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Zhou ZY, Wu L, Liu YF, Tang MY, Tang JY, Deng YQ, Liu L, Nie BB, Zou ZK, Huang L. IRE1α: from the function to the potential therapeutic target in atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1079-1092. [PMID: 37310588 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is generally thought to control the most conserved pathway in the unfolded protein response (UPR). Two isoforms of IRE1, IRE1α and IRE1β, have been reported in mammals. IRE1α is a ubiquitously expressed protein whose knockout shows marked lethality. In contrast, the expression of IRE1β is exclusively restricted in the epithelial cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and IRE1β-knockout mice are phenotypically normal. As research continues to deepen, IRE1α was showed to be tightly linked to inflammation, lipid metabolism regulation, cell death and so on. Growing evidence also suggests an important role for IRE1α in promoting atherosclerosis (AS) progression and acute cardiovascular events through disrupting lipid metabolism balance, facilitating cells apoptosis, accelerating inflammatory responses and promoting foam cell formation. In addition, IRE1α was recognized as novel potential therapeutic target in AS prevention. This review provides some clues about the relationship between IRE1α and AS, hoping to contribute to further understanding roles of IRE1α in atherogenesis and to be helpful for the design of novel efficacious therapeutics agents targeting IRE1α-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Yang Zhou
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wu
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Liu
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mu-Yao Tang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Yi Tang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Qian Deng
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Bin Nie
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Kai Zou
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Huang
- The Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Libby P, Pinkosky SL, Nissen SE. Conquering cholesterol: a report from the front lines. Cardiovasc Res 2023; 119:e160-e163. [PMID: 38159295 PMCID: PMC10757583 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 01915, USA
| | | | - Steven E Nissen
- Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5Research), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Cecchini AL, Biscetti F, Manzato M, Lo Sasso L, Rando MM, Nicolazzi MA, Rossini E, Eraso LH, Dimuzio PJ, Massetti M, Gasbarrini A, Flex A. Current Medical Therapy and Revascularization in Peripheral Artery Disease of the Lower Limbs: Impacts on Subclinical Chronic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16099. [PMID: 38003290 PMCID: PMC10671371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD), coronary artery disease (CAD), and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) are characterized by atherosclerosis and inflammation as their underlying mechanisms. This paper aims to conduct a literature review on pharmacotherapy for PAD, specifically focusing on how different drug classes target pro-inflammatory pathways. The goal is to enhance the choice of therapeutic plans by considering their impact on the chronic subclinical inflammation that is associated with PAD development and progression. We conducted a comprehensive review of currently published original articles, narratives, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The aim was to explore the relationship between PAD and inflammation and evaluate the influence of current pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions on the underlying chronic subclinical inflammation. Our findings indicate that the existing treatments have added anti-inflammatory properties that can potentially delay or prevent PAD progression and improve outcomes, independent of their effects on traditional risk factors. Although inflammation-targeted therapy in PAD shows promising potential, its benefits have not been definitively proven yet. However, it is crucial not to overlook the pleiotropic properties of the currently available treatments, as they may provide valuable insights for therapeutic strategies. Further studies focusing on the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of these treatments could enhance our understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the residual risk in PAD and pave the way for the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leonardo Cecchini
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Biscetti
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Manzato
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Sasso
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Margherita Rando
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anna Nicolazzi
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Rossini
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Luis H. Eraso
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Paul J. Dimuzio
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Massimo Massetti
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Flex
- Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Yan A, Gotlieb AI. The microenvironment of the atheroma expresses phenotypes of plaque instability. Cardiovasc Pathol 2023; 67:107572. [PMID: 37595697 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2023.107572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Data from histopathology studies of human atherosclerotic tissue specimens and from vascular imaging studies support the concept that the local arterial microenvironment of a stable atheroma promotes destabilizing conditions that result in the transition to an unstable atheroma. Destabilization is characterized by several different plaque phenotypes that cause major clinical events such as acute coronary syndrome and cerebrovascular strokes. There are several rupture-associated phenotypes causing thrombotic vascular occlusion including simple fibrous cap rupture of an atheroma, fibrous cap rupture at site of previous rupture-and-repair of an atheroma, and nodular calcification with rupture. Endothelial erosion without rupture has more recently been shown to be a common phenotype to promote thrombosis as well. Microenvironment features that are linked to these phenotypes of plaque instability are neovascularization arising from the vasa vasorum network leading to necrotic core expansion, intraplaque hemorrhage, and cap rupture; activation of adventitial and perivascular adipose tissue cells leading to secretion of cytokines, growth factors, adipokines in the outer artery wall that destabilize plaque structure; and vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic switching through transdifferentiation and stem/progenitor cell activation resulting in the promotion of inflammation, calcification, and secretion of extracellular matrix, altering fibrous cap structure, and necrotic core growth. As the technology evolves, studies using noninvasive vascular imaging will be able to investigate the transition of stable to unstable atheromas in real time. A limitation in the field, however, is that reliable and predictable experimental models of spontaneous plaque rupture and/or erosion are not currently available to study the cell and molecular mechanisms that regulate the conversion of the stable atheroma to an unstable plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Avrum I Gotlieb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhou Y, Cai H, Huang L, Wang M, Liu R, Wang S, Qin Y, Yao C, Hu Z. Microarray Expression Profile and Bioinformatic Analysis of Circular RNA in Human Arteriosclerosis Obliterans. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2023; 16:913-924. [PMID: 37899885 PMCID: PMC10612483 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s424359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) is the leading cause of nontraumatic lower-extremity amputations. Multiple researches have suggested that circular RNAs (circRNAs) played vital regulatory functions in cancer and cardiovascular disease. Nevertheless, the underlying effect and pathological mechanism of circRNAs in the formation and progression of ASO are still indistinct. Methods and Results This study used microarray analysis to investigate the expression portrait of circRNAs in normal lower extremity arteries and ASO arteries. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted using the KEGG database to study the enrichment of differentially expressed circRNAs (DE circRNAs) and predict their functions. The accuracy of microarray assay was verified by evaluating expression of the top 5 upregulated and 5 downregulated circRNAs (raw density of normal group ≥200) using RT-qPCR. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network was further predicted using software. Compared to the normal lower extremity group, the ASO arteries with HE and EVG staining presented hyperplastic fibrous membrane and luminal stenosis. A total of 12,735 circRNAs were identified, including 1196 DE circRNAs with 276 upregulated and 920 downregulated in ASO group based on |log2(FC)| > 1 and padj < 0.05. Among selected 10 circRNAs, RT-qPCR confirmed that hsa_circ_0003266, hsa_circ_0118936 and hsa_circ_0067161 were upregulated while hsa_circ_0091934 and hsa_circ_0092022 were downregulated in ASO group (p < 0.05). GO analysis presented that the DE circRNAs were primarily enriched in protein binding, intracellular part and organelle organization. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that MAPK signaling pathway, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection, proteoglycans in cancer were associated with the DE circRNAs. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interactive network revealed that both mRNAs and miRNAs linked to circRNAs played an indispensable role in ASO. Conclusion This study described the expression portrait of circRNAs in human ASO arteries, and revealed the molecular background for further investigations of the circRNA regulatory mechanism in the formation and progression of ASO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huoying Cai
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshan Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiming Liu
- Laboratory of Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Siwen Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuansen Qin
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Yao
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuojun Hu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Burke-Kleinman J, Gotlieb AI. Progression of Arterial Vasa Vasorum from Regulator of Arterial Homeostasis to Promoter of Atherogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1468-1484. [PMID: 37356574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The vasa vasorum (vessels of vessels) are a dynamic microvascular system uniquely distributed to maintain physiological homeostasis of the artery wall by supplying nutrients and oxygen to the outer layers of the artery wall, adventitia, and perivascular adipose tissue, and in large arteries, to the outer portion of the medial layer. Vasa vasorum endothelium and contractile mural cells regulate direct access of bioactive cells and factors present in both the systemic circulation and the arterial perivascular adipose tissue and adventitia to the artery wall. Experimental and human data show that proatherogenic factors and cells gain direct access to the artery wall via the vasa vasorum and may initiate, promote, and destabilize the plaque. Activation and growth of vasa vasorum occur in all blood vessel layers primarily by angiogenesis, producing fragile and permeable new microvessels that may cause plaque hemorrhage and fibrous cap rupture. Ironically, invasive therapies, such as angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting, injure the vasa vasorum, leading to treatment failures. The vasa vasorum function both as a master integrator of arterial homeostasis and, once perturbed or injured, as a promotor of atherogenesis. Future studies need to be directed at establishing reliable in vivo and in vitro models to investigate the cellular and molecular regulation of the function and dysfunction of the arterial vasa vasorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah Burke-Kleinman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Avrum I Gotlieb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Zhang X, Kang Z, Yin D, Gao J. Role of neutrophils in different stages of atherosclerosis. Innate Immun 2023; 29:97-109. [PMID: 37491844 PMCID: PMC10468622 DOI: 10.1177/17534259231189195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils constitute the first line of defense in human immunity and can be attracted to inflamed and infected sites by various chemokines. As essential players in immune processes, neutrophils theoretically play integral roles in the course of chronic inflammation-induced atherosclerosis. However, because neutrophils are rarely found in atherosclerotic lesions, their involvement in the pathophysiological progression of atherosclerosis has been largely underestimated or ignored. Recent research has revealed convincing evidence showing the presence of neutrophils in atherosclerotic lesions and has revealed neutrophil contributions to different atherosclerosis stages in mice and humans. This review describes the underlying mechanisms of neutrophils in different stages of atherosclerosis and highlights potential neutrophil-targeted therapeutic strategies relevant to atherosclerosis. An in-depth understanding of neutrophils' roles in atherosclerosis pathology will promote exploration of new methods for the prevention and treatment of atherogenesis and atherothrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanfang Kang
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Dazhong Yin
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Basic Medical Research, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan City People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, China
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8
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Wang C, Meng XC, Huang C, Wang J, Liao YH, Huang Y, Liu R. Association between ambient air pollutants and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115140. [PMID: 37348216 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the effects of atmospheric pollutants on lipid profiles remain inconsistent and controversial. AIM The study was aimed to investigate the relationship between the exposure to ambient air pollutants and variations in the blood lipid profiles in the population. METHODS A comprehensive search of three different databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library) until December 17, 2022, yielded 17 origional studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria for a meta-analysis. Aggregate effect measures and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the relevant ambient air pollutants were deduced employing random effects models. RESULTS The collective meta-analysis indicated that long-term exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and CO showed a substantial correlation with TC (PM1: β = 2.04, 95%CI = 0.15-3.94; PM2.5: β = 1.11, 95%CI = 0.39-1.84; PM10: β = 1.70, 95%CI = 0.67-2.73; CO: β = 0.08, 95%CI = 0.06-0.10), PM10 exhibited a significant association with TG (β = 0. 537,95% CI = 0.09-0.97), whereas HDL-C demonstrated notable relationships with PM1, PM10, SO2 and CO (PM1: β = -2.38, 95%CI = -4.00 to -2.76; PM10: β = -0.77, 95%CI = -1.33 to -0.21; SO2: β = -0.91, 95%CI = -1.73 to -0.10; CO: β = -0.03, 95%CI = -0.05 to 0.00). PM2.5, PM10 also showed significant associations with LDL-C (PM2.5: β = 1.44 95%CI = 0.48-2.40; PM10: β = 1.62 95%CI = 0.90-2.34). Subgroup analysis revealed significant or stronger correlations predominantly in cohort study designs, with higher male comparisons, and in regions exhibiting elevated contaminant levels. CONCLUSION In summary, the analysis substantiates that ambient air pollutants can be recognized as potent contributors to alterations in lipid profiles, particularly particulate pollutants which exert more obvious effects on lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xing-Chen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ying-Hao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Welsh P, Sattar N. To ApoB or Not to ApoB: New Arguments, but Basis for Widespread Implementation Remains Elusive. Clin Chem 2023; 69:3-5. [PMID: 36427190 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvac183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Welsh
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glasgow, UK
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Navarrete E, Díaz G, Salazar AM, Montúfar-Chaveznava R, Caldelas I. Long-term changes in the diurnal temporal regulation and set points of metabolic parameters associated with chronic maternal overnutrition in rabbits. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 323:E503-E516. [PMID: 36288336 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00144.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) and obesity have become a worldwide epidemic with an alarming prevalence in women of reproductive age. Maternal metabolic condition is considered a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes and long-term MS. In this study, we developed a rabbit model of maternal overnutrition via the chronic intake of a high-fat and carbohydrate diet (HFCD), and we determined the effects of this diet on maternal metabolism and offspring metabolic set points and temporal metabolic regulation in adult life. Before and during pregnancy, the female rabbits that consumed the HFCD exhibited significant changes in body weight, serum levels of analytes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, levels of liver and kidney damage markers, and liver histology. Our data suggest that rabbits are a valuable model for studying the development of MS associated with the chronic intake of unbalanced diets and fetal metabolic programming. Furthermore, the offspring of overnourished dams exhibited considerable changes in 24-h serum metabolite profiles in adulthood, with notable sexual dimorphism. These data suggest that maternal nutritional conditions due to the chronic intake of an HFCD adversely impact key elements related to the development of circadian rhythmicity in offspring.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Maternal overnutrition previous and during pregnancy leads to long-term changes in the 24-h regulation and setpoint of metabolic profiles of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Navarrete
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Georgina Díaz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ana María Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Ivette Caldelas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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11
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Dietary Risk Factors and Eating Behaviors in Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810814. [PMID: 36142725 PMCID: PMC9504787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary risk factors play a fundamental role in the prevention and progression of atherosclerosis and PAD (Peripheral Arterial Disease). The impact of nutrition, however, defined as the process of taking in food and using it for growth, metabolism and repair, remains undefined with regard to PAD. This article describes the interplay between nutrition and the development/progression of PAD. We reviewed 688 articles, including key articles, narrative and systematic reviews, meta-analyses and clinical studies. We analyzed the interaction between nutrition and PAD predictors, and subsequently created four descriptive tables to summarize the relationship between PAD, dietary risk factors and outcomes. We comprehensively reviewed the role of well-studied diets (Mediterranean, vegetarian/vegan, low-carbohydrate ketogenic and intermittent fasting diet) and prevalent eating behaviors (emotional and binge eating, night eating and sleeping disorders, anorexia, bulimia, skipping meals, home cooking and fast/ultra-processed food consumption) on the traditional risk factors of PAD. Moreover, we analyzed the interplay between PAD and nutritional status, nutrients, dietary patterns and eating habits. Dietary patterns and eating disorders affect the development and progression of PAD, as well as its disabling complications including major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and major adverse limb events (MALE). Nutrition and dietary risk factor modification are important targets to reduce the risk of PAD as well as the subsequent development of MACE and MALE.
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12
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Massey WJ, Brown JM. Microbial regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1327-1328. [PMID: 35982309 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01186-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J Massey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Šuran D, Blažun Vošner H, Završnik J, Kokol P, Sinkovič A, Kanič V, Kokol M, Naji F, Završnik T. Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Diseases: Insight From a Bibliometric Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:923797. [PMID: 35865239 PMCID: PMC9294325 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.923797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a complex polymorphic lipoprotein comprised of a low-density lipoprotein particle with one molecule of apolipoprotein B100 and an additional apolipoprotein(a) connected through a disulfide bond. The serum concentration is mostly genetically determined and only modestly influenced by diet and other lifestyle modifications. In recent years it has garnered increasing attention due to its causal role in pre-mature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and calcific aortic valve stenosis, while novel effective therapeutic options are emerging [apolipoprotein(a) antisense oligonucleotides and ribonucleic acid interference therapy]. Bibliometric descriptive analysis and mapping of the research literature were made using Scopus built-in services. We focused on the distribution of documents, literature production dynamics, most prolific source titles, institutions, and countries. Additionally, we identified historical and influential papers using Reference Publication Year Spectrography (RPYS) and the CRExplorer software. An analysis of author keywords showed that Lp(a) was most intensively studied regarding inflammation, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk assessment, treatment options, and hormonal changes in post-menopausal women. The results provide a comprehensive view of the current Lp(a)-related literature with a specific interest in its role in calcific aortic valve stenosis and potential emerging pharmacological interventions. It will help the reader understand broader aspects of Lp(a) research and its translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Šuran
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: David Šuran
| | - Helena Blažun Vošner
- Community Healthcare Centre Dr. Adolf Drolc Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences Slovenj Gradec, Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia
- Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Završnik
- Community Healthcare Centre Dr. Adolf Drolc Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Alma Mater Europaea, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Peter Kokol
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Sinkovič
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Medical Intensive Care, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Vojko Kanič
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Marko Kokol
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Semantika Research, Semantika d.o.o., Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Franjo Naji
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tadej Završnik
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Weinberg PD. Haemodynamic Wall Shear Stress, Endothelial Permeability and Atherosclerosis-A Triad of Controversy. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:836680. [PMID: 35340842 PMCID: PMC8948426 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.836680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A striking feature of atherosclerosis is its patchy distribution within the vascular system; certain arteries and certain locations within each artery are preferentially affected. Identifying the local risk factors underlying this phenomenon may lead to new therapeutic strategies. The large variation in lesion prevalence in areas of curvature and branching has motivated a search for haemodynamic triggers, particular those related to wall shear stress (WSS). The fact that lesions are rich in blood-derived lipids has motivated studies of local endothelial permeability. However, the location of lesions, the underlying haemodynamic triggers, the role of permeability, the routes by which lipids cross the endothelium, and the mechanisms by which WSS affects permeability have all been areas of controversy. This review presents evidence for and against the current consensus that lesions are triggered by low and/or oscillatory WSS and that this type of shear profile leads to elevated entry of low density lipoprotein (LDL) into the wall via widened intercellular junctions; it also evaluates more recent evidence that lesion location changes with age, that multidirectional shear stress plays a key role, that LDL dominantly crosses the endothelium by transcytosis, and that the link between flow and permeability results from hitherto unrecognised shear-sensitive mediators.
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15
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Lee-Rueckert M, Lappalainen J, Kovanen PT, Escola-Gil JC. Lipid-Laden Macrophages and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis and Cancer: An Integrative View. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:777822. [PMID: 35237673 PMCID: PMC8882850 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.777822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic arterial plaques and malignant solid tumors contain macrophages, which participate in anaerobic metabolism, acidosis, and inflammatory processes inherent in the development of either disease. The tissue-resident macrophage populations originate from precursor cells derived from the yolk sac and from circulating bone marrow-derived monocytes. In the tissues, they differentiate into varying functional phenotypes in response to local microenvironmental stimulation. Broadly categorized, the macrophages are activated to polarize into proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes; yet, noticeable plasticity allows them to dynamically shift between several distinct functional subtypes. In atherosclerosis, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol accumulates within macrophages as cytoplasmic lipid droplets thereby generating macrophage foam cells, which are involved in all steps of atherosclerosis. The conversion of macrophages into foam cells may suppress the expression of given proinflammatory genes and thereby initiate their transcriptional reprogramming toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. In this particular sense, foam cell formation can be considered anti-atherogenic. The tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may become polarized into anti-tumoral M1 and pro-tumoral M2 phenotypes. Mechanistically, the TAMs can regulate the survival and proliferation of the surrounding cancer cells and participate in various aspects of tumor formation, progression, and metastasis. The TAMs may accumulate lipids, but their type and their specific roles in tumorigenesis are still poorly understood. Here, we discuss how the phenotypic and functional plasticity of macrophages allows their multifunctional response to the distinct microenvironments in developing atherosclerotic lesions and in developing malignant tumors. We also discuss how the inflammatory reactions of the macrophages may influence the development of atherosclerotic plaques and malignant tumors, and highlight the potential therapeutic effects of targeting lipid-laden macrophages in either disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Petri T. Kovanen
| | - Joan Carles Escola-Gil
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
- Joan Carles Escola-Gil
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16
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Inflammation as a mechanism and therapeutic target in peripheral artery disease. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:588-600. [PMID: 35114347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease is one of three major clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis, the other two being coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. Despite progress in surgery, antithrombotic therapy and therapies that modify conventional risk factors (lipid-, blood pressure-, and glucose-lowering interventions), patients with peripheral artery disease have unacceptably high risk of vascular complications. Additional strategies to reduce this residual risk are needed. The accumulated evidence that inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has spurred recent efforts to evaluate anti-inflammatory agents as an additional therapeutic approach for atherothrombosis prevention and treatment. In this review, we examine the evidence supporting the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis, review recent trials evaluating anti-inflammatory approaches to reduce cardiovascular complications, and offer insights into the opportunities for novel anti-inflammatory strategies to reduce the burden of cardiovascular and limb complications in patients with peripheral artery disease.
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17
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Zhang Y, Fatima M, Hou S, Bai L, Zhao S, Liu E. Research methods for animal models of atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:871. [PMID: 34713295 PMCID: PMC8569513 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that threatens human health and lives by causing vascular stenosis and plaque rupture. Various animal models have been employed for elucidating the pathogenesis, drug development and treatment validation studies for atherosclerosis. To the best of our knowledge, the species used for atherosclerosis research include mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, pigs, dogs, non-human primates and birds, among which the most commonly used ones are mice and rabbits. Notably, apolipoprotein E knockout (KO) or low-density lipoprotein receptor KO mice have been the most widely used animal models for atherosclerosis research since the late 20th century. Although the aforementioned animal models can form atherosclerotic lesions, they cannot completely simulate those in humans with respect to lesion location, lesion composition, lipoprotein composition and physiological structure. Hence, an appropriate animal model needs to be selected according to the research purpose. Additionally, it is necessary for atherosclerosis research to include quantitative analysis results of atherosclerotic lesion size and plaque composition. Laboratory animals can provide not only experimental tissues for in vivo studies but also cells needed for in vitro experiments. The present review first summarizes the common animal models and their practical applications, followed by focus on mouse and rabbit models and elucidating the methods to quantify atherosclerotic lesions. Finally, the methods of culturing endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells were elucidated in detail and the experiments involved in atherosclerosis research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mahreen Fatima
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Bai
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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18
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Libby P. Inflammation in Atherosclerosis-No Longer a Theory. Clin Chem 2021; 67:131-142. [PMID: 33393629 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation links to atherosclerosis and its complications in various experimental investigations. Animal studies have implicated numerous inflammatory mediators in the initiation and complication of atherosclerosis. Numerous studies in humans have shown associations of biomarkers of inflammation with cardiovascular events provoked by atheromata. Inflammatory status, determined by the biomarker C-reactive protein, can guide the allocation of statin therapy to individuals without elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) concentrations to prevent first ever adverse cardiovascular events. CONTENT Until recently, no direct evidence has shown that an intervention that selectively limits inflammation can improve outcomes in patients with atherosclerosis. A recent study, based on decades of preclinical investigation, treated patients who had sustained a myocardial infarction and whose LDL was well-controlled on statin treatment with an antibody that neutralizes interleukin-1 beta. This trial, conducted in over 10 000 individuals, showed a reduction in major adverse cardiac events, establishing for the first time the clinical efficacy of an anti-inflammatory intervention in atherosclerosis. Two large subsequent studies have shown that colchicine treatment can also prevent recurrent events in patients recovering from an acute coronary syndrome or in the stable phase of coronary artery disease. These clinical trials have transformed inflammation in atherosclerosis from theory to practice. SUMMARY Much work remains to optimize further anti-inflammatory interventions, minimize unwanted actions, and refine patient selection. This long road from discovery in the laboratory to successful clinical trials represents a victory for medical science, and opens a new avenue to reducing the risk that remains despite current treatments for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Libby
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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19
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Sun SM, Xie ZF, Zhang YM, Zhang XW, Zhou CD, Yin JP, Yu YY, Cui SC, Jiang HW, Li TT, Li J, Nan FJ, Li JY. AMPK activator C24 inhibits hepatic lipogenesis and ameliorates dyslipidemia in HFHC diet-induced animal models. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:585-592. [PMID: 32724176 PMCID: PMC8115652 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of lipids in plasma. Recently, various studies demonstrate that the increased activity of adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) causes health benefits in energy regulation. Thus, great efforts have been made to develop AMPK activators as a metabolic syndrome treatment. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the AMPK activator C24 on dyslipidemia and the potential mechanisms. We showed that C24 (5-40 μM) dose-dependently increased the phosphorylation of AMPKα and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and inhibited lipogenesis in HepG2 cells. Using compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, or hepatocytes isolated from liver tissue-specific AMPK knockout AMPKα1α2fl/fl;Alb-cre mice (AMPK LKO), we demonstrated that the lipogenesis inhibition of C24 was dependent on hepatic AMPK activation. In rabbits with high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced dyslipidemia, administration of C24 (20, 40, and 60 mg · kg-1· d-1, ig, for 4 weeks) dose-dependently decreased the content of TG, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in plasma and played a role in protecting against hepatic dysfunction by decreasing lipid accumulation. A lipid-lowering effect was also observed in high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-fed hamsters. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the small molecular AMPK activator C24 alleviates hyperlipidemia and represents a promising compound for the development of a lipid-lowering drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Mei Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Fu Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yang-Ming Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Xin-Wen Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen-Dong Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian-Peng Yin
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shi-Chao Cui
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao-Wen Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Teng-Teng Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jia Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Fa-Jun Nan
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai, 264000, China.
| | - Jing-Ya Li
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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20
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Woolliscroft JO. Making sense out of the world: Expanding our mental model of health and disease. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:5-10. [PMID: 33490880 PMCID: PMC7805542 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We make sense of the world through our mental representations or models. They allow us to identify and categorize objects and ideas and shape our views of the world determining what we consider relevant and valid. Mental models enable reasoning, including clinical reasoning in regard to diagnosis and therapy. Scientific advances in understanding of biologic processes in health and disease have begun to reveal their complexity. Systems biology has embraced this complexity and is recognized as complementary to the reductionist approach to science. The mental models educators impart in their students create the boundaries for what is deemed relevant scientifically and clinically. The successes emanating from the prevailing Western mental model of health and disease focusing on the individual and the reductionist approach to scientific inquiry is unquestioned. However, as our understanding of biologic processes has grown, the necessity of a new mental model that encompasses factors external to the individual is evident. The author proposes that a mental model, akin to an ecosystem, with the individual residing at the confluence of their genetic, behavioral, environmental, and microbiota factors be consciously developed in students. Embracing the complexity and interactions of biologic processes within and external to the individual is necessary to continue to advance science and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- James O. Woolliscroft
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Learning Health SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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21
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Zhang H, Bai Z, Zhu L, Liang Y, Fan X, Li J, Wen H, Shi T, Zhao Q, Wang Z. Hydrogen sulfide donors: Therapeutic potential in anti-atherosclerosis. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 205:112665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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22
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Aimo A, Pascual-Figal DA, Barison A, Cediel G, Vicente ÁH, Saccaro LF, Emdin M, Bayes-Genis A. Colchicine for the Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2020; 31:497-504. [PMID: 33096241 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis. Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and particularly myocardial infarction (MI), are associated with a systemic inflammatory response that may accelerate coronary atherosclerotic processes, leading to plaque destabilization and increased risk of further cardiovascular events. These considerations provide a conceptual framework for the use of anti-inflammatory therapies in patients with chronic coronary syndrome or ACS. Following the diverging results of trials on canakinumab and methotrexate, the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT) and the Low-Dose Colchicine trial-2 (LoDoCo2) have sparked new interest in the perspective of an anti-inflammatory therapy for CAD by showing that colchicine confers a prognostic benefit in patients with a recent MI or CCS, respectively. Colchicine blocks multiple steps of the inflammatory cascade and modulates also platelet function and endothelial activation. It has a better safety profile than canakinumab and is a very inexpensive drug throughout the world. We deemed it useful to reappraise the available literature on colchicine and coronary artery disease to assess the likelihood that it might become part of the therapeutic armamentarium of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Aimo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Cardiology Division, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Domingo A Pascual-Figal
- Cardiology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrea Barison
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Germán Cediel
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Álvaro Hernández Vicente
- Cardiology Department, Virgen de la Arrixaca Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luigi F Saccaro
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; Cardiology Division, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Antoni Bayes-Genis
- Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER Cardiovascular, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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23
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Cholesterol and Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: An Immune-Metabolic Hypothesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082444. [PMID: 32823869 PMCID: PMC7468975 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide [...].
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24
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Agarwal P, Combes TW, Shojaee-Moradie F, Fielding B, Gordon S, Mizrahi V, Martinez FO. Foam Cells Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1394. [PMID: 32754123 PMCID: PMC7381311 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infects macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells, a hallmark of granulomata in tuberculous lesions. We analyzed the effects of lipid accumulation in human primary macrophages and quantified strong triglyceride and phospholipid remodeling which depended on the dietary fatty acid used for the assay. The enrichment of >70% in triglyceride and phospholipids can alter cell membrane properties, signaling and phagocytosis in macrophages. In conventional macrophage cultures, cells are heterogeneous, small or large macrophages. In foam cells, a third population of 30% of cells with increased granularity can be detected. We found that foam cell formation is heterogenous and that lipid accumulation and foam cell formation reduces the phagocytosis of Mtb. Under the conditions tested, cell death was highly prevalent in macrophages, whereas foam cells were largely protected from this effect. Foam cells also supported slower Mtb replication, yet this had no discernible impact on the intracellular efficacy of four different antitubercular drugs. Foam cell formation had a significant impact in the inflammatory potential of the cells. TNF-α, IL-1β, and prototypical chemokines were increased. The ratio of inflammatory IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 vs. anti-inflammatory IL-10 was significantly higher in response to Mtb vs. LPS, and was increased in foam cells compared to macrophages, suggestive of increased pro-inflammatory properties. Cytokine production correlated with NF-κB activation in our models. We conclude that foam cell formation reduces the host cell avidity for, and phagocytosis of, Mtb while protecting the cells from death. This protective effect is associated with enhanced inflammatory potential of foam cells and restricted intracellular growth of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Agarwal
- South African Medical Research Council/National Health Laboratory Service/University of Cape Town, Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Theo W Combes
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Fielding
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Mizrahi
- South African Medical Research Council/National Health Laboratory Service/University of Cape Town, Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research and Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fernando O Martinez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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25
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Levinson SS. Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Guidelines for Cholesterol Lowering in Recent History. Lab Med 2020; 51:14-23. [PMID: 31147695 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) released guidelines for treating cholesterol in 1988, 1994, and 2002. After a hiatus, the guidelines were released again in 2013, 2016, 2017, and 2018. METHODS In this article, I review these guidelines, factors that affected their release, how they evolved, and why recommended treatment targets are reasonable. Also, to aid reader understanding, I briefly discuss biochemical mechanisms and the pathophysiology of beta-lipoproteins, focusing on the importance on non-high-density cholesterol (non-HDLC) in assessing risk and as a target for treatment. The concepts discussed are important to laboratory clinicians because those workers inscribe target values on the reports and may consult with medical staff members. CONCLUSIONS The newest recommendations, released in 2018, are an extension of the 2017 guidelines that defined non-HDLC as equivalent to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC). For the reasons discussed herein, non-HDLC has advantages over LDLC. Laboratories reporting cholesterol results should include non-HDLC values and cutoffs in their reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Levinson
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Louisville, Kentucky
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26
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Buja LM. Innovators in atherosclerosis research: A historical review. Int J Cardiol 2020; 307:8-14. [PMID: 32070483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a retrospective analysis of the significance of the contributions of pathologists and kindred investigators in the latter half of the twentieth century to the advancement of understanding of atherosclerosis, a major disease and affliction of humankind. These outstanding investigators contributed importantly to the development of a large body of evidence encompassing population-based autopsy studies, experimental animal studies and cell biological investigations that, coupled with insights from epidemiological studies, serve as the underpinning for the current dominant response to injury theory of atherogenesis. Their collective contributions have been highly meritorious and will remain seminally important into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Maximilian Buja
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Chief, Cardiovascular Pathology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America..
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Sokolova EV, Kravchenko AO, Sergeeva NV, Davydova VN, Bogdanovich LN, Yermak IM. Effect of carrageenans on some lipid metabolism components in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 230:115629. [PMID: 31887898 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The research described here focused on the effect of sulfated red algal polysaccharides (κ-, κ/β-, ι/κ-carrageenan) individually and in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β and IL-6) in whole blood model in vitro. The results demonstrated that, at high concentrations, carrageenans have substantial ability to modulate PGE2 synthesis and stimulate IL-1β and IL-6 synthesis. A low degree of sulfate and high molecular weight were a prerequisite for the ability of carrageenans to modulate PGE2 synthesis. Further, we investigated the ability of the carrageenans alone and in combination with casein to affect bile salt permeability through an artificial membrane imitating the gastrointestinal barrier. The least sulfated κ/β-carrageenan could retain bile salt permeation the most but less efficiently than cholestyramine. The polysaccharides did not affect pancreatic lipase activity. Our data confirm a possible mechanism of the cholesterol-reducing properties of carrageenan.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Sokolova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - A O Kravchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - N V Sergeeva
- Medical Association of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, St. Kirova, 95, 690022, Russia
| | - V N Davydova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - L N Bogdanovich
- Medical Association of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, St. Kirova, 95, 690022, Russia
| | - I M Yermak
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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Mohammadkhani N, Gharbi S, Rajani HF, Farzaneh A, Mahjoob G, Hoseinsalari A, Korsching E. Statins: Complex outcomes but increasingly helpful treatment options for patients. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 863:172704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Phospholipid packing defects and oxysterols in atherosclerosis: Dietary prevention and the French paradox. Biochimie 2019; 167:145-151. [PMID: 31586653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research literature on atherosclerosis includes findings investigating the atherosclerotic effect of oxysterols, which are the oxidation products of cholesterol; and the literature on oxysterols refers to mechanisms by which oxysterols cause phospholipid packing defects in cell membranes. This review synthesizes these two bodies of research findings to describe how oxysterols cause phospholipid packing defects within the membranes of vascular endothelial cells, potentially increasing cell permeability of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol which may lead to atheroma formation. Exogenous sources of oxysterols are provided by dietary intake of animal-based foods that contain cholesterol oxidation products. This review proposes an explanation for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of plant-based dietary patterns, which is attributed to restriction or avoidance of dietary oxysterol intake from animal-based foods. Furthermore, raw-milk cheeses play an important role in the traditional French diet-low oxysterol content in these unheated foods may contribute to the French paradox, in which reduced coronary heart disease is associated with a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol.
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Modulation of Bone and Marrow Niche by Cholesterol. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061394. [PMID: 31234305 PMCID: PMC6628005 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue composing of mineralized bone, bone cells, hematopoietic cells, marrow adipocytes, and supportive stromal cells. The homeostasis of bone and marrow niche is dynamically regulated by nutrients. The positive correlation between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis risk suggests a close relationship between hyperlipidemia and/or hypercholesterolemia and the bone metabolism. Cholesterol and its metabolites influence the bone homeostasis through modulating the differentiation and activation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The effects of cholesterol on hematopoietic stem cells, including proliferation, migration, and differentiation, are also well-documented and further relate to atherosclerotic lesions. Correlation between circulating cholesterol and bone marrow adipocytes remains elusive, which seems opposite to its effects on osteoblasts. Epidemiological evidence has demonstrated that cholesterol deteriorates or benefits bone metabolism depending on the types, such as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress of how cholesterol regulates bone metabolism and bone marrow microenvironment, including the hematopoiesis and marrow adiposity. Elucidation of these association and factors is of great importance in developing therapeutic options for bone related diseases under hypercholesterolemic conditions.
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Yu H, Ma S, Sun L, Gao J, Zhao C. TGF‑β1 upregulates the expression of lncRNA‑ATB to promote atherosclerosis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4222-4228. [PMID: 30942415 PMCID: PMC6471400 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is reported to be associated with the occurrence of atherosclerosis, although the mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the involvement of TGF-β1 signaling in atherosclerosis. A total of 56 patients with atherosclerosis and 44 healthy volunteers were involved in this study. Serum expression of TGF-β1 and long non-coding RNA-ATB was detected by ELISA and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to analyze the diagnostic value of serum TGF-β1 and lncRNA-ATB for atherosclerosis. A human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) line overexpressing lncRNA-ATB was constructed. The effects of TGF-β1 treatment and lncRNA-ATB overexpression on HUVEC cell proliferation and viability was detected with Cell Counting Kit-8 and MTT assays, respectively. Expression of TGF-β1 and pro-apoptotic Caspase-3 in lncRNA-ATB-overexpressing HUVECs was detected by western blotting. In addition, the expression of lncRNA-ATB in TGF-β1-treated HUVECs was detected by qPCR. It was demonstrated that serum TGF-β1 and lncRNA-ATB expression was significantly higher in atherosclerosis patients, compared with controls, and could be used to effectively distinguish patients from healthy individuals. TGF-β1 treatment and lncRNA-ATB overexpression reduced HUVEC viability and proliferation. TGF-β1 treatment increased the expression of lncRNA-ATB in HUVECs, while lncRNA-ATB overexpression had no significant effect on TGF-β1 expression. LncRNA-ATB silencing with small interfering RNA significantly reduced the effects of TGF-β1 treatment on the proliferation and viability of HUVECs. Furthermore, LncRNA-ATB overexpression upregulated the expression of caspase-3 in HUVECs. Therefore, it was concluded that TGF-β1 may have upregulated the expression of lncRNA-ATB to promote atherosclerosis, and lncRNA-ATB may serve as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Shengting Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
| | - Chengjun Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Jinan, Jinan Research Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Jinan, Shandong 250031, P.R. China
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Understanding the Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on Chronic Metabolic Diseases through Studies in Rodent Models. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070939. [PMID: 30037080 PMCID: PMC6073247 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of certain chronic metabolic diseases has been attributed to elevated levels of dietary cholesterol. However, decades of research in animal models and humans have demonstrated a high complexity with respect to the impact of dietary cholesterol on the progression of these diseases. Thus, recent investigations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) point to dietary cholesterol as a key factor for the activation of inflammatory pathways underlying the transition from NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and to hepatic carcinoma. Dietary cholesterol was initially thought to be the key factor for cardiovascular disease development, but its impact on the disease depends partly on the capacity to modulate plasmatic circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. These studies evidence a complex relationship between these chronic metabolic diseases and dietary cholesterol, which, in certain conditions, might promote metabolic complications. In this review, we summarize rodent studies that evaluate the impact of dietary cholesterol on these two prevalent chronic diseases and their relevance to human pathology.
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Li J, Yao Q, Feng F, He S, Lin P, Yang L, Yang C, Li H, Li Y. Systematic identification of rabbit LncRNAs reveals functional roles in atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2266-2273. [PMID: 29317334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been gradually emerging as important regulators in various biological processes and diseases, while the contributions of lncRNAs to atherosclerosis remain largely unknown. Our previous work has discovered atherosclerosis associated protein-coding genes by transcriptome sequencing of rabbit models. Here we investigated the roles of lncRNAs in atherosclerosis. We defined a stringent set of 3736 multi-exonic lncRNA transcripts in rabbits. All lncRNAs are firstly reported and 609 (16.3%) of them are conserved in 13 species. Rabbit lncRNAs have similar characteristics to lncRNAs in other mammals, such as relatively short length, low expression, and highly tissue-specificity. The integrative analysis of lncRNAs and co-expressed genes characterize diverse functions of lncRNAs. Comparing two kinds of atherosclerosis models (LDLR-deficient WHHL rabbits and cholesterol-fed NZW rabbits) with their corresponding controls, we found the expression changes of two rabbit models were similar in aorta in but different in liver. The shared change in aorta revealed a subset of lncRNAs involved in immune response, while the cholesterol-fed NZW rabbits showed broader lncRNA expression changes in skeletal muscle system compared to WHHL rabbits. These atherosclerosis-associated lncRNAs and genes provide hits for the experimental validation of lncRNA functions. In summary, our study systematically identified rabbit lncRNAs for the first time and provides new insights for understanding the functions of lncRNAs in atherosclerosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Accelerating Precision Medicine through Genetic and Genomic Big Data Analysis edited by Yudong Cai & Tao Huang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qianlan Yao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fangyoumin Feng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng He
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liguang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuhua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yixue Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computing Biology, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Guo S, Yang Y, Yang Z, You H, Shi Y, Hu Z, Meng Z, Xiao J. Improving myocardial fractional flow reserve in coronary atherosclerosis via CX37 gene silence: a preclinical validation study in pigs. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2018; 26:139-145. [PMID: 29049831 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivx218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of CX37 gene silence on myocardial fractional flow reserve (FFR). METHODS A total of 90 male pigs were randomly divided into saline, mock and 3 different doses (5, 10 and 20 µl) of CX37 viral suspension groups that could induce coronary plaque formation with high-fat diet. After performing myocardial FFR by intravascular ultrasound, different doses of CX37 viral suspension, saline and mock small interfering RNA (siRNA) were transfected into the related coronary. The FFR, the myocardial enzymes and the cardiac structures and functions of the pigs were detected at baseline, 4th, 8th and 12th week after transfection, respectively. RESULTS Repeated measures analysis of variance comparison showed that the difference in the FFR among the 5 groups was statistically significant (F = 27.0, P < 0.01). Post hoc analysis showed that FFR were highest in the siRNA CX37 group (20 µl), followed by the siRNA CX37 group (10 µl) and the siRNA CX37 group (5 µl), and lowest in the mock and saline groups. Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter was significantly smaller and ejection fraction was obviously higher in the 3 siRNA CX37 groups compared with the untreated groups. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that FFR levels increased along with decreased doses of siRNA CX37 lentivirus, indicating that siRNA CX37 lentivirus may reduce the risk of coronary atherosclerosis and provide a potential approach to treat coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in Wuxi and People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in Wuxi and People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huayan You
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University in Wuxi and People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yunke Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhao Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhaohui Meng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianming Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJ, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2017; 121:e53-e79. [DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Griffin BA. Serum low-density lipoprotein as a dietary responsive biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk: Consensus and confusion. NUTR BULL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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37
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJAP, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e131-e157. [PMID: 28729366 DOI: 10.1161/atv.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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Mourino-Alvarez L, Baldan-Martin M, Rincon R, Martin-Rojas T, Corbacho-Alonso N, Sastre-Oliva T, Barderas MG. Recent advances and clinical insights into the use of proteomics in the study of atherosclerosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:701-713. [PMID: 28689450 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1353912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The application of new proteomics methods may help to identify new diagnostic/predictive molecular markers in an attempt to improve the clinical management of atherosclerosis. Areas covered: Technological advances in proteomics have enhanced its sensitivity and multiplexing capacity, as well as the possibility of studying protein interactions and tissue structure. These advances will help us better understand the molecular mechanisms at play in atherosclerosis as a biological system. Moreover, this should help identify new predictive/diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets that may facilitate effective risk stratification and early diagnosis, with the ensuing rapid implementation of treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the novel methods in proteomics, including state-of-the-art techniques, novel biological samples and applications for the study of atherosclerosis. Expert commentary: Collaboration between clinicians and researchers is crucial to further validate and introduce new molecular markers to manage atherosclerosis that are identified using the most up to date proteomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mourino-Alvarez
- a Department of Vascular Physiopathology , Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos , Toledo , Spain
| | | | - Raul Rincon
- a Department of Vascular Physiopathology , Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos , Toledo , Spain
| | - Tatiana Martin-Rojas
- a Department of Vascular Physiopathology , Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos , Toledo , Spain
| | - Nerea Corbacho-Alonso
- a Department of Vascular Physiopathology , Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos , Toledo , Spain
| | - Tamara Sastre-Oliva
- a Department of Vascular Physiopathology , Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos , Toledo , Spain
| | - Maria G Barderas
- a Department of Vascular Physiopathology , Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos , Toledo , Spain
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Abstract
Inflammation furnishes a series of pathogenic pathways that couple the risk factors for atherosclerosis with altered behavior of the intrinsic cells of the arterial wall, endothelium, and smooth muscle and promote the disease and its complications. Myeloid cells participate critically in all phases of atherosclerosis from initiation through progression, and ultimately the thrombotic consequences of this disease. Foam cells, lipid-laden macrophages, constitute the hallmark of atheromata. Much of the recent expansion in knowledge of the roles of myeloid cells in atherosclerosis revolves around the functional contributions of subsets of monocytes, precursors of macrophages, the most abundant myeloid cells in the atheroma. Proinflammatory monocytes preferentially accumulate in nascent atherosclerotic plaques. The most dramatic manifestations of atherosclerosis result from blood clot formation. Myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and abrupt limb ischemia all arise primarily from thrombi that complicate atherosclerotic plaques. Myeloid cells contribute pivotally to triggering thrombosis, for example, by elaborating enzymes that degrade the plaque's protective extracellular matrix, rendering it fragile, and by producing the potent procoagulant tissue factor. While most attention has focused on mononuclear phagocytes, the participation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes may aggravate local thrombus formation. Existing therapies such as statins may exert some of their protective effects by altering the functions of myeloid cells. The pathways of innate immunity that involve myeloid cells provide a myriad of potential targets for modifying atherosclerosis and its complications, and provide a fertile field for future attempts to address the residual burden of this disease, whose global prevalence is on the rise.
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40
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Nathan DG. Cholesterol: the debate should be terminated. FASEB J 2017; 31:2722-2728. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700385r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Nathan
- Pediatric Blood and Cancer CenterBoston Children's HospitalDana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBoston Massachusetts USA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBoston Massachusetts USA
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Stabley JN, Towler DA. Arterial Calcification in Diabetes Mellitus: Preclinical Models and Translational Implications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:205-217. [PMID: 28062508 PMCID: PMC5480317 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus increasingly afflicts our aging and dysmetabolic population. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the antecedent metabolic syndrome represent the vast majority of the disease burden-increasingly prevalent in children and older adults. However, type 1 diabetes mellitus is also advancing in preadolescent children. As such, a crushing wave of cardiometabolic disease burden now faces our society. Arteriosclerotic calcification is increased in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and type 1 diabetes mellitus-impairing conduit vessel compliance and function, thereby increasing the risk for dementia, stroke, heart attack, limb ischemia, renal insufficiency, and lower extremity amputation. Preclinical models of these dysmetabolic settings have provided insights into the pathobiology of arterial calcification. Osteochondrogenic morphogens in the BMP-Wnt signaling relay and transcriptional regulatory programs driven by Msx and Runx gene families are entrained to innate immune responses-responses activated by the dysmetabolic state-to direct arterial matrix deposition and mineralization. Recent studies implicate the endothelial-mesenchymal transition in contributing to the phenotypic drift of mineralizing vascular progenitors. In this brief overview, we discuss preclinical disease models that provide mechanistic insights-and point to challenges and opportunities to translate these insights into new therapeutic strategies for our patients afflicted with diabetes mellitus and its arteriosclerotic complications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Arteries/metabolism
- Arteries/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/metabolism
- Diabetic Angiopathies/pathology
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hyperlipidemias/complications
- Hyperlipidemias/genetics
- Male
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Rats
- Signal Transduction
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- Vascular Calcification/etiology
- Vascular Calcification/metabolism
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Stabley
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dwight A Towler
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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OLIVEIRA JADEDE, STRALIOTTO MARCOSR, MANCINI GIANNI, FIGUEIREDO CLAUDIAP, BRAGA ANTÔNIOL, TEIXEIRA JOÃOB, BEM ANDREZAF. Atheroprotective action of a modified organoselenium compound: in vitro evidence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:1953-1965. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620150760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been strongly suggested to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Thus, reducing LDL oxidation is a potential approach to decrease the risk of the atherosclerosis. Organoselenium compounds have demonstrated promising atheroprotective properties in experimental models. Herein, we tested the in vitro atheroprotective capability of a modified organoselenium compound, Compound HBD, in protecting isolated LDL from oxidation as well as foam cells formation. Moreover, the glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-like activity of Compound HBD was analyzed in order to explore the mechanisms related to the above-mentioned protective effects. The Compound HBD in a concentration-dependent manner reduced the Cu2+-induced formation of conjugated dienes. The protein portion from LDL were also protected from Cu2+-induced oxidation. Furthermore, the Compound HBD efficiently decreased the foam cell formation in J774 macrophage cells exposed to oxidized LDL. We found that the atheroprotective effects of this compound can be, at least in part, related to its GPx-like activity. Our findings demonstrated an impressive effect of Compound HBD against LDL-induced toxicity, a further in vivo study to investigate in more detail the antioxidant and antiatherogenic effects of this compound could be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- JADE DE OLIVEIRA
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil; Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Brazil
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Singh SA, Miyosawa K, Aikawa M. Mass spectrometry meets the challenge of understanding the complexity of the lipoproteome: recent findings regarding proteins involved in dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:519-32. [PMID: 26325144 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1078731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that link between dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis was made over 100 years ago, atherosclerosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Major efforts focus towards understanding lipid metabolism, particularly by studying its particle compartments in circulation: the lipoproteins. In recent years, mass spectrometry has played an integral role in the deep sequencing of the lipoproteome and in metabolism studies conducted in vivo. This review highlights the path of lipoprotein research towards state-of-the-art mass spectrometry with special emphasis on the method of selected reaction monitoring and its impact on apolipoprotein metabolism studies. Also presented is what is expected for the lipoprotein field with the recent advent of high resolution/accurate mass parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. The benefits of high resolution/accurate mass measurements are demonstrated by example instrument workflows and by detailing a novel method to quantify very low levels of circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 in rabbit. It is anticipated that future clinical studies or clinical trials aimed to treat dyslipidemia by manipulating key regulatory proteins will benefit from the new and exciting opportunities afforded by the latest technologies in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha A Singh
- a 1 Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katsutoshi Miyosawa
- a 1 Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Masanori Aikawa
- a 1 Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,b 2 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Soran H, Schofield JD, Liu Y, Durrington PN. How HDL protects LDL against atherogenic modification: paraoxonase 1 and other dramatis personae. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:247-56. [PMID: 26103614 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current evidence about how HDL impedes the oxidative and glycative atherogenic modification of LDL. RECENT FINDINGS Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is located on HDL. Meta-analysis of clinical epidemiological investigations reveals a substantial association of low serum PON1 activity with coronary heart disease incidence independent of other risk factors including HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI (apoAI). Transgenic animal models also indicate an antiatherosclerotic role for PON1. However, highly purified and recombinant PON1 do not retain their antioxidant properties. SUMMARY The therapeutic potential of PON1 should be recognized in preventing atherosclerosis and combating infection and organophosphate toxicity. In unleashing this potential, it is important to consider that both highly purified and recombinant PON1 are dissociated from the lipid phase and other components of HDL, such as apoAI and apoM, all of which may be required for HDL (through its PON1 component) to hydrolyze more lipophilic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handrean Soran
- aCardiovascular Research Group, School of Medicine, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester bCardiovascular Trials Unit, Central Manchester and Manchester Children University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Starr AE, Lemieux V, Noad J, Moore JI, Dewpura T, Raymond A, Chrétien M, Figeys D, Mayne J. β-Estradiol results in a proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9-dependent increase in low-density lipoprotein receptor levels in human hepatic HuH7 cells. FEBS J 2015; 282:2682-96. [PMID: 25913303 PMCID: PMC5008176 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lower risk of coronary artery disease in premenopausal women than in men and postmenopausal women implicates sex steroids in cardioprotective processes. β-Estradiol upregulates liver low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which, in turn, decreases circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein, which is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Conversely, LDLR protein is negatively regulated by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Herein, we investigated PCSK9 regulation by β-estradiol and its impact on LDLR in human hepatocarcinoma HuH7 cells grown in the presence or absence of β-estradiol. Immunoblot analysis showed upregulation of LDLR at 3 μm β-estradiol (140%), and the upregulation reached 220% at 10 μm β-estradiol; only at the latter dose was an increase in LDLR mRNA detected by qPCR, suggesting post-translational regulation of LDLR. No changes in PCSK9 mRNA or secreted protein levels were detected by qPCR or ELISA, respectively. β-estradiol-conditioned medium devoid of PCSK9 failed to upregulate LDLR. Similarly, PCSK9 knockdown cells showed no upregulation of LDLR by β-estradiol. Together, these results indicate a requirement for PCSK9 in the β-estradiol-induced upregulation of LDLR. A radiolabeling assay showed a significant, dose-dependent decrease in the ratio of secreted phosphoPCSK9 to total secreted PCSK9 with increasing β-estradiol levels, suggesting a change in the functional state of PCSK9 in the presence of β-estradiol. Our results indicate that the protein upregulation of LDLR at subtranscriptionally effective doses of β-estradiol, and its supratranscriptional upregulation at 10 μm β-estradiol, occur through an extracellular PCSK9-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Starr
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Valérie Lemieux
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Noad
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmine I Moore
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thilina Dewpura
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Raymond
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Chrétien
- Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory of Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Figeys
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janice Mayne
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Stone JR, Bruneval P, Angelini A, Bartoloni G, Basso C, Batoroeva L, Buja LM, Butany J, d'Amati G, Fallon JT, Gittenberger-de Groot AC, Gouveia RH, Halushka MK, Kelly KL, Kholova I, Leone O, Litovsky SH, Maleszewski JJ, Miller DV, Mitchell RN, Preston SD, Pucci A, Radio SJ, Rodriguez ER, Sheppard MN, Suvarna SK, Tan CD, Thiene G, van der Wal AC, Veinot JP. Consensus statement on surgical pathology of the aorta from the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology: I. Inflammatory diseases. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:267-78. [PMID: 26051917 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the aorta include routine atherosclerosis, aortitis, periaortitis, and atherosclerosis with excessive inflammatory responses, such as inflammatory atherosclerotic aneurysms. The nomenclature and histologic features of these disorders are reviewed and discussed. In addition, diagnostic criteria are provided to distinguish between these disorders in surgical pathology specimens. An initial classification scheme is provided for aortitis and periaortitis based on the pattern of the inflammatory infiltrate: granulomatous/giant cell pattern, lymphoplasmacytic pattern, mixed inflammatory pattern, and the suppurative pattern. These inflammatory patterns are discussed in relation to specific systemic diseases including giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's), rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Cogan syndrome, Behçet's disease, relapsing polychondritis, syphilitic aortitis, and bacterial and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - L Maximilian Buja
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ornella Leone
- Sant'Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Guo S, Zhu J, Yang Z, Feng J, Li K, Wang R, Yang X. Reduction of connexin 37 expression by RNA interference decreases atherosclerotic plaque formation. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:2664-70. [PMID: 25483389 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of connexin 37 (Cx37) interference on atherosclerotic plaques. Lentiviruses expressing small interfering RNA (siRNA) of Cx37 were constructed, and were shown to significantly knockdown the mRNA and protein expression of Cx37 in vitro. Sixty pigs on a high‑fat diet were randomly divided into three treatment groups of saline, mock or Cx37 siRNA, to induce plaque formation. The Cx37 lentiviral suspension was transfected into the abdominal aortic plaques of pigs. Plaque characteristics were detected by intravascular ultrasound and the expression of Cx37 mRNA was detected by semi‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of Cx37 protein was analyzed by western blot analysis. Two months after lentivirus transfection, Cx37 mRNA levels were decreased by 38% in the Cx37 siRNA group, by 60% in the mock‑siRNA group and by 63% in the saline group (P<0.05). The mock group showed no significant changes in Cx37 expression as compared with the saline group. Cx37 protein expression was lower in the Cx37 siRNA‑treated group as compared with the other groups (0.21±0.07 vs. 0.65±0.06 vs. 0.54±0.07). The percentage of plaque necrosis at 10 months (two months following RNAi) was decreased in the Cx37 siRNA group as compared with that at eight months, prior to RNAi (5.26±2.11 vs. 7.83±1.03%, P<0.05). In the mock‑siRNA and saline groups, no differences (P=0.074, 0.061, respectively) were observed. In the Cx37 siRNA group, plaque volumes following 10 months decreased relative to those following eight months, prior to RNAi (21.03±6.24 vs. 31.23±10.23, P<0.01). By contrast, in the mock siRNA and saline groups, plaque volumes after 10 months were increased relative to those following eight months (38.54±13.56 vs. 32.12±11.21 mm3, 37.36±14.21 vs. 30.21±12.02 mm3, P=0.031, P=0.027). Atherosclerotic plaque formation was effectively decreased through the downregulation of Cx37 mRNA using Cx37 siRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxia Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jihong Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Kulin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Ruxing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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Masana L, Pedro-Botet J, Civeira F. IMPROVE-IT clinical implications. Should the "high-intensity cholesterol-lowering therapy" strategy replace the "high-intensity statin therapy"? Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:161-2. [PMID: 25795557 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Masana
- Vascular Medicine and Metabolism Unit, Research Unit on Lipids and Atherosclerosis, "Sant Joan" University Hospital, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Reus, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro-Botet
- Lipid and Vascular Risk Unit, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Civeira
- Head Lipid Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragon, Red Cardiovascular Research Network (RIC), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Diamond DM, Ravnskov U. How statistical deception created the appearance that statins are safe and effective in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 8:201-10. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2015.1012494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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