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Ye R, Goodheart AE, Locascio JJ, Peterec E, Properzi M, Thibault EG, Chuba E, Johnson KA, Brickhouse MJ, Touroutoglou A, Growdon JH, Dickerson BC, Gomperts SN. Differential Vulnerability of Hippocampal Subfields to Amyloid and Tau Deposition in the Lewy Body Diseases. Neurology 2024; 102:e209460. [PMID: 38815233 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000209460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Alzheimer disease (AD) copathologies of β-amyloid and tau are common in the Lewy body diseases (LBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson disease (PD), and target distinct hippocampal subfields compared with Lewy pathology, including subiculum and CA1. We investigated the hypothesis that AD copathologies impact the pattern of hippocampal subregion volume loss and cognitive function in LBD. METHODS This was a cross-sectional and longitudinal, single-center, observational cohort study. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing and 3T-MRI with hippocampal segmentation using FreeSurferV7. PiB-PET and flortaucipir-PET imaging of comorbid β-amyloid (A) and tau (T) were acquired. The association of functional cognition, β-amyloid, and tau loads with hippocampal subregion volume was assessed. The contribution of subregion volumes to the relationship of AD-related deposits on functional cognition was examined with mediation analysis. The effects of AD-related deposits on the rate of subregion atrophy were evaluated with mixed-effects models. RESULTS Of 103 participants (mean age: 70.3 years; 37.3% female), 52 had LBD with impaired cognition (LBD-I), 26 had normal cognition (LBD-N), and 25 were A- healthy controls (HCs). Volumes of hippocampal subregions prone to AD copathologies, including subiculum (F = 6.9, p = 0.002), presubiculum (F = 7.3, p = 0.001), and parasubiculum (F = 5.9, p = 0.004), were reduced in LBD-I compared with LBD-N and HC. Volume was preserved in CA2/3, Lewy pathology susceptible subregions. In LBD-I, reduced CA1, subiculum, and presubiculum volumes were associated with greater functional cognitive impairment (all p < 0.05). Compared with HC, subiculum volume was reduced in A+T+ but not A-T- participants (F = 2.62, p = 0.043). Reduced subiculum volume mediated the effect of amyloid on functional cognition (0.12, 95% CI: 0.005 to 0.26, p = 0.040). In 26 longitudinally-evaluated participants, baseline tau deposition was associated with faster CA1 (p = 0.021) and subiculum (p = 0.002) atrophy. DISCUSSION In LBD, volume loss in hippocampal output subregions-particularly the subiculum-is associated with functional cognition and AD-related deposits. Tau deposition appears to accelerate subiculum and CA1 atrophy, whereas Aβ does not. Subiculum volume may have value as a biomarker of AD copathology-mediated neurodegeneration and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ye
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Anna E Goodheart
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Joseph J Locascio
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Erin Peterec
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Michael Properzi
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Emma G Thibault
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Erin Chuba
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Keith A Johnson
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Michael J Brickhouse
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Alexandra Touroutoglou
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - John H Growdon
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Bradford C Dickerson
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Stephen N Gomperts
- From the Department of Neurology (R.Y., A.E.G., J.J.L., E.P., M.P., E.G.T., E.C., K.A.J., M.J.B., A.T., J.G., B.C.D., S.N.G.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Mass General Institute of Neurodegenerative Disease (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.), Charlestown; Lewy Body Dementia Unit (R.Y., A.E.G., E.P., S.N.G.) and Frontotemporal Disorders Unit (M.J.B., A.T., B.C.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Giraldo-Berrio D, Mendivil-Perez M, Velez-Pardo C, Jimenez-Del-Rio M. Rotenone Induces a Neuropathological Phenotype in Cholinergic-like Neurons Resembling Parkinson's Disease Dementia (PDD). Neurotox Res 2024; 42:28. [PMID: 38842585 PMCID: PMC11156752 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) is a neurological disorder that clinically and neuropathologically overlaps with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although it is assumed that alpha-synuclein ( α -Syn), amyloid beta (A β ), and the protein Tau might synergistically induce cholinergic neuronal degeneration, presently the pathological mechanism of PDD remains unclear. Therefore, it is essential to delve into the cellular and molecular aspects of this neurological entity to identify potential targets for prevention and treatment strategies. Cholinergic-like neurons (ChLNs) were exposed to rotenone (ROT, 10 μ M) for 24 h. ROT provokes loss of Δ Ψ m , generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phosphorylation of leucine-rich repeated kinase 2 (LRRK2 at Ser935) concomitantly with phosphorylation of α -synuclein ( α -Syn, Ser129), induces accumulation of intracellular A β (iA β ), oxidized DJ-1 (Cys106), as well as phosphorylation of TAU (Ser202/Thr205), increases the phosphorylation of c-JUN (Ser63/Ser73), and increases expression of proapoptotic proteins TP53, PUMA, and cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) in ChLNs. These neuropathological features resemble those reproduced in presenilin 1 (PSEN1) E280A ChLNs. Interestingly, anti-oxidant and anti-amyloid cannabidiol (CBD), JNK inhibitor SP600125 (SP), TP53 inhibitor pifithrin- α (PFT), and LRRK2 kinase inhibitor PF-06447475 (PF475) significantly diminish ROT-induced oxidative stress (OS), proteinaceous, and cell death markers in ChLNs compared to naïve ChLNs. In conclusion, ROT induces p- α -Syn, iA β , p-Tau, and cell death in ChLNs, recapitulating the neuropathology findings in PDD. Our report provides an excellent in vitro model to test for potential therapeutic strategies against PDD. Our data suggest that ROT induces a neuropathologic phenotype in ChLNs similar to that caused by the mutation PSEN1 E280A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giraldo-Berrio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Miguel Mendivil-Perez
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Carlos Velez-Pardo
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
| | - Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio
- Neuroscience Research Group, Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, and Calle 62 # 52-59, Building 1, Room 412, Medellin, Antioquia, Colombia.
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Björklund A, Barker RA. The basal forebrain cholinergic system as target for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:1937-1952. [PMID: 38279949 PMCID: PMC11146424 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the basal forebrain cholinergic system as a target for the treatment of cognitive impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease, due in part to the need to explore novel approaches to treat the cognitive symptoms of the disease and in part to the development of more refined imaging tools that have made it possible to monitor the progressive changes in the structure and function of the basal forebrain system as they evolve over time. In parallel, emerging technologies allowing the derivation of authentic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells are providing new powerful tools for the exploration of cholinergic neuron replacement in animal models of Parkinson's disease-like cognitive decline. In this review, we discuss the rationale for cholinergic cell replacement as a potential therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease and how this approach can be explored in rodent models of Parkinson's disease-like cognitive decline, building on insights gained from the extensive animal experimental work that was performed in rodent and primate models in the 1980s and 90s. Although therapies targeting the cholinergic system have so far been focused mainly on patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia may be a more relevant condition. In Parkinson's disease with dementia, the basal forebrain system undergoes progressive degeneration and the magnitude of cholinergic cell loss has been shown to correlate with the level of cognitive impairment. Thus, cell therapy aimed to replace the lost basal forebrain cholinergic neurons represents an interesting strategy to combat some of the major cognitive impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
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Chen CL, Cheng SY, Montaser-Kouhsari L, Wu WC, Hsu YC, Tai CH, Tseng WYI, Kuo MC, Wu RM. Advanced brain aging in Parkinson's disease with cognitive impairment. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:62. [PMID: 38493188 PMCID: PMC10944471 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment (PD-CI) deteriorate faster than those without cognitive impairment (PD-NCI), suggesting an underlying difference in the neurodegeneration process. We aimed to verify brain age differences in PD-CI and PD-NCI and their clinical significance. A total of 94 participants (PD-CI, n = 27; PD-NCI, n = 34; controls, n = 33) were recruited. Predicted age difference (PAD) based on gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) features were estimated to represent the degree of brain aging. Patients with PD-CI showed greater GM-PAD (7.08 ± 6.64 years) and WM-PAD (8.82 ± 7.69 years) than those with PD-NCI (GM: 1.97 ± 7.13, Padjusted = 0.011; WM: 4.87 ± 7.88, Padjusted = 0.049) and controls (GM: -0.58 ± 7.04, Padjusted = 0.004; WM: 0.88 ± 7.45, Padjusted = 0.002) after adjusting demographic factors. In patients with PD, GM-PAD was negatively correlated with MMSE (Padjusted = 0.011) and MoCA (Padjusted = 0.013) and positively correlated with UPDRS Part II (Padjusted = 0.036). WM-PAD was negatively correlated with logical memory of immediate and delayed recalls (Padjusted = 0.003 and Padjusted < 0.001). Also, altered brain regions in PD-CI were identified and significantly correlated with brain age measures, implicating the neuroanatomical underpinning of neurodegeneration in PD-CI. Moreover, the brain age metrics can improve the classification between PD-CI and PD-NCI. The findings suggest that patients with PD-CI had advanced brain aging that was associated with poor cognitive functions. The identified neuroimaging features and brain age measures can serve as potential biomarkers of PD-CI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Le Chen
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shao-Ying Cheng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Chao Wu
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Hwei Tai
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yih Isaac Tseng
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Acroviz Inc, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Che Kuo
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ruey-Meei Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Batzu L, Podlewska A, Gibson L, Chaudhuri KR, Aarsland D. A general clinical overview of the non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Neuropsychiatric symptoms. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 174:59-97. [PMID: 38341232 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of non-motor features observed in people with Parkinson's disease (PD) is often dominated by one or more symptoms belonging to the neuropsychiatric spectrum, such as cognitive impairment, psychosis, depression, anxiety, and apathy. Due to their high prevalence in people with PD (PwP) and their occurrence in every stage of the disease, from the prodromal to the advanced stage, it is not surprising that PD can be conceptualised as a complex neuropsychiatric disorder. Despite progress in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms in PD, and better identification and diagnosis of these symptoms, effective treatments are still a major unmet need. The impact of these symptoms on the quality of life of PwP and caregivers, as well as their contribution to the overall non-motor symptom burden can be greater than that of motor symptoms and require a personalised, holistic approach. In this chapter, we provide a general clinical overview of the major neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Batzu
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Podlewska
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Gibson
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Age-Related Diseases, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
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Citro S, Lazzaro GD, Cimmino AT, Giuffrè GM, Marra C, Calabresi P. A multiple hits hypothesis for memory dysfunction in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2024; 20:50-61. [PMID: 38052985 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive disorders are increasingly recognized in Parkinson disease (PD), even in early disease stages, and memory is one of the most affected cognitive domains. Classically, hippocampal cholinergic system dysfunction was associated with memory disorders, whereas nigrostriatal dopaminergic system impairment was considered responsible for executive deficits. Evidence from PD studies now supports involvement of the amygdala, which modulates emotional attribution to experiences. Here, we propose a tripartite model including the hippocampus, striatum and amygdala as key structures for cognitive disorders in PD. First, the anatomo-functional relationships of these structures are explored and experimental evidence supporting their role in cognitive dysfunction in PD is summarized. We then discuss the potential role of α-synuclein, a pathological hallmark of PD, in the tripartite memory system as a key mechanism in the pathogenesis of memory disorders in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Citro
- Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Lazzaro
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Tiziano Cimmino
- Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Maria Giuffrè
- Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Marra
- Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Calabresi
- Neurology Section, Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Jellinger KA. Pathobiology of Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson Disease: Challenges and Outlooks. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:498. [PMID: 38203667 PMCID: PMC10778722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment (CI) is a characteristic non-motor feature of Parkinson disease (PD) that poses a severe burden on the patients and caregivers, yet relatively little is known about its pathobiology. Cognitive deficits are evident throughout the course of PD, with around 25% of subtle cognitive decline and mild CI (MCI) at the time of diagnosis and up to 83% of patients developing dementia after 20 years. The heterogeneity of cognitive phenotypes suggests that a common neuropathological process, characterized by progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic striatonigral system and of many other neuronal systems, results not only in structural deficits but also extensive changes of functional neuronal network activities and neurotransmitter dysfunctions. Modern neuroimaging studies revealed multilocular cortical and subcortical atrophies and alterations in intrinsic neuronal connectivities. The decreased functional connectivity (FC) of the default mode network (DMN) in the bilateral prefrontal cortex is affected already before the development of clinical CI and in the absence of structural changes. Longitudinal cognitive decline is associated with frontostriatal and limbic affections, white matter microlesions and changes between multiple functional neuronal networks, including thalamo-insular, frontoparietal and attention networks, the cholinergic forebrain and the noradrenergic system. Superimposed Alzheimer-related (and other concomitant) pathologies due to interactions between α-synuclein, tau-protein and β-amyloid contribute to dementia pathogenesis in both PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). To further elucidate the interaction of the pathomechanisms responsible for CI in PD, well-designed longitudinal clinico-pathological studies are warranted that are supported by fluid and sophisticated imaging biomarkers as a basis for better early diagnosis and future disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, A-1150 Vienna, Austria
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Iravani MM, Shoaib M. Executive dysfunction and cognitive decline, a non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease captured in animal models. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 174:231-255. [PMID: 38341231 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their significant impact on patients' quality of life. Among these non-motor symptoms, cognitive dysfunction has emerged as an area of particular interest where the clinical aspects are covered in Chapter 2 of this volume. This chapter explores the rationale for investigating the underlying neurobiology of cognitive dysfunction by utilising translational animal models of PD, from rodents to non-human primates. The objective of this chapter is to review the various animal models of cognition that have explored the dysfunction in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Some of the more advanced pharmacological studies aimed at restoring these cognitive deficits are reviewed, although this chapter highlights the lack of systematic approaches in dealing with this non-motor symptom at the pre-clinical stages.
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He G, Li Y, Deng H, Zuo H. Advances in the study of cholinergic circuits in the central nervous system. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:2179-2191. [PMID: 37846148 PMCID: PMC10723250 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Further understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of cholinergic neural circuits and related neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS This review summarized the research progress of the central cholinergic nervous system, especially for the cholinergic circuit of the medial septal nucleus-hippocampus, vertical branch of diagonal band-hippocampus, basal nucleus of Meynert-cerebral cortex cholinergic loop, amygdala, pedunculopontine nucleus, and striatum-related cholinergic loops. RESULTS The extensive and complex fiber projection of cholinergic neurons form the cholinergic neural circuits, which regulate several nuclei in the brain through neurotransmission and participate in learning and memory, attention, emotion, movement, etc. The loss of cholinergic neurotransmitters, the reduction, loss, and degeneration of cholinergic neurons or abnormal theta oscillations and cholinergic neural circuits can induce cognitive disorders such as AD, PD, PDD, and DLB. INTERPRETATION The projection and function of cholinergic fibers in some nuclei and the precise regulatory mechanisms of cholinergic neural circuits in the brain remain unclear. Further investigation of cholinergic fiber projections in various brain regions and the underlying mechanisms of the neural circuits are expected to open up new avenues for the prevention and treatment of senile neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganghua He
- Beijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan UniversityFoshanChina
| | - Hongyan Zuo
- Beijing Institute of Radiation MedicineBeijingChina
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10
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Dues DJ, Nguyen APT, Becker K, Ma J, Moore DJ. Hippocampal subfield vulnerability to α-synuclein pathology precedes neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:125. [PMID: 37640722 PMCID: PMC10462636 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a salient feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The onset of dementia reflects the spread of Lewy pathology throughout forebrain structures. The mere presence of Lewy pathology, however, provides limited indication of cognitive status. Thus, it remains unclear whether Lewy pathology is the de facto substrate driving cognitive dysfunction in PD and DLB. Through application of α-synuclein fibrils in vivo, we sought to examine the influence of pathologic inclusions on cognition. Following stereotactic injection of α-synuclein fibrils within the mouse forebrain, we measured the burden of α-synuclein pathology at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-injection within subregions of the hippocampus and cortex. Under this paradigm, the hippocampal CA2/3 subfield was especially susceptible to α-synuclein pathology. Strikingly, we observed a drastic reduction of pathology in the CA2/3 subfield across time-points, consistent with the consolidation of α-synuclein pathology into dense somatic inclusions followed by neurodegeneration. Silver-positive degenerating neurites were observed prior to neuronal loss, suggesting that this might be an early feature of fibril-induced neurotoxicity and a precursor to neurodegeneration. Critically, mice injected with α-synuclein fibrils developed progressive deficits in spatial learning and memory. These findings support that the formation of α-synuclein inclusions in the mouse forebrain precipitate neurodegenerative changes that recapitulate features of Lewy-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Dues
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - An Phu Tran Nguyen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Katelyn Becker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
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11
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Zhao F, Behnisch T. The Enigmatic CA2: Exploring the Understudied Region of the Hippocampus and Its Involvement in Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1996. [PMID: 37509636 PMCID: PMC10377725 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects both motor and non-motor functions. Although motor impairment is a prominent clinical sign of PD, additional neurological symptoms may also occur, particularly in the preclinical and prodromal stages. Among these symptoms, social cognitive impairment is common and detrimental. This article aims to review non-motor symptoms in PD patients, focusing on social cognitive deficits. It also examines the specific characteristics of the CA2 region and its involvement in social behavior, highlighting recent advances and perspectives. Additionally, this review provides critical insights into and analysis of research conducted in rodents and humans, which may help improve the understanding of the current status of putative therapeutic strategies for social cognitive dysfunction in PD and potential avenues related to the function of the hippocampal CA2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Thomas Behnisch
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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12
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Williams MR, Macdonald CM, Turkheimer FE. Histological examination of choroid plexus epithelia changes in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:292-297. [PMID: 37150267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choroid plexus (CP) produces and secretes most of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the central nervous system. The CP is suggested to be regulated by descending neurons and by circulating factors and is involved in the interaction between central and peripheral inflammation. Quantitative imaging has demonstrated volumetric CP changes in psychosis, schizophrenia and depression. This study histologically examines CP epithelial cell morphology in these illnesses to identify the biological source of such volumetric changes. METHODS Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks were obtained bilaterally from the lateral ventricles of 13 cases of sex- and age-matched brains from each of schizophrenia (SZ) with psychosis, major depressive disorder (MDD) and matched controls (NPD). FFPE blocks were sectioned at 7 μm and routinely stained for H&E. Morphological analysis of 180 CP epithelia/case was conducted blindly on digital images collected at x600 magnification. Calcification was assessed in all CP regions manually. RESULTS Analysis with a General Linear Model demonstrated a significant effect of diagnosis on somal width (p = 0.006, R2 = 0.33 R2(adj) = 0.25) demonstrating increased somal width in SZ without psychotic medication versus controls (p = 0.032), but not in medicated SZ cases. No effects were observed in calcification. DISCUSSION The epithelial cells that were examined were attached to the CP fibrous surface, so width expansion describes the primary methods for these cells to expand with adherence to this surface in SZ. The interaction of antipsychotic medication and diagnosis demonstrates that this is an illness-specific change mediated through the DA-system with likely neuronal origin. CP alterations were not found in MDD where they are instead generally associated with heightened allostatic load that was unknown in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Williams
- Segmentum Analysis, St John's Innovation Park, Cambridge Science Park, UK
| | | | - F E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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13
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Dues DJ, Nguyen APT, Becker K, Ma J, Moore DJ. Hippocampal subfield vulnerability to α-synuclein pathology precedes neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.12.536572. [PMID: 37090590 PMCID: PMC10120695 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.12.536572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a salient feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). The onset of dementia reflects the spread of Lewy pathology throughout forebrain structures. The mere presence of Lewy pathology, however, provides limited indication of cognitive status. Thus, it remains unclear whether Lewy pathology is the de facto substrate driving cognitive dysfunction in PD and DLB. Through application of α-synuclein fibrils in vivo , we sought to examine the influence of pathologic inclusions on cognition. Following stereotactic injection of α-synuclein fibrils within the mouse forebrain, we measured the burden of α-synuclein pathology at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-injection within subregions of the hippocampus and cortex. Under this paradigm, the hippocampal CA2/3 subfield was especially susceptible to α- synuclein pathology. Strikingly, we observed a drastic reduction of pathology in the CA2/3 subfield across time-points, consistent with the consolidation of α-synuclein pathology into dense somatic inclusions followed by neurodegeneration. Silver-positive degenerating neurites were observed prior to neuronal loss, suggesting that this might be an early feature of fibril-induced neurotoxicity and a precursor to neurodegeneration. Critically, mice injected with α-synuclein fibrils developed progressive deficits in spatial learning and memory. These findings support that the formation of α-synuclein inclusions in the mouse forebrain precipitate neurodegenerative changes that recapitulate features of Lewy-related cognitive dysfunction. Highlights Mice injected with α-synuclein fibrils develop hippocampal and cortical α- synuclein pathology with a dynamic regional burden at 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-injection.Silver-positive neuronal processes are an early and enduring degenerative feature of the fibril model, while extensive neurodegeneration of the hippocampal CA2/3 subfield is detected at 6-months post-injection.Mice exhibit progressive hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory deficits.Forebrain injection of α-synuclein fibrils may be used to model aspects of Lewy-related cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J. Dues
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - An Phu Tran Nguyen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Katelyn Becker
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
| | - Darren J. Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
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14
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Jellinger KA. The morphological substrate of memory impairment in multiple system atrophy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12854. [PMID: 36274578 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Walker JM, Gonzales MM, Goette W, Farrell K, White CL, Crary JF, Richardson TE. Cognitive and Neuropsychological Profiles in Alzheimer's Disease and Primary Age-Related Tauopathy and the Influence of Comorbid Neuropathologies. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:1037-1049. [PMID: 36847012 PMCID: PMC11138480 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change (ADNC) is defined by the progression of both hyperphosphorylated-tau (p-tau) and amyloid-β (Aβ) and is the most common underlying cause of dementia worldwide. Primary age-related tauopathy (PART), an Aβ-negative tauopathy largely confined to the medial temporal lobe, is increasingly being recognized as an entity separate from ADNC with diverging clinical, genetic, neuroanatomic, and radiologic profiles. OBJECTIVE The specific clinical correlates of PART are largely unknown; we aimed to identify cognitive and neuropsychological differences between PART, ADNC, and subjects with no tauopathy (NT). METHODS We compared 2,884 subjects with autopsy-confirmed intermediate-high stage ADNC to 208 subjects with definite PART (Braak stage I-IV, Thal phase 0, CERAD NP score "absent") and 178 NT subjects from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center dataset. RESULTS PART subjects were older than either ADNC or NT patients. The ADNC cohort had more frequent neuropathological comorbidities as well as APOE ɛ4 alleles than the PART or NT cohort, and less frequent APOE ɛ2 alleles than either group. Clinically, ADNC patients performed significantly worse than NT or PART subjects across cognitive measures, but PART subjects had selective deficits in measures of processing speed, executive function, and visuospatial function, although additional cognitive measures were further impaired in the presence of neuropathologic comorbidities. In isolated cases of PART with Braak stage III-IV, there are additional deficits in measures of language. CONCLUSION Overall, these findings demonstrate underlying cognitive features specifically associated with PART, and reinforce the concept that PART is a distinct entity from ADNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M. Walker
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi M. Gonzales
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - William Goette
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles L. White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John F. Crary
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Artificial Intelligence & Human Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Neuropathology Brain Bank & Research CoRE, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy E. Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Oliva A. CA2 physiology underlying social memory. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 77:102642. [PMID: 36215845 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, convergent evidence has emerged in support of the idea of social brain networks, specific brain regions that are interconnected and support social behaviors. One of these regions is the CA2 area of the hippocampus, a small region strongly connected with cortical and subcortical areas implicated in social behaviors. Furthermore, CA2 area is enriched in receptors for several neuromodulators that are related to various aspects of social behaviors, suggesting that this area could be a key component of social information processing in the brain. In this review, recent findings related to the physiological mechanisms underlying the role of CA2 in social memory are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Oliva
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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17
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Imaging the Limbic System in Parkinson's Disease-A Review of Limbic Pathology and Clinical Symptoms. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091248. [PMID: 36138984 PMCID: PMC9496800 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The limbic system describes a complex of brain structures central for memory, learning, as well as goal directed and emotional behavior. In addition to pathological studies, recent findings using in vivo structural and functional imaging of the brain pinpoint the vulnerability of limbic structures to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) throughout the disease course. Accordingly, dysfunction of the limbic system is critically related to the symptom complex which characterizes PD, including neuropsychiatric, vegetative, and motor symptoms, and their heterogeneity in patients with PD. The aim of this systematic review was to put the spotlight on neuroimaging of the limbic system in PD and to give an overview of the most important structures affected by the disease, their function, disease related alterations, and corresponding clinical manifestations. PubMed was searched in order to identify the most recent studies that investigate the limbic system in PD with the help of neuroimaging methods. First, PD related neuropathological changes and corresponding clinical symptoms of each limbic system region are reviewed, and, finally, a network integration of the limbic system within the complex of PD pathology is discussed.
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Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion Aggravates Parkinson’s Disease Dementia-Like Symptoms and Pathology in 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat through Interfering with Sphingolipid Metabolism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5392966. [PMID: 35979400 PMCID: PMC9377946 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5392966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a cardinal risk factor for Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD), but this potential causality lacks mechanistic evidence. We selected bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) to simulate chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat model of PD induced by typical neurotoxin 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA). Four weeks after unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle, rats underwent BCCAO. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of ten, including sham, PD+BCCAO 2 weeks, PD+BCCAO 1 week, PD, and BCCAO 2 weeks. Then, open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze test (MWM) were used to assess the PDD-like symptoms in rats. Also, the pathological manifestations and mechanisms of BCCAO impairing cognitive functions have been explored via hematoxylin-eosin staining, Nissl staining, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, RNA sequencing analysis, lipidomics, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In this study, we found that CCH could aggravate PDD-like cognitive symptoms (i.e., learning memory and spatial cognition) and PDD-like pathology (higher expression of α-Syn and Aβ in prefrontal cortex and striatum). Moreover, a potential relationship between differentially expressed mRNAs and lipid metabolism was revealed by RNA sequencing analysis. Lipidomics showed that CCH could affect the intensity of 5 lipids, including sphingomyelin (SM 9:0;2O/26:2; SM 8:1;2O/25:0; and SM 8:0;2O/28:4), cardiolipin, lysophosphatidylcholine, cholesteryl ester, and triacylglycerol. Interestingly, the KEGG pathway analysis of both RNA sequencing analysis and lipidomics suggested that CCH leaded to learning impairment by affecting sphingolipid metabolism. Finally, we found that CCH disrupts the sphingolipid metabolism by affecting the mRNA expression of SMPD1 and SMS2, leading to the accumulation of sphingomyelin in the prefrontal cortex. In summary, CCH, an independent exacerbating reason for impairment in learning and memory within the pathopoiesis of PD, aggravates Parkinson's disease dementia-like symptoms and pathology in 6-OHDA-lesioned rat through interfering with sphingolipid metabolism.
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19
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Alpha synuclein processing by MMP-3 - implications for synucleinopathies. Behav Brain Res 2022; 434:114020. [PMID: 35870616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (aSyn) is a protein implicated in physiological functions such as neurotransmitter release at the synapse and the regulation of gene expression in the nucleus. In addition, pathological aSyn assemblies are characteristic for a class of protein aggregation disorders referred to as synucleinopathies, where aSyn aggregates appear as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. We recently discovered a novel post-translational pyroglutamate (pGlu) modification at Gln79 of N-truncated aSyn that promotes oligomer formation and neurotoxicity in human synucleinopathies. A priori, the appearance of pGlu79-aSyn in vivo involves a two-step process of free N-terminal Gln79 residue generation and subsequent cyclization of Gln79 into pGlu79. Prime candidate enzymes for these processes are matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and glutaminyl cyclase (QC). Here, we analyzed the expression of aSyn, MMP-3, QC and pGlu79-aSyn in brains of two transgenic mouse models for synucleinopathies (BAC-SNCA and ASO) by triple immunofluorescent labellings and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We report a co-localization of these proteins in brain structures typically affected by aSyn pathology, namely hippocampus in BAC-SNCA mice and substantia nigra in ASO mice. In addition, Western blot analyses revealed a high abundance of QC, MMP-3 and transgenic human aSyn in brain stem and thalamus but lower levels in cortex/hippocampus, whereas endogenous mouse aSyn was found to be most abundant in cortex/hippocampus, followed by thalamus and brain stem. During aging of ASO mice, we observed no differences between controls and transgenic mice in MMP-3 levels but higher QC content in thalamus of 6-month-old transgenic mice. Transgenic human aSyn abundance transiently increased and then showed decrease in oldest ASO mice analyzed. Immunohistochemistry revealed a successive increase in intraneuronal and extracellular formation of pGlu79-aSyn in substantia nigra during aging of ASO mice. Together, our data are supportive for a role of MMP-3 and QC in the generation of pGlu79-aSyn in brains affected by aSyn pathology.
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Španić E, Langer Horvat L, Ilić K, Hof PR, Šimić G. NLRP1 Inflammasome Activation in the Hippocampal Formation in Alzheimer's Disease: Correlation with Neuropathological Changes and Unbiasedly Estimated Neuronal Loss. Cells 2022; 11:2223. [PMID: 35883667 PMCID: PMC9324749 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the core pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as both amyloid β (Aβ) and tau monomers and oligomers can trigger the long-term pro-inflammatory phenotype of microglial cells with consequent overactivation of the inflammasomes. To investigate the NLRP1 inflammasome activation in AD, we analyzed the expression of NLRP1, ASC, cleaved gasdermin (cGSDMD), and active caspase-6 (CASP-6) proteins in each hippocampal subdivision (hilar part of CA3, CA2/3, CA1, subiculum) of postmortem tissue of 9 cognitively healthy controls (HC) and 11 AD patients whose disease duration varied from 3 to 7 years after the clinical diagnosis. The total number of neurons, along with the total number of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), were estimated in Nissl- and adjacent modified Bielschowsky-stained sections, respectively, using the optical disector method. The same 9 HC and 11 AD cases were additionally semiquantitatively analyzed for expression of IBA1, HLA-DR, and CD68 microglial markers. Our results show that the expression of NLRP1, ASC, and CASP-6 is present in a significantly greater number of hippocampal formation neurons in AD brains compared to controls, suggesting that the NLRP1 inflammasome is more active in the AD brain. None of the investigated inflammasome and microglial markers were found to correlate with the age of the subjects or the duration of AD. However, besides positive correlations with microglial IBA1 expression in the subiculum and with microglial CD68 expression in the CA1 field and subiculum in the AD group, the overall NLRP1 expression in the hippocampal formation was positively correlated with the number of NFTs, thus providing a causal link between neuroinflammation and neurofibrillary degeneration. The accumulation of AT8-immunoreactive phosphorylated tau proteins that we observed at nuclear pores of large pyramidal neurons of the Ammon's horn further supports their role in the extent of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in AD. This is important because unlike fibrillar amyloid-β deposits that are not related to dementia severity, total NFTs and neuron numbers in the hippocampal formation, especially in the CA1 field, are the best correlates of cognitive deterioration in both human brain aging and AD. Our findings also support the notion that the CA2 field vulnerability is strongly linked to specific susceptibilities to different tauopathies, including primary age-related tauopathy. Altogether, these findings contrast with reports of nonsignificant microglial activation in aged nonhuman primates and indicate that susceptibility to inflammasome activation may render the human brain comparatively more vulnerable to neurodegenerative changes and AD. In conclusion, our results confirm a key role of NLRP1 inflammasome in AD pathogenesis and suggest NLRP1 as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target to slow or prevent AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Španić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.Š.); (L.L.H.); (K.I.)
| | - Lea Langer Horvat
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.Š.); (L.L.H.); (K.I.)
| | - Katarina Ilić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.Š.); (L.L.H.); (K.I.)
- BRAIN Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, and Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Goran Šimić
- Department of Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (E.Š.); (L.L.H.); (K.I.)
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Morphological basis of Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:977-999. [PMID: 35726096 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the most salient non-motor symptoms of Parkinson disease (PD) that poses a significant burden on the patients and carers as well as being a risk factor for early mortality. People with PD show a wide spectrum of cognitive dysfunctions ranging from subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to frank dementia. The mean frequency of PD with MCI (PD-MCI) is 25.8% and the pooled dementia frequency is 26.3% increasing up to 83% 20 years after diagnosis. A better understanding of the underlying pathological processes will aid in directing disease-specific treatment. Modern neuroimaging studies revealed considerable changes in gray and white matter in PD patients with cognitive impairment, cortical atrophy, hypometabolism, dopamine/cholinergic or other neurotransmitter dysfunction and increased amyloid burden, but multiple mechanism are likely involved. Combined analysis of imaging and fluid markers is the most promising method for identifying PD-MCI and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD). Morphological substrates are a combination of Lewy- and Alzheimer-associated and other concomitant pathologies with aggregation of α-synuclein, amyloid, tau and other pathological proteins in cortical and subcortical regions causing destruction of essential neuronal networks. Significant pathological heterogeneity within PD-MCI reflects deficits in various cognitive domains. This review highlights the essential neuroimaging data and neuropathological changes in PD with cognitive impairment, the amount and topographical distribution of pathological protein aggregates and their pathophysiological relevance. Large-scale clinicopathological correlative studies are warranted to further elucidate the exact neuropathological correlates of cognitive impairment in PD and related synucleinopathies as a basis for early diagnosis and future disease-modifying therapies.
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Neuropathological Features of Gaucher Disease and Gaucher Disease with Parkinsonism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105842. [PMID: 35628652 PMCID: PMC9147326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficient acid β-glucocerebrosidase activity due to biallelic mutations in GBA1 results in Gaucher disease (GD). Patients with this lysosomal storage disorder exhibit a wide range of associated manifestations, spanning from virtually asymptomatic adults to infants with severe neurodegeneration. While type 1 GD (GD1) is considered non-neuronopathic, a small subset of patients develop parkinsonian features. Variants in GBA1 are also an important risk factor for several common Lewy body disorders (LBDs). Neuropathological examinations of patients with GD, including those who developed LBDs, are rare. GD primarily affects macrophages, and perivascular infiltration of Gaucher macrophages is the most common neuropathologic finding. However, the frequency of these clusters and the affected anatomical region varies. GD affects astrocytes, and, in neuronopathic GD, neurons in cerebral cortical layers 3 and 5, layer 4b of the calcarine cortex, and hippocampal regions CA2-4. In addition, several reports describe selective degeneration of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in chronic neuronopathic GD. GD1 is characterized by astrogliosis without prominent neuronal loss. In GD-LBD, widespread Lewy body pathology is seen, often involving hippocampal regions CA2-4. Additional neuropathological examinations in GD are sorely needed to clarify disease-specific patterns and elucidate causative mechanisms relevant to GD, and potentially to more common neurodegenerative diseases.
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Sinclair L, Brenton J, Liu AKL, MacLachlan R, Gentleman SM, Love S. Possible Contribution of Altered Cholinergic Activity in the Visual Cortex in Visual Hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 34:168-176. [PMID: 34961331 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Up to one-third of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience visual hallucinations (VHs). Lewy bodies are sparse in the visual cortices and seem unlikely to explain the hallucinations. Some neuroimaging studies have found that perfusion is reduced in the occipital lobe in individuals with VHs. Recent work has suggested that decreased cholinergic input may directly lead to the decreased perfusion. The investigators hypothesized that individuals with PD and VHs would have biochemical evidence of reduced microvascular perfusion and reduced cholinergic activity in areas of the brain that process visual images. METHODS Tissue from Brodmann's area (BA) 18 and BA 19 was obtained from a well-characterized cohort matched for age, gender, and postmortem interval in 69 individuals (PD without VHs, N=11; PD without dementia plus VHs N=10, N=10; PD with dementia plus VHs, N=16; and control subjects, N=32). Von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and myelin-associated glycoprotein:proteolipid protein-1 (MAG:PLP1) ratio-a measure of tissue oxygenation relative to metabolic demand, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), choline acetyltransferase, and α-synuclein-were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The primary outcome was the MAG:PLP1 ratio. RESULTS There was no biochemical evidence of chronic hypoperfusion in PD, although microvessel density was decreased in ventral BA 18 and BA 19. There was no between-group difference in BChE in either dorsal BA 18 or BA 19. AChE concentration was reduced in individuals with PD compared with control subjects in dorsal and ventral BA 18 and dorsal BA 19, and it was increased in ventral BA 19. These changes were most marked in the PD plus VHs group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that changes in cholinergic activity rather than chronic hypoperfusion may underlie VHs in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Sinclair
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Sinclair, Brenton, MacLachlan, Love); Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (Liu); and Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London (Liu, Gentleman)
| | - Jake Brenton
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Sinclair, Brenton, MacLachlan, Love); Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (Liu); and Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London (Liu, Gentleman)
| | - Alan King Lun Liu
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Sinclair, Brenton, MacLachlan, Love); Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (Liu); and Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London (Liu, Gentleman)
| | - Rob MacLachlan
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Sinclair, Brenton, MacLachlan, Love); Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (Liu); and Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London (Liu, Gentleman)
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Sinclair, Brenton, MacLachlan, Love); Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (Liu); and Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London (Liu, Gentleman)
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, University of Bristol, United Kingdom (Sinclair, Brenton, MacLachlan, Love); Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom (Liu); and Neuropathology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London (Liu, Gentleman)
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Grape-Seed-Derived Procyanidin Attenuates Chemotherapy-Induced Cognitive Impairment by Suppressing MMP-9 Activity and Related Blood–Brain-Barrier Damage. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050571. [PMID: 35624958 PMCID: PMC9139059 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI) is often observed in cancer patients and impairs their life quality. Grape-seed-orientated procyanidin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, yet its effects in preventing CICI have not been investigated. (2) Method: Adult male mice received 2.3 mg/kg cisplatin or saline injections for three cycles consisting of five daily injections followed by 5 days of rest. Procyanidin or saline was administered 1 h prior to cisplatin treatment. Cognitive testing, gelatin zymography, and blood–brain-barrier (BBB) penetration tests were performed after treatment cessation. RAW264.7 cells were treated by stimulated supernatant of SHSY5Y cells. In addition, high-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) expression and MMP-9 activity were tested. (3) Results: Repeated cisplatin treatment increased BBB penetration, MMP-9 activity, impaired performance in contextual fear conditioning, and novel object recognition tasks. The knockout of MMP-9 rescues cognitive impairment and cisplatin-induced upregulation of HMGB1 in SHSY5Y cells. HMGB1/TLR4/IP3K/AKT signaling contributes to the increased MMP-9 activity in RAW264.7 cells. Procyanidin treatment attenuates MMP-9 activity, BBB damage, and CICI. (4) Conclusions: The results indicated that MMP-9 activation and BBB disruption is involved in CICI. Procyanidin may effectively alleviate the harmful effects of cisplatin.
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25
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Fan Y, Han J, Zhao L, Wu C, Wu P, Huang Z, Hao X, Ji Y, Chen D, Zhu M. Experimental Models of Cognitive Impairment for Use in Parkinson's Disease Research: The Distance Between Reality and Ideal. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:745438. [PMID: 34912207 PMCID: PMC8667076 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.745438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Cognitive impairment is one of the key non-motor symptoms of PD, affecting both mortality and quality of life. However, there are few experimental studies on the pathology and treatments of PD with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and PD dementia (PDD) due to the lack of representative models. To identify new strategies for developing representative models, we systematically summarized previous studies on PD-MCI and PDD and compared differences between existing models and diseases. Our initial search identified 5432 articles, of which 738 were duplicates. A total of 227 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Models fell into three categories based on model design: neurotoxin-induced, transgenic, and combined. Although the neurotoxin-induced experimental model was the most common type that was used during every time period, transgenic and combined experimental models have gained significant recent attention. Unfortunately, there remains a big gap between ideal and actual experimental models. While each model has its own disadvantages, there have been tremendous advances in the development of PD models of cognitive impairment, and almost every model can verify a hypothesis about PD-MCI or PDD. Finally, our proposed strategies for developing novel models are as follows: a set of plans that integrate symptoms, biochemistry, neuroimaging, and other objective indicators to judge and identify that the novel model plays a key role in new strategies for developing representative models; novel models should simulate different clinical features of PD-MCI or PDD; inducible α-Syn overexpression and SH-SY5Y-A53T cellular models are good candidate models of PD-MCI or PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohua Fan
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiajun Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zifeng Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hao
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - YiChun Ji
- Shenzhen Bao'an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Innovation Research Center, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiling Zhu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Normal cognition in Parkinson's disease may involve hippocampal cholinergic compensation: An exploratory PET imaging study with [ 18F]-FEOBV. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021; 91:162-166. [PMID: 34628195 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2021.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe cholinergic degeneration is known to occur in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is thought to play a primary role in the cognitive decline associated with this disease. Although cholinergic losses occur in all patients with PD, cognitive performance remains normal for many of them, suggesting compensatory mechanisms in those. OBJECTIVES This exploratory study aimed at verifying if normal cognition in PD may involve distinctive features of the brain cholinergic systems. METHODS Following extensive neuropsychological screening in 25 patients with PD, 12 were selected and evenly distributed between a cognitively normal (PD-CN) group, and a mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) group. Each group was compared with matched healthy volunteers (HV) on standardized cognitive scales (MoCA, PDCRS), and PET imaging with [18F]-FEOBV, a sensitive measurement of brain cholinergic innervation density. RESULTS [18F]-FEOBV uptake reductions were observed in PD-CN as well as in PD-MCI, with the lowest values located in the posterior cortical areas. However, in PD-CN but not in PD-MCI, there was a significant and bilateral increase of [18F]-FEOBV uptake, exclusively located in the hippocampus. Significant correlations were observed between cognitive performance and hippocampal [18F]-FEOBV uptake. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a compensatory upregulation of the hippocampal cholinergic innervation in PD-CN, which might underly normal cognitive performances in spite of cortical cholinergic denervation in other regions.
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Dan X, Wechter N, Gray S, Mohanty JG, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Olfactory dysfunction in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101416. [PMID: 34325072 PMCID: PMC8373788 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in olfactory functions are proposed to be early biomarkers for neurodegeneration. Many neurodegenerative diseases are age-related, including two of the most common, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The establishment of biomarkers that promote early risk identification is critical for the implementation of early treatment to postpone or avert pathological development. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is seen in 90% of early-stage PD patients and 85% of patients with early-stage AD, which makes it an attractive biomarker for early diagnosis of these diseases. Here, we systematically review widely applied smelling tests available for humans as well as olfaction assessments performed in some animal models and the relationships between OD and normal aging, PD, AD, and other conditions. The utility of OD as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disease diagnosis and future research directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dan
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Noah Wechter
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Samuel Gray
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Joy G Mohanty
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Section on DNA Repair, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; Danish Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hartlage-Rübsamen M, Bluhm A, Moceri S, Machner L, Köppen J, Schenk M, Hilbrich I, Holzer M, Weidenfeller M, Richter F, Coras R, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Schilling S, von Hörsten S, Xiang W, Schulze A, Roßner S. A glutaminyl cyclase-catalyzed α-synuclein modification identified in human synucleinopathies. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:399-421. [PMID: 34309760 PMCID: PMC8357657 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is neuropathologically characterized by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra (SN) and formation of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites composed of aggregated α-synuclein. Proteolysis of α-synuclein by matrix metalloproteinases was shown to facilitate its aggregation and to affect cell viability. One of the proteolysed fragments, Gln79-α-synuclein, possesses a glutamine residue at its N-terminus. We argue that glutaminyl cyclase (QC) may catalyze the pyroglutamate (pGlu)79-α-synuclein formation and, thereby, contribute to enhanced aggregation and compromised degradation of α-synuclein in human synucleinopathies. Here, the kinetic characteristics of Gln79-α-synuclein conversion into the pGlu-form by QC are shown using enzymatic assays and mass spectrometry. Thioflavin T assays and electron microscopy demonstrated a decreased potential of pGlu79-α-synuclein to form fibrils. However, size exclusion chromatography and cell viability assays revealed an increased propensity of pGlu79-α-synuclein to form oligomeric aggregates with high neurotoxicity. In brains of wild-type mice, QC and α-synuclein were co-expressed by dopaminergic SN neurons. Using a specific antibody against the pGlu-modified neo-epitope of α-synuclein, pGlu79-α-synuclein aggregates were detected in association with QC in brains of two transgenic mouse lines with human α-synuclein overexpression. In human brain samples of PD and dementia with Lewy body subjects, pGlu79-α-synuclein was shown to be present in SN neurons, in a number of Lewy bodies and in dystrophic neurites. Importantly, there was a spatial co-occurrence of pGlu79-α-synuclein with the enzyme QC in the human SN complex and a defined association of QC with neuropathological structures. We conclude that QC catalyzes the formation of oligomer-prone pGlu79-α-synuclein in human synucleinopathies, which may—in analogy to pGlu-Aβ peptides in Alzheimer’s disease—act as a seed for pathogenic protein aggregation.
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TOMM40 '523' poly-T repeat length is a determinant of longitudinal cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 7:56. [PMID: 34234128 PMCID: PMC8263775 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00200-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40) ‘523’ polymorphism has previously been associated with age of Alzheimer’s disease onset and cognitive functioning in non-pathological ageing, but has not been explored as a candidate risk marker for cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Therefore, this longitudinal study investigated the role of the ‘523’ variant in cognitive decline in a patient cohort from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative. As such, a group of 368 people with PD were assessed annually for cognitive performance using multiple neuropsychological protocols, and were genotyped for the TOMM40 ‘523’ variant using whole-genome sequencing data. Covariate-adjusted generalised linear mixed models were utilised to examine the relationship between TOMM40 ‘523’ allele lengths and cognitive scores, while taking into account the APOE ε genotype. Cognitive scores declined over the 5-year study period and were lower in males than in females. When accounting for APOE ε4, the TOMM40 ‘523’ variant was not robustly associated with overall cognitive performance. However, in APOE ε3/ε3 carriers, who accounted for ~60% of the whole cohort, carriage of shorter ‘523’ alleles was associated with more severe cognitive decline in both sexes, while carriage of the longer alleles in females were associated with better preservation of global cognition and a number of cognitive sub-domains, and with a delay in progression to dementia. The findings indicate that when taken in conjunction with the APOE genotype, TOMM40 ‘523’ allele length is a significant independent determinant and marker for the trajectory of cognitive decline and risk of dementia in PD.
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Bender H, Fietz SA, Richter F, Stanojlovic M. Alpha-Synuclein Pathology Coincides With Increased Number of Early Stage Neural Progenitors in the Adult Hippocampus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:691560. [PMID: 34307368 PMCID: PMC8293917 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.691560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein pathology driven impairment in adult neurogenesis was proposed as a potential cause of, or at least contributor to, memory impairment observed in both patients and animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB). Mice overexpressing wild-type alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn, line 61) uniquely replicate early cognitive deficits together with multiple other characteristic motor and non-motor symptoms, alpha-synuclein pathology and dopamine loss. Here we report overt intracellular accumulation of phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in the hippocampus of these transgenic mice. To test whether this alters adult neurogenesis and total number of mature neurons, we employed immunohistochemistry and an unbiased stereology approach to quantify the distinct neural progenitor cells and neurons in the hippocampal granule cell layer and subgranular zone of 6 (prodromal stage) and 16-month (dopamine loss) old Thy1-aSyn mice. Surprisingly, we observed an increase in the number of early stage, i.e., Pax6 expressing, progenitors whereas the numbers of late stage, i.e., Tbr2 expressing, progenitors and neurons were not altered. Astroglia marker was increased in the hippocampus of transgenic mice, but this was not specific to the regions where adult neurogenesis takes place, arguing against a commitment of additional early stage progenitors to the astroglia lineage. Together, this uncovers a novel aspect of alpha-synuclein pathology in adult neurogenesis. Studying its mechanisms in Thy1-aSyn mice could lead to discovery of effective therapeutic interventions for cognitive dysfunction in PD and DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bender
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hanover, Germany
| | - Milos Stanojlovic
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Aarsland D, Batzu L, Halliday GM, Geurtsen GJ, Ballard C, Ray Chaudhuri K, Weintraub D. Parkinson disease-associated cognitive impairment. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2021; 7:47. [PMID: 34210995 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-021-00280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, affecting >1% of the population ≥65 years of age and with a prevalence set to double by 2030. In addition to the defining motor symptoms of PD, multiple non-motor symptoms occur; among them, cognitive impairment is common and can potentially occur at any disease stage. Cognitive decline is usually slow and insidious, but rapid in some cases. Recently, the focus has been on the early cognitive changes, where executive and visuospatial impairments are typical and can be accompanied by memory impairment, increasing the risk for early progression to dementia. Other risk factors for early progression to dementia include visual hallucinations, older age and biomarker changes such as cortical atrophy, as well as Alzheimer-type changes on functional imaging and in cerebrospinal fluid, and slowing and frequency variation on EEG. However, the mechanisms underlying cognitive decline in PD remain largely unclear. Cortical involvement of Lewy body and Alzheimer-type pathologies are key features, but multiple mechanisms are likely involved. Cholinesterase inhibition is the only high-level evidence-based treatment available, but other pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies are being tested. Challenges include the identification of disease-modifying therapies as well as finding biomarkers to better predict cognitive decline and identify patients at high risk for early and rapid cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. .,Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Lucia Batzu
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gert J Geurtsen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Psychology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Robert V, Therreau L, Davatolhagh MF, Bernardo-Garcia FJ, Clements KN, Chevaleyre V, Piskorowski RA. The mechanisms shaping CA2 pyramidal neuron action potential bursting induced by muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:133812. [PMID: 32069351 PMCID: PMC7141590 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that hippocampal area CA2 plays an important role in hippocampal network function. Disruption of this region has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. It is well appreciated that cholinergic input to the hippocampus plays an important role in learning and memory. While the effect of elevated cholinergic tone has been well studied in areas CA1 and CA3, it remains unclear how changes in cholinergic tone impact synaptic transmission and the intrinsic properties of neurons in area CA2. In this study, we applied the cholinergic agonist carbachol and performed on-cell, whole-cell, and extracellular recordings in area CA2. We observed that under conditions of high cholinergic tone, CA2 pyramidal neurons depolarized and rhythmically fired bursts of action potentials. This depolarization depended on the activation of M1 and M3 cholinergic receptors. Furthermore, we examined how the intrinsic properties and action-potential firing were altered in CA2 pyramidal neurons treated with 10 µM carbachol. While this intrinsic burst firing persisted in the absence of synaptic transmission, bursts were shaped by synaptic inputs in the intact network. We found that both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission were reduced upon carbachol treatment. Finally, we examined the contribution of different channels to the cholinergic-induced changes in neuronal properties. We found that a conductance from Kv7 channels partially contributed to carbachol-induced changes in resting membrane potential and membrane resistance. We also found that D-type potassium currents contributed to controlling several properties of the bursts, including firing rate and burst kinetics. Furthermore, we determined that T-type calcium channels and small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels play a role in regulating bursting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Robert
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Team Synaptic Plasticity and Neural Networks, Paris, France
| | - Ludivine Therreau
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Team Synaptic Plasticity and Neural Networks, Paris, France
| | - M Felicia Davatolhagh
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - F Javier Bernardo-Garcia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Vivien Chevaleyre
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Team Synaptic Plasticity and Neural Networks, Paris, France
| | - Rebecca A Piskorowski
- Université Paris Descartes, Inserm UMR1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, Team Synaptic Plasticity and Neural Networks, Paris, France
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Pourzinal D, Yang JHJ, Bakker A, McMahon KL, Byrne GJ, Pontone GM, Mari Z, Dissanayaka NN. Hippocampal correlates of episodic memory in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review of magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:2097-2116. [PMID: 34075634 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present review asks whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are able to define neural correlates of episodic memory within the hippocampus in Parkinson's disease (PD). Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, CINAHL, and EMBASE using search terms related to structural and functional MRI (fMRI), the hippocampus, episodic memory, and PD. Risk of bias was assessed for each study using the Newtown-Ottawa Scale. Thirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria; eight fMRI, seven diffusion MRI (dMRI), and 24 structural MRI (14 exploring whole hippocampus and 10 exploring hippocampal subfields). Critical analysis of the literature revealed mixed evidence from functional and dMRI, but stronger evidence from sMRI of the hippocampus as a biomarker for episodic memory impairment in PD. Hippocampal subfield studies most often implicated CA1, CA3/4, and subiculum volume in episodic memory and cognitive decline in PD. Despite differences in imaging methodology, study design, and sample characteristics, MRI studies have helped elucidate an important neural correlate of episodic memory impairment in PD with both clinical and theoretical implications. Natural progression of this work encourages future research on hippocampal subfield function as a potential biomarker of, or therapeutic target for, episodic memory dysfunction in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Pourzinal
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ji Hyun J Yang
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arnold Bakker
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katie L McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gerard J Byrne
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Mental Health Service, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gregory M Pontone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zoltan Mari
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Nadeeka N Dissanayaka
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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34
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Huynh B, Fu Y, Kirik D, Shine JM, Halliday GM. Comparison of Locus Coeruleus Pathology with Nigral and Forebrain Pathology in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2085-2093. [PMID: 33899954 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathology in the noradrenergic A6 locus coeruleus has not been compared with more rostral dopaminergic A9 substantia nigra and A10 ventral tegmental area, and cholinergic Ch4 basal nucleus and Ch1/2 septal regions in the same cases of Parkinson's disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To determine whether there is a gradient of caudal to rostral cell loss in PD. METHODS Postmortem brains were collected from longitudinally followed donors with PD (n = 14) and aged-matched healthy donors (n = 13), six with restricted brainstem Lewy pathology (RLP), fixed in formalin and serial tissue slabs processed for cell and pathological quantitation. Noradrenergic A6 neurons were assessed and compared with previously published midbrain and basal forebrain data. From these data, regression estimates of pathological onset and progression were determined. RESULTS Restricted Lewy pathology (RLP) cases had high pathological variability but no significant reduction in neurons. Pathology containing A6 neuron loss started at PD diagnosis and progressed faster (2.4% p.a) than the loss of dopaminergic A9 neurons (2% loss p.a.). Cases with dementia had significantly more pathology in noradrenergic and cholinergic neurons, had greater noradrenergic A6 neuron loss (29% more, progressing at 3.2% p.a.), and a selective loss of lateral A10 nonmelanized dopamine-producing neurons (starting a decade following diagnosis). CONCLUSIONS These findings show that in the same Parkinson's disease cases cell loss in these neurotransmitter systems does not follow a strict caudal to rostral trajectory and suggests symptom onset may relate to substantial pathology in the noradrenergic A6 locus coeruleus neurons in people with reduced dopamine-producing A9 substantia nigra neurons. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Huynh
- ForeFront Research Team, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuhong Fu
- ForeFront Research Team, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deniz Kirik
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - James M Shine
- ForeFront Research Team, Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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35
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Liu AKL, Gentleman SM. The diagonal band of Broca in health and disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 179:175-187. [PMID: 34225961 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819975-6.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The diagonal band of Broca (DBB) contains the second largest cholinergic cell group in the human brain, known as the nucleus of the vertical limb of the DBB (nvlDBB). It has major projections to the hippocampus, but it is often underinvestigated, partly due to its ill-defined anatomical boundaries and hence the difficulty of reliable sampling. In this chapter, we have reviewed the historical literature to reestablish the anatomy of the nvlDBB, distinguishing it from neighboring basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei. Although varying degrees of neuronal loss in the nvlDBB have been reported in a range of neurological disorders, and in the aged brain, the significant nvlDBB cholinergic neuronal loss reported in Lewy body dementias is of particular interest. Retrograde tracer study in rodents has demonstrated reciprocal connections between the DBB and the hippocampal CA2 subfield, an area particularly susceptible to Lewy pathologies. Previous functional studies have demonstrated that the nvlDBB is particularly involved in memory retrieval, a cognitive domain severely affected in Lewy body disorders. Based on these observations, we propose an anatomical and functional connection between the cholinergic component of the nvlDBB (Ch2) and the hippocampal CA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan King Lun Liu
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve M Gentleman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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36
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Kumar R, Donakonda S, Müller SA, Bötzel K, Höglinger GU, Koeglsperger T. FGF2 Affects Parkinson's Disease-Associated Molecular Networks Through Exosomal Rab8b/Rab31. Front Genet 2020; 11:572058. [PMID: 33101391 PMCID: PMC7545478 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.572058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-associated binding (Rab) proteins are small GTPases that regulate the trafficking of membrane components during endocytosis and exocytosis including the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder in the elderly population, where pathological proteins such as alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) are transmitted in EVs from one neuron to another neuron and ultimately across brain regions, thereby facilitating the spreading of pathology. We recently demonstrated fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) to enhance the release of EVs and delineated the proteomic signature of FGF2-triggered EVs in cultured primary hippocampal neurons. Out of 235 significantly upregulated proteins, we found that FGF2 specifically enriched EVs for the two Rab family members Rab8b and Rab31. Consequently, we investigated the interactions of Rab8b and Rab31 using a network analysis approach in order to estimate the global influence of their enrichment in EVs. To achieve this, we have demarcated a protein–protein interaction network (PPiN) for these Rabs and identified the proteins associated with PD in various cellular components of the central nervous system (CNS), in different brain regions, and in the enteric nervous system (ENS). A total of 126 direct or indirect interactions were reported for two Rab candidates, out of which 114 are Rab8b interactions and 54 are Rab31 interactions, ultimately resulting in an individual interaction score (IS) of 90.48 and 42.86%, respectively. Conclusively, these results for the first time demonstrate the relevance of FGF2-induced Rab-enrichment in EVs and its potential to regulate PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sainitin Donakonda
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan A Müller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Kai Bötzel
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Koeglsperger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Coughlin DG, Ittyerah R, Peterson C, Phillips JS, Miller S, Rascovsky K, Weintraub D, Siderowf AD, Duda JE, Hurtig HI, Wolk DA, McMillan CT, Yushkevich PA, Grossman M, Lee EB, Trojanowski JQ, Irwin DJ. Hippocampal subfield pathologic burden in Lewy body diseases vs. Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:707-721. [PMID: 32892355 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Lewy body diseases (LBD) are characterized by alpha-synuclein (SYN) pathology, but comorbid Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is common and the relationship between these pathologies in microanatomic hippocampal subfields is understudied. Here we use digital histological methods to test the association between hippocampal SYN pathology and the distribution of tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology in LBD and contrast with AD subjects. We also correlate pathologic burden with antemortem episodic memory testing. METHODS Hippocampal sections from 49 autopsy-confirmed LBD cases, 30 with no/low AD copathology (LBD - AD) and 19 with moderate/severe AD copathology (LBD + AD), and 30 AD patients were stained for SYN, tau, and Aβ. Sections underwent digital histological analysis of subfield pathological burden which was correlated with antemortem memory testing. RESULTS LBD - AD and LBD + AD had similar severity and distribution of SYN pathology (P > 0.05), CA2/3 being the most affected subfield (P < 0.02). In LBD, SYN correlated with tau across subfields (R = 0.49, P < 0.001). Tau burden was higher in AD than LBD + AD (P < 0.001), CA1/subiculum and entorhinal cortex (ERC) being most affected regions (P = 0.04 to <0.01). However, tau pathology in LBD - AD was greatest in CA2/3, which was equivalent to LBD + AD. Aβ severity and distribution was similar between LBD + AD and AD. Total hippocampal tau and CA2/3 tau was inversely correlated with memory performance in LBD (R = -0.52, -0.69, P = 0.04, 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that tau burden in hippocampal subfields may map closely with the distribution of SYN pathology in subfield CA2/3 in LBD diverging from traditional AD and contribute to episodic memory dysfunction in LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Coughlin
- Penn Digital Neuropathology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosciences, University California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R Ittyerah
- Department of Radiology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Peterson
- Penn Digital Neuropathology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J S Phillips
- Penn Digital Neuropathology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Frontotemporal Dementia Center at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Miller
- Penn Digital Neuropathology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - K Rascovsky
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Frontotemporal Dementia Center at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D Weintraub
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,LBDA Research Center of Excellence at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - A D Siderowf
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,LBDA Research Center of Excellence at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J E Duda
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,LBDA Research Center of Excellence at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Parkinson's Disease Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - H I Hurtig
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D A Wolk
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Alzheimer's disease Research Center at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C T McMillan
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Frontotemporal Dementia Center at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P A Yushkevich
- Department of Radiology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Grossman
- Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Frontotemporal Dementia Center at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E B Lee
- Department of Pathology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D J Irwin
- Penn Digital Neuropathology Laboratory at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Frontotemporal Dementia Center at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,LBDA Research Center of Excellence at the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cinar E, Yalcin-Cakmakli G, Saka E, Ulusoy A, Yuruker S, Elibol B, Tel BC. Modelling cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease: Is CA2 a gateway for hippocampal synucleinopathy? Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113357. [PMID: 32437708 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is one of the most disabling non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), though its pathological correlates still remain elusive. Hippocampal Lewy pathology has recently been correlated by compelling evidence from post-mortem and imaging studies. Animal models recapitulating cognitive impairment in PD are essential to better understand the underlying pathophysiology. To investigate the hippocampal involvement in cognitive dysfunction of PD, we generated an experimental model by inducing midbrain and hippocampal α-synuclein pathology simultaneously. METHODS Rats were injected either with human α-synuclein or green fluorescent protein (GFP) expressing adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV), or saline bilaterally into substantia nigra (SN) and dentate gyrus (DG). A group of untreated animals were used as naïve controls. Cognitive and behavioral changes were evaluated with tests probing for spatial learning, short-term memory, anxiety and hedonistic behavior. Immunohistochemical staining, immunoblotting and stereological analysis were performed for pathological characterization. RESULTS Bilateral α-synuclein overexpression in SN and DG led to mild but significant motor impairment as well as dysfunctions in short-term memory and spatial learning. There was no hedonistic deficit, whereas a hypo-anxious state was induced. While stereological analysis revealed no significant neuronal loss in any sectors of cornu ammonis, there was considerable decrease (43%) in TH+-neurons in SN pars compacta supporting the well-known vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons to α-synuclein mediated neurodegeneration. On the other hand, synaptophysin levels decreased in similar amounts both in striatum and hippocampus, suggesting comparable synaptic loss in target areas. Interestingly, phosphorylated-S129-α-synuclein staining revealed significant expression in CA2 characterized by more mature and dense cellular accumulations compared to CA1-CA3 sub-regions displaying more diffuse grain-like aggregates, suggesting preferential susceptibility of CA2 to produce α-synuclein induced pathology. CONCLUSION Bilateral α-synuclein overexpression in DG and SN reproduced partial motor and hippocampus related cognitive deficits. Using this model, we showed a predisposition of CA2 for pathological α-synuclein accumulation, which may provide further insights for future experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Cinar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Esen Saka
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayse Ulusoy
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sinan Yuruker
- Usak University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Usak, Turkey
| | - Bulent Elibol
- Department of Neurology, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu C Tel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sengupta U, Puangmalai N, Bhatt N, Garcia S, Zhao Y, Kayed R. Polymorphic α-Synuclein Strains Modified by Dopamine and Docosahexaenoic Acid Interact Differentially with Tau Protein. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2741-2765. [PMID: 32350746 PMCID: PMC7253398 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pathological hallmark of synucleinopathies, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), is the aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) protein. Even so, tau protein pathology is abundantly found in these diseases. Both α-Syn and tau can exist as polymorphic aggregates, a phenomenon that has been widely studied, mostly in their fibrillar assemblies. We have previously discovered that in addition to α-Syn oligomers, oligomeric tau is also present in the brain tissues of patients with PD and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). However, the effect of interaction between polymorphic α-Syn oligomers and tau has not been scrupulously studied. Here, we have explored the structural and functional diversity of distinct α-Syn oligomers, prepared by modifying the protein with dopamine (DA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The two α-Syn oligomers differed in aggregate size, conformation, sensitivity to proteinase K digestion, tryptic digestion, and toxicity, suggesting them as distinct α-Syn oligomeric strains. We examined their internalization mechanisms in primary neurons and seeding propensity in inducing α-Syn aggregation. Using a combined approach of molecular and cellular techniques, we observed that the tau aggregates cross-seeded with the individual α-Syn oligomeric strains differed in their biochemical and biological properties, suggesting two distinct tau strains. The tau aggregate cross-seeded with the DA-modified α-Syn oligomeric strain possessed a potent intracellular tau seeding propensity. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of unique strain-specific interaction between oligomeric α-Syn and tau. Furthermore, this study allows us to speculate that distinct α-Syn-tau interactions inducing tau aggregation might be an underlying mechanism of neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Sengupta
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Nicha Puangmalai
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Nemil Bhatt
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Stephanie Garcia
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Rakez Kayed
- Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA.
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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