tissues and organs in aquatic life. To better combat infections caused by A. veronii, this study employed a previously constructed and stored recombinant Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) strain that expresses the mshB gene from A. veronii TH0426, coding for type IV pili (MSHA). This strain was used in conjunction with Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) for oral immunization, and its immunological efficacy in carp was evaluated. The results indicated that combining immunization with the recombinant L. casei expressing mshB and B. coagulans significantly enhances the mucosal immune response compared to using the recombinant L. casei alone. In vitro coculture experiments showed that B. coagulans BC1 promotes the growth of recombinant Lc-pPG612-mshB. Antibacterial assays demonstrated that the recombinant Lc-pPG612-mshB exhibits antibacterial activity against seven common pathogenic bacteria. The group that received combined oral immunization with recombinant Lc-pPG612-mshB and BC1 showed significantly higher levels of specific IgM antibodies and activities of ACP, AKP, SOD, LZM, C3, and C4 enzymes in their serum compared to the group that received only the recombinant Lc-pPG612-mshB. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that the expression levels of IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β cytokines in various tissues were significantly elevated in the group receiving combined immunization with Lc-pPG612-mshB and BC1 compared to those receiving only Lc-pPG612-mshB. In challenge tests, the recombinant lactic acid bacteria could effectively resist infection by A. veronii TH0426, with relative protection rates of 48.0 % and 56.0 % for the groups using it alone and in combination, respectively. Bacterial load testing showed that the group receiving combined immunization with Lc-pPG612-mshB and BC1 had a significantly lower bacterial load of A. veronii TH0426 three days post-immunization compared to the group receiving only Lc-pPG612-mshB, indicating that the combined immunization group better inhibits the proliferation of A. veronii TH0426 in carp, thereby increasing the protection rate. In summary, the results of this study indicate that B. coagulans BC1 can promote the growth of recombinant L. casei Lc-pPG612-mshB and enhance its antibacterial effects. Additionally, it can induce the production of more specific IgM antibodies in carp, enhance the activity of immune-related enzymes in the serum, promote the transcription level of cytokines in tissues, and improve resistance to A. veronii TH0426. The findings of this research provide a theoretical basis for the application of orally administered recombinant lactic acid bacteria as vaccine carriers in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hui Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Miao Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wu-Wen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mao-Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
| | - Ruo-Ming Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.
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Salvador-Erro J, Pastor Y, Gamazo C. Targeting Enterotoxins: Advancing Vaccine Development for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ETEC. Toxins (Basel) 2025; 17:71. [PMID: 39998088 PMCID: PMC11860656 DOI: 10.3390/toxins17020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/04/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a major cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, particularly in children in low- and middle-income countries. Its ability to rapidly colonize the intestinal tract through diverse colonization factors and toxins underpins its significant public health impact. Despite extensive research and several vaccine candidates reaching clinical trials, no licensed vaccine exists for ETEC. This review explores the temporal and spatial coordination of ETEC virulence factors, focusing on the interplay between adherence mechanisms and toxin production as critical targets for therapeutic intervention. Advancements in molecular biology and host-pathogen interaction studies have uncovered species-specific variations and cross-reactivity between human and animal strains. In particular, the heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) toxins have provided crucial insights into molecular mechanisms and intestinal disruption. Additional exotoxins, such as EAST-1 and hemolysins, further highlight the multifactorial nature of ETEC pathogenicity. Innovative vaccine strategies, including multiepitope fusion antigens (MEFAs), mRNA-based approaches, and glycoconjugates, aim to enhance broad-spectrum immunity. Novel delivery methods, like intradermal immunization, show promise in eliciting robust immune responses. Successful vaccination against ETEC will offer an effective and affordable solution with the potential to greatly reduce mortality and prevent stunting, representing a highly impactful and cost-efficient solution to a critical global health challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos Gamazo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.S.-E.); (Y.P.)
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Li Y, Farhan MHR, Yang X, Guo Y, Sui Y, Chu J, Huang L, Cheng G. A review on the development of bacterial multi-epitope recombinant protein vaccines via reverse vaccinology. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 282:136827. [PMID: 39476887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 10/04/2024] [Accepted: 10/21/2024] [Indexed: 11/10/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial vaccines play a crucial role in combating bacterial infectious diseases. Apart from the prevention of disease, bacterial vaccines also help to reduce the mortality rates in infected populations. Advancements in vaccine development technologies have addressed the constraints of traditional vaccine design, providing novel approaches for the development of next-generation vaccines. Advancements in reverse vaccinology, bioinformatics, and comparative proteomics have opened horizons in vaccine development. Specifically, the use of protein structural data in crafting multi-epitope vaccines (MEVs) to target pathogens has become an important research focus in vaccinology. In this review, we focused on describing the methodologies and tools for epitope vaccine development, along with recent progress in this field. Moreover, this article also discusses the challenges in epitope vaccine development, providing insights for the future development of bacterial multi-epitope genetically engineered vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Li
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Muhammad Haris Raza Farhan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yuxin Sui
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Jinhua Chu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Lingli Huang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; MOA Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
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Pang S, Liu M, Wang L, Shao M, Zhu G, Duan Q. Differential Adjuvant Activity by Flagellins from Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:1212. [PMID: 39591115 PMCID: PMC11598095 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12111212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The adjuvant properties of flagellin from various bacterial species have been extensively studied; however, a systematic comparison of the immunoadjuvant effects of flagellins from different bacterial species is lacking. This study aims to analyze the amino acid sequences and structural features of flagellins from Escherichia coli (FliCE.C), Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (FliCS.T), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (FliCP.A), and to evaluate their adjuvant activities in terms of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) activation, antibody production, and cytokine responses in a murine model. (2) Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to compare the amino acid sequences and structural domains (D0, D1, D2, and D3) of flagellins from the three bacterial species. PyMol atomic models were used to confirm structural differences. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) activation assays were performed to measure IL-8 and TNF-α production in vitro. The IgG antibody titers against the model antigen FaeG and cytokine responses, including IL-4 and TNF-α secretion were evaluated in a murine model. (3) Results: Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the D0 and D1 domains are highly conserved, whereas the D2 and D3 domains exhibit significant variability across the three species. Structural analysis via PyMol confirmed these differences, particularly in the D2 and D3 domains. TLR5 activation assays showed that FliCS.T and FliCP.A induced higher levels of IL-8 and TNF-α production compared to FliCE.C, indicating species-specific variations in TLR5 activation. In the murine model, FliCS.T as an adjuvant produced higher antibody titers against FaeG and increased IL-4 secretion in splenocytes compared to FliCE.C and FliCP.A. FliCP.A induced higher TNF-α expression than FliCS.T and FliCE.C, suggesting FliCS.T and FliCP.A are more effective at inducing T-cell responses. (4) Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of FliCS.T and FliCP.A as potent vaccine adjuvants. The results provide insights into the structure-function relationships of these flagellins and support their application in enhancing immune responses against diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.P.); (M.L.); (L.W.); (M.S.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.P.); (M.L.); (L.W.); (M.S.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Longlong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.P.); (M.L.); (L.W.); (M.S.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Mingqing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.P.); (M.L.); (L.W.); (M.S.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.P.); (M.L.); (L.W.); (M.S.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qiangde Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (S.P.); (M.L.); (L.W.); (M.S.); (G.Z.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Nguyet LTY, Ounjai P, Ngamwongsatit N, Kaeoket K. The immune response of pregnant sow after vaccination with crude fimbriae (F4) extracts vaccine and immunoprotection of nursery pig against pathogenic E. coli (F4 +ETEC). Acta Trop 2024; 254:107173. [PMID: 38503364 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea is a concern disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbriae F4 (F4+ETEC) in pig farms. Diarrhea outbreaks are often severe and costly due to the high prevalence and spread of the disease within the same herd. Vaccine is one of strategic solution in protecting pig against F4+ETEC infection in particular pig farm. In present study, we conducted two trials of vaccination with crude F4 fimbriae extract vaccine in pregnant sow and nursery pigs. METHODS In experiment 1 (20 sows; non-vaccinated control, n=10), we vaccinated pregnant sows (n=10) twice at 4 wk and 2 wk before farrowing and evaluated impact of vaccination on maternal immunity. The sow serum and colostrum were collected before vaccination, 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination, 6 hours after farrowing, respectively, and the piglet's serum from both groups (2 piglet/sow, 10 piglets from each group) were also collected on 3 days old to measure F4 specific IgG, F4 specific IgA using in house ELISA kit. In experiment 2, to optimize doses and dosage of candidate vaccine in piglets, 18 piglets (3 piglets/group) were allocated into five immunized groups and one control group (unimmunized group), we immunized piglets twice at 4 and 6 weeks old with difference doses (i.e., 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 µg), and for a dose 150 µg, we immunized with two dosages at 1 ml and 2 ml. Piglets were challenged with a 3 ml dose of 3 × 109 CFU/ml bacterial culture of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) in order to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine. After challenging, the clinical sign of the piglets was daily observed and the rectal swab was performed every day for investigation of the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) by using PCR technique. Serum were collected before, 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination and 1 week after challenge to measure F4 specific IgG, F4 specific IgA using in house ELISA kit and cytokines levels (i.e., IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF alpha) before and 1 week after challenge using commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS The levels of antibody results showed that in experiment 1, the anti-F4 antibody levels both F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA in serum and colostrum of vaccinated sow increased significantly after vaccination. The piglets of immunized sows have antibody level both F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA in their serum higher than those piglets of unimmunized sows significantly (p < 0.01). In experiment 2, irrespective of different doses and dosage, there is no difference in term of F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA levels among immunized groups. However, all of vaccinated piglets showed F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA levels higher and the elimination of Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) in feces post challenge faster (< 3 days) than unvaccinated group (> 5 days). For cytokines levels, a higher level of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF alpha at 1 week after challenge in vaccinated groups was found when compared with the levels in non-vaccinated group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that crude F4 fimbriae extract autogenous vaccine is a candidate vaccine for protecting piglets against diarrhea disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) and vaccination the pregnant sow twice before farrowing is one of strategies to provide maternal derived antibody to the newborn piglets for against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Thi Yen Nguyet
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Natharin Ngamwongsatit
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand; Laboratory of Bacteria, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand.
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von Mentzer A, Svennerholm AM. Colonization factors of human and animal-specific enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:448-464. [PMID: 38052687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization factors (CFs) are major virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This pathogen is among the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in children in low- and middle-income countries, travelers, and livestock. CFs are major candidate antigens in vaccines under development as preventive measures against ETEC infections in humans and livestock. Recent molecular studies have indicated that newly identified CFs on human ETEC are closely related to animal ETEC CFs. Increased knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms, immunogenicity, regulation, and expression of ETEC CFs, as well as the possible spread of animal ETEC to humans, may facilitate the future development of ETEC vaccines for humans and animals. Here, we present an updated review of CFs in ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid von Mentzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Zhang H, Yuan X, He Y, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen J, Zhang L, Chen X, Guo A. A Novel Multiepitope Fusion Antigen as a Vaccine Candidate for the Prevention of Enterotoxigenic E. coli-Induced Calf Diarrhea. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:457. [PMID: 38793708 PMCID: PMC11126018 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) poses an enormous economic challenge in the cattle industry. Fimbriae and enterotoxin are crucial virulence factors and vaccine targets of ETEC. Since these proteins have complicated components with large molecular masses, the development of vaccines by directly expressing these potential targets is cumbersome Therefore, this study aimed to develop a multiepitope fusion antigen designated as MEFA by integrating major epitopes of FanC and Fim41a subunits and a toxoid epitope of STa into the F17G framework. The 3D modeling predicted that the MEFA protein displayed the epitopes from these four antigens on its surface, demonstrating the desired structural characteristics. Then, the MEFA protein was subsequently expressed and purified for mouse immunization. Following that, our homemade ELISA showed that the mouse antiserum had a consistent increase in polyclonal antibody levels with the highest titer of 1:217 to MEFA. Furthermore, the western blot assay demonstrated that this anti-MEFA serum could react with all four antigens. Further, this antiserum exhibited inhibition on ETEC adhesion to HCT-8 cells with inhibitory rates of 92.8%, 84.3%, and 87.9% against F17+, F5+, and F41+ ETEC strains, respectively. Additionally, the stimulatory effect of STa toxin on HCT-8 cells was decreased by approximately 75.3% by anti-MEFA serum. This study demonstrates that the MEFA protein would be an antigen candidate for novel subunit vaccines for preventing ETEC-induced diarrhea in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinwei Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yanfei He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.); (L.Z.)
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Ruminant Bio-Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Yang L, Yang Y, Liu A, Lei S, He P. Preparation of Bispecific IgY-scFvs Inhibition Adherences of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (K88 and F18) to Porcine IPEC-J2 Cell. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3638. [PMID: 38612450 PMCID: PMC11011568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains are significant contributors to postweaning diarrhea in piglets. Of the ETEC causing diarrhea, K88 and F18 accounted for 92.7%. Despite the prevalence of ETEC K88 and F18, there is currently no effective vaccine available due to the diversity of these strains. This study presents an innovative approach by isolating chicken-derived single-chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs) specific to K88 and F18 fimbrial antigens from chickens immunized against these ETEC virulence factors. These scFvs effectively inhibited adhesion of K88 and F18 to porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), with the inhibitory effect demonstrating a dose-dependent increase. Furthermore, a bispecific scFv was designed and expressed in Pichia pastoris. This engineered construct displayed remarkable potency; at a concentration of 25.08 μg, it significantly reduced the adhesion rate of ETEC strains to IPEC-J2 cells by 72.10% and 69.11% when challenged with either K88 or F18 alone. Even in the presence of both antigens, the adhesion rate was notably decreased by 57.92%. By targeting and impeding the initial adhesion step of ETEC pathogenesis, this antibody-based intervention holds promise as a potential alternative to antibiotics, thereby mitigating the risks associated with antibiotic resistance and residual drug contamination in livestock production. Overall, this study lays the groundwork for the development of innovative treatments against ETEC infections in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding (MOE), China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.Y.); (Y.Y.); (A.L.); (S.L.)
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11
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Liang S, Zhang S, Bao Y, Zhang Y, Liu X, Yao H, Liu G. Combined Immunoinformatics to Design and Evaluate a Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidate against Streptococcus suis Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:137. [PMID: 38400121 PMCID: PMC10892848 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen with multiple serotypes, and thus, multivalent vaccines generating cross-protection against S. suis infections are urgently needed to improve animal welfare and reduce antibiotic abuse. In this study, we established a systematic and comprehensive epitope prediction pipeline based on immunoinformatics. Ten candidate epitopes were ultimately selected for building the multi-epitope vaccine (MVSS) against S. suis infections. The ten epitopes of MVSS were all derived from highly conserved, immunogenic, and virulence-associated surface proteins in S. suis. In silico analyses revealed that MVSS was structurally stable and affixed with immune receptors, indicating that it would likely trigger strong immunological reactions in the host. Furthermore, mice models demonstrated that MVSS elicited high titer antibodies and diminished damages in S. suis serotype 2 and Chz infection, significantly reduced sequelae, induced cytokine transcription, and decreased organ bacterial burdens after triple vaccination. Meanwhile, anti-rMVSS serum inhibited five important S. suis serotypes in vitro, exerted beneficial protective effects against S. suis infections and significantly reduced histopathological damage in mice. Given the above, it is possible to develop MVSS as a universal subunit vaccine against multiple serotypes of S. suis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shidan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yinli Bao
- Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis, Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huochun Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guangjin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Bacteriology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572000, China
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12
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Nguyet LTY, Ounjai P, Kaeoket K, Ngamwongsatit N. Feasibility of crude F4 fimbriae extract as a vaccine candidate for preventing Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in piglets. Vet World 2023; 16:2063-2070. [PMID: 38023270 PMCID: PMC10668550 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2063-2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) poses a substantial risk of neonatal diarrhea and post-weaning diarrhea among piglets, with F4+ ETEC strains emerging as a particularly challenging issue within the pig farming industry. This study aimed to introduce a straightforward approach for generating a crude extract of F4 fimbriae that shows promise as an antigenic determinant for potential vaccination strategies. Materials and Methods A crude F4 fimbriae extract was obtained from F4+ ETEC using a combination of heat shock and homogenization techniques. Subsequently, three 4-week-old piglets were immunized with a primary dose of 150 μg and a booster dose 2 weeks later. Blood samples were collected to evaluate the level of serum F4-specific antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Analysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry techniques unveiled crucial insights into the composition of the crude F4 fimbriae extract. Notably, a distinct prominent band (~24 kDa) was identified, corresponding to the size of FaeG, the major subunit of F4 fimbriae. Regarding antibody response, there was a remarkable disparity between the levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA antibodies targeting F4 compared with other E. coli strains (F18+ ETEC, F41+ ETEC, and F4-F18-F41- EC), as well as with the unvaccinated control group (p < 0.01). Specifically, the levels of IgG antibodies against other E. coli strains were also significantly higher than those observed in the unvaccinated control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that the crude F4 fimbriae extracts obtained using our simple extraction method induce specific immune responses against F4+ E. coli and stimulate cross-immunity against other E. coli strains. Therefore, our method shows potential for use in future vaccine development against diarrhea in pigs caused by E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luong Thi Yen Nguyet
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Puey Ounjai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Natharin Ngamwongsatit
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Laboratory of Bacteria, Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Zhao H, Xu Y, Li X, Yin J, Li G, Zhao H, Li S, Li J, Wang L. Protective efficacy of a recombinant enterotoxin antigen in a maternal immunization model and the inhibition of specific maternal antibodies to neonatal oral vaccination. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 157:103946. [PMID: 37031607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
ETEC (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli) infection is the leading cause of profuse watery diarrhea in mammals, especially among pre-weaning and post-weaning piglets in swine industry. Maternal immunization is a current rational strategy for providing protection to susceptive piglets and reducing the incidence of ETEC-associated diarrhea. Here we evaluated the protective efficiency of a recombinant antigen (MBP-SLS) fused by major enterotoxin subunits (STa-LTB-STb) via a maternal immunization model, and the impacts of maternal antibodies to neonatal oral vaccination were also investigated in the neonates. The high titers of specific IgG and sIgA in pups shown that the maternal antibodies could be transferred passively. Furthermore, the increases of IL-6 and IL-10 cytokines in breast milk and pup serum indicated that immunization on mother could effectively boost the immune system of neonates. Newborn rats from immunized mothers showed a 70% survival rate after ETEC infection. However, the mucosal immune responses of neonates were inhibited by the high level of maternal specific antibodies. Among the oral-vaccinated neonates, born from mock-immunized rats reached the highest survival after ETEC challenge. Collectively, the fusion MBP-SLS antigen could effectively induce strong immune responses in rats during pregnancy and the pups could receive passive protection through specific antibodies transferred via milk and placenta. However, the specific maternal antibodies exhibited an inhibition effect on the mucosal immune responses in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian 116620, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jiajun Yin
- Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian 116001, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haofei Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuying Li
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian 116620, China; Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Jibin Li
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian 116620, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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14
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Xu C, Peng K, She Y, Fu F, Shi Q, Lin Y, Xu C. Preparation of novel trivalent vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for preventing newborn piglet diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.10.0183. [PMID: 36576801 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.10.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a trivalent genetically engineered inactivated Escherichia coli vaccine (K88ac-3STa-LTB) that neutralizes the STa toxin by targeting fimbriae and entertoxins for the treatment of enterotoxigenic E coli. ANIMALS 18- to 22-g mice, rabbits, pregnant sows. PROCEDURES Using PCR, the K88ac gene and LTB gene were cloned separately from the template C83902 plasmid. At the same time, the 3 STa mutant genes were also amplified by using the gene-directed mutation technology. Immune protection experiments were performed, and the minimum immune dose was determined in mice and pregnant sows. RESULTS The ELISA test could be recognized by the STa, LTB, and K88ac antibodies. Intragastric administration in the suckling mouse confirmed that the protein had lost the toxicity of the natural STa enterotoxin. The results of the immune experiments showed that K88ac-3STa-LTB protein could stimulate rabbits to produce serum antibodies and neutralize the toxicity of natural STa enterotoxin. The efficacy test of the K88ac-3STa-LTB-inactivated vaccine showed that the immune protection rate of the newborn piglets could reach 85% on the first day after suckling. At the same time, it was determined that the minimum immunization doses for mice and pregnant sows were 0.2 and 2.5 mL, respectively. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This research indicates that the K88ac-3STa-LTB trivalent genetically engineered inactivated vaccine provides a broad immune spectrum for E coli diarrhea in newborn piglets and prepares a new genetically engineered vaccine candidate strain for prevention of E coli diarrhea in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChongLi Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Peng
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan She
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyang Fu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinhong Shi
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - ChongBo Xu
- Henry Fok College of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, People's Republic of China
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15
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A polyvalent multiepitope protein cross-protects against Vibrio cholerae infection in rabbit colonization and passive protection models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202938119. [PMID: 36469767 PMCID: PMC9897427 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202938119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using epitope- and structure-based multiepitope fusion antigen vaccinology platform, we constructed a polyvalent protein immunogen that presents antigenic domains (epitopes) of Vibrio cholerae toxin-coregulated pilus A, cholera toxin (CT), sialidase, hemolysin A, flagellins (B, C, and D), and peptides mimicking lipopolysaccharide O-antigen on a flagellin B backbone. Mice and rabbits immunized intramuscularly with this polyvalent protein immunogen developed antibodies to all of the virulence factors targeted by the immunogen except lipopolysaccharide. Mouse and rabbit antibodies exhibited functional activities against CT enterotoxicity, CT binding to GM1 ganglioside, bacterial motility, and in vitro adherence of V. cholerae O1, O139, and non-O1/non-O139 serogroup strains. When challenged orogastrically with V. cholerae O1 El Tor N16961 or a non-O1/non-O139 strain, rabbits IM immunized with the immunogen showed a 2-log (99%) reduction in V. cholerae colonization of small intestines. Moreover, infant rabbits born to the mother immunized with the protein immunogen acquired antibodies passively and were protected from bacterial intestinal colonization (>2-log reduction), severe diarrhea (100%), and mild diarrhea (88%) after infection with V. cholerae O1 El Tor (N16961), O1 classical (O395), O139 (Bengal), or a non-O1/non-O139 strain. This study demonstrated that this polyvalent cholera protein is broadly immunogenic and cross-protective, and an adult rabbit colonization model and an infant rabbit passive protection model fill a gap in preclinical efficacy assessment in cholera vaccine development.
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Oral and Parenteral Vaccination against Escherichia coli in Piglets Results in Different Responses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12202758. [PMID: 36290144 PMCID: PMC9597725 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The available E. coli vaccines involve two main types (inactivated and live non-pathogenic) and two routes of administration (oral and parenteral) but the mechanism by which both vaccines and routes of administration work is not yet fully elucidated. The influence of a parenteral vaccine (PV) and an oral one (OV) was studied by analyzing the gene expression of biomarkers indicating cellular infiltration (calprotectin, CAL), tight junction proteins (occludin OCL, and zonulin ZON) that maintain intestinal paracellular integration and two proinflammatory (IFN-γ) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β) mediator cytokines, as well as histomorphology and IgA production cell density. Differences were observed in CAL, more infiltrated in orally vaccinated animals; OCL also increased in orally vaccinated animals, and higher density of IgA-producing cells in ileum for orally vaccinated groups. Cytokine expression is also different; and there is a lower mRNA for IFN-γ in the parenteral than in the oral vaccinated animals. Finally, the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio was higher in the orally vaccinated groups. The data collectively show clear and different effects derived from the use of each type of vaccine, route of administration and regimen. The results suggest a more rapid and direct effect of oral vaccination and a state of suppression in the absence of a second oral stimulus by the pathogen.
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17
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Canibe N, Højberg O, Kongsted H, Vodolazska D, Lauridsen C, Nielsen TS, Schönherz AA. Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2585. [PMID: 36230326 PMCID: PMC9558551 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries, medical levels of zinc (typically as zinc oxide) are added to piglet diets in the first two weeks post-weaning to prevent the development of post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). However, high levels of zinc constitute an environmental polluting agent, and may contribute to the development and/or maintenance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among bacteria. Consequently, the EU banned administering medical levels of zinc in pig diets as of June 2022. However, this may result in an increased use of antibiotic therapeutics to combat PWD and thereby an increased risk of further AMR development. The search for alternative measures against PWD with a minimum use of antibiotics and in the absence of medical levels of zinc has therefore been intensified over recent years, and feed-related measures, including feed ingredients, feed additives, and feeding strategies, are being intensively investigated. Furthermore, management strategies have been developed and are undoubtedly relevant; however, these will not be addressed in this review. Here, feed measures (and vaccines) are addressed, these being probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, proteobiotics, plants and plant extracts (in particular essential oils and tannins), macroalgae (particularly macroalgae-derived polysaccharides), dietary fibre, antimicrobial peptides, specific amino acids, dietary fatty acids, milk replacers, milk components, creep feed, vaccines, bacteriophages, and single-domain antibodies (nanobodies). The list covers measures with a rather long history and others that require significant development before their eventual use can be extended. To assess the potential of feed-related measures in combating PWD, the literature reviewed here has focused on studies reporting parameters of PWD (i.e., faeces score and/or faeces dry matter content during the first two weeks post-weaning). Although the impact on PWD (or related parameters) of the investigated measures may often be inconsistent, many studies do report positive effects. However, several studies have shown that control pigs do not suffer from diarrhoea, making it difficult to evaluate the biological and practical relevance of these improvements. From the reviewed literature, it is not possible to rank the efficacy of the various measures, and the efficacy most probably depends on a range of factors related to animal genetics and health status, additive doses used, composition of the feed, etc. We conclude that a combination of various measures is probably most recommendable in most situations. However, in this respect, it should be considered that combining strategies may lead to additive (e.g., synbiotics), synergistic (e.g., plant materials), or antagonistic (e.g., algae compounds) effects, requiring detailed knowledge on the modes of action in order to design effective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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18
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Ntakiyisumba E, Lee S, Won G. Evidence-Based Approaches for Determining Effective Target Antigens to Develop Vaccines against Post-Weaning Diarrhea Caused by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Pigs: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2136. [PMID: 36009725 PMCID: PMC9405027 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis (MA) and systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines against post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), in piglets. A Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) was also performed to compare the effects of combining different target antigens on vaccine efficacy. Relevant electronic databases were searched using pre-specified search terms, and 17 studies were selected based on three outcomes: diarrhea, mortality, and average daily weight gain (ADWG). In pairwise MA, the vaccinated group showed a significant decrease in diarrhea (OR = 0.124 [0.056, 0.275]) and mortality (OR = 0.273 [0.165, 0.451]), and a significant increase in ADWG (SMD = 0.699 [0.107, 1.290]) compared with those in controls. Furthermore, NMA results showed that all vaccine groups, except for group D (LT enterotoxin), were effective against PWD. Rank probabilities indicated that the F4 + F18 + LT combination was the best regimen for preventing diarrhea (SUCRA score = 0.92) and mortality (SUCRA score = 0.89). NMA also demonstrated that, among the vaccine groups, those inducing simultaneous anti-adhesion and antitoxin immunity had the highest efficacy. Our results provide evidence-based information on the efficacy of vaccines in reducing PWD incidence in pigs and may serve as guidelines for antigen selection for commercial vaccine development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Korea
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19
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Marks H, Grześkowiak Ł, Martinez-Vallespin B, Dietz H, Zentek J. Porcine and Chicken Intestinal Epithelial Cell Models for Screening Phytogenic Feed Additives—Chances and Limitations in Use as Alternatives to Feeding Trials. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030629. [PMID: 35336204 PMCID: PMC8951747 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous bioactive plant additives have shown various positive effects in pigs and chickens. The demand for feed additives of natural origin has increased rapidly in recent years to support the health of farm animals and thus minimize the need for antibiotics and other drugs. Although only in vivo experiments can fully represent their effect on the organism, the establishment of reliable in vitro methods is becoming increasingly important in the goal of reducing the use of animals in experiments. The use of cell models requires strict control of the experimental conditions so that reliability and reproducibility can be achieved. In particular, the intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 represents a promising model for the development of new additives. It offers the possibility to investigate antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti- or pro-proliferative and antiviral effects. However, the use of IPEC-J2 is limited due to its purely epithelial origin and some differences in its morphology and functionality compared to the in vivo situation. With regard to chickens, the development of a reliable intestinal epithelial cell model has attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. Although a promising model was presented lately, further studies are needed to enable the standardized use of a chicken cell line for testing phytogenic feed additives. Finally, co-cultivation of the currently available cell lines with other cell lines and the development of organoids will open up further application possibilities. Special emphasis was given to the IPEC-J2 cell model. Therefore, all publications that investigated plant derived compounds in this cell line were considered. The section on chicken cell lines is based on publications describing the development of chicken intestinal epithelial cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Marks
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Łukasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Beatriz Martinez-Vallespin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
| | - Heiko Dietz
- Kaesler Research Institute, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Fischkai 1, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (Ł.G.); (B.M.-V.); (J.Z.)
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20
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Zhao H, Xu Y, Li G, Liu X, Li X, Wang L. Protective efficacy of a novel multivalent vaccine in the prevention of diarrhea induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a murine model. J Vet Sci 2021; 23:e7. [PMID: 34841745 PMCID: PMC8799940 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection is a primary cause of livestock diarrhea. Therefore, effective vaccines are needed to reduce the incidence of ETEC infection. Objectives Our study aimed to develop a multivalent ETEC vaccine targeting major virulence factors of ETEC, including enterotoxins and fimbriae. Methods SLS (STa-LTB-STb) recombinant enterotoxin and fimbriae proteins (F4, F5, F6, F18, and F41) were prepared to develop a multivalent vaccine. A total of 65 mice were immunized subcutaneously by vaccines and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The levels of specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post-vaccination (dpv). A challenge test with a lethal dose of ETEC was performed, and the survival rate of the mice in each group was recorded. Feces and intestine washes were collected to measure the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Results Anti-SLS and anti-fimbriae-specific IgG in serums of antigen-vaccinated mice were significantly higher than those of the control group. Immunization with the SLS enterotoxin and multivalent vaccine increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations. Compared to diarrheal symptoms and 100% death of mice in the control group, mice inoculated with the multivalent vaccine showed an 80% survival rate without any symptom of diarrhea, while SLS and fimbriae vaccinated groups showed 60 and 70% survival rates, respectively. Conclusions Both SLS and fimbriae proteins can serve as vaccine antigens, and the combination of these two antigens can elicit stronger immune responses. The results suggest that the multivalent vaccine can be successfully used for preventing ETEC in important livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.,Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian 116620, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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21
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Karan S, Garg LC, Choudhury D, Dixit A. Recombinant FimH, a fimbrial tip adhesin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, elicits mixed T helper cell response and confers protection against Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge in murine model. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:373-387. [PMID: 34020083 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus causes vibriosis in wide range of marine organisms, and is responsible for food borne illnesses in humans through consumption of contaminated uncooked/partially cooked seafood. Continued and widespread antibiotics usage to increase the productivity has led to antibiotics resistance development. This has necessitated the need to develop alternative methods to control its infection. Use of safe and effective vaccines against the virulence factors not only protects from infection, it also minimizes antibiotic usage. The colonization of V. parahaemolyticus in the host and disease development requires several adhesins present on the cell surface, and thereby make them attractive vaccine candidates. V. parahaemolyticus produces extracellular type 1 fimbriae that have been shown to play a role in adhesion, biofilm formation and virulence. FimH is one of the minor components of the type 1 fimbriae occurring on its very tip. Being present on the cell surface, it is highly immunogenic, and can be targeted as a potential vaccine candidate. The present study describes the immunogenic and vaccine potential of recombinant V. parahaemolyticus FimH (rVpFimH) expressed in E. coli. Immunization of BALB/c mice with the rVpFimH elicited a strong mixed immune response, T-cell memory (evidenced by antibody isotyping, cytokine profiling and T-cell proliferation assay), and agglutination positive antibodies. FACS analysis and immunogold labeling showed that the polyclonal anti-rVpFimH antibodies were able to recognize the FimH on V. parahaemolyticus cells. In vivo challenge of the rVpFimH-immunized mice with 2×LD50 dose of live bacteria showed one hundred percent survival. Thus, our findings clearly demonstrate the potential of FimH as an effective vaccine candidate against V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Karan
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Lalit C Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Devapriya Choudhury
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Aparna Dixit
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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22
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Zhao H, Xu Y, Li G, Liu X, Li X, Wang L. Protective efficacy of a novel multivalent vaccine in the prevention of diarrhea induced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in a murine model. J Vet Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Co. Ltd., Dalian 116620, China
| | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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23
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Van der Weken H, Cox E, Devriendt B. Advances in Oral Subunit Vaccine Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 9:1. [PMID: 33375151 PMCID: PMC7822154 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens invade the host at the intestinal surface. To protect against these enteropathogens, the induction of intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) responses is paramount. While systemic vaccination provides strong systemic immune responses, oral vaccination is the most efficient way to trigger protective SIgA responses. However, the development of oral vaccines, especially oral subunit vaccines, is challenging due to mechanisms inherent to the gut. Oral vaccines need to survive the harsh environment in the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by low pH and intestinal proteases and need to reach the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, which are protected by chemical and physical barriers that prevent efficient uptake. Furthermore, they need to surmount default tolerogenic responses present in the gut, resulting in suppression of immunity or tolerance. Several strategies have been developed to tackle these hurdles, such as delivery systems that protect vaccine antigens from degradation, strong mucosal adjuvants that induce robust immune responses and targeting approaches that aim to selectively deliver vaccine antigens towards specific immune cell populations. In this review, we discuss recent advances in oral vaccine design to enable the induction of robust gut immunity and highlight that the development of next generation oral subunit vaccines will require approaches that combines these solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bert Devriendt
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (H.V.d.W.); (E.C.)
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