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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2. [PMID: 38459243 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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2
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Passaes C, Desjardins D, Chapel A, Monceaux V, Lemaitre J, Mélard A, Perdomo-Celis F, Planchais C, Gourvès M, Dimant N, David A, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Barrail-Tran A, Gouget H, Guillaume C, Relouzat F, Lambotte O, Guedj J, Müller-Trutwin M, Mouquet H, Rouzioux C, Avettand-Fenoël V, Le Grand R, Sáez-Cirión A. Early antiretroviral therapy favors post-treatment SIV control associated with the expansion of enhanced memory CD8 + T-cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:178. [PMID: 38212337 PMCID: PMC10784587 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44389-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV remission can be achieved in some people, called post-treatment HIV controllers, after antiretroviral treatment discontinuation. Treatment initiation close to the time of infection was suggested to favor post-treatment control, but the circumstances and mechanisms leading to this outcome remain unclear. Here we evaluate the impact of early (week 4) vs. late (week 24 post-infection) treatment initiation in SIVmac251-infected male cynomolgus macaques receiving 2 years of therapy before analytical treatment interruption. We show that early treatment strongly promotes post-treatment control, which is not related to a lower frequency of infected cells at treatment interruption. Rather, early treatment favors the development of long-term memory CD8+ T cells with enhanced proliferative and SIV suppressive capacity that are able to mediate a robust secondary-like response upon viral rebound. Our model allows us to formally demonstrate a link between treatment initiation during primary infection and the promotion of post-treatment control and provides results that may guide the development of new immunotherapies for HIV remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Desjardins
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anaïs Chapel
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Julien Lemaitre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Adeline Mélard
- Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Maël Gourvès
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nastasia Dimant
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Annie David
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Aurélie Barrail-Tran
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Pharmacie, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Hélène Gouget
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Guillaume
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP. Hôpital Bicêtre, Clinical Immunology Department, 94270, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jérémie Guedj
- Université Paris Cité, IAME, INSERM, F-75018, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1222, Humoral Immunology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouzioux
- Université Paris Cité/APHP Hôpital Necker - Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Avettand-Fenoël
- Université Paris Cité; INSERM, U1016; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France
- APHP Hôpital Cochin, Service de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INSERM, UMR1184, Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT Department), Fontenay-aux-Roses/Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Viral Reservoirs and Immune Control Unit, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Paris, France.
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Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Natesampillai S, Misra A, Alto A, Laird G, Badley AD. The BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax Augments Immune Effector Function Mediated by Fas Ligand, TRAIL, and Perforin/Granzyme B, Resulting in Reduced Plasma Viremia and Decreased HIV Reservoir Size during Acute HIV Infection in a Humanized Mouse Model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0173022. [PMID: 36448802 PMCID: PMC9769373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01730-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 prosurvival protein is implicated in HIV persistence and is a potential therapeutic target for HIV eradication efforts. We now know that cells harboring HIV are preferentially enriched for high BCL-2 expression, enabling their survival, and that the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax promotes the death of actively replicating HIV-infected cells in vitro and ex vivo. Herein, we assess the effect of venetoclax on immune clearance of infected cells and show that BCL-2 inhibition significantly enhances target cell killing induced by Fas ligand, TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), and perforin/granzyme B and synergistically enhances autologous NK (natural killer) and CD8 cells' killing of target cells. In a humanized mouse model of acute HIV infection, venetoclax monotherapy significantly decreases plasma viremia and normalizes CD4:CD8 ratios, and results in more mice with undetectable provirus levels than control. In this model, treatment was associated with leukopenia, as has been described clinically in patients receiving venetoclax for other indications. These data confirm meaningful anti-HIV effects of venetoclax during HIV infection but suggest that venetoclax use should be combined with ART (antiretroviral therapy) to reduce toxicity. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to examine the applicability of BCL-2 inhibition in the setting of active HIV infection in vivo. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that venetoclax significantly enhances target cell killing induced by Fas ligand, TRAIL, and perforin/granzyme B and synergistically enhances autologous NK and CD8 cells' killing of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Anisha Misra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alecia Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Greg Laird
- Accelevir Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Li S, Moog C, Zhang T, Su B. HIV reservoir: antiviral immune responses and immune interventions for curing HIV infection. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2667-2676. [PMID: 36719355 PMCID: PMC9943973 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Antiretroviral therapy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is effective in controlling viral replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV due to the persistence of the HIV reservoir. Innate and adaptive immune responses have been proposed to contribute to preventing HIV acquisition, controlling HIV replication and eliminating HIV-infected cells. However, the immune responses naturally induced in HIV-infected individuals rarely eradicate HIV infection, which may be caused by immune escape, an inadequate magnitude and breadth of immune responses, and immune exhaustion. Optimizing these immune responses may solve the problems of epitope escape and insufficient sustained memory responses. Moreover, immune interventions aimed at improving host immune response can reduce HIV reservoirs, which have become one focus in the development of innovative strategies to eliminate HIV reservoirs. In this review, we focus on the immune response against HIV and how antiviral immune responses affect HIV reservoirs. We also discuss the development of innovative strategies aiming to eliminate HIV reservoirs and promoting functional cure of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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5
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Chandrasekar AP, Badley AD. Prime, shock and kill: BCL-2 inhibition for HIV cure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1033609. [PMID: 36341439 PMCID: PMC9631312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
While modern HIV therapy can effectively suppress viral replication, the persistence of the latent reservoir posits the greatest hurdle to complete cure. The "shock and kill" strategy is under investigation for HIV therapy, aiming to reactivate latent HIV, and subsequently eliminate it through anti-retroviral therapy and host immune function. However, thus far, studies have yielded suboptimal results, stemming from a combination of ineffective latency reversal and poor immune clearance. Concomitantly, studies have now revealed the importance of the BCL-2 anti-apoptotic protein as a critical mediator of infected cell survival, reservoir maintenance and immune evasion in HIV. Furthermore, BCL-2 inhibitors are now recognized for their anti-HIV effects in pre-clinical studies. This minireview aims to examine the intersection of BCL-2 inhibition and current shock and kill efforts, hoping to inform future studies which may ultimately yield a cure for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswath P. Chandrasekar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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6
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunological studies of spontaneous HIV and simian virus (SIV) controllers have identified virus-specific CD8 + T cells as a key immune mechanism of viral control. The purpose of this review is to consider how knowledge about the mechanisms that are associated with CD8 + T cell control of HIV/SIV in natural infection can be harnessed in HIV remission strategies. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss characteristics of CD8 + T-cell responses that may be critical for suppressing HIV replication in spontaneous controllers comprising HIV antigen recognition including specific human leukocyte antigen types, broadly cross-reactive T cell receptors and epitope targeting, enhanced expansion and antiviral functions, and localization of virus-specific T cells near sites of reservoir persistence. We also discuss the need to better understand the timing of CD8 + T-cell responses associated with viral control of HIV/SIV during acute infection and after treatment interruption as well as the mechanisms by which HIV/SIV-specific CD8 + T cells coordinate with other immune responses to achieve control. SUMMARY We propose implications as to how this knowledge from natural infection can be applied in the design and evaluation of CD8 + T-cell-based remission strategies and offer questions to consider as these strategies target distinct CD8 + T-cell-dependent mechanisms of viral control.
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7
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Wu S, Yi W, Gao Y, Deng W, Bi X, Lin Y, Yang L, Lu Y, Liu R, Chang M, Shen G, Hu L, Zhang L, Li M, Xie Y. Immune Mechanisms Underlying Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Seroclearance in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients With Viral Coinfection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:893512. [PMID: 35634301 PMCID: PMC9130599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.893512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is considered that chronic hepatitis B patients have obtained functional cure if they get hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance after treatment. Serum HBsAg is produced by cccDNA that is extremely difficult to clear and dslDNA that is integrated with host chromosome. High HBsAg serum level leads to failure of host immune system, which makes it unable to produce effective antiviral response required for HBsAg seroclerance. Therefore, it is very difficult to achieve functional cure, and fewer than 1% of chronic hepatitis B patients are cured with antiviral treatment annually. Some chronic hepatitis B patients are coinfected with other chronic viral infections, such as HIV, HCV and HDV, which makes more difficult to cure. However, it is found that the probability of obtaining HBsAg seroclearance in patients with coinfection is higher than that in patients with HBV monoinfection, especially in patients with HBV/HIV coinfection who have an up to 36% of HBsAg 5-year-seroclerance rate. The mechanism of this interesting phenomenon is related to the functional reconstruction of immune system after antiretroviral therapy (ART). The quantity increase and function recovery of HBV specific T cells and B cells, and the higher level of cytokines and chemokines such as IP-10, GM-CSF, promote HBsAg seroclearance. This review summarizes recent studies on the immune factors that have influence on HBsAg seroconversion in the chronic hepatitis B patients with viral coinfection, which might provide new insights for the development of therapeutic approaches to partially restore the specific immune response to HBV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Wu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjiao Gao
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Deng
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Bi
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjie Lin
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruyu Liu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Chang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ge Shen
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Leiping Hu
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Hepatology Division 2, Peking University Ditan Teaching Hospital, Beijing, China
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8
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Rout SS, Di Y, Dittmer U, Sutter K, Lavender KJ. Distinct effects of treatment with two different interferon-alpha subtypes on HIV-1-associated T-cell activation and dysfunction in humanized mice. AIDS 2022; 36:325-336. [PMID: 35084382 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) has been associated with excessive immune activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. However, evidence suggests specific IFN-α subtypes may be beneficial rather than detrimental. This study compared the effects of treatment with two different IFN-α subtypes on indicators of T-cell activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Humanized mice were infected with HIV-1 for 5 weeks and then treated with two different IFN-α subtypes for an additional 3 weeks. Splenic T cells were assessed both immediately posttreatment and again 6 weeks after treatment cessation. METHODS HIV-1 infected triple-knockout bone marrow-liver-thymus mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of either IFN-α14 or the clinically approved subtype, IFN-α2. T cells were analysed directly ex vivo for indicators of activation and dysfunction or stimulated to determine their proliferative capacity and ability to produce functional mediators. RESULTS Unlike IFN-α2, IFN-α14 treatment reduced viremia and resulted in less activated CD4+ T cells and a lower naïve to effector CD8+ T-cell ratio. Despite exhibiting a reduced proliferative response, the frequency of CD8+ T cells from IFN-α14 treated mice that produced functional mediators and expressed markers of dysfunction was more similar to healthy controls than untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice. Frequencies of exhaustion marker expression remained higher in untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice 6 weeks posttreatment despite similar viral loads between groups at this timepoint. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with different IFN-α subtypes had distinctive effects on T cells during HIV-1 infection. IFN-α14 was associated with fewer indicators of T-cell dysfunction whereas IFN-α2 treatment had little impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav S Rout
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yunyun Di
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 elite controllers encompass small populations of people infected with HIV-1 who can spontaneously control plasma viral loads below the limit of detection, in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Antiviral immune responses are likely to contribute to such an impressive HIV-1 disease outcome. In this review, we discuss recent novel findings regarding antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses in elite controllers. RECENT FINDINGS Elite controllers maintain a pool of infected cells in which intact HIV-1 proviruses are more frequently integrated into noncoding regions of the host genome, likely conferring a state of deep latency. This atypical viral reservoir configuration is best explained by potent antiviral immune responses that can successfully eliminate virally infected cells in which proviruses are integrated into permissive chromatin. However, identifying the specific type and nature of this immune selection pressure represents a formidable challenge. Recent studies continue to support the role of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells as the main driver of elite immune control of HIV-1, however, increasing evidence suggests that their role is complemented by a fine-tuned interplay with innate immune cell subsets. Therefore, the combination of different immune effector mechanisms may shape antiviral immunity in elite controllers. SUMMARY Understanding the complex immune mechanisms responsible for natural, drug-free HIV-1 control represents a premier avenue to find and develop interventions for a cure of HIV-1 infection. Future single-cell assays designed to uncover the full genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional and functional complexity of antiviral immune responses in elite controllers may allow us to define correlates of antiviral immune protection in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; 02139, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Zhang C, Hu W, Jin JH, Zhou MJ, Song JW, Deng JN, Huang L, Wang SY, Wang FS. The role of CD8 T cells in controlling HIV beyond the antigen-specific face. HIV Med 2020; 21:692-700. [PMID: 33369032 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding the determinants of HIV immune control is important for seeking viable HIV prevention, treatment and curative strategies. The antigen-specific roles of CD8 T cells in controlling primary HIV infection have been well documented, but their abilities to control the latent HIV reservoir is less well studied. METHODS The scientific literature on this issue was searched on PubMed. RESULTS Recent reports have demonstrated that CD8 T cells are also involved in the control of viral replication in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, based on accumulating evidence, the antiviral role of CD8 T cells in ART patients may not be achieved via an antigen-specific manner as HIV-specific CD8 T cells can sense, but not effectively eliminate, cells harbouring intact provirus without first being activated. Our recent study indicated that virtual memory CD8 T cells, a semi-differentiated component of CD8 T cells, may be involved in the mechanism restraining the HIV DNA reservoir in ART patients. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize recent findings on the role of CD8 T cells in controlling HIV, highlighting differences between conventional antigen-specific and innate-like CD8 T cells. A better understanding of the roles of CD8 T cells during HIV infection should benefit the informed design of immune-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - W Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - J H Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - M J Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - J W Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - J N Deng
- Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - L Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| | - S Y Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - F S Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Guangxi AIDS Clinical Treatment Centre, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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11
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Abstract
HIV infection can be effectively treated by lifelong administration of combination antiretroviral therapy, but an effective vaccine will likely be required to end the HIV epidemic. Although the majority of current vaccine strategies focus on the induction of neutralizing antibodies, there is substantial evidence that cellular immunity mediated by CD8+ T cells can sustain long-term disease-free and transmission-free HIV control and may be harnessed to induce both therapeutic and preventive antiviral effects. In this Review, we discuss the increasing evidence derived from individuals who spontaneously control infection without antiretroviral therapy as well as preclinical immunization studies that provide a clear rationale for renewed efforts to develop a CD8+ T cell-based HIV vaccine in conjunction with B cell vaccine efforts. Further, we outline the remaining challenges in translating these findings into viable HIV prevention, treatment and cure strategies. Recently, antibody-mediated control of HIV infection has received considerable attention. Here, the authors discuss the importance of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection and suggest that efforts to develop vaccines that target these cells in conjunction with B cells should be renewed.
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12
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Okoye AA, DeGottardi MQ, Fukazawa Y, Vaidya M, Abana CO, Konfe AL, Fachko DN, Duell DM, Li H, Lum R, Gao L, Park BS, Skalsky RL, Lewis AD, Axthelm MK, Lifson JD, Wong SW, Picker LJ. Role of IL-15 Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2928-2943. [PMID: 31653683 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although IL-15 has been implicated in the pathogenic hyperimmune activation that drives progressive HIV and SIV infection, as well as in the generation of HIV/SIV target cells, it also supports NK and T cell homeostasis and effector activity, potentially benefiting the host. To understand the role of IL-15 in SIV infection and pathogenesis, we treated two cohorts of SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques (RM; Macaca mulatta), one with chronic infection, the other with primary infection, with a rhesusized, IL-15-neutralizing mAb (versus an IgG isotype control) for up to 10 wk (n = 7-9 RM per group). In both cohorts, anti-IL-15 was highly efficient at blocking IL-15 signaling in vivo, causing 1) profound depletion of NK cells in blood and tissues throughout the treatment period; 2) substantial, albeit transient, depletion of CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM) (but not the naive and central memory subsets); and 3) CD4+ and CD8+ TEM hyperproliferation. In primary infection, reduced frequencies of SIV-specific effector T cells in an extralymphoid tissue site were also observed. Despite these effects, the kinetics and extent of SIV replication, CD4+ T cell depletion, and the onset of AIDS were comparable between anti-IL-15- and control-treated groups in both cohorts. However, RM treated with anti-IL-15 during primary infection manifested accelerated reactivation of RM rhadinovirus. Thus, IL-15 support of NK cell and TEM homeostasis does not play a demonstrable, nonredundant role in SIV replication or CD4+ T cell deletion dynamics but may contribute to immune control of oncogenic γ-herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Maren Q DeGottardi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Yoshinori Fukazawa
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Vaidya
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Chike O Abana
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Audrie L Konfe
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Devin N Fachko
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - He Li
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Richard Lum
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Lina Gao
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Byung S Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239; and
| | - Rebecca L Skalsky
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Anne D Lewis
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; .,Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
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Paim AC, Cummins NW, Natesampillai S, Garcia-Rivera E, Kogan N, Neogi U, Sönnerborg A, Sperk M, Bren GD, Deeks S, Polley E, Badley AD. HIV elite control is associated with reduced TRAILshort expression. AIDS 2019; 33:1757-1763. [PMID: 31149947 PMCID: PMC6873462 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) dependent apoptosis has been implicated in CD4 T-cell death and immunologic control of HIV-1 infection. We have described a splice variant called TRAILshort, which is a dominant negative ligand that antagonizes TRAIL-induced cell death in the context of HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 elite controllers naturally control viral replication for largely unknown reasons. Since enhanced death of infected cells might be responsible, as might occur in situations of low (or inhibited) TRAILshort, we tested whether there was an association between elite controller status and reduced levels of TRAILshort expression. DESIGN Cohort study comparing TRAILshort and full length TRAIL expression between HIV-1 elite controllers and viremic progressors from two independent populations. METHODS TRAILshort and TRAIL gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by RNA-seq. TRAILshort and TRAIL protein expression in plasma was determined by antibody bead array and proximity extension assay respectively. RESULTS HIV-1 elite controllers expressed less TRAILshort transcripts in PBMCs (P = 0.002) and less TRAILshort protein in plasma (P < 0.001) than viremic progressors. CONCLUSION Reduced TRAILshort expression in PBMCs and plasma is associated with HIV-1 elite controller status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Paim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | - Ujjwal Neogi
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maike Sperk
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gary D Bren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Steve Deeks
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Polley
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Nyanhete TE, Frisbee AL, Bradley T, Faison WJ, Robins E, Payne T, Freel SA, Sawant S, Weinhold KJ, Wiehe K, Haynes BF, Ferrari G, Li QJ, Moody MA, Tomaras GD. HLA class II-Restricted CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 Virus Controllers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10165. [PMID: 31308388 PMCID: PMC6629643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shifting study demonstrated that induction of MHC class E and II-restricted CD8+ T cells was associated with the clearance of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Another recent study highlighted the presence of HIV-1-specific class II-restricted CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 patients who naturally control infection (virus controllers; VCs). However, questions regarding class II-restricted CD8+ T cells ontogeny, distribution across different HIV-1 disease states and their role in viral control remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the distribution and anti-viral properties of HLA-DRB1*0701 and DQB1*0501 class II-restricted CD8+ T cells in different HIV-1 patient cohorts; and whether class II-restricted CD8+ T cells represent a unique T cell subset. We show that memory class II-restricted CD8+ T cell responses were more often detectable in VCs than in chronically infected patients, but not in healthy seronegative donors. We also demonstrate that VC CD8+ T cells inhibit virus replication in both a class I- and class II-dependent manner, and that in two VC patients the class II-restricted CD8+ T cells with an anti-viral gene signature expressed both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell lineage-specific genes. These data demonstrated that anti-viral memory class II-restricted CD8+ T cells with hybrid CD4+ and CD8+ features are present during natural HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinashe E Nyanhete
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Alyse L Frisbee
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,University of Virginia Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, 345 Crispell Drive, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - William J Faison
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth Robins
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tamika Payne
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Stephanie A Freel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kent J Weinhold
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Qi-Jing Li
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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15
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Angin M, Volant S, Passaes C, Lecuroux C, Monceaux V, Dillies MA, Valle-Casuso JC, Pancino G, Vaslin B, Le Grand R, Weiss L, Goujard C, Meyer L, Boufassa F, Müller-Trutwin M, Lambotte O, Sáez-Cirión A. Metabolic plasticity of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells is associated with enhanced antiviral potential and natural control of HIV-1 infection. Nat Metab 2019; 1:704-716. [PMID: 32694646 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is generally associated with an enhanced capacity of CD8+ T cells to eliminate infected CD4+ T cells, but the molecular characteristics of these highly functional CD8+ T cells are largely unknown. In the present study, using single-cell analysis, it was shown that HIV-specific, central memory CD8+ T cells from spontaneous HIV controllers (HICs) and antiretrovirally treated non-controllers have opposing transcriptomic profiles. Genes linked to effector functions and survival are upregulated in cells from HICs. In contrast, genes associated with activation, exhaustion and glycolysis are upregulated in cells from non-controllers. It was shown that HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from non-controllers are largely glucose dependent, whereas those from HICs have more diverse metabolic resources that enhance both their survival potential and their capacity to develop anti-HIV effector functions. The functional efficiency of the HIV-specific CD8+ T cell response in HICs is thus engraved in their memory population and related to their metabolic programme. Metabolic reprogramming in vitro through interleukin-15 treatment abrogated the glucose dependency and enhanced the antiviral potency of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from non-controllers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Angin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lecuroux
- CEA, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Vaslin
- CEA, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- CEA, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Laurence Weiss
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Goujard
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations, Université Paris Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Olivier Lambotte
- CEA, Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, IDMIT Department/IBFJ, Université Paris Sud, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service de Médecine Interne et Immunologie Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France.
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16
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A Highly Unusual V1 Region of Env in an Elite Controller of HIV Infection. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00094-19. [PMID: 30842322 PMCID: PMC6498048 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00094-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV elite controllers represent a remarkable minority of patients who maintain normal CD4+ T-cell counts and low or undetectable viral loads for decades in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. To examine the possible contribution of virus attenuation to elite control, we obtained a primary HIV-1 isolate from an elite controller who had been infected for 19 years, the last 10 of which were in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Full-length sequencing of this isolate revealed a highly unusual V1 domain in Envelope (Env). The V1 domain in this HIV-1 strain was 49 amino acids, placing it in the top 1% of lengths among the 6,112 Env sequences in the Los Alamos National Laboratory online database. Furthermore, it included two additional N-glycosylation sites and a pair of cysteines suggestive of an extra disulfide loop. Virus with this Env retained good infectivity and replicative capacity; however, analysis of recombinant viruses suggested that other sequences in Env were adapted to accommodate the unusual V1 domain. While the long V1 domain did not confer resistance to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies of the V1/V2-glycan-dependent class, it did confer resistance to neutralization by monoclonal antibodies of the V3-glycan-dependent class. Our findings support results in the literature that suggest a role for long V1 regions in shielding HIV-1 from recognition by V3-directed broadly neutralizing antibodies. In the case of the elite controller described here, it seems likely that selective pressures from the humoral immune system were responsible for driving the highly unusual polymorphisms present in this HIV-1 Envelope.IMPORTANCE Elite controllers have long provided an avenue for researchers to reveal mechanisms underlying control of HIV-1. While the role of host genetic factors in facilitating elite control is well known, the possibility of infection by attenuated strains of HIV-1 has been much less studied. Here we describe an unusual viral feature found in an elite controller of HIV-1 infection and demonstrate its role in conferring escape from monoclonal antibodies of the V3-glycan class. Our results suggest that extreme variation may be needed by HIV-1 to escape neutralization by some antibody specificities.
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17
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Chowdhury FZ, Ouyang Z, Buzon M, Walker BD, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Metabolic pathway activation distinguishes transcriptional signatures of CD8+ T cells from HIV-1 elite controllers. AIDS 2018; 32:2669-2677. [PMID: 30289807 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elite controllers, defined as persons maintaining undetectable levels of HIV-1 replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy, represent living evidence that sustained, natural control of HIV-1 is possible, at least in relatively rare instances. Understanding the complex immunologic and virologic characteristics of these specific patients holds promise for inducing drug-free control of HIV-1 in broader populations of HIV-1 infected patients. DESIGN We used an unbiased transcriptional profiling approach to characterize CD8+ T cells, the strongest correlate of HIV-1 immune control identified thus far, in a large cohort of elite controllers (n = 51); highly active antiretrovial therapy (HAART)-treated patients (n = 32) and HIV-1 negative (n = 10) served as reference cohorts. METHODS We isolated mRNA from total CD8+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of each individual followed by microarray analysis of the transcriptional signatures. RESULTS We observed profound transcriptional differences [590 transcripts, false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P < 0.05] between elite controller and HAART-treated patients. Interestingly, metabolic and signalling pathways governed by mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and eIF2, known for their key roles in regulating cellular growth, proliferation and metabolism, were among the top functions enriched in the differentially expressed genes, suggesting a therapeutically actionable target as a distinguishing feature of spontaneous HIV-1 immune control. A subsequent bootstrapping approach distinguished five different subgroups of elite controller, each characterized by distinct transcriptional signatures. However, despite this marked heterogeneity, differential regulation of mTOR and eIF2 signalling remained the dominant functional pathway in three of these elite controller subgroups. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that mTOR and eIF2 signalling may play a remarkably universal role for regulating CD8 T-cell function from elite controllers.
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18
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Li L, Liu Y, Gorny MK. Association of Diverse Genotypes and Phenotypes of Immune Cells and Immunoglobulins With the Course of HIV-1 Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2735. [PMID: 30534128 PMCID: PMC6275200 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease progression among HIV-1-infected individuals varies widely, but the mechanisms underlying this variability remains unknown. Distinct disease outcomes are the consequences of many factors working in concert, including innate and adaptive immune responses, cell-mediated and humoral immunity, and both genetic and phenotypic factors. Current data suggest that these multifaceted aspects in infected individuals should be considered as a whole, rather than as separate unique elements, and that analyses must be performed in greater detail in order to meet the requirements of personalized medicine and guide optimal vaccine design. However, the wide adoption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) influences the implementation of systematic analyses of the HIV-1-infected population. Consequently, fewer data will be available for acquisition in the future, preventing the comprehensive investigations required to elucidate the underpinnings of variability in disease outcome. This review seeks to recapitulate the distinct genotypic and phenotypic features of the immune system, focusing in particular on comparing the surface proteins of immune cells among individuals with different HIV infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuzhe Li
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Miroslaw K Gorny
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Abstract
HIV-infected individuals who maintain control of virus without antiretroviral therapy (ART) are called HIV controllers. The immune responses of these individuals suppress HIV viral replication to low levels or, in the case of elite controllers, to undetectable levels. Although some research indicates a role for inferior virulence of the infecting viral strain in natural control, perhaps by way of defective Nef protein function, we find that the majority of research in HIV controllers highlights CD8 T cells as the main suppressor of viral replication. The most convincing evidence for this argument lies in the strong correlation between certain HLA-I alleles, especially B*57, and HIV control status, a finding that has been replicated by many groups. However, natural control can also occur in individuals lacking these specific HLA alleles, and our understanding of what constitutes an effective CD8 T-cell response remains an incomplete picture. Recent research has broadened our understanding of natural HIV control by illustrating the interactions between different immune cells, including innate immune effectors and antigen-presenting cells. For many years, the immune responses of the natural HIV controllers have been studied for clues on how to achieve functional cure in the rest of the HIV-infected population. The goal of a future functional cure to HIV is one where HIV-infected individuals’ immune responses are able to suppress virus long-term without requiring ART. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how HIV controllers’ natural immune responses are able to suppress virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Boppana
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Paul Goepfert
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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20
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Promer K, Karris MY. Current Treatment Options for HIV Elite Controllers: a Review. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018; 10:302-309. [PMID: 30344450 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-018-0158-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opinion statement Initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) elite controllers remains controversial, because current evidence does not definitively demonstrate that the benefits of ART outweigh risk in this patient population. However, it is the opinion of the authors that in developed countries, where first-line ART regimens have minimal toxicities, treatment of elite controllers should be strongly considered. Treatment of elite controllers has the potential to minimize the size of the HIV reservoir, which benefits elite controllers who choose to pursue future cure, dampen immune activation, diminish risk of transmission, and encourage linkage and engagement in care allowing HIV providers the opportunity to address HIV-associated non-AIDS conditions and other co-morbidities. Purpose of review This review aims to summarize literature relevant to the management of elite controllers for clinicians caring for patients living with HIV. Key topics include timing of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and ART in the unique populations of elite controllers with concomitant cardiovascular disease and hepatitis C co-infection, and undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for other co-morbidities. Recent findings The persistent HIV reservoir in elite controllers has two main implications. First, increased immune activation appears to adversely impact clinical outcomes in elite controllers, but the role of ART in addressing this effect remains unclear. Second, elite control duration can be limited, but certain factors may help to predict disease progression with implications on timing of ART. Summary Initiation of ART during elite control remains controversial, although there are multiple theoretical benefits. Elite controllers comprise a heterogeneous population of patients living with HIV, and optimal management involves weighing the risk and benefit of ART as well as monitoring of clinical consequences of increased immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Promer
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive #8681, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
| | - Maile Y Karris
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 200 West Arbor Drive #8681, San Diego, CA, 92103, USA
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21
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Loucif H, Gouard S, Dagenais-Lussier X, Murira A, Stäger S, Tremblay C, Van Grevenynghe J. Deciphering natural control of HIV-1: A valuable strategy to achieve antiretroviral therapy termination. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:90-98. [PMID: 29778137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced HIV-1-associated morbidity and mortality, and has transformed HIV-1 infection into a manageable chronic condition by suppressing viral replication. However, despite recent patient care improvements, ART still fails to cure HIV-1 infection due to the inability to counteract immune defects and metabolic disturbances that are associated with residual inflammation alongside viral persistence. Life-long drug administration also results in multiple side-effects in patients including lipodystrophy and insulin resistance. Thus, it is critical to find new ways to reduce the length of treatment and facilitate the termination of ART, for example by boosting protective immunity. The rare ability of some individuals to naturally control HIV-1 infection despite residual inflammation could be exploited to identify molecular mechanisms involved in host protection that may function as potential therapeutic targets. In this review, we highlight evidence illustrating the molecular and metabolic advantages of HIV-1 controllers over ART treated patients that contribute to the maintenance of effective antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Loucif
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Steven Gouard
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Armstrong Murira
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Simona Stäger
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Van Grevenynghe
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, H7V 1B7, QC, Canada.
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22
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T cell receptors for the HIV KK10 epitope from patients with differential immunologic control are functionally indistinguishable. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1877-1882. [PMID: 29437954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1718659115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers (HCs) are individuals who can naturally control HIV infection, partially due to potent HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Here, we examined the hypothesis that superior function of CD8+ T cells from HCs is encoded by their T cell receptors (TCRs). We compared the functional properties of immunodominant HIV-specific TCRs obtained from HLA-B*2705 HCs and chronic progressors (CPs) following expression in primary T cells. T cells transduced with TCRs from HCs and CPs showed equivalent induction of epitope-specific cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, and antigen-binding properties. Transduced T cells comparably, albeit modestly, also suppressed HIV infection in vitro and in humanized mice. We also performed extensive molecular dynamics simulations that provided a structural basis for similarities in cytotoxicity and epitope cross-reactivity. These results demonstrate that the differential abilities of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from HCs and CPs are not genetically encoded in the TCRs alone and must depend on additional factors.
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23
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Abstract
Retroviruses are genome invaders that have shared a long history of coevolution with vertebrates and their immune system. Found endogenously in genomes as traces of past invasions, retroviruses are also considerable threats to human health when they exist as exogenous viruses such as HIV. The immune response to retroviruses is engaged by germline-encoded sensors of innate immunity that recognize viral components and damage induced by the infection. This response develops with the induction of antiviral effectors and launching of the clonal adaptive immune response, which can contribute to protective immunity. However, retroviruses efficiently evade the immune response, owing to their rapid evolution. The failure of specialized immune cells to respond, a form of neglect, may also contribute to inadequate antiretroviral immune responses. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which immune responses to retroviruses are mounted at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. We also discuss how intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immunity may cooperate or conflict during the generation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Sáez-Cirión
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
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