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Pinto da Costa M. An Intervention to Connect Patients With Psychosis and Volunteers via Smartphone (the Phone Pal): Development Study. JMIR Form Res 2022; 6:e35086. [PMID: 35653171 PMCID: PMC9204578 DOI: 10.2196/35086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intervention development is a critical stage. However, evidence indicates that the substandard reporting of intervention details is widespread. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide an overview of the guiding frameworks, methodology, and stages for the design and construction of a new complex intervention-the Phone Pal. METHODS The intervention development process followed the Medical Research Council framework for developing complex interventions as well as the person-based approach. The intervention was developed following the evidence synthesis of a literature review, a focus group study, and a survey after consultation and input from advisory groups with a range of stakeholders, including patients, volunteers, clinicians, and academics. RESULTS The developed logic model outlines the contextual factors, intervention, mechanisms of change, and short- and long-term outcomes. The operationalized intervention required matching 1 patient with 1 volunteer to communicate with each other through a smartphone via SMS text messages, WhatsApp messages or email, and audio or video calls. Each participant was encouraged to communicate with their match at least once per week for a 12-week period using informal conversation. CONCLUSIONS The systematic process and theoretically sound strategy through which this intervention was developed can provide insights to future researchers on the reality of developing and preparing the operationalization of a digital intervention using multiple components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Pinto da Costa
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Toner S, Hickling LM, Pinto da Costa M, Cassidy M, Priebe S. Characteristics, motivations and experiences of volunteer befrienders for people with mental illness: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC Psychiatry 2018; 18:378. [PMID: 30514260 PMCID: PMC6278150 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-018-1960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature suggests that many people in the general population tend to distance themselves from those with mental illness. However, there are volunteers that behave differently, spending their free time with people with mental illness and providing direct input in the form of befriending. Whilst there are a range of befriending programmes, little is known about who these volunteer befrienders are, and a previous review of different forms of volunteering in mental health care found data on only 63 befrienders. METHODS We conducted a systematic electronic search of databases (BNI, CNIL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Registers, Web of Science) to detect all papers reporting characteristics of befriending volunteers in mental health care published between 2011 and April 2018. The articles retrieved were combined with previous papers identified in an earlier review and with relevant papers identified by experts in the field. The articles that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and narratively synthesised. RESULTS Nine studies met the inclusion criteria for this review, reporting characteristics of a total of 577 volunteer befrienders. The most often reported characteristics were age and gender, motivations to volunteer and experience of the role. Whilst characteristics vary greatly, most volunteers are female, and the average age is 50 years. Motivations generally fit into the categories of "giving" and "getting" and experiences are mixed. CONCLUSION Published research on volunteer befrienders has increased in the last eight years, but is still limited. The range of characteristics suggests that there is a potential for encouraging a variety of people to volunteer as befrienders for people with mental illness. Understanding the characteristics and motivations of volunteers may help refine programmes and improve the experience of the volunteer befrienders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Toner
- 0000 0001 2171 1133grid.4868.2Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development), Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lauren M. Hickling
- 0000 0001 2171 1133grid.4868.2Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development), Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mariana Pinto da Costa
- 0000 0001 2171 1133grid.4868.2Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development), Queen Mary University of London, London, UK ,0000 0001 1503 7226grid.5808.5Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Megan Cassidy
- 0000 0001 2171 1133grid.4868.2Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development), Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stefan Priebe
- Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry (WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Service Development), Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Cox AD, Pound A, Mills M, Puckering C, Owen AL. Evaluation of a Home Visiting and Befriending Scheme for Young Mothers: Newpin. J R Soc Med 2018; 84:217-20. [PMID: 2027148 PMCID: PMC1293186 DOI: 10.1177/014107689108400411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Befriending schemes to support families with young children are now widespread in the United Kingdom. One such scheme, Newpin, which aims to prevent child abuse is described. Evaluation compared those recruited to befriend as well as those befriended. Assessments at baseline and 6 months' follow-up comprised interviews with mothers, developmental assessments of the children and observation of mother–child interaction using video tapes. All assessments were conducted in the home and similar measures were applied to a control sample in an area where a Newpin scheme was planned. Newpin recruits, whether befrienders or befriended had high rates of adverse early experiences, but depression was more common amongst those referred for befriending. Approximately a third did not sustain involvement in the scheme, but those that did were more likely to have had training as volunteers and mental health problems of more than 2 years' duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Cox
- Bloomfield Clinic, Guy's Hospital, London
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Turkington D, Spencer H, Lebert L, Dudley R. Befriending: active placebo or effective psychotherapy? Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:5-6. [PMID: 28673943 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.116.197467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Befriending allows for control of the non-specific factors of the therapist-patient interaction in psychosocial research. Manualised befriending is at the very least an active placebo and potentially an effective intervention. Befriending now merits increased research attention to determine indications for use and to elucidate mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Turkington
- Douglas Turkington, MD, FRCPsych, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University; Helen Spencer, BA, Latoyah Lebert, BSc, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University; Robert Dudley, PhD, DCIinPsy, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Tranwell Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Helen Spencer
- Douglas Turkington, MD, FRCPsych, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University; Helen Spencer, BA, Latoyah Lebert, BSc, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University; Robert Dudley, PhD, DCIinPsy, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Tranwell Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Latoyah Lebert
- Douglas Turkington, MD, FRCPsych, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University; Helen Spencer, BA, Latoyah Lebert, BSc, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University; Robert Dudley, PhD, DCIinPsy, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Tranwell Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Robert Dudley
- Douglas Turkington, MD, FRCPsych, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University; Helen Spencer, BA, Latoyah Lebert, BSc, Academic Psychiatry, Wolfson Research Centre, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University; Robert Dudley, PhD, DCIinPsy, Early Intervention in Psychosis Service, Tranwell Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS Mental Health Foundation Trust, and School of Psychology, Newcastle University, UK
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Priebe S, Omer S, Giacco D, Slade M. Resource-oriented therapeutic models in psychiatry: conceptual review. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 204:256-61. [PMID: 24692752 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.135038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other medical specialties, psychiatry has traditionally sought to develop treatments targeted at ameliorating a deficit of the patient. However, there are different therapeutic models that focus on utilising patients' personal and social resources instead of ameliorating presumed deficits. A synopsis of such models might help to guide further research and improve therapeutic interventions. AIMS To conduct a conceptual review of resource-oriented therapeutic models in psychiatry, in order to identify their shared characteristics. METHOD The literature was searched to identify a range of resource-oriented therapeutic models, particularly for patients with severe mental illness. Key texts for each model were analysed using a narrative approach to synthesise the concepts and their characteristics. RESULTS Ten models were included: befriending, client-centred therapy, creative music therapy, open dialogue, peer support workers, positive psychotherapy, self-help groups, solution-focused therapy, systemic family therapy and therapeutic communities. Six types of resources were utilised: social relationships, patients' decision-making ability, experiential knowledge, patients' individual strengths, recreational activities and self-actualising tendencies. Social relationships are a key resource in all the models, including relationships with professionals, peers, friends and family. Two relationship dimensions - reciprocity and expertise - differed across the models. CONCLUSIONS The review suggests that a range of different therapeutic models in psychiatry address resources rather than deficits. In various ways, they all utilise social relationships to induce therapeutic change. A better understanding of how social relationships affect mental health may inform the development and application of resource-oriented approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Priebe
- Stefan Priebe, FRCPsych, Serif Omer, BSc, Domenico Giacco, MD, Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Barts' and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary College, University of London; Mike Slade, PhD, PsychD, Health Service and Population Research Department, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Hallett C, Klug G, Lauber C, Priebe S. Volunteering in the care of people with severe mental illness: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry 2012; 12:226. [PMID: 23237048 PMCID: PMC3534251 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-12-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much of the literature to date concerning public attitudes towards people with severe mental illness (SMI) has focused on negative stereotypes and discriminatory behaviour. However, there also exists a tradition of volunteering with these people, implying a more positive attitude. Groups with positive attitudes and behaviours towards people with SMI have received relatively little attention in research. They merit further attention, as evidence on characteristics and experiences of volunteers may help to promote volunteering. The present paper aims to systematically review the literature reporting characteristics, motivations, experiences, and benefits of volunteers in the care of people with SMI. METHODS In November 2010, a systematic electronic search was carried out in BNI, CINAHL, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Cochrane Registers and Web of Science databases, using a combination of 'volunteer', 'mental health' and 'outcome' search terms. A secondary hand search was performed in relevant psychiatric journals, grey literature and references. RESULTS 14 papers met the inclusion criteria for the review, with data on a total of 540 volunteers. The results suggest that volunteers are a mostly female, but otherwise heterogeneous group. Motivations for volunteering are a combination of what they can 'give' to others and what they can 'get' for themselves. Overall volunteers report positive experiences. The main benefit to persons with a psychiatric illness is the gaining of a companion, who is non-stigmatizing and proactive in increasing their social-community involvement. CONCLUSIONS The evidence base for volunteers in care of people with SMI is small and inconsistent. However there are potential implications for both current and future volunteering programmes from the data. As the data suggests that there is no 'typical' volunteer, volunteering programmes should recruit individuals from a variety of backgrounds. The act of volunteering can not only benefit people with SMI, but also the volunteers. Further research may specify methods of recruiting, training, supervising and using volunteers to maximise the benefit for all involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hallett
- Academic Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newham Centre for Mental Health, London E13 8SP, UK
| | - Günter Klug
- Psychosocial Services, Society of Mental Health Promotion, PSD Graz East, Hasnerplatz 4, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Christoph Lauber
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Liverpool, 2nd Floor Block B, Waterhouse Building, 1-5 Brownlow Street, Liverpool, L69 3GL, UK
| | - Stefan Priebe
- Academic Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, Barts & the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Newham Centre for Mental Health, London E13 8SP, UK
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McGowan B, Jowett C. Promoting Positive Mental Health through Befriending. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH PROMOTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/14623730.2003.9721902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Turkington D, Sensky T, Scott J, Barnes TRE, Nur U, Siddle R, Hammond K, Samarasekara N, Kingdon D. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavior therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia: a five-year follow-up. Schizophr Res 2008; 98:1-7. [PMID: 17936590 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials support the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of symptoms of schizophrenia refractory to antipsychotic medication. This article addresses the issue of medium term durability. A five-year follow-up was undertaken of a sample of 90 subjects who participated in a randomized controlled trial of CBT and befriending (BF). Patients received routine care throughout the trial and the follow-up period. Intention to treat multivariate analysis was performed by an independent statistician following multiple imputation of missing data. Fifty-nine out of ninety patients were followed up at 5 years (CBT=31, BF=28). In comparison to BF and usual treatment, CBT showed evidence of a significantly greater and more durable effect on overall symptom severity (NNT=10.36, CI -10.21, 10.51) and level of negative symptoms (NNT=5.22, CI -5.06 -5.37). No difference was found between CBT and BF on either overall symptoms of schizophrenia or depression. The initial cost of an adjunctive course of CBT for individuals with medication refractory schizophrenia may be justified in light of symptomatic benefits that persist over the medium term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Turkington
- School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Leazes Wing, Richardson Road, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE1 4LP, UK.
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Samarasekera N, Kingdon D, Siddle R, O'Carroll M, Scott JL, Sensky T, Barnes TRE, Turkington D. Befriending patients with medication-resistant schizophrenia: can psychotic symptoms predict treatment response? Psychol Psychother 2007; 80:97-106. [PMID: 17346383 DOI: 10.1348/147608306x108998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Supportive interventions are used in schizophrenia, but little research has been conducted into whether any baseline variable predicts treatment response. The aim of this study was to establish if baseline delusions or hallucinations are associated with changes in overall symptoms in patients who received a befriending intervention. DESIGN The sample consisted of 44 patients with schizophrenia. These patients comprised the befriending arm of a multicentre randomized controlled trial which compared the efficacy of using CBT against befriending as an adjunct to routine care for patients with medication-resistant schizophrenia. METHODS Scores for auditory hallucinations and delusions relating to persecution or control were entered into two regression models. The dependent variables were change in overall symptoms (1) between baseline and end of the intervention, and (2) between baseline and 9 months post-intervention. RESULTS Baseline delusions predicted a good response and auditory hallucinations predicted a poor response at 9 months. CONCLUSIONS Baseline psychotic symptoms strongly predicted outcome in this sample. The finding that hallucinations predicted a poor outcome is consistent with previous research. These results may help to determine which patients would benefit from supportive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Samarasekera
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Bradshaw T, Haddock G. Is befriending by trained volunteers of value to people suffering from long-term mental illness? J Adv Nurs 1998; 27:713-20. [PMID: 9578200 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
People who suffer from long term mental illness may be vulnerable to loneliness and isolation when living in community settings. Befriending by volunteers may be an effective way of combating such problems and helping clients to develop social networks. The findings of a small scale project to evaluate the views of people suffering from long term mental illness of an organized befriending scheme are reported. Nine subjects who suffer from severe mental illness were interviewed, all subjects felt befriending was helpful to them, and 67% of subjects thought it had improved their confidence when in social situations. Subjects who lived alone indicated a preference to see volunteers at home, whilst those who lived with carers preferred support in going out socially. The value of befriending schemes as part of community care services for this needy client group are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bradshaw
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting, University of Manchester, England
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Abstract
The context of voluntary befriending schemes to help mothers of young children is outlined. There is evidence that two main UK voluntary befriending schemes to help mothers of young children engage families where there is significant psychosocial morbidity. It is concluded that well conducted befriending schemes can make a significant contribution to the mental health of mothers and children. Whether they do so will depend on their experience and training and the elements they incorporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Cox
- Division of Psychiatry, Bloomfield Clinic, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London
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