1
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Regan CE, Pemberton JM, Pilkington JG, Smiseth P. Having a better home range does not reduce the cost of reproduction in Soay sheep. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:1352-1362. [PMID: 36063153 PMCID: PMC9826142 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A cost of reproduction may not be observable in the presence of environmental or individual heterogeneity because they affect the resources available to individuals. Individual space use is critical in determining both the resources available to individuals and the exposure to factors that mediate the value of these resources (e.g. competition and parasitism). Despite this, there has, to our knowledge, been little research to understand how between-individual differences in resource acquisition, caused by variation in space use, interact with environmental variation occurring at the population scale to influence estimates of the cost of reproduction in natural populations. We used long-term data from the St. Kilda Soay sheep population to understand how differences in age, relative home range quality, and average adult body mass, interacted with annual variation in population density and winter North Atlantic Oscillation index to influence over-winter survival and reproduction in the subsequent year, for females that had invested into reproduction to varying degrees. Our results suggest that Soay sheep females experience costs both in terms of future survival and future reproduction. However, we found little evidence that estimated costs of reproduction vary depending on relative home range quality. There are several possible causes for the lack of a relationship between relative home range quality and our estimate of the costs experienced by females. These include the potential for a correlation between relative home range quality and reproductive allocation to mask a relationship between home range quality and reproductive costs, as well as the potential for the benefit of higher quality home ranges being offset by higher densities. Nevertheless, our results raise questions regarding the presence or context-dependence of relationships between resource access and the estimated cost of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Regan
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK,Department of ZoologyEdward Grey Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | | | - Per T. Smiseth
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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2
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Tejero JM, Bar-Oz G, Bar-Yosef O, Meshveliani T, Jakeli N, Matskevich Z, Pinhasi R, Belfer-Cohen A. New insights into the Upper Palaeolithic of the Caucasus through the study of personal ornaments. Teeth and bones pendants from Satsurblia and Dzudzuana caves (Imereti, Georgia). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258974. [PMID: 34748581 PMCID: PMC8575301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The region of western Georgia (Imereti) in the Southern Caucasus has been a major geographic corridor for human migrations during the Middle and Upper Paleolithic. Data of recent research and excavations in this region display its importance as a possible route for the dispersal of anatomically modern humans (AMH) into northern Eurasia. Nevertheless, within the local research context, bone-working and personal ornaments have yet contributed but little to the Upper Palaeolithic (UP) regional sequence's characterization. Here we present an archaeozoological, technological and use-wear study of pendants from two local UP assemblages, originating in the Dzudzuana Cave and Satsurblia Cave. The ornaments were made mostly of perforated teeth, though some specimens were made on bone. Both the manufacturing marks made during preparation and use-wear traces indicate that they were personal ornaments, used as pendants or attached to garments. Detailed comparison between ornament assemblages from northern and southern Caucasus reveal that they are quite similar, supporting the observation of cultural bonds between the two regions, demonstrated previously through lithic techno-typological affinities. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance attributed to red deer (Cervus elaphus) by the UP societies of the Caucasus in sharing aesthetic values and/or a symbolic sphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- José-Miguel Tejero
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Seminari d’Estudis I Recerques Prehistòriques, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guy Bar-Oz
- Zinman Institute of Archaeology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Bar-Yosef
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Belfer-Cohen
- Institute of Archaeology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Dupont P, Milleret C, Tourani M, Brøseth H, Bischof R. Integrating dead recoveries in open‐population spatial capture–recapture models. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. Dupont
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
| | - C. Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
| | - M. Tourani
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
| | - H. Brøseth
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Norwegian Institute for Nature Research PB 5685 Torgarden TrondheimNO‐7485Norway
| | - R. Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management Norwegian University of Life Sciences PB 5003 ÅsNO‐1432Norway
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4
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Denomme-Brown ST, Cottenie K, Falls JB, Falls EA, Brooks RJ, McAdam AG. Variation in space and time: a long-term examination of density-dependent dispersal in a woodland rodent. Oecologia 2020; 193:903-912. [PMID: 32809054 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a fundamental ecological process that can be affected by population density, yet studies report contrasting effects of density on propensity to disperse. In addition, the relationship between dispersal and density is seldom examined using densities measured at different spatial scales or over extensive time series. We used 51 years of trapping data to examine how dispersal by wild deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) was affected by changes in both local and regional population densities. We examined these patterns over both the entire time series and also in 10-year shifting windows to determine whether the nature and strength of the relationship changed through time. Probability of dispersal decreased with increased local and regional population density, and the negative effect of local density on dispersal was more pronounced in years with low regional densities. In addition, the strength of negative density-dependent dispersal changed through time, ranging from very strong in some decades to absent in other periods of the study. Finally, while females were less likely to disperse, female dispersal was more density-dependent than male dispersal. Our study shows that the relationship between density and dispersal is not temporally static and that investigations of density-dependent dispersal should consider both local and regional population densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Denomme-Brown
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Karl Cottenie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Bruce Falls
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - E Ann Falls
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald J Brooks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0334, USA
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5
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Lee DS, Mandalaywala TM, Dubuc C, Widdig A, Higham JP. Higher early life mortality with lower infant body mass in a free-ranging primate. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2300-2310. [PMID: 32614977 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traits that reflect the amount of energy allocated to offspring by mothers, such as infant body mass, are predicted to have long-lasting effects on offspring fitness. In very long-lived species, such as anthropoid primates, where long-lasting and obligate parental care is required for successful recruitment of offspring, there are few studies on the fitness implications of low body mass among infants. Using body mass data collected from 253 free-ranging rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta infants on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, we examined if lower infant body mass predicts lower chance of survival through to reproductive maturation (4th year of life). We also used data on inter-birth intervals and suckling behaviours to determine whether the duration of maternal care was adjusted to infant body mass. Rhesus macaque infants experienced on average 5% reduced hazard of death for an increase in body mass of 0.1 SD (~100 g) above the mean within their age-sex class. The positive association between body mass and early life survival was most pronounced in the 1st year of life. Infant body mass tended to be lower if mothers were young or old, but the link between infant body mass and early life survival remained after controlling for maternal age. This finding suggests that maternal effects on early life survival such as maternal age may act through their influence on infant body mass. Mothers of heavier infants were less likely to be delayed in subsequent reproduction, but the estimated association slightly overlapped with zero. The timing of the last week of suckling did not differ by infant body mass. Using infant body mass data that has been rarely available from free-ranging primates, our study provides comparative evidence to strengthen the existing body of literature on the fitness implications of variation in infant body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Susie Lee
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tara M Mandalaywala
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Constance Dubuc
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anja Widdig
- Junior Research Group of Primate Kin Selection, Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - James P Higham
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Morin DJ, Yackulic CB, Diffendorfer JE, Lesmeister DB, Nielsen CK, Reid J, Schauber EM. Is your ad hoc model selection strategy affecting your multimodel inference? Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dana J. Morin
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture Mississippi State University Box 9680 Mississippi State Mississippi 39762 USA
| | - Charles B. Yackulic
- Southwest Biological Science Center U.S. Geological Survey 2255 N. Gemini Drive Flagstaff Arizona 86001 USA
| | - Jay E. Diffendorfer
- Denver Federal Center U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center Denver Colorado 80225 USA
| | - Damon B. Lesmeister
- Pacific Northwest Research Station U.S. Forest Service and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Oregon State University 3200 SW Jefferson Way Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
| | - Clayton K. Nielsen
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Forestry Southern Illinois University 251 Life Science II, Mail Code 6504 Carbondale Illinois 62901 USA
| | - Janice Reid
- Pacific Northwest Research Station U.S. Forest Service 777 NW Garden Valley Blvd Roseburg Oregon 97471 USA
| | - Eric M. Schauber
- Illinois Natural History Survey Prairie Research Institute University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign 1816 S. Oak Street Champaign Illinois 61820 USA
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Michel Gaillard
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558 CNRS Université Lyon 1 University of Lyon Villeurbanne France
| | - Jean‐François Lemaître
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558 CNRS Université Lyon 1 University of Lyon Villeurbanne France
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8
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Brusa JL, Rotella JJ, Garrott RA, Paterson JT, Link WA. Variation of annual apparent survival and detection rates with age, year and individual identity in male Weddell seals (
Leptonychotes weddellii
) from long‐term mark‐recapture data. POPUL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Brusa
- Department of EcologyMontana State University Bozeman Montana
| | - Jay J. Rotella
- Department of EcologyMontana State University Bozeman Montana
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9
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Holand H, Kvalnes T, Røed KH, Holand Ø, Saether BE, Kumpula J. Stabilizing selection and adaptive evolution in a combination of two traits in an arctic ungulate. Evolution 2019; 74:103-115. [PMID: 31808544 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stabilizing selection is thought to be common in wild populations and act as one of the main evolutionary mechanisms, which constrain phenotypic variation. When multiple traits interact to create a combined phenotype, correlational selection may be an important process driving adaptive evolution. Here, we report on phenotypic selection and evolutionary changes in two natal traits in a semidomestic population of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in northern Finland. The population has been closely monitored since 1969, and detailed data have been collected on individuals since they were born. Over the length of the study period (1969-2015), we found directional and stabilizing selection toward a combination of earlier birth date and heavier birth mass with an intermediate optimum along the major axis of the selection surface. In addition, we demonstrate significant changes in mean traits toward earlier birth date and heavier birth mass, with corresponding genetic changes in breeding values during the study period. Our results demonstrate evolutionary changes in a combination of two traits, which agree closely with estimated patterns of phenotypic selection. Knowledge of the selective surface for combinations of genetically correlated traits are vital to predict how population mean phenotypes and fitness are affected when environments change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håkon Holand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Thomas Kvalnes
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Knut H Røed
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-0033, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein Holand
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NO-1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics (CBD), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jouko Kumpula
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Terrestrial Population Dynamics, FIN-999870, Kaamanen, Inari, Finland
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10
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Corlatti L, Sanz-Aguilar A, Tavecchia G, Gugiatti A, Pedrotti L. Unravelling the sex- and age-specific impact of poaching mortality with multievent modeling. Front Zool 2019; 16:20. [PMID: 31210776 PMCID: PMC6567384 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poaching is a prominent source of ‘hidden hurdles’, cryptic impacts of human activities that may hinder the conservation of animal populations. Estimating poaching mortality is challenging, as the evidence for illegal killing is not outwardly obvious. Using resighting and recovery data collected on 141 marked red deer Cervus elaphus within the Stelvio National Park (central Italian Alps), we show how multievent models allow to assess the direct impacts of illegal harvesting on age- and sex-specific survival, accounting for uncertainty over mortality causes. Results Mortality caused by poaching was consistently higher for males than for females in all age classes. In males, the probability of dying from poaching was higher for extreme age classes, while in females all age classes showed fairly similar values of poaching mortality. The strong bias in sex-specific poaching mortality was possibly due to trophy killing in adult males and ‘bushmeat-like’ killing for private or commercial gain in young males and in females. Conclusions A robust assessment of age- and sex-specific prevalence of poaching in wildlife populations is pivotal when illegal killing is of conservation concern. This provides timely information on what segment of the population is most likely to be affected. Besides obvious demographic consequences on small populations, age- and sex-biased poaching prevalence may contrast with the need to maintain ecosystem complexity and may alter behavioral responses to human presence. The information provided by multievent models, whose flexibility makes them adaptable to many systems where individual-based data is part of population monitoring, offers a support to design appropriate strategies for the conservation of wildlife populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0321-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Corlatti
- 1Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Straße 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.,Stelvio National Park, Via De Simoni 42, 23032 Bormio, Italy.,3Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ana Sanz-Aguilar
- 4Animal Demography and Ecology Unit, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Islas Baleares Spain.,5Applied Zoology and Animal Conservation Group, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Giacomo Tavecchia
- 4Animal Demography and Ecology Unit, Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Islas Baleares Spain
| | | | - Luca Pedrotti
- Stelvio National Park, Via De Simoni 42, 23032 Bormio, Italy
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11
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Douhard M, Festa-Bianchet M, Hamel S, Nussey DH, Côté SD, Pemberton JM, Pelletier F. Maternal longevity and offspring sex in wild ungulates. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20181968. [PMID: 30963926 PMCID: PMC6408606 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In species with sexual size dimorphism, the offspring of the larger sex usually have greater energy requirements and may lead to greater fitness costs for parents. The effects of offspring sex on maternal longevity, however, have only been tested in humans. Human studies produced mixed results and considerable debate mainly owing to the difficulty of distinguishing the effects of sexual dimorphism from sociocultural factors. To advance this debate, we examined how the relative number of sons influenced maternal longevity in four species of free-living ungulates (Soay sheep Ovis aries; bighorn sheep, Ovis canadensis; red deer, Cervus elaphus; mountain goat, Oreamnos americanus), with high male-biased sexual size dimorphism but without complicating sociocultural variables. We found no evidence for a higher cumulative cost of sons than of daughters on maternal longevity. For a given number of offspring, most females with many sons in all four populations lived longer than females with few sons. The higher cost of sons over daughters on maternal lifespan reported by some human studies may be the exception rather than the rule in long-lived iteroparous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Douhard
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, CanadaJ1K 2R1
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, CanadaJ1K 2R1
| | - Sandra Hamel
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Daniel H. Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de Biologie et Centre d’études Nordiques, Université Laval, Québec, Quebec, CanadaG1V 0A6
| | | | - Fanie Pelletier
- Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, CanadaJ1K 2R1
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12
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Tompkins EM, Anderson DJ. Sex-specific patterns of senescence in Nazca boobies linked to mating system. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:986-1000. [PMID: 30746683 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Under life-history theories of ageing, increased senescence should follow relatively high reproductive effort. This expectation has rarely been tested against senescence varying between and within the two sexes, although such an approach may clarify the origins of sex-specific ageing in the context of a given mating system. Nazca boobies (Sula granti; a seabird) practise serial monogamy and biparental care. A male-biased population sex ratio results in earlier and more frequent breeding by females. Based on sex-specific reproductive schedules, females were expected to show faster age-related decline for survival and reproduction. Within each sex, high reproductive effort in early life was expected to reduce late-life performance and accelerate senescence. Longitudinal data were used to (a) evaluate the sex specificity of reproductive and actuarial senescence and then (b) test for early-/late-life fitness trade-offs within each sex. Within-sex analyses inform an interpretation of sex differences in senescence based on costs of reproduction. Analyses incorporated individual heterogeneity in breeding performance and cohort-level differences in early-adult environments. Females showed marginally more intense actuarial senescence and stronger age-related declines for fledging success. The opposite pattern (earlier and faster male senescence) was found for breeding probability. Individual reproductive effort in early life positively predicted late-life reproductive performance in both sexes and thus did not support a causal link between early-reproduction/late-life fitness trade-offs and sex differences in ageing. A high-quality diet in early adulthood reduced late-life survival (females) and accelerated senescence for fledging success (males). This study documents clear variation in ageing patterns-by sex, early-adult environment and early-adult reproductive effort-with implications for the role mating systems and early-life environments play in determining ageing patterns. Absent evidence for a disposable soma mechanism, patterns of sex differences in senescence may result from age- and condition-dependent mate choice interacting with this population's male-biased sex ratio and mate rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Tompkins
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David J Anderson
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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13
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Slabach BL, Hast JT, Murphy SM, Bowling WE, Crank RD, Jenkins G, Johannsen KL, Cox JJ. Survival and cause-specific mortality of elk Cervus canadensis in Kentucky, USA. WILDLIFE BIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2981/wlb.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L. Slabach
- B. L. Slabach , Dept of Biology, Univ. of Kentucky, 101 TH Morgan Building, Lexin
| | - John T. Hast
- J. T. Hast, Dept of Animal and Food Sciences, Univ. of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- S. M. Murphy (http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404- 8878), Dept of Forestry and Natural Resources, Dept o
| | - Willie E. Bowling
- JTH, W. E. Bowling, R. D. Crank, G. Jenkins and K. L. Johannsen, Kentucky Dept of Fish and Wildlife
| | - R. Daniel Crank
- JTH, W. E. Bowling, R. D. Crank, G. Jenkins and K. L. Johannsen, Kentucky Dept of Fish and Wildlife
| | - Gabe Jenkins
- JTH, W. E. Bowling, R. D. Crank, G. Jenkins and K. L. Johannsen, Kentucky Dept of Fish and Wildlife
| | - Kristina L. Johannsen
- JTH, W. E. Bowling, R. D. Crank, G. Jenkins and K. L. Johannsen, Kentucky Dept of Fish and Wildlife
| | - John J. Cox
- J. J. Cox, Dept of Forestry and Natural Resources, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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14
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Nenko I, Hayward AD, Simons MJP, Lummaa V. Early-life environment and differences in costs of reproduction in a preindustrial human population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207236. [PMID: 30540747 PMCID: PMC6291071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is predicted to trade-off with long-term maternal survival, but the survival costs often vary between individuals, cohorts and populations, limiting our understanding of this trade-off, which is central to life-history theory. One potential factor generating variation in reproductive costs is variation in developmental conditions, but the role of early-life environment in modifying the reproduction-survival trade-off has rarely been investigated. We quantified the effect of early-life environment on the trade-off between female reproduction and survival in pre-industrial humans by analysing individual-based life-history data for >80 birth cohorts collected from Finnish church records, and between-year variation in local crop yields, annual spring temperature, and infant mortality as proxies of early-life environment. We predicted that women born during poor environmental conditions would show higher costs of reproduction in terms of survival compared to women born in better conditions. We found profound variation between the studied cohorts in the correlation between reproduction and longevity and in the early-life environment these cohorts were exposed to, but no evidence that differences in early-life environment or access to wealth affected the trade-off between reproduction and survival. Our results therefore do not support the hypothesis that differences in developmental conditions underlie the observed heterogeneity in reproduction-survival trade-off between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Nenko
- Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Adam D. Hayward
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mirre J. P. Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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15
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Froy H, Börger L, Regan CE, Morris A, Morris S, Pilkington JG, Crawley MJ, Clutton-Brock TH, Pemberton JM, Nussey DH. Declining home range area predicts reduced late-life survival in two wild ungulate populations. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1001-1009. [PMID: 29656580 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Demographic senescence is increasingly recognised as an important force shaping the dynamics of wild vertebrate populations. However, our understanding of the processes that underpin these declines in survival and fertility in old age remains limited. Evidence for age-related changes in foraging behaviour and habitat use is emerging from wild vertebrate studies, but the extent to which these are driven by within-individual changes, and the consequences for fitness, remain unclear. Using longitudinal census observations collected over four decades from two long-term individual-based studies of unmanaged ungulates, we demonstrate consistent within-individual declines in home range area with age in adult females. In both systems, we found that within-individual decreases in home range area were associated with increased risk of mortality the following year. Our results provide the first evidence from the wild that age-related changes in space use are predictive of adult mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Froy
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Luca Börger
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Charlotte E Regan
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Alison Morris
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Sean Morris
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Jill G Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Michael J Crawley
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | | | - Josephine M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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16
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Ancona S, Dénes FV, Krüger O, Székely T, Beissinger SR. Estimating adult sex ratios in nature. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0313. [PMID: 28760756 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) is a central concept in population and evolutionary biology, and is also emerging as a major factor influencing mate choice, pair bonding and parental cooperation in both human and non-human societies. However, estimating ASR is fraught with difficulties stemming from the effects of spatial and temporal variation in the numbers of males and females, and detection/capture probabilities that differ between the sexes. Here, we critically evaluate methods for estimating ASR in wild animal populations, reviewing how recent statistical advances can be applied to handle some of these challenges. We review methods that directly account for detection differences between the sexes using counts of unmarked individuals (observed, trapped or killed) and counts of marked individuals using mark-recapture models. We review a third class of methods that do not directly sample the number of males and females, but instead estimate the sex ratio indirectly using relationships that emerge from demographic measures, such as survival, age structure, reproduction and assumed dynamics. We recommend that detection-based methods be used for estimating ASR in most situations, and point out that studies are needed that compare different ASR estimation methods and control for sex differences in dispersal.This article is part of the themed issue 'Adult sex ratios and reproductive decisions: a critical re-examination of sex differences in human and animal societies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ancona
- Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala 90070, Mexico .,Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Francisco V Dénes
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla E-41092, Spain
| | - Oliver Krüger
- Department of Animal Behaviour, University of Bielefeld, PO Box 100131, Bielefeld 33501, Germany
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.,Institute for Advanced Study Berlin (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin), Berlin 14193, Germany
| | - Steven R Beissinger
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management and Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California CA 94720-3110, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study Berlin (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin), Berlin 14193, Germany
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17
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Temporal and geographic patterns of kinship structure in common dolphins ( Delphinus delphis) suggest site fidelity and female-biased long-distance dispersal. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017; 71:123. [PMID: 28794579 PMCID: PMC5522516 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Social structure plays a crucial role in determining a species' dispersal patterns and genetic structure. Cetaceans show a diversity of social and mating systems, but their effects on dispersal and genetic structure are not well known, in part because of technical difficulties in obtaining robust observational data. Here, we combine genetic profiling and GIS analysis to identify patterns of kin distribution over time and space, to infer mating structure and dispersal patterns in short-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus delphis). This species is highly social, and exhibits weak spatial genetic structure in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, thought to result from fluid social structure and low levels of site fidelity. We found that although sampled groups were not composed of closely related individuals, close kin were frequently found in the same geographic location over several years. Our results suggest that common dolphin exhibits some level of site fidelity, which could be explained by foraging for temporally varying prey resource in areas familiar to individuals. Dispersal from natal area likely involves long-distance movements of females, as males are found more frequently than females in the same locations as their close kin. Long-distance dispersal may explain the near panmixia observed in this species. By analysing individuals sampled in the same geographic location over multiple years, we avoid caveats associated with divergence-based methods of inferring sex-biased dispersal. We thus provide a unique perspective on this species' social structure and dispersal behaviour, and how it relates to the observed low levels of population genetic structure in European waters. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Movement patterns and social interactions are aspects of wild animal's behaviour important for understanding their ecology. However, tracking these behaviours directly can be very challenging in wide-ranging species such as whales and dolphins. In this study, we used genetic information to detect how patterns of kin associations change in space and time, to infer aspects of movement and social structure. We identified previously unknown site fidelity, and suggested that dispersal usually involves females, travelling long distances from the natal area. Our data analysis strategy overcomes known limitations of previously used genetic inference methods, and provides a new approach to identify differences in dispersal between the sexes, which contribute to better understanding of the species' behaviour and ecology. In this case, we suggest that females are more likely to disperse than males, a pattern unusual amongst mammals.
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18
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Effects of free-ranging, semi-captive and captive management on the acoustics of male rutting calls in Siberian wapiti Cervus elaphus sibiricus. MAMMAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-017-0322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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19
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Tidière M, Lemaître JF, Douay G, Whipple M, Gaillard JM. High reproductive effort is associated with decreasing mortality late in life in captive ruffed lemurs. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Tidière
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; Villeurbanne France
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20
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Peeters B, Veiberg V, Pedersen ÅØ, Stien A, Irvine RJ, Aanes R, Saether BE, Strand O, Hansen BB. Climate and density dependence cause changes in adult sex ratio in a large Arctic herbivore. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Peeters
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Vebjørn Veiberg
- Terrestrial Ecology Department; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; NO-7485 Trondheim Norway
| | | | - Audun Stien
- Arctic Ecology Department; The Fram Centre; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; NO-9296 Tromsø Norway
| | | | - Ronny Aanes
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Bernt-Erik Saether
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Olav Strand
- Terrestrial Ecology Department; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research; NO-7485 Trondheim Norway
| | - Brage Bremset Hansen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Department of Biology; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; NO-7491 Trondheim Norway
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21
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Stepping-stones and dispersal flow: establishment of a meta-population of Milu (Elaphurus davidianus) through natural re-wilding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27297. [PMID: 27272326 PMCID: PMC4895148 DOI: 10.1038/srep27297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Milu (Père David’s deer, Elaphurus davidianus) became extinct in China in the early 20th century but was reintroduced to the country. The reintroduced Milu escaped from a nature reserve and dispersed to the south of the Yangtze River. We monitored these accidentally escaped Milu from 1995 to 2012. The escaped Milu searched for vacant habitat patches as “stepping stones” and established refuge populations. We recorded 122 dispersal events of the escaped Milu. Most dispersal events occurred in 1998, 2003, 2006 and 2010. Milu normally disperse in March, July and November. Average dispersal distance was 14.08 ± 9.03 km, with 91.41% shorter than 25 km. After 5 generations, by the end of 2012, 300 wild Milu were scattered in refuge populations in the eastern and southern edges of the Dongting Lake. We suggest that population density is the ultimate cause for Milu dispersal, whereas floods and human disturbance are proximate causes. The case of the Milu shows that accidentally escaped animals can establish viable populations; however, the dispersed animals were subject to chance in finding “stepping stones”. The re-wilded Milu persist as a meta-population with sub-populations linked by dispersals through marginal habitats in an anthropogenic landscape.
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22
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Pavitt AT, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB, Walling CA. Testosterone and cortisol concentrations vary with reproductive status in wild female red deer. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1163-72. [PMID: 26941946 PMCID: PMC4761757 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hormones are key regulators of many fitness and life history traits, the causes of individual level variation in hormones, particularly in wild systems, remain understudied. Whilst we know that androgen and glucocorticoid levels vary within and among individuals in mammalian populations, how this relates to key reproductive processes such as gestation and lactation, and their effects on a female's measurable hormone levels are poorly understood in wild systems. Using fecal samples collected from females in a wild red deer population between 2001 and 2013, we explore how fecal androgen (FAM) and cortisol (FCM) metabolite concentrations change with age and season, and how individual differences relate to variation in reproductive state. Both FAM and FCM levels increase toward parturition, although this only affects FCM levels in older females. FCM levels are also higher when females suckle a male rather than a female calf, possibly due to the higher energetic costs of raising a son. This illustrates the importance of accounting for a female's life history and current reproductive status, as well as temporal variation, when examining individual differences in hormone levels. We discuss these findings in relation to other studies of mammalian systems and in particular to the relatively scarce information on variation in natural levels of hormones in wild populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson T. Pavitt
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & GeneticsResearch School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghEH9 3FLUK
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23
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Carranza J, Salinas M, de Andrés D, Pérez‐González J. Iberian red deer: paraphyletic nature at mtDNA but nuclear markers support its genetic identity. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:905-22. [PMID: 26843924 PMCID: PMC4729781 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Red deer populations in the Iberian glacial refugium were the main source for postglacial recolonization and subspecific radiation in north-western Europe. However, the phylogenetic history of Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) and its relationships with northern European populations remain uncertain. Here, we study DNA sequences at the mitochondrial control region along with STR markers for over 680 specimens from all the main red deer populations in Spain and other west European areas. Our results from mitochondrial and genomic DNA show contrasting patterns, likely related to the nature of these types of DNA markers and their specific processes of change over time. The results, taken together, bring support to two distinct, cryptic maternal lineages for Iberian red deer that predated the last glacial maximum and that have maintained geographically well differentiated until present. Haplotype relationships show that only one of them contributed to the northern postglacial recolonization. However, allele frequencies of nuclear markers evidenced one main differentiation between Iberian and northern European subspecies although also supported the structure of both matrilines within Iberia. Thus, our findings reveal a paraphyletic nature for Iberian red deer but also its genetic identity and differentiation with respect to northern subspecies. Finally, we suggest that maintaining the singularity of Iberian red deer requires preventing not only restocking practices with red deer specimens belonging to other European populations but also translocations between both Iberian lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carranza
- Ungulate Research UnitCátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas (CRCP)Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
| | - María Salinas
- Ungulate Research UnitCátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas (CRCP)Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Ungulate Research UnitCátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas (CRCP)Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
- Instituto de AgrobiotecnologíaCSIC‐UPNA‐Gobierno de Navarra31192MutilvaNavarraSpain
| | - Javier Pérez‐González
- Ungulate Research UnitCátedra de Recursos Cinegéticos y Piscícolas (CRCP)Universidad de Córdoba14071CórdobaSpain
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24
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Evolutionary significance of ageing in the wild. Exp Gerontol 2015; 71:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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26
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Worthington H, King R, Buckland ST. Analysing Mark–Recapture–Recovery Data in the Presence of Missing Covariate Data Via Multiple Imputation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13253-014-0184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Stopher KV, Bento AI, Clutton-Brock TH, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB. Multiple pathways mediate the effects of climate change on maternal reproductive traits in a red deer population. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0967.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Gamelon M, Focardi S, Gaillard JM, Gimenez O, Bonenfant C, Franzetti B, Choquet R, Ronchi F, Baubet E, Lemaître JF. Do age-specific survival patterns of wild boar fit current evolutionary theories of senescence? Evolution 2014; 68:3636-43. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Gamelon
- Department of Biology; Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; Norwegian University of Science and Technology; N-7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Stefano Focardi
- Istituto per i Sistemi Complessi; CNR; via Madonna del Piano 10 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive; UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Barbara Franzetti
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Ca’ Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Rémi Choquet
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive; UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Francesca Ronchi
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale; Via Ca’ Fornacetta 9 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia Bologna Italy
| | - Eric Baubet
- Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage; 2 Bis Rue des Religieuses, BP 19 52120 Châteauvillain France
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive; F-69622 Villeurbanne France
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29
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Auld JR, Jarne P, Sarda V, Jourdan-Pineau H, Lamy T, Pélissié B, David P. Evaluating the contributions of change in investment and change in efficiency to age-related declines in male and female reproduction. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1837-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Auld
- Department of Biology; West Chester University; West Chester PA USA
| | - P. Jarne
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - V. Sarda
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - H. Jourdan-Pineau
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - T. Lamy
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - B. Pélissié
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
| | - P. David
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; Campus CNRS; Montpellier Cedex France
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30
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Pavitt AT, Walling CA, McNeilly AS, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB. Variation in early-life testosterone within a wild population of red deer. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson T. Pavitt
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
| | - Craig A. Walling
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
| | - Alan S. McNeilly
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health; Queen's Medical Research Institute; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH16 4TJ UK
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
| | - Loeske E. B. Kruuk
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
- Division of Evolution, Ecology & Genetics; Research School of Biology; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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31
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Saether BE, Coulson T, Grøtan V, Engen S, Altwegg R, Armitage KB, Barbraud C, Becker PH, Blumstein DT, Dobson FS, Festa-Bianchet M, Gaillard JM, Jenkins A, Jones C, Nicoll MAC, Norris K, Oli MK, Ozgul A, Weimerskirch H. How life history influences population dynamics in fluctuating environments. Am Nat 2013; 182:743-59. [PMID: 24231536 DOI: 10.1086/673497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A major question in ecology is how age-specific variation in demographic parameters influences population dynamics. Based on long-term studies of growing populations of birds and mammals, we analyze population dynamics by using fluctuations in the total reproductive value of the population. This enables us to account for random fluctuations in age distribution. The influence of demographic and environmental stochasticity on the population dynamics of a species decreased with generation time. Variation in age-specific contributions to total reproductive value and to stochastic components of population dynamics was correlated with the position of the species along the slow-fast continuum of life-history variation. Younger age classes relative to the generation time accounted for larger contributions to the total reproductive value and to demographic stochasticity in "slow" than in "fast" species, in which many age classes contributed more equally. In contrast, fluctuations in population growth rate attributable to stochastic environmental variation involved a larger proportion of all age classes independent of life history. Thus, changes in population growth rates can be surprisingly well explained by basic species-specific life-history characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernt-Erik Saether
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NO-7491 Norway
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Matechou E, Pledger S, Efford M, Morgan BJ, Thomson DL. Estimating age-specific survival when age is unknown: open population capture-recapture models with age structure and heterogeneity. Methods Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Matechou
- Department of Statistics; University of Oxford; 1 South Parks Road; Oxford; OX1 3TG; UK
| | - Shirley Pledger
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research; Victoria University of Wellington; PO BOX 600; Wellington; 6140; New Zealand
| | | | - Byron J.T. Morgan
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science; University of Kent; Canterbury; Kent; CT2 7NF; UK
| | - David L. Thomson
- School of Biological Sciences, Kadoorie Biological Sciences Building; University of Hong Kong; Pok FU Lam Road; Hong Kong SAR; China
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33
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Comparing red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) and wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) dispersal patterns in southern Belgium. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-013-0732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Rossi S, Pioz M, Beard E, Durand B, Gibert P, Gauthier D, Klein F, Maillard D, Saint-Andrieux C, Saubusse T, Hars J. Bluetongue dynamics in French wildlife: exploring the driving forces. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:e12-24. [PMID: 23414427 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) was monitored in wildlife in France during two consecutive years corresponding to contrasting incidence rates in livestock: in 2008 at the peak of domestic outbreaks and in 2009 when very few outbreaks were observed. The disease status of 2 798 ruminants comprising 837 red deer (Cervus elaphus) was explored using ELISA test on serum and real-time RT-PCR test on blood or spleen. A large proportion of red deer were seropositive and positive to RT-PCR in 2008, but also in 2009 (seroprevalence: 47.1% and 24.3%), suggesting that red deer could maintain infection when domestic incidence was negligible. By contrast, low seroprevalence (<3%) and few RT-PCR positive results were observed in other wild ruminant species, which rather appeared thus as dead-end hosts. The risk factors of bluetongue circulation during the periods of high (2008) and low (2009) domestic incidence were explored in red deer using logistic mixed models. In this species, prevalence has been mainly influenced by the initial peak of BT in livestock, but also by environmental factor such as elevation and edge density between forest and pastures. Surprisingly, cattle density has a negative influence on prevalence in red deer, possibly due to the protective effect of cattle regarding midges' bites and/or to still unexplained factors dealing with the host/midge interface. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt at measuring the effect of landscape and wildlife/domestic interface on BT prevalence in wildlife in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rossi
- National Game and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Wildlife Diseases Unit, St Benoist, France
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35
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Bromaghin JF, McDonald TL, Amstrup SC. Plausible combinations: An improved method to evaluate the covariate structure of Cormack-Jolly-Seber mark-recapture models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/oje.2013.31002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Nussey DH, Froy H, Lemaitre JF, Gaillard JM, Austad SN. Senescence in natural populations of animals: widespread evidence and its implications for bio-gerontology. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:214-25. [PMID: 22884974 PMCID: PMC4246505 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
That senescence is rarely, if ever, observed in natural populations is an oft-quoted fallacy within bio-gerontology. We identify the roots of this fallacy in the otherwise seminal works of Medawar and Comfort, and explain that under antagonistic pleiotropy or disposable soma explanations for the evolution of senescence there is no reason why senescence cannot evolve to be manifest within the life expectancies of wild organisms. The recent emergence of long-term field studies presents irrefutable evidence that senescence is commonly detected in nature. We found such evidence in 175 different animal species from 340 separate studies. Although the bulk of this evidence comes from birds and mammals, we also found evidence for senescence in other vertebrates and insects. We describe how high-quality longitudinal field data allow us to test evolutionary explanations for differences in senescence between the sexes and among traits and individuals. Recent studies indicate that genes, prior environment and investment in growth and reproduction influence aging rates in the wild. We argue that - with the fallacy that wild animals do not senesce finally dead and buried - collaborations between bio-gerontologists and field biologists can begin to test the ecological generality of purportedly 'public' mechanisms regulating aging in laboratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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37
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Festa-Bianchet M. The cost of trying: weak interspecific correlations among life-history components in male ungulates. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Life-history trade-offs are well known in female mammals, but have seldom been quantified for males in polygynous species. I compared age-specific mass, weapon size, survival, and reproductive success of males in eight species of ungulates, and found weak interspecific correlations among life-history traits. Young males tended to have higher reproductive success in rapidly-growing than in slow-growing species, and in species where horns or antlers reached near-asymptotic size over the first few years of life. There was no clear interspecific trade-off between early reproduction and early survival. Reproductive senescence was evident in most species. Generation length, calculated as the mean age of fathers, was negatively correlated with the reproductive success of young males and positively with life expectancy of 3-year-olds, but not with early mortality. The main determinant of male reproductive success in polygynous ungulates is the ability to prevail against competing males. Consequently, the number and age structure of competitors should strongly affect an individual’s ability to reproduce, making classic trade-offs among life-history traits very context-dependent. Most fitness costs of reproduction in male ungulates likely arise from energy expenditure and injuries sustained while attempting to mate. Individual costs may be weakly correlated with fitness returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie et Centre d’Études Nordiques, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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38
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Morrissey MB, Walling CA, Wilson AJ, Pemberton JM, Clutton-Brock TH, Kruuk LEB. Genetic analysis of life-history constraint and evolution in a wild ungulate population. Am Nat 2012; 179:E97-114. [PMID: 22437186 DOI: 10.1086/664686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Trade-offs among life-history traits are central to evolutionary theory. In quantitative genetic terms, trade-offs may be manifested as negative genetic covariances relative to the direction of selection on phenotypic traits. Although the expression and selection of ecologically important phenotypic variation are fundamentally multivariate phenomena, the in situ quantification of genetic covariances is challenging. Even for life-history traits, where well-developed theory exists with which to relate phenotypic variation to fitness variation, little evidence exists from in situ studies that negative genetic covariances are an important aspect of the genetic architecture of life-history traits. In fact, the majority of reported estimates of genetic covariances among life-history traits are positive. Here we apply theory of the genetics and selection of life histories in organisms with complex life cycles to provide a framework for quantifying the contribution of multivariate genetically based relationships among traits to evolutionary constraint. We use a Bayesian framework to link pedigree-based inference of the genetic basis of variation in life-history traits to evolutionary demography theory regarding how life histories are selected. Our results suggest that genetic covariances may be acting to constrain the evolution of female life-history traits in a wild population of red deer Cervus elaphus: genetic covariances are estimated to reduce the rate of adaptation by about 40%, relative to predicted evolutionary change in the absence of genetic covariances. Furthermore, multivariate phenotypic (rather than genetic) relationships among female life-history traits do not reveal this constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Morrissey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
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39
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Sibly RM, Zuo W, Kodric-Brown A, Brown JH. Rensch’s Rule in Large Herbivorous Mammals Derived from Metabolic Scaling. Am Nat 2012; 179:169-77. [DOI: 10.1086/663686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Pelletier F, Moyes K, Clutton-Brock TH, Coulson T. Decomposing variation in population growth into contributions from environment and phenotypes in an age-structured population. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:394-401. [PMID: 21715404 PMCID: PMC3223678 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the relative importance of ecological drivers responsible for natural population fluctuations in size is challenging. Longitudinal studies where most individuals are monitored from birth to death and where environmental conditions are known provide a valuable resource to characterize complex ecological interactions. We used a recently developed approach to decompose the observed fluctuation in population growth of the red deer population on the Isle of Rum into contributions from climate, density and their interaction and to quantify their relative importance. We also quantified the contribution of individual covariates, including phenotypic and life-history traits, to population growth. Fluctuations in composition in age and sex classes ((st)age structure) of the population contributed substantially to the population dynamics. Density, climate, birth weight and reproductive status contributed less and approximately equally to the population growth. Our results support the contention that fluctuations in the population's (st)age structure have important consequences for population dynamics and underline the importance of including information on population composition to understand the effect of human-driven changes on population performance of long-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanie Pelletier
- Division of Biology and the NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK.
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41
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Bouwhuis S, Choquet R, Sheldon BC, Verhulst S. The forms and fitness cost of senescence: age-specific recapture, survival, reproduction, and reproductive value in a wild bird population. Am Nat 2011; 179:E15-27. [PMID: 22173469 DOI: 10.1086/663194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Longitudinal studies of senescence accumulate rapidly from natural populations. However, it is largely unknown whether different fitness components senesce in parallel, how reproductive and survival senescence contribute to declines in reproductive value, and how large the fitness cost of senescence is (the difference between the observed reproductive value and the hypothetical reproductive value, if senescence would not occur). We analyzed age-specific survival in great tits Parus major and combined our results with analyses of reproductive senescence to address these issues. Recapture probability of breeding females declined with age, suggesting age-specific increases in skipped or failed breeding and highlighting an important bias that studies of senescence in wild populations should incorporate. Survival probability also declined with age and in parallel with recruit production. Reproductive value decreased 87% between age 1 and age 9 but at a fitness cost of only 4%; the proportion of the contribution of reproductive senescence versus survival senescence to this cost was 0.7. For 11 other species, we estimated fitness costs of senescence of 6%-63% (average: birds, 9%; mammals, 42%), with relative contributions of reproductive senescence of 0.0-0.7 (average: birds, 0.4; mammals, 0.3). We suggest that understanding when and why reproductive and survival senescence differ will help in the identification of proximate mechanisms underlying variation in rates of senescence and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Bouwhuis
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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42
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43
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Moyes K, Morgan B, Morris A, Morris S, Clutton-Brock T, Coulson T. Individual differences in reproductive costs examined using multi-state methods. J Anim Ecol 2010; 80:456-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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BALBONTÍN J, De LOPE F, HERMOSELL IG, MOUSSEAU TA, MØLLER AP. Determinants of age-dependent change in a secondary sexual character. J Evol Biol 2010; 24:440-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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PÉREZ-ESPONA S, PÉREZ-BARBERÍA FJ, JIGGINS CD, GORDON IJ, PEMBERTON JM. Variable extent of sex-biased dispersal in a strongly polygynous mammal. Mol Ecol 2010; 19:3101-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04733.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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47
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Viallefont A. Capture-Recapture Smooth Estimation of Age-Specific Survival Probabilities in Animal Populations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s13253-010-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Mysterud A, Bischof R. Can compensatory culling offset undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting? J Anim Ecol 2010; 79:148-60. [PMID: 19840171 PMCID: PMC2810430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. There is growing concern about the evolutionary consequences of human harvesting on phenotypic trait quality in wild populations. Undesirable consequences are especially likely with trophy hunting because of its strong bias for specific phenotypic trait values, such as large antlers in cervids and horns in bovids. Selective hunting can cause a decline in a trophy trait over time if it is heritable, thereby reducing the long-term sustainability of the activity itself. 2. How can we build a sustainable trophy hunting tradition without the negative trait-altering effects? We used an individual-based model to explore whether selective compensatory culling of 'low quality' individuals at an early life stage can facilitate sustainability, as suggested by information from managed game populations in eastern and central Europe. Our model was rooted in empirical data on red deer, where heritability of sexual ornaments has been confirmed and phenotypic quality can be assessed by antler size in individuals as young as 1 year. 3. Simulations showed that targeted culling of low-quality yearlings could counter the selective effects of trophy hunting on the distribution of the affected trait (e.g. antler or horn size) in prime-aged individuals. Assumptions of trait heritability and young-to-adult correlation were essential for compensation, but the model proved robust to various other assumptions and changes to input parameters. The simulation approach allowed us to verify responses as evolutionary changes in trait values rather than short-term consequences of altered age structure, density and viability selection. 4. We conclude that evolutionarily enlightened management may accommodate trophy hunting. This has far reaching implications as income from trophy hunting is often channelled into local conservation efforts and rural economies. As an essential follow-up, we recommend an analysis of the effects of trophy hunting in conjunction with compensatory culling on the phenotypic and underlying genetic variance of the trophy trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atle Mysterud
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066 Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Loe LE, Mysterud A, Veiberg V, Langvatn R. No evidence of juvenile body mass affecting dispersal in male red deer. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Loe
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A. Mysterud
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - V. Veiberg
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R. Langvatn
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
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50
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Pérez-González J, Carranza J. Female-biased dispersal under conditions of low male mating competition in a polygynous mammal. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:4617-30. [PMID: 19840261 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex-biased dispersal is a common phenomenon in birds and mammals. Competition for mates has been argued to be an important selective pressure favouring dispersal. Sexual differences in the level of intrasexual competition may produce asymmetries in the costs-benefits balance of dispersal and philopatry for males and females, which may favour male-biased dispersal in polygynous species such as most mammals. This being the case, condition-dependent dispersal predicts that male-bias should decrease if mating competition relaxes. We test this expectation for red deer, where male-biased dispersal is the norm. In southwestern Spain, red deer populations located in nonfenced hunting estates presented altered structures with sex ratio strongly biased to females and high proportion of young males. As a consequence, mate competition in these populations was lower than in other, most typical red deer populations. We found that, under such conditions of altered population structure, dispersal was female-biased rather than male-biased. Additionally, mate competition positively related to male dispersal but negatively to female dispersal. Other factors such as resource competition, age of individuals and sex ratio were not related to male or female dispersal. Males may not disperse if intrasexual competition is low and then females may disperse as a response to male philopatry. We propose hypotheses related to female mate choice to explain female dispersal under male philopatry. The shift of the sex-biased dispersal pattern along the gradient of mate competition highlights its condition-dependence as well as the interaction between male and female dispersal in the evolution of sex-biased dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pérez-González
- Biology and Ethology, University of Extremadura, 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
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