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Robi DT, Mossie T, Temteme S. Eukaryotic Infections in Dairy Calves: Impacts, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2023; 14:195-208. [PMID: 38058381 PMCID: PMC10697087 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s442374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic infections are common among dairy calves and can have significant impacts on their health and growth rates. Fungal infections caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, Trichophyton verrucosum, and Candida albicans can cause respiratory diseases, dermatophytosis, and diarrhea, respectively. Protozoan parasites, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, and Eimeria spp., are also common in dairy calves. C. parvum is highly contagious and can cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, while Giardia duodenalis can lead to poor growth and is transmissible to humans through contaminated food or water. Eimeria spp. can cause coccidiosis and lead to reduced growth rates, poor feed conversion, and death. The common helminthic infections in dairy calves include Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp., Fasciola hepatica, and Strongyloides papillosus. These parasitic infections significantly impact calf health, growth, and dairy industry productivity. Diagnosis of these infections can be made through fecal samples using microscopy or molecular methods. However, diagnosis of the infections can be challenging and requires a combination of clinical signs and laboratory tests such as culture and PCR. Preventing and controlling eukaryotic infections in dairy calves requires several measures. Good hygiene and sanitation practices, proper management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are important. It is also necessary to avoid overcrowding and consider vaccination against ringworm. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiology and characterization of eukaryotic infections in dairy calves, which will help in the development of more effective prevention and control strategies. In general, good hygiene practices, appropriate management strategies, and timely treatment of affected animals are crucial in preventing and controlling the infections, ensuring the health and well-being of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Mossie
- Ethiopian Institute of Agriculture Research, Jimma Agriculture Research Center, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, Tepi, Ethiopia
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Jaiswal V, Brar APS, Sandhu BS, Das Singla L. Faecal prevalence and histopathological evaluation of coccidiosis in bovine calves. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:550-555. [PMID: 37520209 PMCID: PMC10382360 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine coccidiois, caused by Eimeria spp. is widely prevalent around the globe and responsible for huge economic losses by causing morbidity and mortality among young calves. The present study was designed to evaluate the prevalence as well as to evaluate histopathological alterations associated with it. The faecal samples were collected from 700 bovine calves upto two month of age from August 2019 to July 2021 and screened for Eimeria oocycts. The intestinal tissue samples of 37 calves were also collected which died during the study period after showing symptoms of diarrhea and examined for histological lesions. The faecal prevalence of Eimeria observed in our study was 2.29% (16/700) while in tissue samples only two out of 37 were found positive for Eimeria infection. Tissue sections revealed various stages of Eimeria gametogony, variable congestion, haemorrhage, and necrosis along with cryptic dilatation and mononuclear cell infiltration. Coccidia was not found to be associated with season, age and sex of calf. Bovine coccidiosis was found to be endemic with low prevalence but severe onset characterized by moderate to severe congestion and inflammatory reaction mainly in the ileum and caecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Jaiswal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Punjab, India
| | - Apminder Pal singh Brar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Singh Sandhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Punjab, India
| | - Lachhman Das Singla
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Punjab, India
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Keomoungkhoun B, Arjentinia IPGY, Sangmaneedet S, Taweenan W. First report on the molecular prevalence and associated risk factors of Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle in Khon Kaen, Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:1489-1495. [PMID: 37621543 PMCID: PMC10446723 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1489-1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Bovine coccidiosis, caused by the protozoa Eimeria, is an important parasitic cattle disease that affects animal health and has economic impact worldwide. This study was conducted to report the first molecular prevalence and genetic diversity of Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle in Khon Kaen province, Thailand, and to identify the risk factors associated with Eimeria spp. infection. Materials and Methods From July 2020 to October 2021, 296 fecal samples were collected from dairy cattle divided into three age groups, including <3-month-old calves, 3-month-old to 1-year-old calves, and >1-year-old cattle. Eimeria spp. were identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifying 18S RNA gene and confirmed by DNA sequencing. Information regarding all associated risk factors was collected using questionnaires and analyzed using logistic regression tests in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program. Results Polymerase chain reaction results showed that 104 (35.13%) of 296 samples were positive for Eimeria spp. The <3-month-old calves (46.51%) had the highest infection rate. Moreover, multiplex PCR identified five species of Eimeria, namely, Eimeria bovis (32.69%), Eimeria zuernii (18.26%), Eimeria alabamensis (5.76%), Eimeria ellipsoidalis (3.84%), and Eimeria cylindrica (2.88%). An association was observed between risk factors and Eimeria spp. incidence (p < 0.05). DNA sequencing revealed the similarity of each Eimeria spp. with 91%-100% nucleotide identity. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated the close relationships of clusters of E. bovis and E. zuernii, E. ellipsoidalis, and E. cylindrica and another cluster of E. alabamensis. Conclusion The results confirm that Eimeria spp. are commonly found in dairy cattle, especially calves. The molecular test could be powerful for species identification. This study also provides epidemiological information for developing future strategies to control bovine coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamphen Keomoungkhoun
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Somboon Sangmaneedet
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Weerapol Taweenan
- Division of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Dosa D, Mohammed N, Mathewos M. Study on small ruminant brucellosis and owners awareness in two selected districts of southern region, Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:907-916. [PMID: 36367706 PMCID: PMC10029884 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucellosis is one of the infectious diseases that has the greatest impact on the productivity of sheep and goats. A cross-sectional study followed by a simple random sampling technique was used to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis (Rose Bengal plate test; RBPT and complement fixation test; CFT) in small ruminants and its related risk variables from November 2019 to June 2020 in Kolme and Abala Abaya districts. A questionnaire was also given to owners to assess their existing knowledge of the disease. RESULT Using the RBPT and CFT, 28 (4.1%) and 23 (3.33%) of the 690 animals were found to be seropositive for brucellosis, respectively. In this study, the seroprevalence of brucellosis detected in the Kolme district (5.3%) was greater when compared to Abala Abaya (1.0%). The odds of Brucella infection were greater for goats (odds ratio [OR] 6.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 16 0.8-44.9) than for sheep. The odds of adult animals (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.03-0.07) being positive for brucellosis was higher than young animals. A statistically significant difference in the seropositivity of brucellosis was detected in univariate logistic regression among districts, different age groups, herd size, parity number, and reproductive health problems except for species and sex, but in multivariate logistic regression, only reproductive health problems were revealed a statistically significant difference. Out of 138 families, 100% of respondents were unaware of brucellosis, 94.5% drink raw milk, and 74% handle animals with retained fetal membranes with their bare hands. CONCLUSION This study showed that brucellosis was a widely spread disease in the study areas and poses a substantial public health danger. To reduce the spread of the disease in small ruminants, public health risks, and economic losses, stringent vaccination application and awareness of personal hygiene are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Dosa
- Sodo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Nejib Mohammed
- College of Agriculture, Arbaminch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
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Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Cattle in Three Districts in Central Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020285. [PMID: 36670825 PMCID: PMC9854714 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are a major impediment to livestock production worldwide. However, knowledge about the epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites in many low-income countries is still limited. An epidemiological survey on these parasites in traditionally reared cattle was performed in central Ethiopia (West Shewa Zone), from September 2019 to November 2021. Overall, 691 samples were analyzed qualitatively (flotation technique) and quantitatively (McMaster technique) to detect helminth eggs and Eimeria oocysts. Furthermore, coprocultures were conducted on pooled samples to identify the genera of gastrointestinal strongyles (GIS). The difference in prevalence according to agroecology, season, age, sex and body condition score (BCS) was investigated using univariable tests and through a multivariable logistic regression analysis, whereas abundance values were interpreted using a descriptive approach. The highest prevalence values were observed for GIS (50.2%) and Eimeria spp. (36.0%), whereas Moniezia spp. (16.3%), Strongyloides spp. (5.1%) and Schistosoma spp. (4.2%) showed lower values. Trichuris spp. and Toxocara vitulorum were sporadically found. A coproculture revealed that Haemonchus spp. (34.6%), Trichostrongylus spp. (25.9%) and Bunostomum spp. (19.1%) were the most frequent genera of GIS. A poor BCS was strongly associated with the occurrence of GIS, while seasonal variations were detected for Eimeria spp., GIS, Moniezia spp. and Schistosoma spp., with a higher prevalence and burden during the rainy season, and agroecology also strongly influenced different parasitic taxa. This present study increases the knowledge about the epidemiological features of gastrointestinal parasites in the context of a low-income country, suggesting a more tailored approach for their control. The use of a BCS as an indicator for the selective treatment of highly infested animals is supported by our findings, introducing a possible way to prevent anthelmintic resistance in areas where basic diagnostic services are rarely used by farmers.
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Intimin (eae) and virulence membrane protein pagC genes are associated with biofilm formation and multidrug resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolates from calves with diarrhea. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:321. [PMID: 36221149 PMCID: PMC9552474 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the association of the intimin (eae) and pagC genes with biofilm formation and multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica collected from calves with diarrhea. Results Fecal samples (n: 150) were collected from calves with diarrhea. Of 150 fecal samples, 122 (81.3%) were culture positive and 115/122 (94.2%) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, E. coli (n = 64/115, 55.6%) was the most common isolate followed by S. enterica (n = 41/115, 35.6%). Also, 10 (8.6%) isolates were other Enterobacteriaceae bacteria including Klebsiella and Proteus species. Eighty-nine isolates (77.4%) from calf diarrhea, including 52 (81.3%) E. coli and 37 (90.2%) S. enterica were MDR. The eae and pagC genes were detected in 33 (51.5%) E. coli and 28 (68.3%) S. enterica isolates, respectively. There was a strong association between these genes and biofilm formation and MDR phenotype (P-value = 0.000). All E. coli isolates carrying the eae gene were biofilm producers and MDR. Also, all pagC-positive S. enterica isolates were MDR and 25 (89.3%) isolates of them produced biofilm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-022-06218-6.
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Ayana D, Temesgen K, Kumsa B, Alkadir G. Dry Season Eimeria Infection in Dairy Cattle and Sheep in and Around Adama and Bishoftu Towns, Oromia, Ethiopia. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 13:235-245. [PMID: 36110350 PMCID: PMC9470120 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s377017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Eimeria infection is one of the protozoal diseases of animals caused by various species of Eimeria (intracellular parasite) and causes reduced productivity and mortality in ruminants, especially in young ones. Despite the fact that the disease is one of the leading causes of economic losses, there is little information in Ethiopia on the occurrence of the infection in cattle and sheep. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 in and around Adama and Bishoftu towns with the objectives to estimate the prevalence of Eimeria infection; identify circulating Eimeria oocysts, the intensity/burden of infection and associated risk factors of Eimeria infection in cattle and sheep. A total of 384 randomly selected (265 cattle and 119 sheep) fecal samples were collected from the rectum and examined by flotation technique using sheather’s sugar solution to detect the oocysts of Eimeria. A 2.5% potassium dichromate solution was added to the positive fecal samples for sporulation of the oocysts. Results and discussion The overall prevalence of 48.95% Eimeria infection was recorded during the study. 45.0% and 58% prevalence of the infection was registered in cattle and sheep, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P ˂ 0.05) in Eimeria infection between the study animal species, age of the animals, breed, farm hygiene and management system. However, there was no significant difference in Eimeria infection (P > 0.05) in sex, body condition of the animals and fecal consistency. The maximum oocysts per gram of feces was found to be 10,000. Eimeria infection is of great importance to livestock producers and requires serious control and prevention initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinka Ayana
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Correspondence: Dinka Ayana, Email ;
| | - Kebene Temesgen
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bersissa Kumsa
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Gebayehu Alkadir
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Olivares-Muñoz A, Alonso-Díaz MA, Romero-Salas D, Cruz-Romero A, Barrientos-Morales M, Pinos-Rodríguez JM. Prevalence and risk factors of coccidiosis in calves from Veracruz, México. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e005622. [PMID: 35946612 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were: (1) to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. sporulated oocysts in calves from 26 Municipalities in the Central Zone of the State of Veracruz, Mexico, (2) to identify the Eimeria spp. infecting calves, and (3) to identify the risk factors associated with the presence of Eimeria spp. in tropical cattle. A total of 930 individual fecal samples were analyzed by using the McMaster technique; then, oocysts were maintained in 2.5% potassium dichromate to allow sporulation. The general prevalence of calves with Eimeria spp. oocysts was 39.7% (370/930). Of a total of 10 identified species, Eimeria canadensis was the most observed, followed by Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii. The statistical analysis showed an association between the age of the calves (5 to 9 months), the presence of other animals, the physiographic regions and the restricted type of husbandry with the presence of Eimeria spp. in calves (P<0.05). Protective risk factors, such as: routine coprological analysis was also associated with a decrease in infection. These data demonstrate the presence of coccidia in cattle from the State of Veracruz, additionally to the necessary measures that must be taken to control this parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Angel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Veracruz, México
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Anabel Cruz-Romero
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
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