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Senapati RE, Jena S, Parida J, Panda A, Patra PK, Pati S, Kaur H, Acharya SK. The patterns, trends and major risk factors of suicide among Indian adolescents - a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:35. [PMID: 38195413 PMCID: PMC10775453 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is an essential stage for the development of mental health, and suicide is among the leading cause of mortality for adolescents around the world. In India, the suicide rate among adolescents has been increasing in recent years. The scoping review was conducted to map the evidence and address gaps by examining the existing pattern, and trends, and identify the major risk factors of suicide among Indian adolescents. METHODS The study was conducted as per the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review framework and the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers' manual. The systematic search was performed using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, by using specific keywords. After the screening, 35 articles were identified according to the inclusion criteria. RESULTS The evidence on the trends of suicide among adolescents showed that the suicide rate has shown an alarming increase in recent years. The evidence pattern showed that hanging and poisoning were the commonly selected methods used by adolescents. The most commonly reported risk factors were mental health problems (54.28%), negative or traumatic familiar issues (34.28%), academic stress (22.85%), social/lifestyle factors (20%), violence (22.85%), economic distresses (8.75%), relationship factor (8.75%). CONCLUSION By synthesizing and summarising the patterns, trends, and key risk factors of suicide among Indian adolescents, this scoping review provides a broad understanding of the literature already in existence. In order to effectively tackle these issues, the finding highlights the urgent need for extensive and targeted suicide prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Elizabeth Senapati
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, NALCO Nagar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Susangita Jena
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, NALCO Nagar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Jayashree Parida
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, NALCO Nagar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Arpita Panda
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, NALCO Nagar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | | | - Sanghamitra Pati
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, NALCO Nagar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases (ECD-Tribal Health), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Subhendu Kumar Acharya
- ICMR- Regional Medical Research Centre, NALCO Nagar, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751023, India.
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Haregu T, Chen Q, Arafat SMY, Cherian A, Armstrong G. Prevalence, correlates and common methods of non-suicidal self-injury in South Asia: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074776. [PMID: 37993150 PMCID: PMC10668266 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dynamics of self-harm vary substantially around the world, yet it is severely under-researched outside of a small number of high-income 'Western' countries. South Asia is disproportionately impacted by suicide, yet we know less about non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in the region. OBJECTIVE To review and summarise evidence on the prevalence, correlates and common methods of NSSI in South Asia. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase and PsycINFO for the period 1 January 2000 to 31 August 2023, for peer-reviewed observational studies. A total of 11 studies from eight South Asian countries that reported prevalence and/or correlates of NSSI were included in this review. We assessed the quality of the studies using the Study Quality Assessment Tools for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. We used meta-regression to describe the sources of heterogeneity. Abstracted data were summarised using thematic synthesis. RESULTS For non-clinical populations, the 12-month prevalence of NSSI ranged from 3.2% to 44.8%, and the lifetime prevalence ranged from 21% to 33%. For clinical populations, the 12-month prevalence of NSSI ranged from 5% to 16.4%, while the lifetime prevalence ranged from 2% to 27%. Male sex, unemployment, financial stress, history of suicidal behaviour and depression were associated with a higher risk of NSSI. Better access to counselling services, higher self-esteem and self-knowledge were associated with a lower risk of NSSI. CONCLUSION The burden of NSSI in South Asia appears to be high in both clinical and non-clinical populations. Further research, especially with general population samples, is needed to build evidence on the epidemiology, context and meaning of NSSI in South Asia to inform the design of context-specific interventions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022342536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Haregu
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Quan Chen
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - S M Yasir Arafat
- Department of Psychiatry, Enam Medical College and Hospital, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Anish Cherian
- Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
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Hamzah H, Tan CS, Ramlee F, Zulkifli SS. The 4-item family resilience scale: psychometric evaluation and measurement invariance of the malay version in adolescents and young adults. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:392. [PMID: 37957763 PMCID: PMC10644556 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The original Family Resilience Scale (FRS) is a reliable tool to assess family resilience. However, the FRS is based on the United States and parental context. Thus, the usefulness of the FRS for the adolescent and young adult population in Asian countries, particularly Malaysia remains unknown. This study translated the FRS into the Malay language and validated it on Malaysian adolescents and young adults to identify its potential as a self-report tool to assess the resilience level of their family. METHODS A total of 351 participants (Mage = 19.75, SDage = 3.29) were recruited in the study using purposive sampling. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the factorial structure of the Family Resilience Scale-Malay (FRS-Malay) and measurement invariance between adolescents and young adults. Then, the scale's reliability was investigated using Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega coefficients, and composite reliability index. Finally, we examined the discriminant validity of the FRS-Malay by correlating its score with individual resilience score and examined the incremental validity of the scale using hierarchical multiple regression analysis to test if family resilience can explain individual well-being levels beyond and above individual resilience. RESULTS The findings of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest that a single-factor model is supported for both age groups. Furthermore, the scale exhibited scalar invariance between adolescents and young adults. The scale also exhibited good reliability, as the value of Cronbach's alpha, McDonald omega coefficients, and composite reliability index were above 0.80. Additionally, the Pearson correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between the FRS-Malay and individual resilience scores, which supports the discriminant validity of the scale. Similarly, the incremental validity of the scale is also supported. Specifically, family resilience had a positive correlation with well-being, even after controlling for individual resilience in the regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The FRS-Malay has demonstrated good reliability and validity. The scale measures the same construct of family resilience across adolescents and young adults, making it suitable for comparisons. Therefore, this unidimensional tool is appropriate for self-reporting their perceived level of family resilience. It is also useful for studying the development and fluctuation of family resilience in the Malaysian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazalizah Hamzah
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia.
| | - Chee-Seng Tan
- School of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Wenzhou-Kean University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fatanah Ramlee
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Syara Shazanna Zulkifli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human Development, Sultan Idris Education University, Perak, Malaysia
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Gong AK, Yun JH, Kim IS, Yuh MA, Woo SH, Kim J, Hong S. Factors Affecting Emergency Medical Utilization After Self-harm and Effectiveness of Community-Based Suicide Prevention Provisions in Preventing Self-harm: A Nationwide Registry-Based Study in Korea. Community Ment Health J 2023; 59:942-953. [PMID: 36547814 PMCID: PMC9772591 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-022-01077-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to formulate and implement a community-based suicide prevention program, as well as evaluate the effectiveness of these programs, it is necessary to understand the epidemiological characteristics of self-harm. Clinical data were collected from the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) data panel in Korea for patients seen after self-harm episodes. Socioeconomic factors were collected from Statistics Korea. Variables representing SP provisions (SPPs) were collected from the Korea Foundation for Suicide Prevention. Increasing the number of mental health providers resulted in lower annual emergency department visit rate after self-harm (VRSH) in the entire population, as well as in both the young and elderly populations. An increase in the mental health budget led to a significant reduction in VRSHs. However, the number of suicide prevention centers did not have any significant association with the VRSH. This study also provides substantial evidence that community-based SPPs are effective in preventing self-harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Kyung Gong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Yun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ah Yuh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hee Woo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Emergency Medical Service, Daejeon Health Institute of Science, 21, Chungjeong-Ro, Dong-Gu, Daejeon, 34504, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoup Hong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Daejeon St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-Daero, Seocho-Gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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