1
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Hou X, Gong X, Mao L, Zhao J, Yang J. Discovery of Novel 1,2,3-triazole Derivatives as IDO1 Inhibitors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1316. [PMID: 36355488 PMCID: PMC9695734 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received much attention as an immunomodulatory enzyme in the field of cancer immunotherapy. While several IDO1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials, there are currently no IDO1 inhibitor drugs on the market. To explore potential IDO1 inhibitors, we designed a series of compounds with urea and 1,2,3-triazole structures. Organic synthesis and IDO1 enzymatic activity experiments verified the molecular-level activities of the designed compounds, and the IC50 value of compound 3a was 0.75 μM. Molecular docking and quantum mechanical studies further explained the binding mode and reaction potential of compound 3a with IDO1. Our research has resulted in a series of novel IDO1 inhibitors, which is beneficial to the development of drugs targeting IDO1 in numerous cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Longfei Mao
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianxue Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
- School of Nursing, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Road, Luoyang 471003, China
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2
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Merlo LM, Peng W, DuHadaway JB, Montgomery JD, Prendergast GC, Muller AJ, Mandik-Nayak L. The Immunomodulatory Enzyme IDO2 Mediates Autoimmune Arthritis through a Nonenzymatic Mechanism. J Immunol 2022; 208:571-581. [PMID: 34965962 PMCID: PMC8770583 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
IDO2 is one of two closely related tryptophan catabolizing enzymes induced under inflammatory conditions. In contrast to the immunoregulatory role defined for IDO1 in cancer models, IDO2 has a proinflammatory function in models of autoimmunity and contact hypersensitivity. In humans, two common single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified that severely impair IDO2 enzymatic function, such that <25% of individuals express IDO2 with full catalytic potential. This, together with IDO2's relatively weak enzymatic activity, suggests that IDO2 may have a role outside of its function in tryptophan catabolism. To determine whether the enzymatic activity of IDO2 is required for its proinflammatory function, we used newly generated catalytically inactive IDO2 knock-in mice together with established models of contact hypersensitivity and autoimmune arthritis. Contact hypersensitivity was attenuated in catalytically inactive IDO2 knock-in mice. In contrast, induction of autoimmune arthritis was unaffected by the absence of IDO2 enzymatic activity. In pursuing this nonenzymatic IDO2 function, we identified GAPDH, Runx1, RANbp10, and Mgea5 as IDO2-binding proteins that do not interact with IDO1, implicating them as potential mediators of IDO2-specific function. Taken together, our findings identify a novel function for IDO2, independent of its tryptophan catabolizing activity, and suggest that this nonenzymatic function could involve multiple signaling pathways. These data show that the enzymatic activity of IDO2 is required only for some inflammatory immune responses and provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence of a nonenzymatic role for IDO2 in mediating autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weidan Peng
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA
| | | | | | - George C. Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA,Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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3
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Cherney EC, Zhang L, Nara S, Zhu X, Gullo-Brown J, Maley D, Lin TA, Hunt JT, Huang C, Yang Z, Darienzo C, Discenza L, Ranasinghe A, Grubb M, Ziemba T, Traeger SC, Li X, Johnston K, Kopcho L, Fereshteh M, Foster K, Stefanski K, Fargnoli J, Swanson J, Brown J, Delpy D, Seitz SP, Borzilleri R, Vite G, Balog A. Discovery and Preclinical Evaluation of BMS-986242, a Potent, Selective Inhibitor of Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:288-294. [PMID: 33603977 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing dioxygenase enzyme implicated in cancer immune response. This account details the discovery of BMS-986242, a novel IDO1 inhibitor designed for the treatment of a variety of cancers including metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Given the substantial interest around this target for cancer immunotherapy, we sought to identify a structurally differentiated clinical candidate that performs comparably to linrodostat (BMS-986205) in terms of both in vitro potency and in vivo pharmacodynamic effect in a mouse xenograft model. On the basis of its preclinical profile, BMS-986242 was selected as a candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Cherney
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Liping Zhang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Susheel Nara
- Biocon BMS R&D Center, Bommasandra Jigani Link Rd, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Xiao Zhu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Johnni Gullo-Brown
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Derrick Maley
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Tai-An Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - John T. Hunt
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Christine Huang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Celia Darienzo
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Lorell Discenza
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Asoka Ranasinghe
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Mary Grubb
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Theresa Ziemba
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Sarah C. Traeger
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kathy Johnston
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Lisa Kopcho
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Mark Fereshteh
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kimberly Foster
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Joseph Fargnoli
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Jesse Swanson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Jennifer Brown
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Diane Delpy
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Steven P. Seitz
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Robert Borzilleri
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Gregory Vite
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 3551 Lawrenceville, Princeton Rd, Lawrence Township, New Jersey 08648, United States
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Metz R, Rust S, Duhadaway JB, Mautino MR, Munn DH, Vahanian NN, Link CJ, Prendergast GC. IDO inhibits a tryptophan sufficiency signal that stimulates mTOR: A novel IDO effector pathway targeted by D-1-methyl-tryptophan. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1460-1468. [PMID: 23264892 PMCID: PMC3525601 DOI: 10.4161/onci.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) alters inflammation and favors T-cell tolerance in cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. The integrated stress response kinase GCN2, a sensor of uncharged tRNA that is activated by amino acid deprivation, is recognized as an important effector of the IDO pathway. However, in a mouse model of inflammatory carcinogenesis, ablation of Gcn2 did not promote resistance against tumor development like the absence of IDO does, implying the existence of additional cancer-relevant pathways that operate downstream of IDO. Addressing this gap in knowledge, we report that the IDO-mediated catabolism of tryptophan also inhibits the immunoregulatory kinases mTOR and PKC-Θ, along with the induction of autophagy. These effects were relieved specifically by tryptophan but also by the experimental agent 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (D-1MT, also known as NLG8189), the latter of which reversed the inhibitory signals generated by IDO with higher potency. Taken together, our results implicate mTOR and PKC-Θ in IDO-mediated immunosuppressive signaling, and they provide timely insights into the unique mechanism of action of D-1MT as compared with traditional biochemical inhibitors of IDO. These findings are important translationally, because they suggest broader clinical uses for D-1MT against cancers that overexpress any tryptophan catabolic enzyme (IDO, IDO2 or TDO). Moreover, they define mTOR and PKC-Θ as candidate pharmacodynamic markers for D-1MT responses in patients recruited to ongoing phase IB/II cancer trials, addressing a current clinical need.
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Barone P. The ‘Yin’ and the ‘Yang’ of the kynurenine pathway: excitotoxicity and neuroprotection imbalance in stress-induced disorders. Behav Pharmacol 2019; 30:163-86. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Komiya T, Huang CH. Updates in the Clinical Development of Epacadostat and Other Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors (IDO1) for Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2018; 8:423. [PMID: 30338242 PMCID: PMC6180183 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent application of immunotherapy in clinical oncology revolutionized our management of advanced human cancers. Check point inhibitors targeting CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 axis are immunotherapeutic agents currently available to treat a variety of cancers. However, a novel therapeutic approach is needed to further improve patient outcome with these agents. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the metabolism of essential amino acid tryptophan in the peripheral tissue. IDO1 is overexpressed in human cancer cells and suppresses effector T cell function and promotes regulatory T cells (Tregs). Overexpression of IDO1 is associated with poor patient survival in several types of human cancer. These findings indicate that IDO1 is a promising target that can improve the treatment outcome in the field of Immuno-oncology. Several orally available IDO1 inhibitors including Epacadostat have entered human clinical trials over the last few years without a major safety concern. Although there is no objective response in single-agent trials, combination regimens with PD-1 inhibitors appear to exceed the activity of PD-1 inhibitors alone. Recent phase III ECHO 301 trial testing the combination of Epacadostat with Pembrolizumab in melanoma did not show superior outcome compared to Pembrolizumab alone. This lead to halting of other phase III trials using IDO1 inhibitors. In this minireview, we will discuss the recent clinical development of Epacadostat and other IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao H Huang
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Fairway, KS, United States.,Subspecialty Medicine, Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
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7
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Abstract
Immunotherapy has significantly altered the treatment landscape for many cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently approved immuno-oncology agents for lung cancer are aimed at the reversal of immune checkpoints, programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Although responses to checkpoint inhibitors are encouraging, and in some cases durable, these successes are not universal among all treated patients. In order to optimize our treatment approach utilizing immunotherapy, we must better understand the interaction between cancer and the immune system and evasion mechanisms. In this review, we will provide an overview of the immune system and cancer, and review novel therapies that promote tumor antigen release for immune system detection, activate the effector T-cell response, and reverse inhibitory antitumor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Villanueva
- University of California, San Diego, Moore’s Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lyudmila Bazhenova
- 3855 Health Sciences Drive, #0987 La Jolla, University of California, San Diego, Moore’s Cancer Center, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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8
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Li F, Zhang R, Li S, Liu J. IDO1: An important immunotherapy target in cancer treatment. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 47:70-77. [PMID: 28365507 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase 1 (IDO1) acts in pathogenic inflammatory processes and engender immune tolerance to tumor antigens. IDO1 can decrease the tryptophan and produce a series of toxic kynurenine metabolites to promote the immune toleration via GCN2 pathway, mTOR pathway, toxic effect of kynurenine and favoring differentiation of Tregs. IDO1 can be induced in most human cells, especially APCs and cancer cells through canonical and non-canonical NF-κB and Jak/STAT pathways, as well as PKC and TGF-β signaling pathways. A series of human cancers over-express IDO1 in a constitutive way. Thus, IDO1 is likely to be an attractive target for developing inhibitors of tumor treatments. Many preclinical and clinical trials have been underway and suggest that IDO1 inhibitor maybe an effective tool against a wide range of cancers. However, the IDO1 inhibitor alone had been verified that to be disappointment in achieving effective antitumor efficacy. Concentrating on its molecular mechanism in immune toleration and complex environments of cancer, IDO1 inhibitor could cooperate with chemotherapies and other immune target inhibitors to lessen the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxuan Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China
| | - Rupeng Zhang
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China.
| | - Shixia Li
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China
| | - Juntian Liu
- Department of Cancer Prevention Center, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China; National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, China; Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, China.
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9
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Brochez L, Chevolet I, Kruse V. The rationale of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibition for cancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2017; 76:167-182. [PMID: 28324751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO, also referred to as IDO1) has been demonstrated to be a normal endogenous mechanism of acquired peripheral immune tolerance in vivo. In the field of oncology, IDO expression and/or activity has been observed in several cancer types and has usually been associated with negative prognostic factors and worse outcome measures. This manuscript reviews current available data on the role of IDO in cancer and the current results obtained with IDO inhibition, both in animal models and in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials in humans. Preliminary results with IDO inhibitors, usually combined with other anti-cancer drugs, seem encouraging. Further studies are needed to clarify the conditions in which IDO inhibitors can be of value as an anti-cancer strategy. In addition, further research should address whether the expression of IDO in tissue or blood can be a marker to select patients who can benefit most from IDO inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve Brochez
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent, Belgium; Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent (ION Ghent), Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Belgium.
| | - Ines Chevolet
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Dermatology Research Unit, Ghent, Belgium; Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent (ION Ghent), Belgium
| | - Vibeke Kruse
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ghent University Hospital, Belgium; Immuno-Oncology Network Ghent (ION Ghent), Belgium
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Merlo LMF, Grabler S, DuHadaway JB, Pigott E, Manley K, Prendergast GC, Laury-Kleintop LD, Mandik-Nayak L. Therapeutic antibody targeting of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO2) inhibits autoimmune arthritis. Clin Immunol 2017; 179:8-16. [PMID: 28223071 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating inflammatory autoimmune disease with no known cure. Recently, we identified the immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) as an essential mediator of autoreactive B and T cell responses driving RA. However, therapeutically targeting IDO2 has been challenging given the lack of small molecules that specifically inhibit IDO2 without also affecting the closely related IDO1. In this study, we develop a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based approach to therapeutically target IDO2. Treatment with IDO2-specific mAb alleviated arthritis in two independent preclinical arthritis models, reducing autoreactive T and B cell activation and recapitulating the strong anti-arthritic effect of genetic IDO2 deficiency. Mechanistic investigations identified FcγRIIb as necessary for mAb internalization, allowing targeting of an intracellular antigen traditionally considered inaccessible to mAb therapy. Taken together, our results offer preclinical proof of concept for antibody-mediated targeting of IDO2 as a new therapeutic strategy to treat RA and other autoantibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M F Merlo
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Samantha Grabler
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - James B DuHadaway
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pigott
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Kaylend Manley
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA; Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 1025 Walnut St. #100, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S. 10th St. Suite 1050, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lisa D Laury-Kleintop
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA
| | - Laura Mandik-Nayak
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, 100 Lancaster Ave., Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA.
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Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Eggermont A, Sautès-Fridman C, Tartour E, Kennedy EP, Platten M, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: IDO inhibitors in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e957994. [PMID: 25941578 DOI: 10.4161/21624011.2014.957994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase 1 (IDO1) is the main enzyme that catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of the so-called "kynurenine pathway", i.e., the metabolic cascade that converts the essential amino acid L-tryptophan (Trp) into L-kynurenine (Kyn). IDO1, which is expressed constitutively by some tissues and in an inducible manner by specific subsets of antigen-presenting cells, has been shown to play a role in the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. At least in part, this reflects the capacity of IDO1 to restrict the microenvironmental availability of Trp and to favor the accumulation of Kyn and some of its derivatives. Also, several neoplastic lesions express IDO1, providing them with a means to evade anticancer immunosurveillance. This consideration has driven the development of several IDO1 inhibitors, some of which (including 1-methyltryptophan) have nowadays entered clinical evaluation. In animal tumor models, the inhibition of IDO1 by chemical or genetic interventions is indeed associated with the (re)activation of therapeutically relevant anticancer immune responses. This said, several immunotherapeutic regimens exert robust clinical activity in spite of their ability to promote the expression of IDO1. Moreover, 1-methyltryptophan has recently been shown to exert IDO1-independent immunostimulatory effects. Here, we summarize the preclinical and clinical studies testing the antineoplastic activity of IDO1-targeting interventions.
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Key Words
- 1-methyl-D-tryptophan
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- BIN1, bridging integrator 1
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein 4
- DC, dendritic cell
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GCN2, general control non-derepressible 2
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxigenase
- IFNγ, interferon γ
- INCB024360
- Kyn, L-kynurenine
- NK, natural killer
- NLG919
- ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide
- TDO2, tryptophan 2,3-dioxigenase
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Treg, regulatory T cell
- Trp, L-tryptophan
- indoximod
- interferon γ
- peptide-based anticancer vaccines
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Vacchelli
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; ; Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI; Orsay , Paris, France
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France
| | | | - Catherine Sautès-Fridman
- INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 13; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI ; Paris, France
| | - Eric Tartour
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; INSERM U970 ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP ; Paris, France
| | | | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurooncology; University Hospital Heidelberg and National Center for Tumor Diseases ; Heidelberg, Germany ; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) ; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1015; CICBT507 ; Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP ; Paris, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus ; Villejuif, France ; INSERM U1138 ; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers ; Paris, France ; ; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité ; Paris, France
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Iachininoto MG, Nuzzolo ER, Bonanno G, Mariotti A, Procoli A, Locatelli F, Cristofaro RD, Rutella S. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition constrains indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity in acute myeloid leukaemia cells. Molecules 2013; 18:10132-45. [PMID: 23973990 PMCID: PMC6270179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) metabolizes L-tryptophan to kynurenines (KYN), inducing T-cell suppression either directly or by altering antigen-presenting-cell function. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins, is over-expressed by several tumours. We aimed at determining whether COX-2 inhibitors down-regulate the IFN-g-induced expression of IDO1 in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cells. IFN-γ at 100 ng/mL up-regulated COX-2 and IDO1 in HL-60 AML cells, both at mRNA and protein level. The increased COX-2 and IDO1 expression correlated with heightened production of prostaglandin (PG)E₂ and kynurenines, respectively. Nimesulide, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, down-regulated IDO1 mRNA/protein and attenuated kynurenine synthesis, suggesting that overall IDO inhibition resulted both from reduced IDO1 gene transcription and from inhibited IDO1 catalytic activity. From a functional standpoint, IFN-g-challenged HL-60 cells promoted the in vitro conversion of allogeneic CD4⁺CD25⁻ T cells into bona fide CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ regulatory T cells, an effect that was significantly reduced by treatment of IFN-γ-activated HL-60 cells with nimesulide. Overall, these data point to COX-2 inhibition as a potential strategy to be pursued with the aim at circumventing leukaemia-induced, IDO-mediated immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Iachininoto
- Department of Haematology, Catholic University Medical School, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.I.); (E.R.N.)
| | - Eugenia Rosa Nuzzolo
- Department of Haematology, Catholic University Medical School, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (M.G.I.); (E.R.N.)
| | - Giuseppina Bonanno
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Catholic University Medical School, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (G.B.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Mariotti
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Catholic University Medical School, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (G.B.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Annabella Procoli
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Catholic University Medical School, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mails: (G.B.); (A.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Haematology/Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; E-Mail: (F.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, Strada Nuova 65, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Raimondo De Cristofaro
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, Catholic University Medical School, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Sergio Rutella
- Department of Pediatric Haematology/Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Piazza Sant’Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy; E-Mail: (F.L.)
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de Souza Sales J, Lara FA, Amadeu TP, de Oliveira Fulco T, da Costa Nery JA, Sampaio EP, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN. The role of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase in lepromatous leprosy immunosuppression. Clin Exp Immunol 2011; 165:251-63. [PMID: 21592112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04412.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate further the possible role of the tryptophan, rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) in leprosy, the distribution of IDO-positive cells and IDO activity in the skin biopsies and sera of these patients representing the entire spectrum of the disease were studied. An increased number of macrophages/dendritic cells (DC-lineage IDO(+) cells were found in lepromatous (LL) compared to tuberculoid (BT) and reversal reaction (RR) patients. IDO-positive cells showing CD68 and CD86 surface markers predominated in LL lesions, while higher levels of IDO activity were observed in the sera of LL versus BT patients. Tests revealed an increased IDO message in Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and increased IDO expression in M. leprae-stimulated CD14(+) cells of both healthy controls (HC) and LL patients, as evaluated via flow cytometry. Increased M. leprae-induced IDO-protein synthesis was also confirmed by Western blot. Based on our in vitro studies, it was confirmed that M. leprae up-regulated IDO expression and activity in HC and LL monocytes. Interferon (IFN)-γ synergized with M. leprae in promoting IDO expression and activity in monocytes. IDO expression induced by both IFN-γ and M. leprae was abrogated by 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT). Our data suggest that M. leprae chronic infection activates the suppressive molecule IDO which, in turn, contributes to the specific immunosuppression observed in LL leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Souza Sales
- Leprosy Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz - Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
This article covers what is currently known about the role of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in cancer-related immunosuppression and the clinical research on IDO inhibitors. A PUBMED search was performed using the terms IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, 1-MT. IDO is an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting first step in tryptophan catabolism. This enzyme is overexpressed in response to IFNgamma in a variety of different malignancies. IDO causes immunosuppression through breakdown of tryptophan in the tumor microenvironment and tumor-draining lymph nodes. The depletion of tryptophan and toxic catabolites renders effector T cells inactive and dendritic cells immunosuppressive. Preclinical data suggest that IDO inhibition can delay tumor growth, enhance dendritic cell vaccines, and synergize with chemotherapy through immune-mediated mechanisms. The lead IDO inhibitor, d-1-methyl-tryptophan (d-1-MT), was selected for phase I trials and seems to have immune modulating activity. Subsequently, another isoform of IDO, IDO2, was discovered and found to be the target of d-1-MT. Multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms in IDO2 affecting its catalytic activity may serve as a pharmacogenetic predictive biomarker for d-1-MT. The IDO pathway is an important mechanism of tumor-related immunosuppression and blocking it could improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Clinical development of d-1-MT and other IDO inhibitors as systemic immunomodulators to be combined with other immune modulators, vaccines, and chemotherapy are ongoing.
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Avril T, Saikali S, Vauleon E, Jary A, Hamlat A, De Tayrac M, Mosser J, Quillien V. Distinct effects of human glioblastoma immunoregulatory molecules programmed cell death ligand-1 (PDL-1) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) on tumour-specific T cell functions. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 225:22-33. [PMID: 20493562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a promising new treatment for patients suffering from glioma, in particular glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, tumour cells use different mechanisms to escape the immune responses induced by the treatment. As many other tumours, gliomas express or secrete several immunosuppressive molecules that regulate immune cell functions. In this study, we first analysed FasL, HLA-G, IDO, PDL-1 and TGF-beta1, -beta2 and -beta3 expression by transcriptomic microarray analysis in a series of 20 GBM samples and found respectively 15%, 60%, 85%, 30%, 70%, 80% and 35% of positive specimens. mRNA expression was then confirmed in 10 GBM primary cell lines and 2 immortalised cell lines U251 and U87MG. Furthermore, the protein expression of PDL-1, IDO activity and TGF-beta2 secretion were found on most of the untreated GBM primary cell lines. Remarkably, treatment with IFN-gamma increased the PDL-1 cell surface expression and the IDO activity, but reduced the TGF-beta2 secretion of GBM cell lines. We finally analysed the immunosuppressive effects of IDO, PDL-1 and TGF-beta1-3 by measuring IFN-gamma production and cell cytotoxicity activity of tumour antigen-specific T cells. PDL-1 partially affected the IFN-gamma production of antigen-specific T cells in response to GBM primary cell lines, and IDO inhibited lymphocyte proliferation induced by lectins. None of these molecules directly affected the T cell cytotoxicity function. Due to the functional role of PDL-1 and IDO molecules expressed by GBM cells, one could expect that blocking these molecules in the immunotherapy strategies would reinforce the efficiency of these treatments of GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Avril
- Département de Biologie, Centre Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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Prendergast GC, Metz R, Muller AJ. Towards a genetic definition of cancer-associated inflammation: role of the IDO pathway. Am J Pathol 2010; 176:2082-7. [PMID: 20228228 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation drives the development of many cancers, but a genetic definition of what constitutes 'cancer-associated' inflammation has not been determined. Recently, a mouse genetic study revealed a critical role for the immune escape mediator indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in supporting inflammatory skin carcinogenesis. IDO is generally regarded as being immunosuppressive; however, there was no discernable difference in generalized inflammatory processes in IDO-null mice under conditions where tumor development was significantly suppressed, implicating IDO as key to establishing the pathogenic state of 'cancer-associated' inflammation. Here we review recent findings and their potential implications to understanding the relationship between immune escape and inflammation in cancer. Briefly, we propose that genetic pathways of immune escape in cancer are synonymous with pathways that define 'cancer-associated' inflammation and that these processes may be identical rather than distinct, as generally presumed, in terms of their genetic definition.
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Koblish HK, Hansbury MJ, Bowman KJ, Yang G, Neilan CL, Haley PJ, Burn TC, Waeltz P, Sparks RB, Yue EW, Combs AP, Scherle PA, Vaddi K, Fridman JS. Hydroxyamidine inhibitors of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase potently suppress systemic tryptophan catabolism and the growth of IDO-expressing tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:489-98. [PMID: 20124451 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumors arise, in part, because the immune system does not adequately recognize and destroy them. Expression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; IDO1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of tryptophan into kynurenine, contributes to this immune evasion. Here we describe the effects of systemic IDO inhibition using orally active hydroxyamidine small molecule inhibitors. A single dose of INCB023843 or INCB024360 results in efficient and durable suppression of Ido1 activity in the plasma of treated mice and dogs, the former to levels seen in Ido1-deficient mice. Hydroxyamidines potently suppress tryptophan metabolism in vitro in CT26 colon carcinoma and PAN02 pancreatic carcinoma cells and in vivo in tumors and their draining lymph nodes. Repeated administration of these IDO1 inhibitors impedes tumor growth in a dose- and lymphocyte-dependent fashion and is well tolerated in efficacy and preclinical toxicology studies. Substantiating the fundamental role of tumor cell-derived IDO expression, hydroxyamidines control the growth of IDO-expressing tumors in Ido1-deficient mice. These activities can be attributed, at least partially, to the increased immunoreactivity of lymphocytes found in tumors and their draining lymph nodes and to the reduction in tumor-associated regulatory T cells. INCB024360, a potent IDO1 inhibitor with desirable pharmaceutical properties, is poised to start clinical trials in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly K Koblish
- Preclinical Biology, Incyte Corporation, Experimental Station, Route 141 and Henry Clay Road, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
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