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Teige ES, Sortvik U, Lied GA. A Systematic Review: Fecal Bacterial Profile in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome Analyzed with the GA-Map Dysbiosis Test Based on the 16S rRNA Gene of Bacterial Species or Groups. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2024; 17:109-120. [PMID: 38646157 PMCID: PMC11032674 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s451675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is based on symptom-based criteria due to lack of reliable disease-specific biomarkers. Gut microbiota is perturbed in IBS and when comparing different methods used to analyze gut microbiota, the results might be obscured. Therefore, in this systematic review we aimed to investigate the profile of fecal bacterial markers and dysbiosis index (DI) in patients with IBS and IBS subgroups compared to healthy controls (HCs) conducted by the same method (GA-map Dysbiosis Test based on16S rRNA sequencing). Material and Method We searched PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid) and Cochrane Library for case-control studies comparing fecal gut microbiota analyzed with the GA-map® Dysbiosis Test (Oslo, Norway) in patients with IBS and HCs. Our outcomes were the difference in fecal bacterial markers and DI in patients with IBS and IBS subgroups compared to HCs. Results The search identified 28 citations; five articles were included. Most studies evaluated fecal bacterial markers and DI in patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D). Results of fecal bacteria profile in IBS and IBS subgroups compared to HCs are inconsistent, however, two studies showed increased levels of Ruminococcus gnavus in IBS-D compared to HCs and results of DI indicated IBS and IBS subgroups (especially IBS-D) having higher DI compared to HCs. Conclusion This systematic review revealed inconsistent findings in respect to differences in bacterial markers between IBS and IBS subgroups with HCs in studies using the GA-map Dysbiosis Test based on 16S rRNA sequencing. However, the test is quite novel, and few studies have used the method so far. More research comparing fecal microbiota profile differences in IBS and IBS subgroups compared to HCs utilizing the same method of analysis is needed to give us further insight into the gut bacteria profile in IBS and the clinical consequences of intestinal dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Sande Teige
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Urd Sortvik
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gülen Arslan Lied
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Olyaiee A, Yadegar A, Mirsamadi ES, Sadeghi A, Mirjalali H. Profiling of the fecal microbiota and circulating microRNA-16 in IBS subjects with Blastocystis infection : a case-control study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:483. [PMID: 37932792 PMCID: PMC10626746 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorder. Although the main reason for IBS is not clear, the interaction between intestinal microorganisms and the gut barrier seems to play an important role in pathogenesis of IBS. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of Blastocystis on the gut microbiota profile and the circulation levels of microRNA (mir)-16 of IBS patients compared to healthy subjects. Stool and blood samples were collected from 80 participants including 40 samples from each IBS and healthy group. Upon DNA extraction from stool samples, barcoding region and quantitative real-time PCR were analyzed to investigate Blastocystis and the microbiota profile, respectively. RNA was extracted from serum samples of included subjects and the expression of mir-16 was evaluated using stem-loop protocol and qreal-time PCR. Significant changes between IBS patients and healthy controls was observed in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Faecalibacterium, and Alistipes. In IBS patients, the relative abundance of Bifidobacteria was directly correlated with the presence of Blastocystis, while Alistipes was decreased with Blastocystis. Lactobacillus was significantly increased in Blastocystis carriers. In healthy subjects, the relative abundance of Bifidobacteria was decreased, but Alistipes was increased in Blastocystis carriers. The changes in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was not significant in different groups. The relative expression of mir-16 in Blastocystis-negative IBS patients and healthy carriers was significantly overexpressed compared to control group. The presence of Blastocystis, decreased the relative expression of mir-16 in IBS patients compared to Blastocystis-negative IBS patients. The present study revealed that Blastocystis has the ability to change the abundance of some phyla/genera of bacteria in IBS and healthy subjects. Moreover, Blastocystis seems to modulate the relative expression of microRNAs to control the gut atmosphere, apply its pathogenicity, and provide a favor niche for its colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Olyaiee
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Garcia-Mazcorro JF, Amieva-Balmori M, Triana-Romero A, Wilson B, Smith L, Reyes-Huerta J, Rossi M, Whelan K, Remes-Troche JM. Fecal Microbial Composition and Predicted Functional Profile in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Differ between Subtypes and Geographical Locations. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2493. [PMID: 37894151 PMCID: PMC10608977 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a microbial pathogenesis in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but the relationship remains elusive. Fecal DNA samples from 120 patients with IBS, 82 Mexican (IBS-C: n = 33, IBS-D: n = 24, IBS-M: n = 25) and 38 British (IBS-C: n = 6, IBS-D: n = 27, IBS-M: n = 5), were available for analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Firmicutes (mean: 82.1%), Actinobacteria (10.2%), and Bacteroidetes (4.4%) were the most abundant taxa. The analysis of all samples (n = 120), and females (n = 94) only, showed no significant differences in bacterial microbiota, but the analysis of Mexican patients (n = 82) showed several differences in key taxa (e.g., Faecalibacterium) among the different IBS subtypes. In IBS-D there were significantly higher Bacteroidetes in British patients (n = 27) than in Mexican patients (n = 24), suggesting unique fecal microbiota signatures within the same IBS subtype. These differences in IBS-D were also observed at lower phylogenetic levels (e.g., higher Enterobacteriaceae and Streptococcus in Mexican patients) and were accompanied by differences in several alpha diversity metrics. Beta diversity was not different among IBS subtypes when using all samples, but the analysis of IBS-D patients revealed consistent differences between Mexican and British patients. This study suggests that fecal microbiota is different between IBS subtypes and also within each subtype depending on geographical location.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mercedes Amieva-Balmori
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91700, Mexico
| | - Arturo Triana-Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91700, Mexico
| | - Bridgette Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Leanne Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Job Reyes-Huerta
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91700, Mexico
| | - Megan Rossi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Kevin Whelan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jose M. Remes-Troche
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médico Biológicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91700, Mexico
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Xiao Q, Chen B, Zhu Z, Yang T, Tao E, Hu C, Zheng W, Tang W, Shu X, Jiang M. Alterations in the Fecal Microbiota Composition in Pediatric Acute Diarrhea: A Cross-Sectional and Comparative Study of Viral and Bacterial Enteritis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5473-5483. [PMID: 37638073 PMCID: PMC10456034 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s410720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between the fecal microbiota of acute diarrhea in children and provide gut microbiota information related the acute diarrhea with rotavirus. Patients and Methods Children with acute diarrhea aged 3-60 months were selected for the study. Routine stool examination was performed, and stool samples were collected and stored at -80 °C until further analysis. Fecal microbial DNA was extracted, and DNA concentration and quality were detected. PCR amplification and 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing analysis using the Illumina MiSeq platform were performed, and intestinal flora was statistically analyzed. Results Children with acute diarrhea exhibited gut microbial dysbiosis. Lower microbial diversity and richness were observed in the viral enteritis and bacterial enteritis groups than in the control group. Composition of the microbiota in acute diarrhea differed from that in the control group. The Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes dramatically decreased in the viral enteritis and bacterial enteritis groups. However, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria increased, especially in the bacterial enteritis group. In addition, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria had dramatically increased in the viral enteritis group. According to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes map analysis, the membrane transport dysfunction was caused by rotavirus infection, while the membrane transport dysfunction was more evident in bacterial infection. Conclusion Acute diarrhea infections cause fecal microbiota dysbiosis in children. Changes in fecal microflora in children suggest that the regulation of intestinal flora in children with acute diarrhea should be strengthened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Xiao
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenya Zhu
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Enfu Tao
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenmin Hu
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weihong Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hangzhou Children’s Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mizu Jiang
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children’s Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310052, People’s Republic of China
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Șchiopu CG, Ștefănescu C, Boloș A, Diaconescu S, Gilca-Blanariu GE, Ștefănescu G. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders with Psychiatric Symptoms: Involvement of the Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis in the Pathophysiology and Case Management. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2199. [PMID: 36363791 PMCID: PMC9694215 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders have been an important cause of poor life quality in affected populations. The unclear etiology and pathophysiological mechanism alter the clinical evolution of the patient. Although a strong connection with psychological stress has been observed, it was not until recently that the gut-brain axis involvement has been revealed. Furthermore, the current literature not only promotes the gut-brain axis modulation as a therapeutical target for functional digestive disorders but also states that the gut microbiome has a main role in this bi-directional mechanism. Psychiatric symptoms are currently recognized as an equally important aspect of the clinical manifestation and modulation of both the digestive and central nervous systems and could be the best approach in restoring the balance. As such, this article proposes a detailed description of the physiology of the microbiome-gut-brain axis, the pathophysiology of the functional gastrointestinal disorders with psychiatric symptoms and current perspectives for therapeutical management, as revealed by the latest studies in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gabriela Șchiopu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Cristinel Ștefănescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alexandra Boloș
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Smaranda Diaconescu
- Medical-Surgical Department, Faculty of Medicine, University “Titu Maiorescu”, 040441 Bucuresti, Romania
| | | | - Gabriela Ștefănescu
- Department of Gastroentereology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iași, Romania
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Olyaiee A, Sadeghi A, Yadegar A, Mirsamadi ES, Mirjalali H. Gut Microbiota Shifting in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Mysterious Role of Blastocystis sp. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:890127. [PMID: 35795640 PMCID: PMC9251125 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.890127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder, which its causative agent is not completely clear; however, the interaction between microorganisms and gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cells plays a critical role in the development of IBS and presenting symptoms. During recent decades, many studies have highlighted the high prevalence of Blastocystis sp. in patients with IBS and suggested a probable role for this protist in this disease. Recent studies have documented changes in the gut microbiota composition in patients with IBS regarding the presence of Blastocystis sp., but it is not clear that either disturbance of the gut during GI disorders is a favorable condition for Blastocystis sp. colonization or the presence of this protist may lead to alteration in the gut microbiota in IBS patients. In this review, we comprehensively gather and discuss scientific findings covering the role of Blastocystis sp. in IBS via gut microbiota shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Olyaiee
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elnaz Sadat Mirsamadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirjalali
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pi X, Hua H, Wu Q, Wang X, Wang X, Li J. Effects of Different Feeding Methods on the Structure, Metabolism, and Gas Production of Infant and Toddler Intestinal Flora and Their Mechanisms. Nutrients 2022; 14:1568. [PMID: 35458130 PMCID: PMC9027170 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effects of different feeding methods on the characteristics of intestinal flora and gas production in infants and toddlers by using an in vitro simulated intestinal microecology fermentation and organoid model. We found that the feeding method influences intestinal gas and fecal ammonia production in infants and toddlers. Supplementation with milk powder for infants in the late lactation period could promote the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, including Bifidobacteria. Intestinal flora gas production in a culture medium supplemented with fucosyllactose (2′-FL) was significantly lower than that in media containing other carbon sources. In conclusion, 2′-FL may reduce gas production in infant and toddler guts through two mechanisms: first, it cannot be used by harmful intestinal bacteria to produce gas; second, it can inhibit intestinal mucosa colonization by harmful bacteria by regulating the expression of intestinal epithelial pathogenic genes/signaling pathways, thus reducing the proliferation of gas-producing harmful bacteria in the gut.
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Xie D, Li F, Pang D, Zhao S, Zhang M, Ren Z, Geng C, Wang C, Wei N, Jiang P. Systematic Metabolic Profiling of Mice with Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:2941-2953. [PMID: 34239317 PMCID: PMC8259941 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s313374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are a chronic inflammatory disease, which affects almost all tissues in the body. Previous studies mainly focused on breathing, fecal, and urine samples of patients with IBD. However, there is no comprehensive metabolomic analysis of the serum, colon, heart, liver, kidney, cortex, hippocampus, and brown fat tissues. Therefore, the aim of our study is to evaluate the utility metabolomic analysis of target tissues in the pathogenesis of IBD in exploring new biomarkers for early diagnosis and treatment. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly allocated to control and DSS-treated groups (n = 7). Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was orally administered for 6 weeks. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for metabolite determination, multivariate statistical analysis was used to identify metabolites that were differentially expressed in two groups. Results Our results showed that 3, 11, 12, 6, 5, 13, 13, and 11 metabolites were differentially expressed between the DSS treatment group and the control group in the serum, colon, heart, liver, kidney, cortex, hippocampus, and brown fat tissues, respectively. The most significant change of metabolites in the study was amino acid (L-alanine, L-glutamic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-lysine, L-isoleucine, L-tryptophan, L-norleucine, L-valine, glycine, serine, L-threonine), organic acid (citric acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, propanoic acid), glucide (D-arabinose, D-fructose) and purine (9H-purin-6-ol, D-ribose) profiles. Several pathways were affected according to the integrated pathway analysis. These pathways ranged from amino acid metabolism (such as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, glutathione metabolism) to purine metabolism (aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis). Conclusion Using GC-MS-based profiling of metabolite changes, these results may provide a more comprehensive view for IBD and IBD-related diseases and improve the understanding of IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Xie
- Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengfeng Li
- Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshui Pang
- Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Zhao
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihua Zhang
- Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongfa Ren
- Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Tengzhou, 277500, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Geng
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Changshui Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wei
- Shanting District People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, 277200, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Jiang
- Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, People's Republic of China
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Ahluwalia B, Iribarren C, Magnusson MK, Sundin J, Clevers E, Savolainen O, Ross AB, Törnblom H, Simrén M, Öhman L. A Distinct Faecal Microbiota and Metabolite Profile Linked to Bowel Habits in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061459. [PMID: 34200772 PMCID: PMC8230381 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are suggested to have an altered intestinal microenvironment. We therefore aimed to determine the intestinal microenvironment profile, based on faecal microbiota and metabolites, and the potential link to symptoms in IBS patients. The faecal microbiota was evaluated by the GA-mapTM dysbiosis test, and tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used for faecal metabolomic profiling in patients with IBS and healthy subjects. Symptom severity was assessed using the IBS Severity Scoring System and anxiety and depression were assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. A principal component analysis based on faecal microbiota (n = 54) and metabolites (n = 155) showed a clear separation between IBS patients (n = 40) and healthy subjects (n = 18). Metabolites were the main driver of this separation. Additionally, the intestinal microenvironment profile differed between IBS patients with constipation (n = 15) and diarrhoea (n = 11), while no clustering was detected in subgroups of patients according to symptom severity or anxiety. Furthermore, ingenuity pathway analysis predicted amino acid metabolism and several cellular and molecular functions to be altered in IBS patients. Patients with IBS have a distinct faecal microbiota and metabolite profile linked to bowel habits. Intestinal microenvironment profiling, based on faecal microbiota and metabolites, may be considered as a future non-invasive diagnostic tool, alongside providing valuable insights into the pathophysiology of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Ahluwalia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.I.); (M.K.M.); (J.S.)
- Calmino Group AB, Research and Development, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cristina Iribarren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.I.); (M.K.M.); (J.S.)
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.); (H.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Maria K. Magnusson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.I.); (M.K.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Johanna Sundin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.I.); (M.K.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Egbert Clevers
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.); (H.T.); (M.S.)
- GI Motility and Sensitivity Research Group, Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Otto Savolainen
- Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (O.S.); (A.B.R.)
| | - Alastair B. Ross
- Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; (O.S.); (A.B.R.)
- Proteins and Metabolites Team, AgResearch, Lincoln 7674, New Zealand
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.); (H.T.); (M.S.)
| | - Magnus Simrén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden; (E.C.); (H.T.); (M.S.)
- Center for Functional Gastrointestinal and Motility Disorders, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lena Öhman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (B.A.); (C.I.); (M.K.M.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-31-786-6214
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Mars RA, Frith M, Kashyap PC. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and the Microbiome-What Is the Best Strategy for Moving Microbiome-based Therapies for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders into the Clinic? Gastroenterology 2021; 160:538-555. [PMID: 33253687 PMCID: PMC8575137 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There have been numerous human studies reporting associations between the intestinal microbiome and functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), and independently animal studies have explored microbiome-driven mechanisms underlying FGIDs. However, there is often a disconnect between human and animal studies, which hampers translation of microbiome findings to the clinic. Changes in the microbiota composition of patients with FGIDs are generally subtle, whereas changes in microbial function, reflected in the fecal metabolome, appear to be more precise indicators of disease subtype-specific mechanisms. Although we have made significant progress in characterizing the microbiome, to effectively translate microbiome science in a timely manner, we need concurrent and iterative longitudinal studies in humans and animals to determine the precise microbial functions that can be targeted to address specific pathophysiological processes in FGIDs. A systems approach integrating multiple data layers rather than evaluating individual data layers of symptoms, physiological changes, or -omics data in isolation will allow for validation of mechanistic insights from animal studies while also allowing new discovery. Patient stratification for clinical trials based on functional microbiome alterations and/or pathophysiological measurements may allow for more accurate determination of efficacy of individual microbiome-targeted interventions designed to correct an underlying abnormality. In this review, we outline current approaches and knowledge, and identify gaps, to provide a potential roadmap for accelerating translation of microbiome science toward microbiome-targeted personalized treatments for FGIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben A.T. Mars
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mary Frith
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA,Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Breton J, Giallourou N, Nobis S, Morin A, Achamrah N, Goichon A, Belmonte L, Dechelotte P, Rego JLD, Coëffier M, Swann J. Characterizing the metabolic perturbations induced by activity-based anorexia in the C57Bl/6 mouse using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:2428-2434. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liu T, Gu X, Li LX, Li M, Li B, Cui X, Zuo XL. Microbial and metabolomic profiles in correlation with depression and anxiety co-morbidities in diarrhoea-predominant IBS patients. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:168. [PMID: 32552668 PMCID: PMC7302156 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological co-morbidities in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have been widely recognized, whereas less is known regarding the role of gut microbial and host metabolic changes in clinical and psychological symptoms in IBS. RESULTS A total of 70 diarrhoea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) patients and 46 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Stool and urine samples were collected from both groups for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that fecal microbiota in IBS-D featured depleted Faecalibacterium (adjusted P = 0.034), Eubacterium rectale group (adjusted P = 0.048), Subdoligranulum (adjusted P = 0.041) and increased Prevotella (adjusted P = 0.041). O-ureido-L-serine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzenesulfonic acid and (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate demonstrated lower urinary concentrations in IBS-D patients. We further built correlation matrices between gut microbe abundance, differentiated metabolite quantities and clinical parameters. Dialister manifested negative association with IBS severity (r = - 0.285, P = 0.017), anxiety (r = - 0.347, P = 0.003) and depression level (r = - 0.308, P = 0.010). Roseburia was negatively associated with IBS severity (r = - 0.298, P = 0.012). Twenty metabolites correlated with anxiety or depression levels, including 3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde with SAS (r = - 0.383, P = 0.001), 1-methylxanthine with SDS (r = - 0.347, P = 0.004) and 1D-chiro-inositol with SAS (r = - 0.336, P = 0.005). In analysis of microbe-metabolite relationship, 3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde and 1-methylxanthine were negatively correlated with relative abundance of Clostridiumsensu stricto. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrated altered microbial and metabolomic profiles associated with clinically and psychological symptoms in IBS-D patients, which may provide insights for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot engineering laboratory for precise diagnosis and therapy of GI tumour, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot engineering laboratory for precise diagnosis and therapy of GI tumour, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Li-Xiang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot engineering laboratory for precise diagnosis and therapy of GI tumour, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot engineering laboratory for precise diagnosis and therapy of GI tumour, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot engineering laboratory for precise diagnosis and therapy of GI tumour, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Robot engineering laboratory for precise diagnosis and therapy of GI tumour, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiu-Li Zuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 107 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong Province, China.
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
- Robot engineering laboratory for precise diagnosis and therapy of GI tumour, Qilu Hospital, Cheloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Bennet SM, Keshteli AH, Bercik P, Madsen KL, Reed D, Vanner SJ. Application of metabolomics to the study of irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13884. [PMID: 32426922 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome and the detection of biomarkers of specific mechanisms and/or predictors of therapeutic response remain elusive. This roadblock reflects, in large part, the complexity and heterogeneity of the disorder. Recently, there has been growing evidence of a dietary and/or microbiome interaction with the host that may trigger symptoms in a subset of patients. While a number of techniques are available to examine these potential interactions, "omic" approaches such as metabolomics are becoming more widely used. Metabolomics measures hundreds and potentially thousands of known and unknown small molecule chemicals (metabolites) to provide a unique look into mechanisms that underlie symptom generation and potential predictors of therapeutic response. In this issue of the journal, Lee et al use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to demonstrate the value of this approach to study IBS. This review examines the use of metabolomics to better understand IBS, focusing on what has been learned to date, practical and technical considerations, its potential for future research and how the study by Lee et al have contributed to these concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Bennet
- GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | | | - Premysl Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Institute, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | | | - David Reed
- GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen J Vanner
- GI Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
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Abstract
While there are numerous medical comorbidities associated with ASD, gastrointestinal (GI) issues have a significant impact on quality of life for these individuals. Recent findings continue to support the relationship between the gut microbiome and both GI symptoms and behavior, but the heterogeneity within the autism spectrum requires in-depth clinical characterization of these clinical cohorts. Large, diverse, well-controlled studies in this area of research are still needed. Although there is still much to discover about the brain-gut-microbiome axis in ASD, microbially mediated therapies, specifically probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation have shown promise in the treatment of GI symptoms in ASD, with potential benefit to the core behavioral symptoms of ASD as well. Future research and clinical trials must increasingly consider complex phenotypes in ASD in stratification of large datasets as well as in design of inclusion criteria for individual therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Saurman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 620 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kara G. Margolis
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 620 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Texas Children’s Microbiome Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Feigin Tower, 1102 Bates Avenue, Suite 955, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ducray HAG, Globa L, Pustovyy O, Roberts MD, Rudisill M, Vodyanoy V, Sorokulova I. Prevention of excessive exercise-induced adverse effects in rats with Bacillus subtilis BSB3. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:1163-1178. [PMID: 31814258 PMCID: PMC7079029 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims To characterize efficacy of the Bacillus subtilis BSB3 (BSB3) strain in the prevention of excessive exercise‐induced side effects and in maintaining stability of the gut microbiota. Methods and Results Rats were pretreated by oral gavage with B. subtilis BSB3 (BSB3) or with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) twice a day for 2 days, and were either exposed forced treadmill running or remained sedentary. Histological analysis of intestine, immunofluorescence staining of tight junction (TJ) proteins, serum lipopolysaccharide and intestinal fatty acid‐binding protein assay, culture‐based analysis and pyrosequencing for the gut microbiota were performed for each rat. Forced running resulted in a substantial decrease in intestinal villi height and total mucosa thickness, the depletion of Paneth cells, an inhibition of TJ proteins expression. Short‐term treatment of rats with BSB3 before running prevented these adverse effects. Culture‐based analysis of the gut microbiota revealed significant elevation of pathogenic microorganisms only in treadmill‐exercised rats pretreated with PBS. High‐throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing also revealed an increase in pathobionts in this group. Preventive treatment of animals with BSB3 resulted in predominance of beneficial bacteria. Conclusions BSB3 prevents excessive exercise‐associated complications by beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota. Significance and Impact of the Study Our study shows a new application of beneficial bacteria for prevention the adverse effects of excessive exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A G Ducray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - L Globa
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - O Pustovyy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - M D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - M Rudisill
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - V Vodyanoy
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - I Sorokulova
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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Zhang WX, Zhang Y, Qin G, Li KM, Wei W, Li SY, Yao SK. Altered profiles of fecal metabolites correlate with visceral hypersensitivity and may contribute to symptom severity of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6416-6429. [PMID: 31798278 PMCID: PMC6881512 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i43.6416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal metabolites are associated with gut visceral sensitivity, mucosal immune function and intestinal barrier function, all of which have critical roles in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the metabolic profile and pathophysiology of IBS are still unclear. We hypothesized that altered profiles of fecal metabolites might be involved in the pathogenesis of IBS with predominant diarrhea (IBS-D). AIM To investigate the fecal metabolite composition and the role of metabolites in IBS-D pathophysiology. METHODS Thirty IBS-D patients and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent clinical and psychological assessments, including the IBS Symptom Severity System (IBS-SSS), an Italian modified version of the Bowel Disease Questionnaire, the Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Visceral Sensitivity Index. Visceral sensitivity to rectal distension was tested using high-resolution manometry system by the same investigator. Fecal metabolites, including amino acids and organic acids, were measured by targeted metabolomics approaches. Correlation analyses between these parameters were performed. RESULTS The patients presented with increased stool water content, more psychological symptoms and increased visceral hypersensitivity compared with the controls. In fecal metabolites, His [IBS-D: 0.0642 (0.0388, 0.1484), HC: 0.2636 (0.0780, 0.3966), P = 0.012], Ala [IBS-D: 0.5095 (0.2826, 0.9183), HC: 1.0118 (0.6135, 1.4335), P = 0.041], Tyr [IBS-D: 0.1024 (0.0173, 0.4527), HC: 0.5665 (0.2436, 1.3447), P = 0.018], Phe [IBS-D: 0.1511 (0.0775, 0.3248), HC: 0.3967 (0.1388, 0.7550), P = 0.028], and Trp [IBS-D: 0.0323 (0.0001, 0.0826), HC: 0.0834 (0.0170, 0.1759), P = 0.046] were decreased in IBS-D patients, but isohexanoate [IBS-D: 0.0127 (0.0060, 0.0246), HC: 0.0070 (0.0023, 0.0106), P = 0.028] was significantly increased. Only Tyr was mildly correlated with BSFS scores in all subjects (r = -0.347, P = 0.019). A possible potential biomarker panel was identified to correlate with IBS-SSS score (R 2 Adjusted = 0.693, P < 0.001). In this regression model, the levels of Tyr, Val, hexanoate, fumarate, and pyruvate were significantly associated with the symptom severity of IBS-D. Furthermore, visceral sensation, including abdominal pain and visceral hypersensitivity, was correlated with isovalerate, valerate and isohexanoate. CONCLUSION Altered profiles of fecal metabolites may be one of the origins or exacerbating factors of symptoms in IBS-D via increasing visceral sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xue Zhang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Geng Qin
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai-Min Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Su-Yun Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shu-Kun Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Hollister EB, Oezguen N, Chumpitazi BP, Luna RA, Weidler EM, Rubio-Gonzales M, Dahdouli M, Cope JL, Mistretta TA, Raza S, Metcalf GA, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Petrosino JF, Heitkemper M, Savidge TC, Shulman RJ, Versalovic J. Leveraging Human Microbiome Features to Diagnose and Stratify Children with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. J Mol Diagn 2019; 21:449-461. [PMID: 31005411 PMCID: PMC6504675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis and stratification of children with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remain challenging. Given the central role of recurrent abdominal pain in IBS, we evaluated the relationships of pediatric IBS and abdominal pain with intestinal microbes and fecal metabolites using a comprehensive clinical characterization and multiomics strategy. Using rigorous clinical phenotyping, we identified preadolescent children (aged 7 to 12 years) with Rome III IBS (n = 23) and healthy controls (n = 22) and characterized their fecal microbial communities using whole-genome shotgun metagenomics and global unbiased fecal metabolomic profiling. Correlation-based approaches and machine learning algorithms identified associations between microbes, metabolites, and abdominal pain. IBS cases differed from controls with respect to key bacterial taxa (eg, Flavonifractor plautii and Lachnospiraceae bacterium 7_1_58FAA), metagenomic functions (eg, carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism), and higher-order metabolites (eg, secondary bile acids, sterols, and steroid-like compounds). Significant associations between abdominal pain frequency and severity and intestinal microbial features were identified. A random forest classifier built on metagenomic and metabolic markers successfully distinguished IBS cases from controls (area under the curve, 0.93). Leveraging multiple lines of evidence, intestinal microbes, genes/pathways, and metabolites were associated with IBS, and these features were capable of distinguishing children with IBS from healthy children. These multi-omics features, and their links to childhood IBS coupled with nutritional interventions, may lead to new microbiome-guided diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B Hollister
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Diversigen, Inc., Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Numan Oezguen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Bruno P Chumpitazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Erica M Weidler
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle Rubio-Gonzales
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Mahmoud Dahdouli
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Julia L Cope
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Toni-Ann Mistretta
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Sabeen Raza
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ginger A Metcalf
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Margaret Heitkemper
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert J Shulman
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, Texas
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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Keshteli AH, Madsen KL, Mandal R, Boeckxstaens GE, Bercik P, De Palma G, Reed DE, Wishart D, Vanner S, Dieleman LA. Comparison of the metabolomic profiles of irritable bowel syndrome patients with ulcerative colitis patients and healthy controls: new insights into pathophysiology and potential biomarkers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49:723-732. [PMID: 30706502 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluation of the metabolomic profile of patients with irritable bowel syndrome offers an opportunity to identify novel pathophysiological targets and biomarkers that could discriminate this disorder from related conditions. AIM To identify potential urinary biomarkers that discriminate irritable bowel syndrome patients from ulcerative colitis patients in remission and healthy controls and to explore the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome using a metabolomic approach. METHODS Urine samples were collected from 39 irritable bowel syndrome patients, 53 ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission and 21 healthy controls. Urinary metabolites were identified and quantified using direct infusion/liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and gas-chromatography mass spectrometry. RESULTS Patients with irritable bowel syndrome had a unique urinary metabolome that could separate them from ulcerative colitis patients with an area under the curve = 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.95-1.00). The most important metabolites for this separation were a group of amino acids and organic acids. In addition, subjects with irritable bowel syndrome could be discriminated from healthy controls using their metabolic fingerprints. Irritable bowel syndrome patients had lower urinary Phosphatidyl choline acyl-alkyl C38:6, dopamine and p-hydroxybenzoic acid than healthy controls. Levels of some urinary metabolites including histamine correlated significantly with irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity scores. CONCLUSIONS Irritable bowel syndrome patients have a unique urinary metabolomic profile compared to ulcerative colitis patients in clinical remission or healthy subjects. These data suggest that metabolomic profiling may provide important insights into pathophysiology and testable biomarkers to discriminate irritable bowel syndrome from other disorders that can mimic this condition and can be used to assess its severity and identify potential novel pathophysiological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guy E Boeckxstaens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David E Reed
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stephen Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levinus A Dieleman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Mathew S, Smatti MK, Al Ansari K, Nasrallah GK, Al Thani AA, Yassine HM. Mixed Viral-Bacterial Infections and Their Effects on Gut Microbiota and Clinical Illnesses in Children. Sci Rep 2019; 9:865. [PMID: 30696865 PMCID: PMC6351549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37162-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young children worldwide. It accounts for approximately 1.34 million deaths annually in children younger than five years. Infection can be caused by viral, bacterial and/or parasitic microorganisms. Dysbiosis due to such infections could dramatically affect disease prognosis as well as development of chronic illness. The aim of this study was to analyze gut microbiome and clinical outcomes in young children suffering from viral or mixed viral-bacterial infection. We evaluated gut microbiota composition in children suffering from viral or mixed viral-bacterial infection with two major viruses rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) and two pathogenic bacteria [Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)]. We sequenced 16S ribosomal RNA (V4 region) genes using Illumina MiSeq in 70 hospitalized children suffering from gastroenteric infections plus nine healthy controls. The study summarized Operational Taxonomic Unit (OTU) abundances with the Bray-Curtis index and performed a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis to visualize microbiome similarities. We used a permutational multivariate analyses of variance to test the significance of group differences. We also analyzed the correlation between microbiome changes and clinical outcomes. Our data demonstrated a significant increase in the severity score in children with viral-bacterial mixed infections compared to those with virus infections alone. Statistical analysis by overall relative abundance denoted lesser proportions of Bacteroides in the infected children, whereas Bifidobacteriaceae richness was more prominent in the bacterial-viral mixed infections. Pairwise differences of gut microbiota were significantly higher in RV + EAEC (P = 0.009) and NoV + EAEC (P = 0.009) co-infections, compared to EPEC mixed infection with both, RV (P = 0.045) and NoV (P = 0.188). Shannon diversity index showed considerable more variation in microbiome diversity in children infected with RV cohort compared to NoV cohort. Our results highlight that richness of Bifidobacteriaceae, which acts as probiotics, increased with the severity of the viral-bacterial mixed infections. As expected, significant reduction of relative numbers of Bacteroides was characterized in both RV and NoV infections, with more reduction observed in co-infection pathogenic E. coli. Although mixed infection with EAEC resulted in significant microbiota differences compared to viral infection only or mixed infection with EPEC, the clinical condition of the children were worsened with both pathogenic E.coli co-infections. Further, in comparison with RV cohort, augmented number of differential abundant pathogenic OTUs were peculiarly noticed only with NoV mixed infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Mathew
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Maria K Smatti
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Khalid Al Ansari
- Pediatric Emergency Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 3050, Qatar
| | - Gheyath K Nasrallah
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Asmaa A Al Thani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar. .,Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar.
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Shin A, Preidis GA, Shulman R, Kashyap PC. The Gut Microbiome in Adult and Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:256-274. [PMID: 30153517 PMCID: PMC6314902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal (GI) physiology was well described, but our ability to study gut microbial ecosystems in their entirety was limited by culture-based methods prior to the sequencing revolution. The advent of high-throughput sequencing opened new avenues, allowing us to study gut microbial communities as an aggregate, independent of our ability to culture individual microbes. Early studies focused on association of changes in gut microbiota with different disease states, which was necessary to identify a potential role for microbes and generate novel hypotheses. Over the past few years the field has moved beyond associations to better understand the mechanistic implications of the microbiome in the pathophysiology of complex diseases. This movement also has resulted in a shift in our focus toward therapeutic strategies, which rely on better understanding the mediators of gut microbiota-host cross-talk. It is not surprising the gut microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders given its role in modulating physiological processes such as immune development, GI motility and secretion, epithelial barrier integrity, and brain-gut communication. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge and future directions in microbiome research as it pertains to functional gastrointestinal disorders. We summarize the factors that help shape the gut microbiome in human beings. We discuss data from animal models and human studies to highlight existing paradigms regarding the mechanisms underlying microbiota-mediated alterations in physiological processes and their relevance in human interventions. While translation of microbiome science is still in its infancy, the outlook is optimistic and we are advancing in the right direction toward precise mechanism-based microbiota therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Geoffrey A Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Shulman
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Cheung CKY, Lan LL, Kyaw M, Mak ADP, Chan A, Chan Y, Wu JCY. Up-regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) and down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD). Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28782273 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of immune activation in Functional Dyspepsia (FD) patients without previous infection is unclear. We compare the gastric and circulating brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), receptor potential vanilloid type (TRPV) families and various cytokines in FD patients. METHODS Consecutive adult FD patients (Rome III) with no recent history of gastroenteritis and asymptomatic healthy controls were recruited for upper endoscopy. Subjects with GERD and IBS as predominant symptoms, diabetes mellitus, current or previous Helicobacter pylori infection, psychiatric illness and recent use of NSAID or PPI were excluded. Corpus biopsies and serum samples were collected. KEY RESULTS Forty three [M:F=8:35, mean age: 35.0 (9.3)] FD patients were compared with 23 healthy controls [M:F=8:15, mean age: 36.6 (10.2)]. FD patients had postprandial distress syndrome (PDS) as predominant sub-type (PDS: 36, EPS: 2). There was no significant difference in the median inflammation score (FD:0 (0-1) vs Control:0 (0-1), P=.79). However, FD patients had significantly higher mRNA expression of TRPV1 (FD:0.014±0.007, Control:0.003±0.001, 4.6 fold, P=.02) and TRPV2 (FD:0.012±0.006, Control:0.003±0.001, 4 fold, P=.02) compared to controls. The serum (FD:258.0±12.3 ng ml-1 , Control:319.7±18.1 ng ml-1 , P<.01) and gastric BDNF mRNA (FD:0.06±0.008, Control:0.092±0.01, 0.65 fold, P=.02)levels significantly lower in FD patients. Secretion of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, G-CSF, TGF-β2, MCP-1)was also highly correlated with dyspeptic symptoms in patients with FD. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Despite lacking gastric mucosal inflammation, up-regulation of TRPV1 and TRPV2, down-regulation of BDNF were observed in FD patients. These suggest that immune alteration may contribute to the pathogenesis of FD without any previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Y Cheung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - L L Lan
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - M Kyaw
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - A D P Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - A Chan
- Department of Anatomical, Cellular and Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J C Y Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Yeh AM, Wren A, Golianu B. Mind-Body Interventions for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Children (Basel) 2017; 4:E22. [PMID: 28368365 DOI: 10.3390/children4040022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa. There is emerging evidence that the brain–gut connection affects inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients more than previously thought. This is evidenced by comorbid mood disorders, irritable bowel symptoms concurrent with quiescent IBD, and the potential of psychosocial stressors to trigger IBD flares. Mind–body interventions such as psychotherapy, relaxation, mindfulness, biofeedback, yoga, and clinical hypnosis offer an adjunct to standard medical treatment for IBD. We will review the current evidence base for these mind–body interventions in the treatment of pediatric IBD, illustrate a case study, and offer suggestions for future research for this promising field.
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Ferguson LR, Barnett MPG. Why Are Omics Technologies Important to Understanding the Role of Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1763. [PMID: 27775675 PMCID: PMC5085787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, there has been confusion about the role that nutrition plays in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is apparent that good dietary advice for one individual may prove inappropriate for another. As with many diseases, genome-wide association studies across large collaborative groups have been important in revealing the role of genetics in IBD, with more than 200 genes associated with susceptibility to the disease. These associations provide clues to explain the differences in nutrient requirements among individuals. In addition to genes directly involved in the control of inflammation, a number of the associated genes play roles in modulating the gut microbiota. Cell line models enable the generation of hypotheses as to how various bioactive dietary components might be especially beneficial for certain genetic groups. Animal models are necessary to mimic aspects of the complex aetiology of IBD, and provide an important link between tissue culture studies and human trials. Once we are sufficiently confident of our hypotheses, we can then take modified diets to an IBD population that is stratified according to genotype. Studies in IBD patients fed a Mediterranean-style diet have been important in validating our hypotheses and as a proof-of-principle for the application of these sensitive omics technologies to aiding in the control of IBD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics and Auckland Cancer Research Society, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew P G Barnett
- Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-Based Products Group, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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