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Jiang S, Li Y, Guo Y, Gong B, Wei C, Liu W, Chen C, Pan F, Song J, He Q, Yang L, Zhou G. MRI-measured periprostatic to subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness ratio as an independent risk factor in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20896. [PMID: 39245685 PMCID: PMC11381511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the periprostatic adipose tissue thickness (PPATT) is an independent prognostic factor for prostate cancer patients after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP). This retrospective cohort study included consecutive prostate cancer patients who underwent LRP treatment at Wuhan Union Hospital from June 2, 2016, to September 7, 2023. PPATT was defined as the thickness of periprostatic fat and was obtained by measuring the shortest vertical distance from the pubic symphysis to the prostate on the midsagittal T2-weighted MR images. Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SATT) was obtained by measuring the shortest vertical distance from the pubic symphysis to the skin at the same slice with PPATT. The primary outcome of the study was biochemical recurrence (BCR), and the secondary outcome was overall survival (OS). Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent prognostic factors for prostate cancer survival and prognosis. Based on the optimal cutoff value, 162 patients were divided into a low PPATT/SATT group (n = 82) and a high PPATT/SATT group (n = 80). During the entire follow-up period (median 23.5 months), 26 patients in the high PPATT/SATT group experienced BCR (32.5%), compared to 18 in the low PPATT/SATT group (22.0%). Kaplan-Meier curve analysis indicated that the interval to BCR was significantly shorter in the high PPATT/SATT group (P = 0.037). Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that an increase in the PPATT/SATT ratio was associated with BCR (hazard ratio: 1.90, 95% CI, 1.03-3.51; P = 0.040). The PPATT/SATT ratio is a significant independent risk factor for BCR after LRP for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yusheng Guo
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Bingxin Gong
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chengcheng Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400000, China
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiyu Song
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qingliu He
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, No.34 North Zhongshan Road, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Lian Yang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Guofeng Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No.1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Ou YL, Yang MH, Kao CC, Meng E, Chen JL, Tsao CW, Sun GH, Yu DS, Cha TL, Wu ST. Body mass weighted prostate-specific antigen levels, new markers to predict locally advanced prostate cancer after prostatectomy. J Chin Med Assoc 2024; 87:799-802. [PMID: 38768317 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) remains the most useful marker for screening, risk categorization, and follow-up in patients with prostate cancer. In the obese population, several studies have revealed that obesity may not only inversely interfere with the concentration of PSA, but also increase the risk of prostate cancer. Thus, we considered using the body mass weighted PSA levels, presented as serum PSA concentration multiplied by body weight or body mass index (BMI), instead of traditional PSA concentration, as potential markers to predict locally advanced prostate cancer after prostatectomy. METHODS We retrospectively collected and analyzed data acquired from a single institute at which robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed. A total of 174 patients underwent radical prostatectomy, and the collected data included age, PSA level, body weight, BMI, and pathology results. RESULTS A total of 174 patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the prostate by needle biopsy, and most (N = 165) were considered to have localized disease on preoperative multiparameter magnetic resonance imaging. After prostatectomy, 73% (N = 127) of the patients remained in the localized disease group (group A) and 27% (N = 47) of the patients were reclassified to the locally advanced prostate cancer (group B). The value of PSA was higher in group B (16.9 vs 11.2 ng/dL; p = 0.062), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. After using the numerical values of PSA × body weight and PSA × BMI, a statistically significant difference emerged between the two groups ( p = 0.0198 in PSA × BW; p = 0.0110 in PSA × BMI). CONCLUSION The body mass-weighted PSA levels, instead of the traditional PSA concentration, may be better markers for predicting non-organ-confined disease after surgery. It may also be useful in screening and risk categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Lun Ou
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Surgery, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hsin Yang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chang Kao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - En Meng
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jin-Li Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Wei Tsao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guang-Huan Sun
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Dah-Shyong Yu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tai-Lung Cha
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Tang Wu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Siech C, Wenzel M, Lange C, Cano Garcia C, Humke C, Tian Z, Karakiewicz PI, Traumann M, Kluth LA, Chun FKH, Hoeh B, Mandel P. The Association between Patient Characteristics and Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1119. [PMID: 39064548 PMCID: PMC11278823 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background: Biochemical recurrence (BCR) represents the rise of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after treatment with curative radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiation for prostate cancer. The objective of the current study was to test for the association between patient characteristics, namely age, body mass index (BMI), as well as prostate volume at surgery, and BCR after RP. Material and Methods: Within a tertiary care database, patients with prostate cancer treated with RP between January 2014 and June 2023 were included. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses and Cox regression models addressed BCR after RP according to patient characteristics. Results: Of 821 patients, the median age was 66 years (interquartile range [IQR] 61-71 years), BMI was 26.2 kg/m2 (IQR 24.3-28.8 kg/m2), and prostate volume was 40 cm3 (IQR 30-55 cm3). Median follow-up was 20 months. In survival analyses, the three-year BCR-free survival rates were 81 vs. 84 vs. 81% in patients aged ≤60 vs. 61-69 vs. 70 years (p = 0.1). In patients with BMI < 25.0 vs. 25.0-29.9 vs. ≥30.0 kg/m2, the three-year BCR-free survival rates were 84 vs. 81 vs. 84% (p = 0.7). In patients with prostate volume ≤40 vs. >40 cm3, the three-year BCR-free survival rates were 85 vs. 80% (p = 0.004). In multivariable Cox regression models accounting for patient and pathologic tumor characteristics and adjuvant radiation therapy, a higher prostate volume independently predicted BCR as continuous (hazard ratio 1.012, 95% confidence interval 1.005-1.019; p < 0.001), as well as categorized the variable based on the median (hazard ratio 1.66, 95% confidence interval 1.17-2.36; p = 0.005). Conversely, neither age nor BMI were significantly associated with BCR after RP. Conclusions: The higher prostate volume independently predicted BCR after RP, but not age or BMI at surgery. Consequently, patients with an elevated prostate volume should be considered for closer postoperative follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Siech
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Mike Wenzel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carsten Lange
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cristina Cano Garcia
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Clara Humke
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Zhe Tian
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Pierre I. Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, Division of Urology, University of Montréal Health Center, Montréal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Miriam Traumann
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luis A. Kluth
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix K. H. Chun
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hoeh
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philipp Mandel
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Jo JK, Song HK, Heo Y, Kim MJ, Kim YJ. Risk analysis of metformin use in prostate cancer: a national population-based study. Aging Male 2023; 26:2156497. [PMID: 36974927 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2022.2156497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various approaches are required to prevent and treat heterogeneity-based prostate cancer. Here, we analyzed the anticancer effects of metformin, which has a good toxicity profile and is inexpensive. METHOD From January 2010 to December 2019, analysis was conducted retrospectively in a cohort from the National Health Insurance Service database. The wash-out period was set for cancer diagnosis in 2010 and 2011, and subjects (105,279) diagnosed with prostate cancer (ICD C61) from 2012 to 2014 were excluded The final subjects (105,216) were defined as the metformin administration group when they took metformin for 180 days or more from January 2012 to December 2019. The non-metformin group was defined as those who took less than 180 days from January 2012 to December 2019. The prevalence of prostate cancer according to metformin administration and the risk according to the cumulative duration of metformin were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 105,216 people were included in this study, with 59,844 in the metformin group and 45,372 in the metformin non-administration group. When calculating HRs (Hazard Rate) according to the cumulative period of metformin administration, metformin administration period length was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (Q2 HR = 0.791 95% CI: 0.773-0.81, Q3 HR = 0.634 95% CI: 0.62-0.649, Q4 HR = 0.571 95% CI: 0.558-0.585). HRs tended to decrease with the cumulative duration of metformin administration. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that prostate cancer risk decreased with increasing duration of metformin administration. Metformin should be considered as a new strategy in the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer characterized by heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ki Jo
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Kyung Song
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - YongKi Heo
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Kim
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Jin Kim
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Lab, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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Liu Z, Zhu X, He J, Lu J. Metabolic syndrome and its components predict the biochemical recurrence and adverse pathological features of patients following radical prostatectomy: a propensity score matching study. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:50. [PMID: 36641426 PMCID: PMC9840841 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10507-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the predictive value of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in biochemical recurrence (BCR) and adverse pathological features of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS A total of 525 PCa patients who underwent RP between 2010 and 2019 at Peking University Third Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. The Kaplan-Meier method was performed to assess BCR-free survival (BCRFS). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models and multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to identify the predictive factors of BCRFS and adverse pathological features respectively before and after propensity score matching (PSM). RESULTS Enrolled patients were allocated into MetS group (n = 136) and non-MetS group (n = 389) according to the presence or absence of MetS, and 127 new matched pairs were identified to balance the baseline characteristics after 1:1 PSM. In propensity matched patients, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that MetS (P = 0.020), hyperglycemia (P = 0.015) and hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.001) were significantly associated with worse BCRFS; the results of multivariate Cox analyses showed that hyperglycemia (P = 0.040), hypertriglyceridemia (P = 0.017), percentage of positive biopsy cores (P = 0.041) and prostate specific antigen (P = 0.019) were identified as independent prognostic factors for BCRFS. In addition, hypertriglyceridemia was independently associated with non-organ confined disease (NOCD) (P = 0.010), extra-capsular extension (ECE) (P = 0.010) and upgrading (P = 0.017) in the multivariate logistic analyses. CONCLUSIONS Hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia are the two effective MetS components both identified as independent risk factors for worse BCRFS after RP, while hypertriglyceridemia was independently associated with NOCD, ECE and upgrading as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenan Liu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehua Zhu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jide He
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Relationship between Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Abdominal Adipose Tissue. URO 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/uro2040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The role of androgens in body composition is well known. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has shown beneficial effects in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Given that androgens are important for the homeostasis of different organs, the effects of ADT can affect body composition and therefore adipose tissue. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are non-invasive methods that allow for quantification of the different fat compartments. In this review we describe the effects of ADT on abdominal adipose tissue in PCa patients.
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Dietary consumption of tea and the risk of prostate cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:653-658. [PMID: 34511161 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521003664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tea contains polyphenols such as flavonoids, anthocyanidins, flavanols and phenolic acids which in laboratory studies have reported to promote antioxidant enzyme formation, reduces excess inflammation, slow cancer cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. Evidence from epidemiological studies on the effect of tea consumption on prostate cancer (CaP) incidence has been conflicting. We analysed data from 25 097 men within the intervention arm of the 155 000 participant Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. Histologically confirmed cases of prostate cancer were reported in 3088 men (12·3 %) during the median 11·5 year follow-up. Tea consumption was assessed with a FFQ. Baseline characteristics were compared between groups using χ2 and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Cox regression models were used to assess associations between tea intake and CaP incidence. There was no statistical difference between the risk of CaP between men who never drank tea to those who drank tea at any quantity. Amongst tea drinkers, those in the highest third of consumption group had a small but significantly lower risk compared with those in the lowest third (11·2 % v. 13·2 % hazard ratio 1·16; (95 % CI 1·05, 1·29), P = 0·004). This pattern persisted with adjustments for demographics and lifestyle. In conclusion, among tea drinkers, there was a small positive association between drinking tea and a reduced risk of prostate cancer. It does not support starting to drink tea, if men previously did not, to reduce the risk. Further research is needed to establish whether tea is justified for future prospective nutritional intervention studies investigating CaP prevention.
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Bilusic M, Toney NJ, Donahue RN, Wroblewski S, Zibelman M, Ghatalia P, Ross EA, Karzai F, Madan RA, Dahut WL, Gulley JL, Schlom J, Plimack ER, Geynisman DM. A randomized phase 2 study of bicalutamide with or without metformin for biochemical recurrence in overweight or obese prostate cancer patients (BIMET-1). Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:735-740. [PMID: 35079115 PMCID: PMC9309187 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin may have anticancer effects that are independent of its hypoglycemic effects. Retrospective studies have shown that metformin use is associated with decreased incidence of prostate cancer and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Preclinical studies suggesting additive anticancer effects of combining metformin and bicalutamide prompted this clinical trial (NCT02614859). METHODS This open-label, randomized, phase 2 trial enrolled non-diabetic patients with biochemically recurrent prostate cancer, a PSADT of 3-9 months, BMI > 25 and normal testosterone. Patients were randomized 1:2 to observation for an initial 8 weeks (Arm A) or metformin 1000 mg twice daily (Arm B). Bicalutamide 50 mg/day was added after 8 weeks to both arms. The primary objective was to evaluate the number of patients with undetectable PSA ( < 0.2 ng/mL) at the end of 32 weeks. Immune correlatives were assessed as exploratory endpoints. RESULTS A total of 29 patients were enrolled from March 2015 to January 2020. No difference was seen between the 2 arms in the proportion of patients with undetectable PSA. Modest PSA decrease ranging from 4% to 24% were seen in 40.0% (95% CI: 19.1-64.0%) of patients with metformin monotherapy, compared to 11.1% (95% CI: 0.3-48.3%) in the observation arm. Metformin monotherapy reduced PD-1+ NK cells, and increased NKG2D+ NK cells. The combination of metformin and bicalutamide led to greater reductions in PD-1 expressing NK, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T-cell subsets compared to bicalutamide alone. The trial was stopped early due to predicted inability to achieve its primary endpoint. CONCLUSIONS Although metformin plus bicalutamide was well tolerated, there was no improvement in rates of achieving undetectable PSA at 32 weeks. Metformin monotherapy induced modest PSA declines in 40% of patients after 8 weeks. Metformin, given alone and in combination with bicalutamide, displayed immune modifying effects, primarily within NK and T cells subsets. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial Registration Number: NCT02614859.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijo Bilusic
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Health System, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Nicole J Toney
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Renee N Donahue
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Susan Wroblewski
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew Zibelman
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Pooja Ghatalia
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Eric A Ross
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Fatima Karzai
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ravi A Madan
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - William L Dahut
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Plimack
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Daniel M Geynisman
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
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Serum metabolomic analysis of men on a low-carbohydrate diet for biochemically recurrent prostate cancer reveals the potential role of ketogenesis to slow tumor growth: a secondary analysis of the CAPS2 diet trial. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:770-777. [PMID: 35338353 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00525-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic treatments for prostate cancer (PC) have significant side effects. Thus, newer alternatives with fewer side effects are urgently needed. Animal and human studies suggest the therapeutic potential of low carbohydrate diet (LCD) for PC. To test this possibility, Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2) trial was conducted in PC patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after local treatment to determine the effect of a 6-month LCD intervention vs. usual care control on PC growth as measured by PSA doubling time (PSADT). We previously reported the LCD intervention led to significant weight loss, higher HDL, and lower triglycerides and HbA1c with a suggested longer PSADT. However, the metabolic basis of these effects are unknown. METHODS To identify the potential metabolic basis of effects of LCD on PSADT, serum metabolomic analysis was performed using baseline, month 3, and month 6 banked sera to identify the metabolites significantly altered by LCD and that correlated with varying PSADT. RESULTS LCD increased the serum levels of ketone bodies, glycine and hydroxyisocaproic acid. Reciprocally, LCD reduced the serum levels of alanine, cytidine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and 2-oxobutanoate. As high ADMA level is shown to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) signaling and contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, the ADMA repression under LCD may contribute to the LCD-associated health benefit. Regression analysis of the PSADT revealed a correlation between longer PSADT with higher level of 2-hydroxybutyric acids, ketone bodies, citrate and malate. Longer PSADT was also associated with LCD reduced nicotinamide, fructose-1, 6-biphosphate (FBP) and 2-oxobutanoate. CONCLUSION These results suggest a potential association of ketogenesis and TCA metabolites with slower PC growth and conversely glycolysis with faster PC growth. The link of high ketone bodies with longer PSADT supports future studies of ketogenic diets to slow PC growth.
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Development of New Comorbidities in Patients Awaiting Urinary Incontinence Surgery Following Radical Prostatectomy. Urology 2021; 159:235-240. [PMID: 34653431 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the incidence and factors associated with the development of new comorbidities in men undergoing anti-incontinence surgery after prostate cancer (PCa) surgery. Post-prostatectomy incontinence (PPI) may deter men from engaging in physical activities and increase the risk of developing comorbidities after prostatectomy. METHODS Patients undergoing surgery for PPI from 2006 to 2019 were identified. A retrospective review was performed to document patient characteristics noted at the time of PCa surgery and compare these with parameters recorded at the time of anti-incontinence surgery. RESULTS A total of 229 patients were included. Mean age was 68.8 years at time of incontinence surgery. Median duration of incontinence was 3.5 ± 4.6 years. There was a significant increase in CCI comorbidities between PCa surgery and PPI surgery (2.7 ± 1.5 vs 4.1 ± 1.9, P < .0001). Almost half of patients (45.2%) developed a new comorbidity while awaiting incontinence surgery including an increase in the incidence of diabetes (21.9% vs 12.7%; p<0.0001), hypertension (56.2% vs 36.7%; P < .0001), coronary artery disease (14.6% vs 8.9%; P = .008) and arrhythmia (11.0% vs 3.8%; P = .008). On multivariable analysis, duration of incontinence was significantly associated with development of new comorbidities (O.R. 1.2, P = .01) while age (P = .20) and incontinence severity (P = 1.0) were not. There was no change in weight (P = .34), obesity (P = 1.0) or BMI (P = .18) between PCa surgery and PPI surgery. CONCLUSION Patients with PPI appear at risk of developing new comorbidities while awaiting anti-incontinence surgery. Strategies which expedite return of continence for example, early surgical intervention, may facilitate resumption of physical activity and minimize the risk of future comorbidity.
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11
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Association of BMI with Clinicopathological Features of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Surg 2021; 45:2805-2815. [PMID: 34136926 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-06193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common subtype of thyroid cancer. The incidence of PTC is rising in tandem with an obesity epidemic. Associations have been demonstrated between increased body mass index (BMI) and worse oncological outcomes in a number of malignancies. However, research on this topic in PTC to date has been inconsistent, often due to limited data. This study aimed to measure the association between BMI and potentially adverse clinicopathological features of PTC. METHODS A meta-analysis of studies reporting outcomes after surgical treatment of PTC was performed. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically to identify studies which provided data on BMI and clinicopathologic features of PTC. Relevant data were extracted and synthesis performed using adjusted odds ratios where available and crude values when not. Data were analysed by inverse variance using random and fixed effects models. RESULTS Data on 35,237 patients from 15 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Obesity was associated with larger tumour size (MD = 0.17 cm [0.05, 0.29]), increased rates of multifocality (OR = 1.41 [1.16, 1.70]), extrathyroidal extension (OR = 1.70 [1.39, 2.07]) and nodal spread (OR = 1.18 [1.07, 1.30]). Associations were more pronounced as BMI increased. There was no association between BMI and bilaterality, vascular invasion or metastatic spread. CONCLUSION Increased BMI is significantly associated with multiple potentially adverse features of PTC. The effect on long-term oncological outcomes requires further evaluation.
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12
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Kim WT, Kang HW, Seo SP, Kim YJ, Lee SC, Kim WJ, Cho BS, Ha YS, Kwon TG, Park J, Park SC, Jeong YB, Kang TW, Park SW, Yun SJ. Effect of pre-operative internal obturator muscle mass index in MRI on biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy: a multi-center study. BMC Urol 2021; 21:85. [PMID: 34039340 PMCID: PMC8157456 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-021-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent reports show that the pre-operative or post-operative skeletal mass index (sarcopenia) affects survival rates for various cancers; however, the link between prostate cancer survival and sarcopenia is unclear. Therefore, this study examined the effect of the pre-operative internal obturator muscle (IOM) mass index on biochemical recurrence (BCR) of prostate cancer (PCa) patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. Methods In total, 222 patients, who underwent open, laparoscopic, or robot-assisted radical prostatectomy at seven centers in 2011 and were followed up for 5 years, were enrolled. BCR was examined in the context of pre-operative IOM mass index and BMI. Results The mean age of the patients was 67.82 ± 6.23 years, and the mean pre-operative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 11.61 ± 13.22 ng/ml. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between the low and high IOM mass index groups (p > 0.05). Age, pre-op PSA level, ECE, and T-stage were associated with BCR (p = 0.049, p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.004, respectively). BMI, prostate volume, Gleason score, resection margin, N-stage, M-stage and IOM mass index was not associated with BCR (p > 0.05). Conclusions Pre-operative IOM mass index was not associated with BCR; however, long-term follow-up is necessary to evaluate cancer-specific and overall survival of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 62, Kaeshin-dong, Heungduk-ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-711, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 62, Kaeshin-dong, Heungduk-ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-711, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung Pil Seo
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 62, Kaeshin-dong, Heungduk-ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-711, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Lee
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 62, Kaeshin-dong, Heungduk-ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-711, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 62, Kaeshin-dong, Heungduk-ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-711, South Korea.,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Bum Sang Cho
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yun Sok Ha
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Tae Gyun Kwon
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Park
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung Chol Park
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Won Kang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Young Beom Jeong
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Taek Won Kang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Jeonnam National University, Kwangju, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Pusan, South Korea
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 62, Kaeshin-dong, Heungduk-ku, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-711, South Korea. .,Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea.
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13
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Horsanali MO, Eren H, Dıl E, Kazaz IO, Uzun H. A novel prognostic risk factor for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: Triglyseride-glucose index. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13978. [PMID: 33386661 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and metabolic syndrome are growing health problems in western countries. Recently reported triglyseride-glucose (TyG) index is a reliable and accessible indicator of metabolic syndrome. TyG index could be used as a indicator of a prognostic risk factor for metabolic syndrome-related cancers. OBJECTIVES To investigate the prognostic role of TyG index on oncological outcomes in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Data from 200 men who underwent radical prostatectomy were used. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATSITICAL ANALYSE TyG was calculated based on TyG index = Ln [TG (mg/dL) FPG (mg/dL)/2] formula. Patients were divided into two groups according to the 8.55 level as cut-off value for TyG index. Laboratory results, oncological outcomes and survivals were comparised statistically between groups. RESULTS Mean ages of patients were 64.32 ± 6.1 years and median follow-up time was 61.6 ± 35 (range 4-140) month. Biochemical recurrens was observed in 42 (21%) patients. Positive correlation between TyG index, body mass index, waist circumference, prostate biopsy gleason score, clinical T stage, positive surgical margin, pathological T stage and biochemical recurrence were observed. There was no statistical significance in terms of survival between groups. CONCLUSION Association between TyG index and prostate cancer may facilitate to predict unfavorable prognostic factors of radical prostatectomy. Increased TyG index may use as a predictive marker of positive surgical margin status before radical prostatectomy, BCR, advanced cT and pT stages after radical prostatectomy or worse biopsy gleason score in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huseyin Eren
- Faculty of Medicine, Urology Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Eyup Dıl
- Faculty of Medicine, Urology Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Ilke Onur Kazaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Urology Department, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hakki Uzun
- Faculty of Medicine, Urology Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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14
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Langlais CS, Graff RE, Van Blarigan EL, Palmer NR, Washington SL, Chan JM, Kenfield SA. Post-Diagnostic Dietary and Lifestyle Factors and Prostate Cancer Recurrence, Progression, and Mortality. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:37. [PMID: 33689041 PMCID: PMC7946660 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This study aimed to summarize evidence published between 1999 and June 2020 examining diet and lifestyle after prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis in relation to risk of biochemical recurrence, PC progression, and PC-specific mortality. RECENT FINDINGS Secondary prevention is an important research area in cancer survivorship. A growing number of studies have reported associations between post-diagnostic modifiable behaviors and risk of PC outcomes. Evidence on modifiable lifestyle factors and PC remains limited. Where multiple studies exist, findings are often mixed. However, studies consistently suggest that smoking and consumption of whole milk/high-fat dairy are associated with higher risk of PC recurrence and mortality. In addition, physical activity and ½ to 1 glass of red wine/day have been associated with lower risk of recurrence and PC-specific mortality. Greater inclusion of racially/ethnically diverse groups in future research is necessary to understand these relationships in populations most impacted by adverse PC outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal S Langlais
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Rebecca E Graff
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erin L Van Blarigan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nynikka R Palmer
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Samuel L Washington
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - June M Chan
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stacey A Kenfield
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Kelkar S, Oyekunle T, Eisenberg A, Howard L, Aronson WJ, Kane CJ, Amling CL, Cooperberg MR, Klaassen Z, Terris MK, Freedland SJ, Csizmadi I. Diabetes and Prostate Cancer Outcomes in Obese and Nonobese Men After Radical Prostatectomy. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2021; 5:pkab023. [PMID: 34169227 PMCID: PMC8220304 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pkab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The link between diabetes and prostate cancer progression is poorly understood and complicated by obesity. We investigated associations between diabetes and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM), castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and metastases in obese and nonobese men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods We included 4688 men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital cohort of men undergoing RP from 1988 to 2017. Diabetes prior to RP, anthropometric, and clinical data were abstracted from 6 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers electronic medical records. Primary and secondary outcomes were PCSM and metastases and CRPC, respectively. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (adj-HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for diabetes and PCSM, CRPC, and metastases. Adjusted hazard ratios were also estimated in analyses stratified by obesity (body mass index: nonobese <30 kg/m2; obese ≥30 kg/m2). All statistical tests were 2-sided. Results Diabetes was not associated with PCSM (adj-HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 0.86 to 2.24), CRPC (adj-HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.67 to 1.64), or metastases (adj-HR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.70 to 1.46), among all men. Interaction terms for diabetes and obesity were statistically significant in multivariable models for PCSM, CRPC, and metastases (P ≤ .04). In stratified analyses, in obese men, diabetes was associated with PCSM (adj-HR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.40 to 6.69), CRPC (adj-HR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.11 to 4.15), and metastases (adj-HR = 1.57, 95% CI = 0.88 to 2.78), though not statistically significant for metastases. In nonobese men, inverse associations were suggested for diabetes and prostate cancer outcomes without reaching statistical significance. Conclusions Diabetes was associated with increased risks of prostate cancer progression and mortality among obese men but not among nonobese men, highlighting the importance of aggressively curtailing the increasing prevalence of obesity in prostate cancer survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kelkar
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Taofik Oyekunle
- Duke Cancer Institute Biostatistics Shared Resource, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adva Eisenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Howard
- Duke Cancer Institute Biostatistics Shared Resource, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William J Aronson
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Urology Section, Wadsworth VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zachary Klaassen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Martha K Terris
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ilona Csizmadi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Iemura Y, Hori S, Tatsumi Y, Fukui S, Miyake M, Matsumura Y, Kagebayashi Y, Samma S, Fujimoto K. Periprostatic fat thickness quantified by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging is an independent risk factor for upstaging from cT1/2 to pT3 in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Int J Urol 2020; 27:1144-1149. [PMID: 32969085 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the correlation between periprostatic fat thickness on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and upstaging from cT1/2 to pT3 in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated data from men with cT1/2 prostate cancer treated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy at Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara, Japan, between March 2013 and December 2017. We calculated the periprostatic fat thickness and subcutaneous thickness from preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. We divided the cohort into two groups for analysis. Group 1 included patients upstaged from clinical to pathological stage, whereas group 2 included those without upstaging. RESULTS Data on 220 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. A total of 36 patients were upstaged from clinical T1 or T2 to pathological T3, whereas 184 patients were not upstaged. The upstaging was associated with prostate volume, Gleason score, prostate-specific antigen density, periprostatic fat thickness, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System score based on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed prostate volume (P = 0.03, odds ratio 0.958, 95% confidence interval 0.921-0.996), Gleason score (P = 0.022, odds ratio 2.676, 95% confidence interval 1.153-6.213) and periprostatic fat thickness (P = 0.004, odds ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.079-1.471) as independent risk factors of upstaging. CONCLUSIONS Prostate volume, Gleason score and periprostatic fat thickness on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging are significantly associated with and independent risk factors for upstaging from cT1/2 to pT3 in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iemura
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.,Department of Urology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara City, Nara, Japan
| | - Shunta Hori
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tatsumi
- Department of Urology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara City, Nara, Japan
| | - Shinji Fukui
- Department of Urology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara City, Nara, Japan
| | - Makito Miyake
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Matsumura
- Department of Urology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara City, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoriaki Kagebayashi
- Department of Urology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara City, Nara, Japan
| | - Shoji Samma
- Department of Urology, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center, Nara City, Nara, Japan
| | - Kiyohide Fujimoto
- Department of Urology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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17
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Lynch SM, Handorf E, Sorice KA, Blackman E, Bealin L, Giri VN, Obeid E, Ragin C, Daly M. The effect of neighborhood social environment on prostate cancer development in black and white men at high risk for prostate cancer. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237332. [PMID: 32790761 PMCID: PMC7425919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neighborhood socioeconomic (nSES) factors have been implicated in prostate cancer (PCa) disparities. In line with the Precision Medicine Initiative that suggests clinical and socioenvironmental factors can impact PCa outcomes, we determined whether nSES variables are associated with time to PCa diagnosis and could inform PCa clinical risk assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study sample included 358 high risk men (PCa family history and/or Black race), aged 35-69 years, enrolled in an early detection program. Patient variables were linked to 78 nSES variables (employment, income, etc.) from previous literature via geocoding. Patient-level models, including baseline age, prostate specific antigen (PSA), digital rectal exam, as well as combined models (patient plus nSES variables) by race/PCa family history subgroups were built after variable reduction methods using Cox regression and LASSO machine-learning. Model fit of patient and combined models (AIC) were compared; p-values<0.05 were significant. Model-based high/low nSES exposure scores were calculated and the 5-year predicted probability of PCa was plotted against PSA by high/low neighborhood score to preliminarily assess clinical relevance. RESULTS In combined models, nSES variables were significantly associated with time to PCa diagnosis. Workers mode of transportation and low income were significant in White men with a PCa family history. Homeownership (%owner-occupied houses with >3 bedrooms) and unemployment were significant in Black men with and without a PCa family history, respectively. The 5-year predicted probability of PCa was higher in men with a high neighborhood score (weighted combination of significant nSES variables) compared to a low score (e.g., Baseline PSA level of 4ng/mL for men with PCa family history: White-26.7% vs 7.7%; Black-56.2% vs 29.7%). DISCUSSION Utilizing neighborhood data during patient risk assessment may be useful for high risk men affected by disparities. However, future studies with larger samples and validation/replication steps are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. Lynch
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth Handorf
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kristen A. Sorice
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Blackman
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lisa Bealin
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Veda N. Giri
- Cancer Risk Assessment and Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, Departments of Medical Oncology, Cancer Biology, and Urology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elias Obeid
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Camille Ragin
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mary Daly
- Cancer Prevention and Control, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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18
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Nik-Ahd F, Howard LE, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Klaassen Z, Cooperberg MR, Amling CL, Kane CJ, Freedland SJ. Obese men undergoing radical prostatectomy: Is robotic or retropubic better to limit positive surgical margins? Results from SEARCH. Int J Urol 2020; 27:851-857. [PMID: 32681540 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between obesity and positive surgical margins in patients undergoing retropubic radical prostatectomy versus robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the data of 3141 men undergoing retropubic radical prostatectomy and 1625 undergoing robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy between 1988 and 2017 at eight Veterans Health Administration hospitals. The positive surgical margin location (peripheral, apical, bladder neck, overall) was determined from pathology reports. We adjusted for age, race, prostate-specific antigen, surgery year, prostate weight, pathological grade group, extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, hospital surgical volume and surgical method (in analyses not stratified by surgical method). Interactions between body mass index and surgical approach were tested. RESULTS Among all patients, higher body mass index was associated with increased odds of overall, peripheral and apical positive surgical margins (OR 1.02-1.03, P ≤ 0.02). Although not statistically significant, there was a trend between higher body mass index and increased odds of bladder neck positive surgical margins (OR 1.03, P = 0.09). Interactions between body mass index and surgical method were significant for peripheral positive surgical margins only (P = 0.024). Specifically, there was an association between body mass index and peripheral positive surgical margins among men undergoing retropubic radical prostatectomy (OR 1.04, P < 0.001), but not robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (OR 1.00, P = 0.98). Limitations include lacking individual surgeon data and lacking central pathology review. CONCLUSIONS In this multicenter cohort, higher body mass index was associated with increased odds of positive surgical margins at all locations except the bladder neck. Furthermore, there was a significant association between obesity and peripheral positive surgical margins in men undergoing retropubic radical prostatectomy, but not robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Long-term clinical significance requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Nik-Ahd
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Section of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William J Aronson
- Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Martha K Terris
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA.,Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zachary Klaassen
- Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Augusta University Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Urology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher L Amling
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California, USA.,Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Section of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Center for Integrated Research on Cancer and Lifestyle, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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19
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Vidal AC, Oyekunle T, Howard LE, De Hoedt AM, Kane CJ, Terris MK, Cooperberg MR, Amling CL, Klaassen Z, Freedland SJ, Aronson WJ. Obesity, race, and long-term prostate cancer outcomes. Cancer 2020; 126:3733-3741. [PMID: 32497282 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors previously found that obesity was linked with prostate cancer (PC)-specific mortality (PCSM) among men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP). Herein, in a larger RP cohort, the authors investigated whether the association between obesity and long-term PC outcomes, including PCSM, differed by race. METHODS Data from 5929 patients who underwent RP and were in the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database were analyzed. Prior to RP, body mass index (BMI) was measured and recorded in the medical records. BMI was categorized as normal weight (<25 kg/m2 ), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2 ), and obese (≥30 kg/m2 ). The authors assessed the association between BMI and biochemical disease recurrence (BCR), castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), metastasis, and PCSM, accounting for confounders. RESULTS Of the 5929 patients, 1983 (33%) were black, 1321 (22%) were of normal weight, 2605 (44%) were overweight, and 2003 (34%) were obese. Compared with white men, black men were younger; had higher prostate-specific antigen levels; and were more likely to have a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 , seminal vesicle invasion, and positive surgical margins (all P ≤ .032). During a median follow-up of 7.4 years, a total of 1891 patients (32%) developed BCR, 181 patients (3%) developed CRPC, 259 patients (4%) had metastasis, and 135 patients (2%) had died of PC. On multivariable analysis, obesity was found to be associated with an increased risk of PCSM (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-3.04 [P = .035]). No interaction was found between BMI and race in predicting PCSM (P ≥ .88), BCR (P ≥ .81), CRPC (P ≥ .88), or metastasis (P ≥ .60). Neither overweight nor obesity was associated with risk of BCR, CRPC, or metastasis (all P ≥ .18). CONCLUSIONS Obese men undergoing RP at several Veterans Affairs hospitals were found to be at an increased risk of PCSM, regardless of race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Vidal
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Taofik Oyekunle
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amanda M De Hoedt
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Urology Department, University of California at San Diego Health System, San Diego, California
| | - Martha K Terris
- Section of Urology, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Augusta, Georgia.,Section of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Zachary Klaassen
- Section of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.,Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William J Aronson
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Bajpai RR, Razdan S, Sanchez-Gonzalez MA, Razdan S. Retrospective Cohort Analysis from a High-Volume Center of Prognostic Factors Affecting Biochemical Relapse in Patients with Encapsulated, Margin-Negative, Isolated Seminal Vesicle Invasion After Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy: A Novel Study. J Endourol 2020; 34:441-449. [PMID: 31989836 DOI: 10.1089/end.2019.0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Specimen pathology findings collectively impact the long-term outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy. Since seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) is an important independent predictor of biochemical recurrence (BCR), this study was designed to evaluate the influence of isolated SVI in the absence of capsular/margin invasion on BCR. Material and Methods: Pathology reports of 2009 robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy specimens were analyzed retrospectively excluding capsular breach and/or margin-positive cases to include 1409 patients in the study. Factors predicting SVI and BCR in this select group of patients were assessed and statistically analyzed. Survival analysis for PSA (prostate-specific antigen) failure probability and binomial regressions for variable predictability were performed. Results: The African American race was associated with SVI (p < 0.05). PSA had a directly proportional correlation with the occurrence of SVI and BCR. SVI was found to be an independent predictor of BCR, leading to higher odds of BCR at 5 years (odds ratio [OR] 8.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.5-14.6, p < 0.0001). When the seminal vesicle was invaded, the specimen Gleason grade group (SGGG; OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.02-3.7, p = 0.04), PSA (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.01-1.4, p = 0.03), and BMI (body mass index) (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.04-1.5, p = 0.01) predicted BCR. Seminal vesicle involvement was not found in SGGG 1. Risk stratification of significant predictors of BCR with isolated SVI identified a subgroup with BMI ≤27.9 kg/m2, PSA ≤8.6 ng/mL, and SGGG 2, which had a significantly better prognosis (p = 0.029, log-rank test). Conclusions: Seminal vesicles are infrequently involved with SGGG 1. Select groups of patients with isolated SVI who have low-grade disease with relatively lower PSA and BMI do not have an aggressive biological behavior and are unlikely to have a BCR, thereby circumventing unnecessary adjuvant therapy with its attendant side effects. The BMI significantly predicted PSA failures and should be considered as an additional risk assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Raj Bajpai
- Department of Urology, Larkin University Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Shirin Razdan
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marcos A Sanchez-Gonzalez
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sanjay Razdan
- International Robotic Prostatectomy Institute, Doral, Florida, USA.,Endourology and Robotic Fellowship Program, Larkin University, Miami, Florida, USA
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21
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Freedland SJ, Allen J, Jarman A, Oyekunle T, Armstrong AJ, Moul JW, Sandler HM, Posadas E, Levin D, Wiggins E, Howard LE, Wu Y, Lin PH. A Randomized Controlled Trial of a 6-Month Low-Carbohydrate Intervention on Disease Progression in Men with Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Carbohydrate and Prostate Study 2 (CAPS2). Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3035-3043. [PMID: 32108029 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both weight loss and low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) without weight loss prolong survival in prostate cancer models. Few human trials have tested weight loss or LCD on prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a multi-site randomized 6-month trial of LCD versus control on PSA doubling time (PSADT) in patients with prostate cancer with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after local treatment. Eligibility included body mass index (BMI) ≥ 24 kg/m2 and PSADT 3 to 36 months. The LCD arm was instructed to eat [Formula: see text]20 g/carbs/day; the control arm instructed to avoid dietary changes. Primary outcome was PSADT. Secondary outcomes included weight, lipids, glucose metabolism, and diet. RESULTS Of 60 planned patients, the study stopped early after an interim analysis showed futility. Twenty-seven LCD and 18 control patients completed the study. At 6 months, although both arms consumed similar protein and fats, the LCD arm reduced carbohydrates intake (-117 vs. 8 g, P < 0.001) and lost weight (-12.1 vs. -0.50 kg, P < 0.001). The LCD arm reduced HDL, triglycerides, and HbA1c with no difference in total cholesterol or glucose. Mean PSADT was similar between LCD (21 months) and control (15 months, P = 0.316) arms. In a post hoc exploratory analysis accounting for prestudy PSADT, baseline PSA, primary treatment, and hemoconcentration, PSADT was significantly longer in LCD versus control (28 vs. 13 months, P = 0.021) arms. Adverse events were few, usually mild, and returned to baseline by 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Among BCR patients, LCD induced weight loss and metabolic benefits with acceptable safety without affecting PSADT, suggesting LCD does not adversely affect prostate cancer growth and is safe. Given exploratory findings of longer PSADT, larger studies testing LCD on disease progression are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Freedland
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. .,Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jenifer Allen
- Duke Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Aubrey Jarman
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Taofik Oyekunle
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Armstrong
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Judd W Moul
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Edwin Posadas
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dana Levin
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Lauren E Howard
- Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yuan Wu
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pao-Hwa Lin
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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22
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Lam T, Birzniece V, McLean M, Gurney H, Hayden A, Cheema BS. The Adverse Effects of Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer and the Benefits and Potential Anti-oncogenic Mechanisms of Progressive Resistance Training. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:13. [PMID: 32056047 PMCID: PMC7018888 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-0242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the second highest incidence of all cancers amongst men worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a common form of treatment. However, in reducing serum testosterone to castrate levels and rendering men hypogonadal, ADT contributes to a myriad of adverse effects which can affect prostate cancer prognosis. Physical activity is currently recommended as synergistic medicine in prostate cancer patients to alleviate the adverse effects of treatment. Progressive resistance training (PRT) is an anabolic exercise modality which may be of benefit in prostate cancer patients given its potency in maintaining and positively adapting skeletal muscle. However, currently, there is a scarcity of RCTs which have evaluated the use of isolated PRT in counteracting the adverse effects of prostate cancer treatment. Moreover, although physical activity in general has been found to reduce relapse rates and improve survival in prostate cancer, the precise anti-oncogenic effects of specific exercise modalities, including PRT, have not been fully established. Thus, the overall objective of this article is to provide a rationale for the in-depth investigation of PRT and its biological effects in men with prostate cancer on ADT. This will be achieved by (1) summarising the metabolic effects of ADT in patients with prostate cancer and its effect on prostate cancer progression and prognosis, (2) reviewing the existing evidence regarding the metabolic benefits of PRT in this cohort, (3) exploring the possible oncological pathways by which PRT can affect prostate cancer prognosis and progression and (4) outlining avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lam
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Vita Birzniece
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Translational Health Research Institute, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark McLean
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Howard Gurney
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy Hayden
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW, Australia
| | - Birinder S Cheema
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
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23
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Sun L, Xu T, Yuan X, Liu F, Guan F, Ye D, Zhang G. Obesity is a predictor in prostate cancer patients receiving prostatectomy after neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. TUMORI JOURNAL 2019; 106:133-138. [PMID: 31451070 DOI: 10.1177/0300891619868281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the relationship between obesity and pathologic features and biochemical recurrence in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) after neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (NHT). METHODS A total of 422 consecutive patients with clinically localized PCa who received NHT before RP were retrospectively analyzed. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) regarding probability. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the efficacy of the predictive variables. Castration resistance free survival curves were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method, and were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS Being overweight was associated with an increased risk of positive margins (OR 2.281; 95% CI 1.292-4.028) after adjusting for potential confounders. The area under the ROC curve for overweight patients was larger than that for patients in the normal weight range. There was no significant difference between the overweight and normal weight groups regarding castration resistance free survival. CONCLUSIONS Being overweight was associated with positive margins in patients with PCa undergoing RP after NHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Sun
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Geratology, The 971th Hospital of PLA, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Xiaoliang Yuan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Fengju Guan
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Dingwei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guiming Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
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24
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Mangiola S, Stuchbery R, McCoy P, Chow K, Kurganovs N, Kerger M, Papenfuss A, Hovens CM, Corcoran NM. Androgen deprivation therapy promotes an obesity-like microenvironment in periprostatic fat. Endocr Connect 2019; 8:547-558. [PMID: 30959474 PMCID: PMC6499921 DOI: 10.1530/ec-19-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and cancer-related death worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the cornerstone of management for advanced disease. The use of these therapies is associated with multiple side effects, including metabolic syndrome and truncal obesity. At the same time, obesity has been associated with both prostate cancer development and disease progression, linked to its effects on chronic inflammation at a tissue level. The connection between ADT, obesity, inflammation and prostate cancer progression is well established in clinical settings; however, an understanding of the changes in adipose tissue at the molecular level induced by castration therapies is missing. Here, we investigated the transcriptional changes in periprostatic fat tissue induced by profound ADT in a group of patients with high-risk tumours compared to a matching untreated cohort. We find that the deprivation of androgen is associated with a pro-inflammatory and obesity-like adipose tissue microenvironment. This study suggests that the beneficial effect of therapies based on androgen deprivation may be partially counteracted by metabolic and inflammatory side effects in the adipose tissue surrounding the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mangiola
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan Stuchbery
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick McCoy
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Chow
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalie Kurganovs
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Kerger
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher M Hovens
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Niall M Corcoran
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Victoria, Australia
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25
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Lee H, Lee M, Hong SK. CRTC2 as a novel prognostic biomarker for worse pathologic outcomes and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate cancer. Investig Clin Urol 2019; 60:84-90. [PMID: 30838340 PMCID: PMC6397930 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2019.60.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To identify the association between tumor metabolism and prostate cancer (PCa), we investigated the relationship between expression of metabolism-related genes and clinicopathologic outcomes in patients with localized PCa. Materials and Methods We prospectively collected periprostatic adipose tissue from 40 PCa patients and extracted the RNA of each sample. After cDNA was synthesized from the extracted RNA, we analyzed the expression of 18 metabolism-related genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction. We divided the subjects according to the pathologic Gleason score (pGS) and compared the expression of each gene. Subsequently, the clinicopathologic outcomes were also compared according to the expression of each gene. Results When we compared the expression of 18 metabolism-related genes between the high (≥4+3) and low pGS groups (3+4), there were significant differences in the expression of six genes (SREBP, SCD, FASN, ACLY, ECHS, and CRTC2; p<0.05). Among them, the subjects with low expression for CRTC2 showed significantly worse pathologic outcomes in terms of high pGS (≥4+3) (p=0.020) and higher rates of seminal vesicle invasion (p=0.017). The low CRTC2 group also showed significantly inferior biochemical recurrence-free survival than the high CRTC2 group (p=0.048). Conclusions We found that high pGS patients showed significant differences in expression of several metabolism-related genes compared with low pGS patients. Among those genes, CRTC2 showed the strongest association with pathologic outcome, as well as postoperative survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakmin Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Minseung Lee
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sung Kyu Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.,Department of Urology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Jung SY, Kim YA, Jo M, Park SM, Won YJ, Ghang H, Kong SY, Jung KW, Lee ES. Prediagnosis obesity and secondary primary cancer risk in female cancer survivors: A national cohort study. Cancer Med 2019; 8:824-838. [PMID: 30652416 PMCID: PMC6382718 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the effects of body mass index (BMI) before the diagnosis of the first primary cancer on the development of secondary primary cancers (SPCs) in female cancer survivors. METHODS This study population included 146 377 Korean female cancer survivors whose first primary cancer was diagnosed between 2002 and 2010. The incidence of SPCs was evaluated throughout follow-up until December 2011. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate the hazard ratios of SPCs with prediagnosis BMI and compared it to those of first cancers in the general population. RESULTS After 565 877 person-years of follow-up, 2222 patients with SPC were observed. The higher BMI was more in female cancer survivors than in general population. The age-standardized incidence rate of cancer in cancer survivors was 2.02 times higher than that of the general population. There were positive linear trends between prediagnosis BMI and risk of overall, colorectal, ovary, thyroid, and obesity-related SPCs. In addition, the BMI-SPC risk association was statistically significant in female cancer survivors without smoking history (Ptrend = 0.001) and with a localized first primary cancer (Ptrend = 0.014). However, the magnitude of the BMI-SPC risk association was similar to that for first cancers in the general population (Pheterogeneity = 0.403 in BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 ). CONCLUSIONS In female cancer survivors, prediagnosis obesity was a risk factor for overall, individual, and obesity-related SPCs. However, the magnitude of the BMI-SPC risk association was similar to that for first cancers in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Jung
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Young Ae Kim
- Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Minkyung Jo
- Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Min Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joo Won
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Haryeom Ghang
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kong
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea.,Translational Cancer Research Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Jung
- Cancer Registration and Statistics Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Eun Sook Lee
- Center for Breast Cancer, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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27
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Delouya G, Tiberi D, Bhatnagar SR, Campeau S, Saad F, Taussky D. Impact of adipose tissue on prostate cancer aggressiveness - analysis of a high-risk population. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2018; 36:hmbci-2018-0049. [PMID: 30471220 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2018-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background We investigated whether visceral adiposity is associated with more aggressive disease at prostatectomy. Materials and methods Four hundred and seventy-four patients referred for postoperative adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy were included in this study. Primary endpoints were positive surgical margins (pSM) or extracapsular extension (ECE). Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were manually contoured. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results In univariate analysis, VAT volume (p = 0.006), adipose tissue ratio (VAT/SAT, p = 0.003), density of the SAT (p = 0.04), as well as age (p < 0.001) were associated with pSM. In the univariate analysis, SAT density was associated with a trend towards a higher rate of ECE (p = 0.051) but visceral fat volume (p = 0.01), as well as the adipose tissue ratio (p = 0.03) were both protective factors. None of the adipose tissue measurements or BMI had an influence on biochemical recurrence or overall survival (all p ≥ 0.5). Conclusions SAT-volume and increased SAT-density were generally associated with more aggressive prostate cancers whereas VAT as a protective factor. These findings emphasize a possible mechanism for the association between obesity and prostate cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guila Delouya
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,CRCHUM-Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - David Tiberi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sahir R Bhatnagar
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada.,Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste. Catherine, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Shanie Campeau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Fred Saad
- Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Taussky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,CRCHUM-Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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28
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Freedland SJ, Branche BL, Howard LE, Hamilton RJ, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Cooperberg MR, Amling CL, Kane CJ. Obesity, risk of biochemical recurrence, and prostate-specific antigen doubling time after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH database. BJU Int 2018; 124:69-75. [PMID: 30347135 DOI: 10.1111/bju.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and aggressive biochemical recurrence (BCR) using the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. MATERIAL AND METHODS We identified 4123 men with complete data treated by radical prostatectomy between 1988 and 2015. We tested the association between BMI and BCR using Cox models, and among men with BCR, prostate-specific antigen doubling time (PSADT) was compared across BMI categories using linear regression. Models were adjusted for age, race, prostate-specific antigen, biopsy Gleason score, clinical stage, year and surgical centre. RESULTS Overall, 922 men (22%) were of normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m2 ), 1863 (45%) were overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m2 ), 968 (24%) were obese (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2 ), and 370 (9%) were moderately or severely obese (BMI ≥35 kg/m2 ). After adjustment for multiple clinical characteristics, higher BMI was significantly associated with higher risk of BCR (P = 0.008). Among men with BCR, men in the four BMI categories had similar multivariable-adjusted PSADT values (increasing BMI categories: 20.9 vs 21.3 vs 21.0 vs 14.9 months; P = 0.48). CONCLUSION While we confirmed that higher BMI was associated with BCR, we found no link between BMI and PSADT at the time of recurrence. Our data suggest obese men do not have more aggressive recurrences. Future studies are needed to test whether obesity predicts response to salvage therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Freedland
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brandee L Branche
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Division of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Hamilton
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - William J Aronson
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martha K Terris
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Kane
- Urology Department, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Prostate cancer disparities in Hispanics by country of origin: a nationwide population-based analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2018; 22:159-167. [DOI: 10.1038/s41391-018-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Subbarayan RS, Koester L, Villwock MR, Villwock J. Proliferation and Contributions of National Database Studies in Otolaryngology Literature Published in the United States: 2005-2016. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 127:643-648. [PMID: 30047790 DOI: 10.1177/0003489418784968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Health registries and discharge-level databases are powerful tools. Commonly used data sets include the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS); Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER); National Cancer Database (NCDB); and American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). This study investigated the frequency with which these resources are being used and categorized their contributions to literature. DESIGN A literature review from 2005 to 2016 for papers utilizing the aforementioned databases and publishing in The Laryngoscope, JAMA-Otolaryngology, Head and Neck, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology was conducted. Results were categorized based on the contribution(s) of the paper. The incidence rate of database publications was calculated for each year along with the 95% confidence intervals using a Poisson distribution. RESULTS Three hundred ten studies were identified. Seventy percent report descriptive findings, and 65% report outcomes/survival. Approximately 18% made clinical recommendations. In 2005, the incidence rate of database publications was 3 per 1000 journal publications (95% CI, 1-9) and remained relatively stable until 2008. From 2010 onward, there was a persistent increase in publications, culminating in the highest incidence rate in 2016 of 26 database publications per 1000 journal publications (95% CI, 20-32). CONCLUSIONS There was a nearly 10-fold increase in database publications in 2016 compared to 2005. The majority provide descriptive data and outcomes measures. The role of these studies warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsey Koester
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark R Villwock
- 1 Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review current evidence for prostate cancer prevention with nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle interventions and identify future research directions. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple preclinical and observational studies have observed that diet, exercise, and lifestyle interventions may play a role in mitigating disease progression, mortality, and overall disease burden for high-grade and fatal prostate cancer. Increased vegetable and fruit intakes, decreased red meat and saturated fat intakes, and increased exercise are potentially associated with decreased risk of incident disease and increased progression-free, prostate cancer-specific, and overall survival. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that selenium and vitamin C supplements are ineffective in preventing incident prostate cancer and that vitamin E supplements potentially increase incident prostate cancer risk. A large RCT of a high vegetable diet intervention among prostate cancer patients on active surveillance, the Men's Eating and Living study, will soon complete analysis. An RCT for an exercise intervention among men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer is currently accruing. SUMMARY Although preclinical and observational studies have identified potential benefits for high vegetable, low fat, low meat diets, and increased exercise, Level I evidence is limited. To inform clinical care, future research should focus on RCTs evaluating clinical effectiveness.
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Khan S, Hicks V, Colditz GA, Kibel AS, Drake BF. The association of weight change in young adulthood and smoking status with risk of prostate cancer recurrence. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:2011-2018. [PMID: 29270988 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The decades before prostate cancer diagnosis represent an etiologically relevant time period for prostate cancer carcinogenesis. However, the association of weight gain in young adulthood with subsequent biochemical recurrence among men with prostate cancer is not well studied, particularly among smokers. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1,082 men with prostate cancer and treated with either radical prostatectomy or radiation between 2003 and 2010. The association of weight at age 20, weight at age 50 and weight change from age 20 to age 50 with biochemical recurrence was assessed using Cox Proportional Hazards with adjustment for confounders. Stratum-specific hazard ratio (HR) estimates by smoking status were evaluated. In the overall cohort, weight at age 20 (HR per 30 kg: 1.56, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 2.38, p-trend: 0.039), weight at age 50 (HR per 30 kg: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32, 2.47, p-trend: <0.001) and weight change from age 20 to age 50 (HR per 30 kg: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.24, 2.74, p-trend: 0.003) were associated with biochemical recurrence. In stratified analyses, weight change from age 20 to age 50 was significantly associated with biochemical recurrence only in former smokers (HR per 30 kg: 3.87, 95% CI: 1.88, 8.00, p-trend: <0.001) and ever smokers (HR per 30 kg: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.27, 4.45, p-trend: 0.007). No significant association was observed between weight gain in young adulthood and biochemical recurrence in never smokers. Our study adds further evidence that weight gain during early adult years conveys long-term risk for adverse cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Khan
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Veronica Hicks
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Graham A Colditz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Bettina F Drake
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Mason RJ, Boorjian SA, Bhindi B, Rangel L, Frank I, Karnes RJ, Tollefson MK. Examining the association between adiposity and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Can Urol Assoc J 2018; 12:E331-E337. [PMID: 29603915 DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herein, we examined the association between adiposity, as measured by computed tomography (CT), and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP). METHODS Using axial CT images, preoperative fat mass index (FMI) was calculated for 698 men who underwent RP from 2007-2010 by using measurements of total surface area of adipose tissue at the L3 level. Obesity was classified according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) standards for obesity (FMI >9 kg/m2). The associations between obesity and the distribution of adiposity (visceral vs. subcutaneous) with BCR were examined using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS Obese men were older than non-obese men (63.0 vs. 60.7 years; p<0.001), but were similar with regards to all other clinical and pathological characteristics. With a median followup of six years, 152 patients were diagnosed with BCR. Five-year BCR-free survival was similar between obese and non-obese patients (80.6% vs. 82.1%; p=0.27). Furthermore, in multivariable analyses, obesity was not independently associated with the risk of BCR (hazard ratio [HR] 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-1.43). Similar results were obtained when analyzing FMI as a continuous variable (HR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94-1.09 for each 1 kg/m2 increase in FMI). Additionally, neither visceral adiposity, subcutaneous adiposity, or visceral-to-subcutaneous adiposity ratio were associated with BCR (all p>0.05) in multivariable analyses. CONCLUSIONS Neither total abdominal adiposity nor the distribution of adiposity were independently associated with BCR after RP in this study. As such, the presence of obesity may not be a marker of increased oncological risk after RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Mason
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | | | - Bimal Bhindi
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Laureano Rangel
- Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Igor Frank
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - R Jeffrey Karnes
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Bernstein AN, Shoag JE, Golan R, Halpern JA, Schaeffer EM, Hsu WC, Nguyen PL, Sedrakyan A, Chen RC, Eggener SE, Hu JC. Contemporary Incidence and Outcomes of Prostate Cancer Lymph Node Metastases. J Urol 2017; 199:1510-1517. [PMID: 29288121 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incidence of localized prostate cancer has decreased with shifts in prostate cancer screening. While recent population based studies demonstrated a stable incidence of locoregional prostate cancer, they categorized organ confined, extraprostatic and lymph node positive disease together. However, to our knowledge the contemporary incidence of prostate cancer with pelvic lymph node metastases remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) data from 2004 to 2014 to identify men diagnosed with prostate cancer. We analyzed trends in the age standardized prostate cancer incidence by stage. The impact of disease extent on mortality was assessed by adjusted Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS During the study period the annual incidence of nonmetastatic prostate cancer decreased from 5,119.1 to 2,931.9 per million men (IR 0.57, 95% CI 0.56-0.58, p <0.01) while the incidence of pelvic lymph node metastases increased from 54.1 to 79.5 per million men (IR 1.47, 95% CI 1.33-1.62, p <0.01). The incidence of distant metastases in men 75 years old or older reached a nadir in 2011 compared to 2004 (IR 0.81, 95% CI 0.74-0.90, p <0.01) and it increased in 2012 compared to 2011 (IR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02-1.24, p <0.05). The risk of cancer specific mortality significantly increased in men diagnosed with pelvic lymph node metastases (HR 4.5, 95% CI 4.2-4.9, p <0.01) and distant metastases (HR 21.9, 95% CI 21.2-22.7, p <0.01) compared to men with nonmetastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of pelvic lymph node metastases is increasing coincident with a decline in the detection of localized disease. Whether this portends an increase in the burden of advanced disease or simply reflects decreased lead time remains unclear. However, this should be monitored closely as the increase in N1 disease reflects an increase in incurable prostate cancer at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien N Bernstein
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan E Shoag
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ron Golan
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Joshua A Halpern
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Wei-Chun Hsu
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Paul L Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Art Sedrakyan
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Ronald C Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott E Eggener
- Division of Urology, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jim C Hu
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.
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Mason RJ, Boorjian SA, Bhindi B, Rangel L, Frank I, Karnes RJ, Tollefson MK. The Association Between Sarcopenia and Oncologic Outcomes After Radical Prostatectomy. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 16:e629-e636. [PMID: 29289518 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sarcopenia is associated with inferior perioperative and oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for multiple malignancies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between sarcopenia and outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) for men with prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a representative computed tomographic image from the L3 level, preoperative skeletal muscle indices (SMI) calculated for 698 patients who underwent RP between 2007 and 2010. Patients were classified as sarcopenic if they had a SMI < 55 cm2/kg2 according to international consensus. The associations between sarcopenia and biochemical recurrence (BCR), systemic progression (SP), and all-cause mortality (ACM) were investigated by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS Sarcopenic patients were older than nonsarcopenic patients (mean age, 63.0 vs. 60.4 years, P < .001) but were otherwise similar with regard to clinical and pathologic characteristics. There was no significant difference in the perioperative complication rate after RP between sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic patients (16.5% vs. 17.4%, P = .82). At a median follow-up after surgery of 6.0 years, 152 patients were diagnosed with BCR, patients were diagnosed with SP, and 50 patients died. In multivariable analysis, the presence of sarcopenia was not significantly associated with the risks of BCR, SP, or ACM. Similar results were obtained when analyzing SMI as a continuous variable. CONCLUSION Sarcopenia was not found to be independently associated with perioperative complications or oncologic outcomes after RP. As such, the presence of sarcopenia may not be prognostic marker for inferior outcomes among men with localized prostate cancer undergoing RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Mason
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Bimal Bhindi
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Laureano Rangel
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Igor Frank
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Koo KC, Lee KS, Jeong JY, Choi IY, Lee JY, Hong JH, Kim CS, Lee HM, Hong SK, Byun SS, Lee SH, Rha KH, Chung BH. Pathological and oncological features of Korean prostate cancer patients eligible for active surveillance: analysis from the K-CaP registry. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2017; 47:981-985. [PMID: 28981735 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyx101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A web-based multicenter Korean Prostate Cancer Database (K-CaP) was established to provide urologists with information on Korean prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). We utilized the K-CaP registry to identify pathological features and oncological outcomes of Korean PCa patients eligible for active surveillance (AS). Methods The K-CaP registry consisted of 6415 patients who underwent RP from May 2001 to April 2013 at five institutions. Preoperative clinicopathological data were collected to identify patients who were eligible for at least one contemporary AS protocol. Patients who had received neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy or a 5α-reductase inhibitor, who had <10 total biopsy cores, or who had incomplete data were excluded. Biochemical recurrence (BCR) was defined as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level ≥0.2 ng/ml following RP. Results A total of 560 patients were identified, and the median follow-up period was 52.0 (interquartile range, 39.0-67.3) months. Pathologically insignificant PCa, defined as organ-confined disease with Gleason score ≤6 was observed in 314 (56.1%) patients. Pathological upgrading (Gleason score ≥7) and upstaging (≥pT3) were observed in 237 (42.3%) and 75 (13.4%) patients, respectively. Unfavorable disease (extracapsular extension, seminal vesicle invasion, or Gleason score ≥8) was observed in 85 (15.2%) patients. PSA density ≤0.2 ng/ml/cc and maximal single core involvement ≤20% were revealed as independent preoperative predictors of pathologically insignificant PCa. Conclusion Contemporary Western AS protocols unreliably predict pathologically insignificant PCa in Korean men. Korean men may harbor more aggressive PCa features than Western men, and thus, a more stringent AS protocol is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Chul Koo
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Kwang Suk Lee
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Jae Yong Jeong
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - In Young Choi
- Graduate School of Management and Policy, The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Ji Youl Lee
- Department of Urology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine
| | - Jun Hyuk Hong
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine
| | - Hyun Moo Lee
- Department of Urology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sung Kyu Hong
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seok-Soo Byun
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Koon Ho Rha
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine
| | - Byung Ha Chung
- Department of Urology, Yonsei University College of Medicine
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BMI and serum lipid parameters predict increasing risk and aggressive prostate cancer in Chinese people. Oncotarget 2017; 8:66051-66060. [PMID: 29029491 PMCID: PMC5630391 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if obesity and serum lipid parameters are associated with increased risk and more aggressive prostate cancer in Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis including 3102 patients. Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and the chi-squared tests for categorical variables were used for univariate comparison of the differences in patient characteristics across BMI categories between different groups. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated for the association between prostate cancer and the various patient characteristics. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was performed to assess the risk of prostate cancer recurrence. RESULTS 974 consecutive men were diagnosed as prostate cancer and 700 patients subsequently received radical prostatectomy immediately, and 1031 patients were pathologically diagnosed as biopsy negative. The level of low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and total cholesterol was significantly higher and the high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) level is much lower in prostate cancer patients. Patients with low level of HDL-c, who subsequently received radical prostatectomy, had increased risk of high risk disease. In addition, patients with normal weight were less likely to develop a biochemical recurrence. Combined analysis revealed that obese patients had significantly higher rates of PSA recurrence over time than nonobese patients. CONCLUSIONS In our study, lipid parameters are supposed to be associated with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness. Obese men are at increased risk of PSA recurrence after radical prostatectomy.
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Khan S, Cai J, Nielsen ME, Troester MA, Mohler JL, Fontham ETH, Hendrix LH, Farnan L, Olshan AF, Bensen JT. The Association of Diabetes and Obesity With Prostate Cancer Progression: HCaP-NC. Prostate 2017; 77:878-887. [PMID: 28261834 PMCID: PMC5695861 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of race in modifying the association among diabetes, obesity, and prostate cancer (CaP) progression is not well studied. We evaluated diabetes and obesity in association with time to CaP progression in White Americans (Whites) and Black Americans (Blacks). METHODS Our study sample consisted of 363 White and 284 Black research participants from the Health Care Access and CaP Treatment in North Carolina (HCaP-NC) cohort. The association between self-reported diabetes or obesity and CaP progression (mean follow-up time approximately 5 years) was assessed using Cox proportional hazards modeling, with adjustment for potential confounders. Stratum-specific hazard ratio (HR) estimates for Whites and Blacks were evaluated. RESULTS Self-reported diabetes was not associated with CaP progression in the cohort as a whole (HR: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.54, 1.35), or among racially defined groups (Whites, HR: 1.03, 95%CI: 0.50, 2.13 or Blacks, HR: 0.77, 95%CI: 0.43, 1.39). Obesity was positively associated with CaP progression among Whites, in models including (HR: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.08, 2.97), and excluding (HR: 1.80, 95%CI: 1.09, 2.96) diabetes as a covariate. No association was observed between obesity and CaP progression in Blacks or the cohort as whole. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported diabetes was not associated with CaP progression In HCaP-NC. Obesity was associated with CaP progression only among White research participants. Prostate 77:878-887, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saira Khan
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew E. Nielsen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa A. Troester
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James L. Mohler
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
- Department of Urology, University of Buffalo School of Medicine and Biotechnology, Buffalo, New York
| | - Elizabeth T. H. Fontham
- School of Public Health, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Laura H. Hendrix
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laura Farnan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrew F. Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jeannette T. Bensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Guerrios-Rivera L, Howard L, Frank J, De Hoedt A, Beverly D, Grant DJ, Hoyo C, Freedland SJ. Is Body Mass Index the Best Adiposity Measure for Prostate Cancer Risk? Results From a Veterans Affairs Biopsy Cohort. Urology 2017; 105:129-135. [PMID: 28408337 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2017.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test multiple adiposity measures and prostate cancer (PC) risk in men undergoing prostate biopsy. We hypothesized that body mass index (BMI), body fat, and waist circumference would be highly correlated, and all would be associated with aggressive PC, but not overall risk. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A case (483)-control (496) study among men undergoing prostate biopsy from 2007 to 2016 was conducted at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Anthropometric and self-reported measurements were taken. Percent body fat was measured. Associations between adiposity measures and PC risk and high-grade PC (Gleason ≥7) were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference were highly correlated (ρ ≥ .79) (P < .001). On multivariable analysis, BMI (P = .011) was associated with overall PC risk, but percent body fat (P = .16) and waist circumference (P = .19) were not. However, all adiposity measurements were associated with high-grade disease (P < .001). We found a strong relationship between self-reported and measured weight (ρ = .97) and height (ρ = .92). CONCLUSION BMI, body fat, and waist circumference were all highly correlated and associated with aggressive PC. This study supports the idea that higher adiposity is selectively associated with high-grade PC and reinforces the continued use of self-reported BMI as a measure of obesity in epidemiologic studies of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Guerrios-Rivera
- Urology Section, Surgery Department, Veterans Administration Caribbean Healthcare System and University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lauren Howard
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, NC
| | - Jennifer Frank
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, NC
| | - Amanda De Hoedt
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, NC
| | - Devon Beverly
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, NC
| | - Delores J Grant
- Department of Biology and Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University Durham, NC
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center Durham, Durham, NC; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
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Goto K, Nagamatsu H, Teishima J, Kohada Y, Fujii S, Kurimura Y, Mita K, Shigeta M, Maruyama S, Inoue Y, Nakahara M, Matsubara A. Body mass index as a classifier to predict biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in patients with lower prostate-specific antigen levels. Mol Clin Oncol 2017; 6:748-752. [PMID: 28515927 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer, one of the most common malignant tumors among men, is closely associated with obesity and, thus far, several studies have suggested the association between obesity and aggressive pathological characteristics in the United States. However, the effect of obesity on prostate cancer mortality is controversial, and it remains unclear whether obesity contributes to the aggressiveness of prostate cancer in Asian patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and the clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer in 2,003 Japanese patients who underwent radical prostatectomy. There was a significant association between higher BMI and higher Gleason score (GS). The multivariate analysis also revealed that BMI was an independent indicator for GS ≥8 at surgery. Moreover, among patients with lower prostate-specific antigen levels, biochemical recurrence-free survival was significantly worse in those with higher BMI. These results suggest that BMI may be a classifier for predicting adverse pathological findings and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy in Japanese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Goto
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Nagamatsu
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Jun Teishima
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yuki Kohada
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Fujii
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kurimura
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Koji Mita
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima City Asa Hospital, Hiroshima 731-0293, Japan
| | - Masanobu Shigeta
- Department of Urology, Kure Medical Center, Chugoku Cancer Center, Kure, Hiroshima 737-0023, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima General Hospital, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 738-8503, Japan
| | - Yoji Inoue
- Department of Urology, Mazda Hospital, Fuchu, Hiroshima 735-8585, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Nakahara
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima Prefectural Hospital, Hiroshima 734-8530, Japan
| | - Akio Matsubara
- Department of Urology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
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Takahashi M, Inoue T, Huang M, Numakura K, Tsuruta H, Saito M, Maeno A, Nakamura E, Narita S, Tsuchiya N, Habuchi T. Inverse relationship between insulin receptor expression and progression in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2929-2941. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Johnson SC, Packiam VT, Golan S, Cohen AJ, Nottingham CU, Smith ND. The Effect of Obesity on Perioperative Outcomes for Open and Minimally Invasive Prostatectomy. Urology 2017; 100:111-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Purpose Evidence on overweight, obesity, and an increased risk of cancer continues to accumulate and was updated in the 2016 handbook on weight control from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The underlying primary data, together with dose-response meta-analysis and, finally, pooled analysis of individual participant data, add insight into the relation between obesity and cancer risk and prognosis. We summarize the evidence for mortality from prostate cancer, hematologic malignancies, and kidney cancer. Methods We reviewed pooled analysis of rare end points across cohorts, regardless of primary results reported from the individual studies, further reducing risk of publication bias. Of these cancer sites, only kidney cancer was included in the IARC 2002 report, although mortality from prostate cancer and hematologic malignancies was noted in the American Cancer Society prospective cohort study in 2003. The 2016 update from the IARC added details for prostate and hematologic malignancies, classifying the evidence as sufficient to conclude that avoiding excess body fatness lowers the risk of multiple myeloma but found that the evidence for it lowering the risk of prostate cancer mortality or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was limited. Results A higher body mass index is associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality and is associated with worse survival in most subtypes of hematologic malignancies, in a dose-response fashion. Evidence for kidney cancer is built mostly on retrospective data, which supports an obesity paradox in patients with the clear cell variant; however, population-based cohort data indicate that a higher cohort-entry body mass index is associated with worse kidney cancer–specific survival. Conclusion Together, these data add support to the evidence for a growing cancer burden caused by adiposity in both early adult and later adult life, yet leave open the question of the means of weight management after diagnosis as a strategy to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Lin Yang, Bettina F. Drake, and Graham A. Colditz, Washington University School of Medicine and Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO; and Lin Yang, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina F. Drake
- Lin Yang, Bettina F. Drake, and Graham A. Colditz, Washington University School of Medicine and Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO; and Lin Yang, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Graham A. Colditz
- Lin Yang, Bettina F. Drake, and Graham A. Colditz, Washington University School of Medicine and Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO; and Lin Yang, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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44
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Park SM, Yun YH, Kim YA, Jo M, Won YJ, Back JH, Lee ES. Prediagnosis Body Mass Index and Risk of Secondary Primary Cancer in Male Cancer Survivors: A Large Cohort Study. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:4116-4124. [PMID: 27863195 PMCID: PMC5477820 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.66.4920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Male cancer survivors have a higher risk of cancer than the general population, which might be caused by an increased prevalence of obesity or susceptibility to obesity-related carcinogenesis. We assessed the effects of obesity before the diagnosis of a first cancer on the development of secondary primary cancers (SPCs). Methods The study population consisted of 239,615 Korean male cancer survivors between January 2003 and December 2010. Incident SPCs were assessed throughout follow-up until December 2011. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate the hazard ratios of SPCs associated with prediagnosis body mass index (BMI), which were compared with those of first cancers in all cohort participants. Results After 1,614,583 person-years of follow-up, we observed 4,799 patients with SPC. The age-standardized incidence rate of cancer in cancer survivors was 1.1 times higher than that of the general population. We found positive linear trends between prediagnosis BMI and risk of all-combined, colorectal, liver, lymphoma, biliary tract, kidney, and obesity-related SPCs. The magnitude of the BMI-SPC risk association in male cancer survivors was stronger than that for first cancers in the general population, whereas the mean BMI was similar in both groups. In the severely obese category (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), the adjusted hazard ratios for SPCs among cancer survivors (1.41; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.74) were significantly higher than those for first cancers among all cohort participants (1.12; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.16; Pheterogeneity < .01). Conclusion Prediagnosis obesity is a risk factor for overall and individual SPCs, and the strength of the BMI-cancer association is slightly stronger in male cancer survivors than in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Park
- Sang Min Park and Young Ho Yun, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Joung Hwan Back, National Health Insurance Service, Seoul; Young Ae Kim, Minkyung Jo, Young-Joo Won, and Eun-Sook Lee, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Yun
- Sang Min Park and Young Ho Yun, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Joung Hwan Back, National Health Insurance Service, Seoul; Young Ae Kim, Minkyung Jo, Young-Joo Won, and Eun-Sook Lee, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ae Kim
- Sang Min Park and Young Ho Yun, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Joung Hwan Back, National Health Insurance Service, Seoul; Young Ae Kim, Minkyung Jo, Young-Joo Won, and Eun-Sook Lee, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Jo
- Sang Min Park and Young Ho Yun, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Joung Hwan Back, National Health Insurance Service, Seoul; Young Ae Kim, Minkyung Jo, Young-Joo Won, and Eun-Sook Lee, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Won
- Sang Min Park and Young Ho Yun, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Joung Hwan Back, National Health Insurance Service, Seoul; Young Ae Kim, Minkyung Jo, Young-Joo Won, and Eun-Sook Lee, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung Hwan Back
- Sang Min Park and Young Ho Yun, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Joung Hwan Back, National Health Insurance Service, Seoul; Young Ae Kim, Minkyung Jo, Young-Joo Won, and Eun-Sook Lee, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Lee
- Sang Min Park and Young Ho Yun, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Joung Hwan Back, National Health Insurance Service, Seoul; Young Ae Kim, Minkyung Jo, Young-Joo Won, and Eun-Sook Lee, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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45
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Tan WP, Lin C, Chen M, Deane LA. Periprostatic Fat: A Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer? Urology 2016; 98:107-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2016.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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The impact of body mass index on dosimetric quality in low-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy 2016; 8:386-390. [PMID: 27895679 PMCID: PMC5116453 DOI: 10.5114/jcb.2016.63357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy has been established as an effective and safe treatment option for men with low and intermediate risk prostate cancer. In this retrospective analysis, we sought to study the effect of body mass index (BMI) on post-implant dosimetric quality. Material and methods After institutional approval, records of patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer treated in Puerto Rico with LDR brachytherapy during 2008-2013 were reviewed. All patients were implanted with 125I seeds to a prescription dose of 145 Gy. Computed tomography (CT) based dosimetry was performed 1 month after implant. Patients with at least 1 year of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) follow-up were included. Factors predictive of adequate D90 coverage (≥ 140 Gy) were compared via the Pearson χ2 or Wilcoxon rank-sum test as appropriate. Results One-hundred and four patients were included in this study, with 53 (51%) patients having a D90 ≥ 140 Gy. The only factor associated with a dosimetric coverage detriment (D90 < 140 Gy) was BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.03). Prostate volume (p = 0.26), initial PSA (p = 0.236), age (p = 0.49), hormone use (p = 0.93), percent of cores positive (p = 0.95), risk group (p = 0.24), tumor stage (p = 0.66), and Gleason score (p = 0.61) did not predict D90. Conclusions In this study we show that BMI is a significant pre-implant predictor of D90 (< 140 Gy vs. ≥ 140 Gy). Although other studies have reported that prostate volume also affects D90, our study did not find this correlation to be statistically significant, likely because all of our patients had a prostate volume < 50 cc. Our study suggests that in patients with higher BMI values, more rigorous peri-implant dosimetric parameters may need to be applied in order to achieve a target D90 > 140 Gy.
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47
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Shiota M, Takeuchi A, Sugimoto M, Kashiwagi E, Dejima T, Kiyoshima K, Inokuchi J, Tatsugami K, Yokomizo A, Eto M. The Differential Impact of Body Mass Index and the Feature of Metabolic Syndrome on Oncological Outcomes Following Different Surgical Procedures in Japanese Men with Prostate Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 24:1443-1450. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-016-5705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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The association of diabetes and obesity with prostate cancer aggressiveness among Black Americans and White Americans in a population-based study. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:1475-1485. [PMID: 27830399 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0828-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few studies have investigated the role of race in the association of diabetes and obesity with prostate cancer aggressiveness. Here we evaluate the independent association between diabetes and obesity with prostate cancer aggressiveness in White Americans and Black Americans. METHODS Our cross-sectional, case-only study consisted of 1,058 White Americans and 991 Black Americans from the North Carolina-Louisiana Prostate Cancer (PCaP) project. Diabetes status was determined by self-report. Obesity was determined using body mass index and calculated based on anthropometric measurements. High aggressive prostate cancer was defined as Gleason sum ≥8, or prostate-specific antigen >20 ng/ml, or Gleason sum = 7 and clinical stage cT3-cT4. The association between diabetes and obesity with high aggressive prostate cancer at diagnosis was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Diabetes was not associated with high aggressive prostate cancer in the overall sample (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.79, 1.37), White Americans (OR 1.00; 95% CI 0.65, 1.57) or Black Americans (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.75, 1.53). Obesity, independent of diabetes, was positively associated with high aggressive prostate cancer in White Americans (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.14, 3.43), but not in the overall sample (OR 1.37; 95% CI 0.99, 1.92) or Black Americans (OR 1.09; 95% CI 0.71, 1.67). CONCLUSIONS Diabetes was not associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness, overall, or in either race group. Obesity, independent of diabetes, was associated with high aggressive prostate cancer only in White Americans.
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49
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Vidal AC, Howard LE, Sun SX, Cooperberg MR, Kane CJ, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Amling CL, Freedland SJ. Obesity and prostate cancer-specific mortality after radical prostatectomy: results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 20:72-78. [PMID: 27698439 PMCID: PMC5303130 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: At the population level, obesity is associated with prostate cancer (PC) mortality. However, few studies analyzed the associations between obesity and long-term PC-specific outcomes after initial treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 4268 radical prostatectomy patients within the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) database. Cox models accounting for known risk factors were used to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and PC-specific mortality (PCSM; primary outcome). Secondary outcomes included biochemical recurrence (BCR) and castration-resistant PC (CRPC). BMI was used as a continuous and categorical variable (normal <25 kg/m2, overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2 and obese ⩾30 kg/m2). Median follow-up among all men who were alive at last follow-up was 6.8 years (interquartile range=3.5–11.0). During this time, 1384 men developed BCR, 117 developed CRPC and 84 died from PC. Hazard ratios were analyzed using competing-risks regression analysis accounting for non-PC death as a competing risk. Results: On crude analysis, higher BMI was not associated with risk of PCSM (P=0.112), BCR (0.259) and CRPC (P=0.277). However, when BMI was categorized, overweight (hazard ratio (HR) 1.99, P=0.034) and obesity (HR 1.97, P=0.048) were significantly associated with PCSM. Obesity and overweight were not associated with BCR or CRPC (all P⩾0.189). On multivariable analysis adjusting for both clinical and pathological features, results were little changed in that obesity (HR=2.05, P=0.039) and overweight (HR=1.88, P=0.061) were associated with higher risk of PCSM, but not with BCR or CRPC (all P⩾0.114) with the exception that the association for overweight was no longer statistical significant. Conclusions: Overweight and obesity were associated with increased risk of PCSM after radical prostatectomy. If validated in larger studies with longer follow-up, obesity may be established as a potentially modifiable risk factor for PCSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Vidal
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L E Howard
- Surgery Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S X Sun
- Surgery Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C J Kane
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - W J Aronson
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M K Terris
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Department of Urology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - C L Amling
- Department of Urology, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - S J Freedland
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Surgery Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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50
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Jiang L, Jiang S, Lin Y, Yang H, Zhao Z, Xie Z, Lin Y, Long H. Combination of body mass index and oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 in prognosis prediction of patients with squamous non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22072-80. [PMID: 26061746 PMCID: PMC4673147 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), represents enormous challenges in continuously achieving treatment improvements. Besides cancer, obesity is becoming ever more prevalent. Obesity is increasingly acknowledged as a major risk factor for several types of common cancers. Significant mechanisms overlap in the pathobiology of obesity and tumorigenesis. One of these mechanisms involves oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor 1 (OLR1), as a link between obesity and cancer. Additionally, body mass index (BMI) has been widely used in exploiting the role of obesity on a series of diseases, including cancer. Significantly, squamous NSCLC revealed to be divergent clinical and molecular phenotypes compared with non-squamous NSCLC. Consequently, OLR1 immunostaining score and BMI were assessed by Fisher's linear discriminant analysis to discriminate if progression-free survival (PFS) would exceed 2 years. In addition, the final model was utilized to calculate the discriminant score in each study participant. Finally, 131 patients with squamous NCSLC were eligible for analysis. And a prediction model was established for PFS based on these 2 markers and validated in a second set of squamous NCSLC patients. The model offers a novel tool for survival prediction and could establish a framework for future individualized therapy for patients with squamous NCSLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongbin Lin
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Yang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zerui Zhao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zehua Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaobin Lin
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Long
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Lung Cancer Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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