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Preethy H A, Venkatakrishnan YB, Ramakrishnan V, Krishnan UM. A network pharmacological approach for the identification of potential therapeutic targets of Brahmi Nei - a complex traditional Siddha formulation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38459935 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2322612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Brahmi Nei (BN), a traditional Indian polyherbal formulation has been described in classical texts for the treatment of anxiety and depression, as well as to fortify the immune system. The individual herbs of BN have been used for treatment of wide range of disorders including cognition, inflammation, skin ailments and cancer etc., This diverse basket of therapeutic activity suggests that BN may possess therapeutic benefits to other disorders. So, the present study aims to identify the potential therapeutic targets of BN using a network pharmacological approach to comprehend the multi target action of its multiple phytoconstituents. We have employed Randić Index for the first time to calculate the contribution score of module segregated targets towards diseases. Our results suggests that BN targets could also be effective in other diseases such as lysosomal storage disorders, respiratory disorders etc., apart from neurological disorders. The key targets with highest topological measures of Targets-(Pathway)-Targets network were identified as potential therapeutic targets of BN. And the top hit target PTGS2, a gene encoding for cyclooxygenase-2 was further evaluated using molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and in vitro studies. Our findings open up new therapeutic facets for BN that can be explored systematically in future.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Preethy H
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | | | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- School of Chemical & Biotechnology (SCBT), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
- School of Arts, Sciences, Humanities & Education (SASHE), SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, India
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Zhao Y, Li J, Cao G, Zhao D, Li G, Zhang H, Yan M. Ethnic, Botanic, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Acorus L. Genus: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:7117. [PMID: 37894595 PMCID: PMC10609487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Acorus, a perennial monocotyledonous-class herb and part of the Acoraceae family, is widely distributed in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Acorus is rich in biological activities and can be used to treat various diseases of the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and digestive system, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, epilepsy, hyperlipidemia, and indigestion. Recently, it has been widely used to improve eutrophic water and control heavy-metal-polluted water. Thus far, only three species of Acorus have been reported in terms of chemical components and pharmacological activities. Previously published reviews have not further distinguished or comprehensively expounded the chemical components and pharmacological activities of Acorus plants. By carrying out a literature search, we collected documents closely related to Acorus published from 1956 to 2022. We then performed a comprehensive and systematic review of the genus Acorus from different perspectives, including botanical aspects, ethnic applications, phytochemistry aspects, and pharmacological aspects. Our aim was to provide a basis for further research and the development of new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (D.Z.); (G.L.)
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jia Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (D.Z.); (G.L.)
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Guoshi Cao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (D.Z.); (G.L.)
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (D.Z.); (G.L.)
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Guangzhe Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (D.Z.); (G.L.)
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (D.Z.); (G.L.)
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Mingming Yan
- Northeast Asia Research Institute, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (G.C.); (D.Z.); (G.L.)
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Center of Health Food of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
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Rai AR, Joy T, Poojari M, Pai MM, Massand A, Murlimanju BV. Role of Acorus calamus in preventing depression, anxiety, and oxidative stress in long-term socially isolated rats. Vet World 2023; 16:1755-1764. [PMID: 37766700 PMCID: PMC10521175 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1755-1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Social isolation stress (SIS) and individual housing have been shown to cause abnormal cognitive insufficiencies, altered anxiety levels, and signs of psychiatric diseases. Acorus calamus (AC), commonly known as Sweet Flag, has been widely used in India to treat neurological, metabolic, and respiratory disorders, indicating its potential therapeutic value. This study aimed to determine the antidepressant and antioxidative effects of AC on rats subjected to long-term, social isolation-induced stress. Materials and Methods This study involved 2-month-old male rats (24) weighing approximately 180-200 g bred in-house. The rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): Group 1 received saline, Group 2 received SIS, Group 3 received only 50 mg/kg AC, and Group 4 received 50 mg/kg AC and SIS for 6 weeks. After this, behavioral, biochemical, and neuronal assays were conducted. Results Behavioral experiments showed significantly higher activity levels (p < 0.001) in AC-treated rats than in the SIS group. In addition, rats subjected to SIS with AC treatment exhibited enhanced total antioxidants, superoxide dismutase, and neuronal assays compared to rats subjected to SIS alone. Conclusion Acorus calamus treatment improved the antidepressant and antioxidant potential against SIS in rat brain tissue. Moreover, we proved that AC can effectively reverse the neurotoxicity induced by SIS in animal models. As we battle against the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and social isolation, AC could be considered a supplementary treatment to alleviate depressive-like symptoms in our present-day lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Rohan Rai
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Teresa Joy
- Department of Anatomy, American University of Antigua College of Medicine, University Park, Jabberwock Beach Road, Coolidge, St. John’s, Antigua, West Indies
| | - Meghana Poojari
- Department of Anatomy, Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitradurga, India
| | - Mangala M. Pai
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Amit Massand
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - B. V. Murlimanju
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Aleem M, Khan MI. Concept of dementia ( Nisy ā n) in Unani system of medicine and scientific validation of an important Unani pharmacopoeial preparation ' Majoon Vaj' for its management: a review. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 0:jcim-2021-0447. [PMID: 37384842 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review focused on the concept of dementia in the Unani system of medicine and comprehensive, updated information on Majoon Vaj about the phytochemistry, nootropic, CNS activities and provide insights into potential opportunities for future research. METHODS The classical literature on Majoon Vaj for its anti-dementic properties, and therapeutic uses were gathered from nearly thirteen classical Unani books including Unani Pharmacopoeia. The information of pharmacognosy, phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Majoon Vaj and its ingredient was collected by browsing the Internet (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley online library, Google Scholar, ResearchGate). The relevant primary sources were probed, analysed, and included in this review. The keywords used to browse were Majoon Vaj, Dementia, Nootropic, Acorus calamus, Piper nigram, Zingiber officinalis, Nigella sativa, Carum carvi, Plumbago zeylanica, and β-asarone. Relevant Sources were gathered up to July 2021, and the chemical structures were drawn using ACD/ChemSketch software. The species name and synonyms were checked with WFO (2021): World Flora online (http://www.worldfloraonline.org) an updated version of 'The Plant List.' RESULTS Majoon Vaj contains an excess of bioactive compounds e.g., alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, diterpenes, coumarins, carbohydrates, and fixed oils and its ingredients possess broad pharmacological properties, including cognitive-enhancing, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. CONCLUSIONS The literature of Unani medicine is quite rich in discussing the pathophysiological basis of memory disorders. It argues that memory, retention, and retrieval are regulated by a complex process involving various faculties. Majoon Vaj seems to have great potential for therapeutic applications in the treatment of dementia and thus encourage more preclinical and clinical trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aleem
- Department of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru, India
| | - Md Imran Khan
- Department of Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bengaluru, India
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Ukkirapandian K, E K, Udaykumar KP, Kandhi S, R M. The Neuroprotective Role of Acorus calamus in Developmental and Histopathological Changes in Autism-Induced Wistar Rats. Cureus 2022; 14:e29717. [PMID: 36340563 PMCID: PMC9621743 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.29717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and a tremendous increase in the incidence of autism poses challenges in identifying the different treatment modalities. Since the defined etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of autism are unavailable, translational research is being done by creating animal models of autism. This study aimed to assess the effects of Acorus calamus on developmental and histopathological changes in autism-induced Wistar rats. Materials and methods A rat model of autism was created by administering sodium valproate on the 12th day of pregnancy, and rat pups of this group were considered autism-induced. Rat pups of pregnant rats who had received normal saline on the 12th day of pregnancy were considered group I (negative control group). Neural reflexes were assessed in early postnatal days (PND) to confirm the development of autism. Autism-induced rat pups were divided into the following two groups: group II, autism (positive control group), and group III, autism + A. calamus (drug-treated group). On the 21st postnatal day (PND), group III was given an ethanolic extract of A. calamus (200 mg/kg), and group I and group II were given normal saline orally for 15 days. After 15 days of drug exposure, at 36thPND, the rats were sacrificed, and brain tissue was collected for histopathological analysis. Results When compared to the negative control group, autism-induced rat pups showed delayed appearance of neurological reflexes. Neurodegenerative changes were well appreciated in group II (autism-induced rats) than in group III (autism + A. calamus). In the histomorphometric analysis, group II showed a significant reduction in the number of neurons in the frontal cortex and Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. However, when compared to group II, group III (autism treated with A. calamus) did not show significant alteration. Conclusion Valproate exposure at mid-pregnancy creates autism by disturbing neural structures among rat pups. This was clinically represented as the delayed appearance of neural reflexes. Acorus calamus in the early postnatal period protects rat pups’ brain morphology against autism pathology.
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Yousefsani BS, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Beneficial Medicinal Plants for Memory and Cognitive Functions Based on Traditional Persian Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:283-290. [PMID: 33861451 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most important causes of dementia, especially in the elderlies. Due to the failures of recent clinical trials in finding effective medications, it appears the use of complementary therapies such as Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) and the rich sources of effective herbs as well as their constituents for improving memory function could be beneficial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the recommended natural remedies in the TPM and examine their pharmacological properties. For this purpose, the data were collected by searching the recommended prescriptions of the seminal TPM textbooks. Then, the names of the most freuqently mentioned plants were extracted from the natural remedies and evaluated for their pharmacological properties. The sources included recently published articles cited in the major scientific databases. A total of 262 plants were identified in 96 evaluated prescriptions; 20 plants were identified with the most frequency of report (i.e. more than 10 times). Their neuroprotective effects, antioxidant features, and anti-AD properties were discussed. Based on our results, TPM has introduced many effective treatments for AD. Hence, more clinical studies are warranted to verify their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
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Revealing the Pharmacological Mechanism of Acorus tatarinowii in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3236768. [PMID: 33178313 PMCID: PMC7648688 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3236768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim Stroke is the second significant cause for death, with ischemic stroke (IS) being the main type threatening human being's health. Acorus tatarinowii (AT) is widely used in the treatment of Alzheimer disease, epilepsy, depression, and stroke, which leads to disorders of consciousness disease. However, the systemic mechanism of AT treating IS is unexplicit. This article is supposed to explain why AT has an effect on the treatment of IS in a comprehensive and systematic way by network pharmacology. Methods and Materials ADME (absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted) is an important property for screening-related compounds in AT, which were screening out of TCMSP, TCMID, Chemistry Database, and literature from CNKI. Then, these targets related to screened compounds were predicted via Swiss Targets, when AT-related targets database was established. The gene targets related to IS were collected from DisGeNET and GeneCards. IS-AT is a common protein interactive network established by STRING Database. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were analysed by IS-AT common target genes. Cytoscape software was used to establish a visualized network for active compounds-core targets and core target proteins-proteins interactive network. Furthermore, we drew a signal pathway picture about its effect to reveal the basic mechanism of AT against IS systematically. Results There were 53 active compounds screened from AT, inferring the main therapeutic substances as follows: bisasaricin, 3-cyclohexene-1-methanol-α,α,4-trimethyl,acetate, cis,cis,cis-7,10,13-hexadecatrienal, hydroxyacoronene, nerolidol, galgravin, veraguensin, 2′-o-methyl isoliquiritigenin, gamma-asarone, and alpha-asarone. We obtained 398 related targets, 63 of which were the same as the IS-related genes from targets prediction. Except for GRM2, remaining 62 target genes have an interactive relation, respectively. The top 10 degree core target genes were IL6, TNF, IL1B, TLR4, NOS3, MAPK1, PTGS2, VEGFA, JUN, and MMP9. There were more than 20 terms of biological process, 7 terms of cellular components, and 14 terms of molecular function through GO enrichment analysis and 13 terms of signal pathway from KEGG enrichment analysis based on P < 0.05. Conclusion AT had a therapeutic effect for ischemic via multicomponent, multitarget, and multisignal pathway, which provided a novel research aspect for AT against IS.
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Kardani A, Soltani A, Sewell RDE, Shahrani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Neurotransmitter, Antioxidant and Anti-neuroinflammatory Mechanistic Potentials of Herbal Medicines in Ameliorating Autism Spectrum Disorder. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4421-4429. [PMID: 31721693 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191112143940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental issue that disrupts behavior, nonverbal communication, and social interaction, impacting all aspects of an individual's social development. The underlying origin of autism is unclear, however, oxidative stress, as well as serotonergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic systems are thought to be implicated in ASD. Despite the fact that there is no effective medication for autism, current pharmacological treatments are utilized to ameliorate some of the symptoms such as selfmutilation, aggression, repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, inattention, hyperactivity, and sleep disorders. METHODS In accord with the literature regarding the activity of herbal medicines on neurotransmitter function, we aimed to review the most worthy medicinal herbs possessing neuroprotective effects. RESULTS Based on the outcome, medicinal herbs such as Zingiber officinale, Astragalus membranaceu, Ginkgo biloba, Centella asiatica and Acorus calamus, have antioxidant activity, which can influence neurotransmitter systems and are potentially neuroprotective. CONCLUSION Consequently, these herbs, in theory at least, appear to be suitable candidates within an overall management strategy for those on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefeh Kardani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Amin Soltani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Robert D E Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB. Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Mehrdad Shahrani
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
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Sharma V, Sharma R, Gautam DS, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Martins N. Role of Vacha ( Acorus calamus Linn.) in Neurological and Metabolic Disorders: Evidence from Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Clinical Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1176. [PMID: 32325895 PMCID: PMC7230970 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn. (Acoraceae)) is a traditional Indian medicinal herb, which is practiced to treat a wide range of health ailments, including neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, metabolic, kidney, and liver disorders. The purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive up-to-date report on its ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, and pharmacotherapeutic potential, while identifying potential areas for further research. To date, 145 constituents have been isolated from this herb and identified, including phenylpropanoids, sesquiterpenoids, and monoterpenes. Compelling evidence is suggestive of the biopotential of its various extracts and active constituents in several metabolic and neurological disorders, such as anticonvulsant, antidepressant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-obesity effects. The present extensive literature survey is expected to provide insights into the involvement of several signaling pathways and oxidative mechanisms that can mitigate oxidative stress, and other indirect mechanisms modulated by active biomolecules of A. calamus to improve neurological and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India; (V.S.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India; (V.S.); (D.S.G.)
| | - DevNath Singh Gautam
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India; (V.S.); (D.S.G.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernani Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for research and Innovation in Heath (i3S), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Kamarudin SN, Iezhitsa I, Tripathy M, Alyautdin R, Ismail NM. Neuroprotective effect of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticle-bound brain-derived neurotrophic factor in a permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia in rats. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2020. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2020-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Esfandiari E, Ghanadian M, Rashidi B, Mokhtarian A, Vatankhah AM. The Effects of Acorus calamus L. in Preventing Memory Loss, Anxiety, and Oxidative Stress on Lipopolysaccharide-induced Neuroinflammation Rat Models. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:85. [PMID: 30450168 PMCID: PMC6202774 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_75_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Several factors lead to memory loss, the most important of which is brain aging that is caused mostly by neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The need of finding preventive treatments of memory impairment in elderly encouraged authors to assess the effect of Acorus calamus on memory loss, anxiety, and antioxidant indices on neuroinflammation rat models. Materials and Methods Different fractions of A. calamus were prepared. The subject rats were grouped in 11 groups of 10 each. In the nine treated groups, the extract gavage began 1 week before intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and continued for 2 weeks after the last injection of LPS. Behavioral tests, including passive avoidance and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests, were run on days 24, 25, and 26 and the subjects were sacrificed on the day after the last behavioral test, and their hippocampus was isolated to measure the oxidative stress markers. Results Assessment of oxidative stress markers in hippocampus samples revealed that the amounts of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant activity) in the groups that received different fractions were less than their equivalent figures in LPS-control group, and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in treatment groups were less than MDA level in LPS-control group. Moreover, the treatment groups with different fractions of A. calamus revealed better performance compared to LPS-control group in shuttle-box test. In EPM test, the groups with different fractions revealed lower stress level in comparison with LPS-control group. The best performance in memory test and the lowest level of stress in EPM was observed in the group with aqueous fraction at 600 mg/kg dose, and the least figures of oxidative stress markers were of the group with aqueous fraction at 600 mg/kg dose. Conclusion The oral administration of different fractions of A. calamus, especially aqueous fraction, prevented from memory deficits and stress through controlling oxidative stress and inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Esfandiari
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Mokhtarian
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir M Vatankhah
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz Medical University, Tabriz, Iran
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Withania coagulans Protects Striatum from Oxidative Damages Induced by Global Brain Ischemia in Rat. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.65051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Chellian R, Pandy V, Mohamed Z. Pharmacology and toxicology of α- and β-Asarone: A review of preclinical evidence. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 32:41-58. [PMID: 28732807 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asarone is one of the most researched phytochemicals and is mainly present in the Acorus species and Guatteria gaumeri Greenman. In preclinical studies, both α- and β-asarone have been reported to have numerous pharmacological activities and at the same time, many studies have also revealed the toxicity of α- and β-asarone. PURPOSE The purpose of this comprehensive review is to compile and analyze the information related to the pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, and toxicological studies reported on α- and β-asarone using preclinical in vitro and in vivo models. Besides, the molecular targets and mechanism(s) involved in the biological activities of α- and β-asarone were discussed. METHODS Databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google scholar were searched and the literature from the year 1960 to January 2017 was retrieved using keywords such as α-asarone, β-asarone, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, pharmacological activities (e.g. depression, anxiety). RESULTS Based on the data obtained from the literature search, the pharmacokinetic studies of α- and β-asarone revealed that their oral bioavailability in rodents is poor with a short plasma half-life. Moreover, the metabolism of α- and β-asarone occurs mainly through cytochrome-P450 pathways. Besides, both α- and/or β-asarone possess a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antidepressant, antianxiety, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-Parkinson's, antiepileptic, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, antithrombotic, anticholestatic and radioprotective activities through its interaction with multiple molecular targets. Importantly, the toxicological studies revealed that both α- and β-asarone can cause hepatomas and might possess mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and teratogenicity. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, further preclinical studies are required to confirm the pharmacological properties of α-asarone against depression, anxiety, Parkinson's disease, psychosis, drug dependence, pain, inflammation, cholestasis and thrombosis. Besides, the anticancer effect of β-asarone should be further studied in different types of cancers using in vivo models. Moreover, further dose-dependent in vivo studies are required to confirm the toxicity of α- and β-asarone. Overall, this extensive review provides a detailed information on the preclinical pharmacological and toxicological activities of α-and β-asarone and this could be very useful for researchers who wish to conduct further preclinical studies using α- and β-asarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjithkumar Chellian
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Vijayapandi Pandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rahimi R, Irannejad S, Noroozian M. Avicenna’s pharmacological approach to memory enhancement. Neurol Sci 2017; 38:1147-1157. [PMID: 28176148 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-2835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roja Rahimi
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Persian Medicine and Pharmacy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Irannejad
- Research Training Group 1876: Early Concepts of Man and Nature: Universal, Local, Borrowed, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Maryam Noroozian
- Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Devaki M, Nirupama R, Nirupama M, Yajurvedi H. Protective effect of rhizome extracts of the herb, vacha (Acorus calamus) against oxidative damage: An in vivo and in vitro study. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ghelani H, Chapala M, Jadav P. Diuretic and antiurolithiatic activities of an ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus L. rhizome in experimental animal models. J Tradit Complement Med 2016; 6:431-436. [PMID: 27774431 PMCID: PMC5067935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acorus calamus is a plant commonly used as a traditional herbal medicine and possesses the wide range of pharmacological applications. The present study investigated the diuretic and antiurolithiatic activities of an ethanolic extract of Acorus calamus L. (Family: Araceae) rhizome (EEAC). For diuretic activity, three doses of EEAC (250, 500 and 750 mg/kg) were studied, and measurement of the urinary volume and electrolytes (Na+ and K+) concentration were taken as evaluation parameters. On the other hand, ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis (0.75% v/v in drinking water for 28 days) was used to study the antiurolithiatic effect of EEAC at the oral dose of 750 mg/kg in male Wistar albino rats. CYSTONE (750 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as a standard reference drug in the present study. After completion of the 28-days respective treatments, the level of various urolithiatic promoters in the biological samples (urine, serum and kidney homogenate) and renal function were used as criteria for assessing the antiurolithiatic effect of EEAC. Results indicate that, the EEAC (750 mg/kg, p.o.) produced significant increase in urine volume (p < 0.001) and urinary excretion of Na+ and K+ electrolytes (p < 0.05) in a pattern comparable to that of furosemide. In ethylene glycol induced urolithiatic model, EEAC significantly (p < 0.05) decreased excretion and deposition of various urolithiatic promoters as compared to urolithiatic control in a pattern comparable to that of CYSTONE. The EEAC supplementation also prevents the impairment of renal functions. The antiurolithiatic mechanism is mediated possibly through diuretic and nephroprotective actions of the active compounds of rhizomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Ghelani
- Department of Pharmacology, S. J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Kalawad Road, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
- The National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, NSW 2751, Australia
- Corresponding author. The National Institute of Complementary Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia. Tel.: +61 2 4620 3269.
| | - Maunik Chapala
- Department of Pharmacology, S. J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Kalawad Road, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinakin Jadav
- Department of Pharmacology, S. J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Kalawad Road, Rajkot 360 005, Gujarat, India
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Thakare MM, Surana SJ. β-Asarone modulate adipokines and attenuates high fat diet-induced metabolic abnormalities in Wistar rats. Pharmacol Res 2015; 103:227-35. [PMID: 26675715 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigated the effect of β-asarone on food preference and its therapeutic potential against high fat diet (HFD) induced obesity in rats. In food preference study, free access to HFD was given only for 4h in addition to standard laboratory chow in rats and the preferential intake between chow and HFD was measured. For obesity induction, HFD was administered for 12 weeks and the HFD fed rats were treated with β-asarone in the last 4 weeks, starting from 9th week onwards. Food intake, body weight was measured biweekly. Glucose tolerance and the levels of glucose, lipids, free fatty acids, leptin, and adiponectin were assessed. HFD fed rats showed progressive increase in body weight and developed glucose intolerance and dyslipidemia. In addition, they showed increased adiposity and the disturbed pattern of adipokine levels In the food preference paradigm, β-asarone produced selective decrease in HFD intake in rats. In obese rats, β-asarone treatment not only reduced body weight but also prevented HFD-induced metabolic alterations, including glucose intolerance, dyslipidemia and adipokine imbalance. The observed beneficial effects of β-asarone appear due its ability to reduce intake of energy dense food by affecting food palatability, and to normalize the levels of leptin and adiponectin in rats. Overall, our results suggest that β-asarone is a novel candidate molecule with significant therapeutic potential in the management of obesity and associated abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malesh M Thakare
- Department of Pharmacology, RC Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425 405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Sanjay J Surana
- Department of Pharmacology, RC Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur 425 405, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
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Sucher NJ, Carles MC. A pharmacological basis of herbal medicines for epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:308-18. [PMID: 26074183 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disease, affecting about 1% of the world's population during their lifetime. Most people with epilepsy can attain a seizure-free life upon treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Unfortunately, seizures in up to 30% do not respond to treatment. It is estimated that 90% of people with epilepsy live in developing countries, and most of them receive no drug treatment for the disease. This treatment gap has motivated investigations into the effects of plants that have been used by traditional healers all over the world to treat seizures. Extracts of hundreds of plants have been shown to exhibit anticonvulsant activity in phenotypic screens performed in experimental animals. Some of those extracts appear to exhibit anticonvulsant efficacy similar to that of synthetic AEDs. Dozens of plant-derived chemical compounds have similarly been shown to act as anticonvulsants in various in vivo and in vitro assays. To a significant degree, anticonvulsant effects of plant extracts can be attributed to widely distributed flavonoids, (furano)coumarins, phenylpropanoids, and terpenoids. Flavonoids and coumarins have been shown to interact with the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor and various voltage-gated ion channels, which are targets of synthetic AEDs. Modulation of the activity of ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels provides an explanatory basis of the anticonvulsant effects of plant secondary metabolites. Many complex extracts and single plant-derived compounds exhibit antiinflammatory, neuroprotective, and cognition-enhancing activities that may be beneficial in the treatment of epilepsy. Thus, botanicals provide a base for target-oriented antiepileptic drug discovery and development. In the future, preclinical work should focus on the characterization of the effects of plant extracts and plant-derived compounds on well-defined targets rather than on phenotypic screening using in vivo animal models of acute seizures. At the same time, available data provide ample justification for clinical studies with selected standardized botanical extracts and plant-derived compounds. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus J Sucher
- Science Department, Roxbury Community College, MA, USA; FLAS, Northern Essex Community College, MA, USA; Biology Department, Salem State University, MA, USA.
| | - Maria C Carles
- Science Department, Roxbury Community College, MA, USA; FLAS, Northern Essex Community College, MA, USA; Biology Department, Salem State University, MA, USA
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Adewale OO, Brimson JM, Odunola OA, Gbadegesin MA, Owumi SE, Isidoro C, Tencomnao T. The Potential for Plant Derivatives against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res 2015; 29:978-85. [PMID: 25886076 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Certain industrial chemicals and food contaminants have been demonstrated to possess neurotoxic activity and have been suspected to cause brain-related disorders in humans. Acrylamide (ACR), a confirmed neurotoxicant, can be found in trace amount in commonly consumed human aliments as a result of food processing or cooking. This discovery aroused a great concern in the public, and increasing efforts are continuously geared towards the resolution of this serious threat. The broad chemical diversity of plants may offer the resources for novel antidotes against neurotoxicants. With the goal of attenuating neurotoxicity of ACR, several plants extracts or derivatives have been employed. This review presents the plants and their derivatives that have been shown most active against ACR-induced neurotoxicity, with a focus on their origin, pharmacological activity, and antidote effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Adewale
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - J M Brimson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - O A Odunola
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - M A Gbadegesin
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - S E Owumi
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - C Isidoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale 'A. Avogadro', Novara, Italy
| | - T Tencomnao
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hippophae salicifolia D.Don berries attenuate cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(15)30021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Arjunolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoidal saponin of Terminalia arjuna bark protects neurons from oxidative stress associated damage in focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:890-5. [PMID: 26398381 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arjunolic acid (AA), a pentacyclic triterpenoidal saponin of Terminalia arjuna is well recognized for its antioxidant properties. We proposed to evaluate its antioxidant potential against focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). METHODS In the present study, rats were randomly divided into a sham, MCAO, AA (10 and 20mg/kg) treated groups. Rats received their respective treatment orally by gavage for 7 days prior to MCAO. Rats were anaesthetized with ketamine (100mg/kg), xylazine (10mg/kg) and subjected to 2h occlusion and 22h reperfusion. Neurological deficit, brain water content and oxidative stress markers were measured after 22h of reperfusion. RESULTS Rats pretreated with AA showed significantly reduced neurological deficit score, infarct size. AA prevented neuronal damage induced by I/R by regulating the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), protein carbonyl content and mitochondria generated reactive oxygen species. In addition, it also controlled the enzyme activities of Na(+)-K(+) ATPase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR). CONCLUSIONS Pre-treatment with AA effectively prevented the cerebral I/R induced oxidative damage by virtue of its antioxidant potential. These results indicate that supplementation of AA may be beneficial in stroke prone population.
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Feng XL, Yu Y, Qin DP, Gao H, Yao XS. Acorus Linnaeus: a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and neuropharmacology. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acorus Linnaeus is a herb used in many ancient medicinal systems. Phytochemical and neuropharmacological studies have revealed that many beneficial compounds possessed anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, neuroprotective, memory enhancing, and sedative properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Feng
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Da-Peng Qin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
| | - Xin-Sheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Natural Products
- College of Pharmacy
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- P. R. China
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Rajput SB, Tonge MB, Karuppayil SM. An overview on traditional uses and pharmacological profile of Acorus calamus Linn. (Sweet flag) and other Acorus species. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:268-76. [PMID: 24200497 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Acorus calamus (Sweet flag) has a long history of use and has numerous traditional and ethnomedicinal applications. Since ancient times, it has been used in various systems of medicines such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Chinese medicine, etc. for the treatment of various aliments like nervous disorders, appetite loss, bronchitis, chest pain, colic, cramps, diarrhea, digestive disorders, flatulence, gas, indigestion, rheumatism, sedative, cough, fever, bronchitis, inflammation, depression, tumors, hemorrhoids, skin diseases, numbness, general debility and vascular disorders. Various therapeutic potentials of this plant have been attributed to its rhizome. A number of active constituents from leaves, rhizomes and essential oils of A. calamus have been isolated and characterized. Of the constituents, alpha and beta-asarone are the predominant bioactive components. Various pharmacological activities of A. calamus rhizome such as sedative, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, cardiovascular, hypolipidemic, immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, cryoprotective, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anticancer and antidiabetic has been reported. Genotoxicity and mutagenecity of beta and alpha-asarone is reported, which limits their use at high dosage. Though A. calamus has been used since ancient times, many of its uses are yet to be scientifically validated. In the present review an attempt has been made to explore traditional uses and pharmacological properties of A. calamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep B Rajput
- DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded 431-606, MS, India
| | | | - S Mohan Karuppayil
- DST-FIST and UGC-SAP Sponsored School of Life Sciences, SRTM University, Nanded 431-606, MS, India.
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Li Z, Zhao G, Qian S, Yang Z, Chen X, Chen J, Cai C, Liang X, Guo J. Cerebrovascular protection of β-asarone in Alzheimer's disease rats: a behavioral, cerebral blood flow, biochemical and genic study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:305-312. [PMID: 22985635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Recent studies have suggested that β-asarone have neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects in animal model. However, the influence of β-asarone on cerebrovascular system has not been explored so far. Therefore, present study was designed to determine whether repeated exposures to β-asarone resulted in positive effects on cerebrovascular function in AD rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alzheimer's disease induced rats was established by injecting both D-galactose (D-gal) and aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) into abdominal cavity for 42 days. After injection of AlCl(3) and D-gal or saline for 28 days, the rats were treated with volume-matched vehicle or β-asarone (25mg/kg, 50mg/kg or 100mg/kg, i.h.) or Nimodipine (40mg/kg, i.g) once daily for consecutive 14 days, respectively. Behavioral responses of animals were assessed in a Morris water maze. CBF was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. At the end of this period all rats were sacrificed, lactic acid, pyruvic acid content, Na+K+ATPase activity were determined in brain tissue homogenate to estimate the brain biochemical changes and mRNA expression of ET-1, eNOS and APP was measured with real-time RT-PCR method. RESULTS The spatial navigation task latencies, the times through platform zone and the time for the first through platform zone in the target quadrant in probe task, rCBF of right parietal lobe, the contents of lactic acid, pyruvic acid, and the activity of Na-K-ATP of cortex, and ET-1 and eNOS mRNA expression in hippocampus of AG rats were different from those of BG, P<0.05; The level of APP mRNA expression in model control group rats was higher than that in BG, though there was not a statistically significant difference, P>0.05; Compared with AG, HG rats spatial navigation task latencies were shorter, in probe task the times through platform zone in the target quadrant were bigger, rCBF and blood cell concentration of right parietal lobe were higher, the contents of pyruvic acid was lower, the activity of Na-K-ATP was higher, and ET-1 mRNA expression in hippocampus was lower, P<0.05; The level of eNOS and APP mRNA expression in HG rats was lower than that in AG, though there was not a statistically significant difference, P>0.05; CONCLUSION The present results suggested that β-asarone may be useful in memory impairment due to its cerebrovascular protection in AD rats and may develop as a therapeutic drug for treatment of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- The First People's Hospital of Taizhou city, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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Kulkarni R, Girish KJ, Kumar A. Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update. Pharmacogn Rev 2012; 6:147-53. [PMID: 23055641 PMCID: PMC3459457 DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.99949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits that present with many of neuropsychiatric conditions and/or alone as developmental deficit demand use of nootropics to boost cognitive abilities. Recently there is a tremendous urge to explore medicinal plants globally for improving cognitive function owing to their less adverse effects. Ayurveda provides a list of herbs known for nootropic activity as well as their multi-dimensional utility in various conditions. Present paper is a review to update knowledge on pharmacological properties, major chemical constituents, therapeutic actions, preclinical studies, safety and possible mode of action of the selected herbs from ayurvedic pharmacopoeia. Concurrently, it opens up for further research and standardization on nootropic herbs
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Kulkarni
- Department of Post Graduate Studies in Kaumarabhritya, SDM College of Ayurveda, Hassan, Karnataka, India
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Shivasharan BD, Nagakannan P, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP. Protective Effect of Calendula officinalis L. Flowers Against Monosodium Glutamate Induced Oxidative Stress and Excitotoxic Brain Damage in Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 28:292-8. [PMID: 24426226 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a popular flavour enhancer used in food industries; however, excess MSG is neurotoxic. Oxidative stress is well documented in MSG induced neurotoxicity. The compounds having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties reportedly possess beneficial effects against various neurotoxic insults. Calendula officinalis Linn. flower extract (COE) is known for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Hence, this present study has been designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of COE on MSG-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Adult Wistar rats were administered systemically for 7 days with MSG and after one h of MSG injection, rats were treated with COE (100 and 200 mg/kg) orally. At the end the treatment period, animals were assessed for locomotor activity and were sacrificed; brains were isolated for estimation of LPO, GSH, CAT, TT, GST, Nitrite and histopathological studies. MSG caused a significant alteration in animal behavior, oxidative defense (raised levels of LPO, nitrite concentration, depletion of antioxidant levels) and hippocampal neuronal histology. Treatment with COE significantly attenuated behavioral alterations, oxidative stress, and hippocampal damage in MSG-treated animals. Hence, this study demonstrates that COE protects against MSG-induced neurotoxicity in rats. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of COE may be responsible for its observed neuroprotective action.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Shivasharan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
| | - P Nagakannan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
| | - B S Thippeswamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
| | - V P Veerapur
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur, 572 102 Karnataka India
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Antonio RL, Kozasa EH, Galduróz JCF, Dawa, Dorjee Y, Kalsang T, Norbu T, Tenzin T, Rodrigues E. Formulas used by Tibetan doctors at Men-Tsee-Khang in India for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and their correlation with pharmacological data. Phytother Res 2012; 27:552-63. [PMID: 22674653 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify formulas used at Men-Tsee-Khang (Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute), India, for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and to compare the Tibetan usage of particular ingredients with pharmacological data from the scientific database. Using ethnographic methods, five doctors were selected and interviewed. A correlation was observed between central nervous system disorders and rLung, one of the three humors in Tibetan medicine, which imbalance is the source of mental disorders, and ten multi-ingredient formulas used to treat the imbalance of this particular humor were identified. These formulas utilize 61 ingredients; among them were 48 plant species. Each formula treats several symptoms related to rLung imbalance, so the plants may have therapeutic uses distinct from those of the formulas in which they are included. Myristica fragrans, nutmeg, is contained in 100% of the formulas, and its seeds exhibit stimulant and depressant actions affecting the central nervous system. Preclinical and clinical data from the scientific literature indicate that all of the formulas include ingredients with neuropsychiatric action and corroborate the therapeutic use of 75.6% of the plants. These findings indicate a level of congruence between the therapeutic uses of particular plant species in Tibetan and Western medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Luna Antonio
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo Brazil, Rua Botucatu 862, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kim DY, Lee SH, Kim WJ, Jiang J, Kim MK, Shin YK, Kim DW, Moon WK, Kwon SC, Koppula S, Kang TB, Lee KH. Inhibitory effects of Acorus calamus extracts on mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reactions using mast cell and mouse model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:526-529. [PMID: 22366435 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acorus calamus Linn. (Araceae) is a traditional herbal plant used for centuries to treat various allergic symptoms including asthma and bronchitis. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was focused to provide a pharmacological basis for the traditional use of Acorus calamus in allergic symptoms using the mast cell-dependent anaphylactic reactions in in vitro and in vivo models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viabilities were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Dinitrophenyl-human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) induced β-hexosaminidase and interleukin (IL)-4 productions in IgE-sensitized rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL-2H3) cells were measured by enzymatic assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction mouse model was implemented for in vivo studies. RESULTS Hot water (HW), butylene glycol (BG), hexane (HE) and steam distilled (SD) extracts of Acorus calamus showed different cytoxicity levels evaluated in RBL-2H3 cells. Sub-toxic doses of HW extract suppressed the β-hexosaminidase secretion and IL-4 production significantly and dose dependently in DNP-HSA induced IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells compared to other extracts of Acorus calamus. Further, in vivo studies also revealed that the HW extract significantly inhibited the PCA reaction in mouse compared to the normal control group. CONCLUSION HW extract of Acorus calamus most effectively inhibited degranulation and IL-4 secretion in DNP-HSA-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells and also reduced the mast cell-mediated PCA reaction in mouse, providing a therapeutic evidence for its traditional use in ameliorating allergic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Young Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
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Nagakannan P, Shivasharan BD, Thippeswamy BS, Veerapur VP, Bansal P. Protective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Mimusops elengi Linn. flowers against middle cerebral artery occlusion induced brain injury in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 140:247-254. [PMID: 22281124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In the traditional Indian and Thai system of medicine, Mimusops elengi Linn., flower is used as brain tonic and to calm anxiety and panic attacks. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Mimusops elengi (ME) against cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats were pretreated with ME (100 and 200mg/kg) for seven days and focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. After 60min of MCAO and 24h of reperfusion, a battery of behavioral tests assessed the extent of neurological deficits. Infarct volume and brain edema were measured in TTC stained brain sections and the extent of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption was observed by Evan's blue extravasation. Oxidative and nitrative stress parameters were estimated in the brain homogenates. Further, simultaneous quantification of five polyphenolic biomarkers were done using HPLC. RESULTS Pretreatment with ME at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg significantly improved the neurobehavioral alterations and reduced the infarct volume, edema and extent of BBB disruption induced by ischemia reperfusion injury. It also prevented the alteration in the antioxidant status and reduced the nitrite levels when compared to ischemic animals. Further, HPLC studies revealed that ME contains five bioactive polyphenolic compounds. CONCLUSIONS These results clearly indicate the neuroprotective effect of ME against stroke like injury. The observed protective effect might be attributed to the polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nagakannan
- Department of Pharmacology, Sree Siddaganga College of Pharmacy, Tumkur 572 102, Karnataka, India
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Antihypertensive effect of rhizome part of Acorus calamus on renal artery occlusion induced hypertension in rats. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pawar VS, Anup A, Shrikrishna B, Shivakumar H. Antidepressant–like effects of Acorus calamus in forced swimming and tail suspension test in mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(11)60114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Sharma H, Chandola HM. Prameha in Ayurveda: correlation with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Part 2--management of Prameha. J Altern Complement Med 2011; 17:589-99. [PMID: 21668351 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2010.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus are increasing to epidemic proportions globally. Prameha is a syndrome described in the ancient Ayurvedic texts that includes clinical conditions involved in obesity, prediabetes, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various dietary, lifestyle, and psychologic factors are involved in the etiology of Prameha, particularly in relation to disturbances in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. RESULTS The Ayurvedic management of Prameha emphasizes dietary and lifestyle recommendations and herbal preparations, in accordance with the psychophysiologic constitution of the patient. Ayurveda also addresses the management of psychologic factors that contribute to the development of Prameha. Ayurvedic treatment known as Apatarpana (balanced diet with restricted calories) and Santarpana (highly nutritious, high-calorie diet intended to increase weight) are recommended for patients with type 2 and type 1 diabetes, respectively. Various Ayurvedic herbs and herbomineral formulations are utilized, based on the stage and type of disease as well as the psychophysiologic constitution of the patient. A large body of research has been conducted on these Ayurvedic herbs. CONCLUSIONS Integrating the theory and modalities of Ayurveda in the management of these disorders may prove to be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Sharma
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43221, USA.
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Muthuraman A, Singh N. Attenuating effect of Acorus calamus extract in chronic constriction injury induced neuropathic pain in rats: an evidence of anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory effects. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21426568 PMCID: PMC3072356 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Acorus calamus (family: Araceae), is an indigenous plant, traditionally it is used as an ingredient of various cocktail preparations and for the management of severe inflammatory disorders in Indian system of medicine. Present study investigated the attenuating role of Acorus calamus plant extract in chronic constriction injury (CCI) of sciatic nerve induced peripheral neuropathy in rats. Methods Hot plate, plantar, Randall Selitto, Von Frey Hair, pin prick, acetone drop, photoactometer and rota-rod tests were performed to assess degree of thermal, radiant, mechanical, chemical sensation, spontaneous motor activity and motor co-ordination changes respectively, at different time intervals i.e., day 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21. Tissue myeloperoxidase, superoxide anion and total calcium levels were determined after 21st day to assess biochemical alterations. Histopathological evaluations were also performed. Hydroalcoholic extract of Acorus calamus (HAE-AC, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and pregabalin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) were administered from the day of surgery for 14 days. Results CCI of sciatic nerve significantly induced thermal, radiant, mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal, chemical, tactile allodynia, along with increase in the levels of superoxide anion, total calcium and myeloperoxidase activity. Moreover significant histological changes were also observed. HAE-AC attenuated CCI induced development of painful behavioural, biochemical and histological changes in a dose dependent manner similar to that of pregabalin serving as positive control. Conclusions Acorus calamus prevented CCI induced neuropathy which may be attributed to its multiple actions including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and calcium inhibitory actions.
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Muthuraman A, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Acorus calamus on tibial and sural nerve transection-induced painful neuropathy in rats. J Nat Med 2010; 65:282-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thaakur S, Sravanthi R. Neuroprotective effect of Spirulina in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:1083-91. [PMID: 20700612 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0440-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that the intake of Mediterranean-style diet is inversely associated with risk of stroke, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Spirulina is widely used nutritional supplement rich in proteins and antioxidants. Evidence demonstrates that the impaired energy metabolism and the excessive generation of reactive oxygen radicals contribute to the brain injury associated with cerebral ischemia. In the present study, the protective effect of Spirulina was investigated in transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Male albino rats were divided into six groups: control, sham-operated group, ischemic control group, and Spirulina-pretreated groups (45, 90 and 180 mg/kg/p.o.). Spirulina was administered once a day, for 7 days. The rats were subjected to a 2-h right MCAO via the intraluminal filament technique and 22 h of reperfusion. Pretreatment with Spirulina significantly reduced the histological changes and neurological deficits. Spirulina at a dose of 180 mg/kg significantly reversed the elevated brain malondialdehyde (MDA) content and restored the decreased activities of brain superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) indicating that Spirulina has the protective potential against cerebral ischemia injury and its protective effects may be due to its antioxidant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhrani Thaakur
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavathi Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupathi 517502, Chittoor dist., Andhra Pradesh, India.
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Si MM, Lou JS, Zhou CX, Shen JN, Wu HH, Yang B, He QJ, Wu HS. Insulin releasing and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:154-159. [PMID: 20051258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The radix of Acorus calamus L. (AC) is widely used in the therapy of diabetes in traditional folk medicine of America and Indonesia, and we previously reported the insulin sensitizing activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of AC (ACE). AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the insulin releasing and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of ACE in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Insulin releasing and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effects of different fractions from AC were detected in vitro using HIT-T15 cell line and alpha-glucosidase enzyme. Furthermore, effects of ACE orally on serum glucose were detected in fasted and glucose/amylum challenged normal mice. RESULTS AC and ACE increased insulin secretion in HIT-T15 cells as gliclazide did. As in vivo results, ACE (400 and 800 mg/kg) significantly decreased fasting serum glucose, and suppressed the increase of blood glucose levels after 2g/kg glucose loading in normal mice. In addition, ACE as a mixed-type inhibitor inhibited alpha-glucosidase activity in vitro with an IC(50) of 0.41 microg/ml, and 100mg/kg of it clearly reduced the increase of blood glucose levels after 5 g/kg amylum loading in normal mice. CONCLUSIONS Apart from its insulin sensitizing effect, ACE may have hypoglycemic effects via mechanisms of insulin releasing and alpha-glucosidase inhibition, and thus improves postprandial hyperglycemia and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-mei Si
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, China
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Wu HS, Zhu DF, Zhou CX, Feng CR, Lou YJ, Yang B, He QJ. Insulin sensitizing activity of ethyl acetate fraction of Acorus calamus L. in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 123:288-292. [PMID: 19429374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Acorus calamus L. (AC), family Araceae, have been used in the Indian and Chinese systems of medicine for hundreds of years. The radix of AC is widely used in the therapy of diabetes in traditional folk medicine of America and Indonesia. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the insulin sensitizing activity and antidiabetic effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of AC (ACE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Glucose consumption mediated by insulin was detected in L6 rat skeletal muscle cells. Diabetes and its complications related indexes were monitored after orally administrating to genetically obese diabetic C57BL/Ks db/db mice daily for 3 weeks. RESULTS ACE (12.5 and 25 microg/ml) increased glucose consumption mediated by insulin in L6 cells (p<0.05 and p<0.01). In db/db mice, ACE (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum glucose, triglyceride, reinforce the decrease of total cholesterol caused by rosiglitazone (at least p<0.05), and markedly reduced free fatty acid (FFA) levels and increased adiponectin levels (p<0.01 and p<0.05) as rosiglitazone did (p<0.05 and p<0.001). Serum insulin was decreased but not significantly. In addition, ACE decreased the intake of food and water, and did not increase body weight gain whereas rosiglitazone did. CONCLUSIONS Owing to the ability of insulin sensitizing, ACE has the potential to be useful for the treatment of diabetes and cardiovascular complications without body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Shu Wu
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Biochemical Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 388 Yu-hang-tang Road, Hangzhou, China.
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Ozerol E, Bilgic S, Iraz M, Cigli A, Ilhan A, Akyol O. The protective effect of erdosteine on short-term global brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:20-4. [PMID: 18930779 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies have demonstrated that free radicals play a major role on neuronal injury during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. Erdosteine is a thioderivative endowed with mucokinetic, mucolytic and free-radical-scavenging properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of erdosteine treatment against short-term global brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The study was carried out on Wistar rats divided into four groups. (i) Control group, (ii) ischemia/reperfusion group, (iii) ischemia/reperfusion+erdosteine group, and (iv) erdosteine group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities as well as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were analysed in erythrocyte and plasma of rats. Plasma NO levels were significantly higher in the ischemia/reperfusion group than the other groups. The activities of SOD and GSH-Px were decreased, while TBARS levels increased in the ischemia/reperfusion group compared to other groups in both plasma and erythrocyte. The erythrocyte CAT activity was higher in erdosteine group and there was a statistically significant increase, when compared with the erdosteine plus ischemia/reperfusion group. By treating the rats with erdosteine, the depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) and increase of TBARS and NO levels were prevented. This study, therefore, suggests that erdosteine reduces parameters of oxidative stress is well supported by the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ozerol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44069, Malatya, Turkey.
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Sharma H, Chandola HM, Singh G, Basisht G. Utilization of Ayurveda in health care: an approach for prevention, health promotion, and treatment of disease. Part 2--Ayurveda in primary health care. J Altern Complement Med 2008; 13:1135-50. [PMID: 18166127 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2007.7017-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ayurveda is a comprehensive natural health care system that originated in India more than 5000 years ago. It is still widely used in India as a system of primary health care, and interest in it is growing worldwide as well. Ayurveda has unique concepts and methodologies to address health care throughout the course of life, from pregnancy and infant care to geriatric disorders. Common spices are utilized, as well as herbs, herbal mixtures, and special preparations known as Rasayanas. Purification procedures known as Panchakarma remove toxins from the physiology. Research has been conducted worldwide on Ayurveda. There are encouraging results for its effectiveness in treating various ailments, including chronic disorders associated with the aging process. Pilot studies presented in this paper were conducted on depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. These preliminary studies yielded positive results and provide a basis for conducting larger, more rigorous clinical trials. Conducting research that compares Ayurveda's comprehensive treatment approach, Western allopathic treatment, and an integrated approach combining the Ayurvedic and allopathic treatments would shed light on which treatment approach is the most effective for the benefit of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Sharma
- The Ohio State University Center for Integrative Medicine; College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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