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Guedj F, Kane E, Bishop LA, Pennings JLA, Herault Y, Bianchi DW. The Impact of Mmu17 Non-Hsa21 Orthologous Genes in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome: The Gold Standard Refuted. Biol Psychiatry 2023:S0006-3223(23)00086-0. [PMID: 37074246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite successful preclinical treatment studies to improve neurocognition in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome, translation to humans has failed. This raises questions about the appropriateness of the Ts65Dn mouse as the gold standard. We used the novel Ts66Yah mouse that carries an extra chromosome and the identical segmental Mmu16 trisomy as Ts65Dn without the Mmu17 non-Hsa21 orthologous region. METHODS Forebrains from embryonic day 18.5 Ts66Yah and Ts65Dn mice, along with euploid littermate controls, were used for gene expression and pathway analyses. Behavioral experiments were performed in neonatal and adult mice. Because male Ts66Yah mice are fertile, parent-of-origin transmission of the extra chromosome was studied. RESULTS Forty-five protein-coding genes mapped to the Ts65Dn Mmu17 non-Hsa21 orthologous region; 71%-82% are expressed during forebrain development. Several of these genes are uniquely overexpressed in Ts65Dn embryonic forebrain, producing major differences in dysregulated genes and pathways. Despite these differences, the primary Mmu16 trisomic effects were highly conserved in both models, resulting in commonly dysregulated disomic genes and pathways. Delays in motor development, communication, and olfactory spatial memory were present in Ts66Yah but more pronounced in Ts65Dn neonates. Adult Ts66Yah mice showed milder working memory deficits and sex-specific effects in exploratory behavior and spatial hippocampal memory, while long-term memory was preserved. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that triplication of the non-Hsa21 orthologous Mmu17 genes significantly contributes to the phenotype of the Ts65Dn mouse and may explain why preclinical trials that used this model have unsuccessfully translated to human therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faycal Guedj
- Prenatal Genomics and Fetal Therapy Section, Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elise Kane
- Prenatal Genomics and Fetal Therapy Section, Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lauren A Bishop
- Prenatal Genomics and Fetal Therapy Section, Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Center for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Department of Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Strasbourg, France
| | - Diana W Bianchi
- Prenatal Genomics and Fetal Therapy Section, Center for Precision Health Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Genes Associated with Disturbed Cerebral Neurogenesis in the Embryonic Brain of Mouse Models of Down Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101598. [PMID: 34680993 PMCID: PMC8535956 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21, is the most frequent genetic cause of intellectual disability. Although the mechanism remains unknown, delayed brain development is assumed to be involved in DS intellectual disability. Analyses with human with DS and mouse models have shown that defects in embryonic cortical neurogenesis may lead to delayed brain development. Cre-loxP-mediated chromosomal engineering has allowed the generation of a variety of mouse models carrying various partial Mmu16 segments. These mouse models are useful for determining genotype–phenotype correlations and identifying dosage-sensitive genes involved in the impaired neurogenesis. In this review, we summarize several candidate genes and pathways that have been linked to defective cortical neurogenesis in DS.
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Signalling pathways contributing to learning and memory deficits in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Neuronal Signal 2021; 5:NS20200011. [PMID: 33763235 PMCID: PMC7955101 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic trisomic disorder that produces life-long changes in physiology and cognition. Many of the changes in learning and memory seen in DS are reminiscent of disorders involving the hippocampal/entorhinal circuit. Mouse models of DS typically involve trisomy of murine chromosome 16 is homologous for many of the genes triplicated in human trisomy 21, and provide us with good models of changes in, and potential pharmacotherapy for, human DS. Recent careful dissection of the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS has revealed differences in key signalling pathways from the basal forebrain to the hippocampus and associated rhinal cortices, as well as changes in the microstructure of the hippocampus itself. In vivo behavioural and electrophysiological studies have shown that Ts65Dn animals have difficulties in spatial memory that mirror hippocampal deficits, and have changes in hippocampal electrophysiological phenomenology that may explain these differences, and align with expectations generated from in vitro exploration of this model. Finally, given the existing data, we will examine the possibility for pharmacotherapy for DS, and outline the work that remains to be done to fully understand this system.
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Shaw PR, Klein JA, Aziz NM, Haydar TF. Longitudinal neuroanatomical and behavioral analyses show phenotypic drift and variability in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm046243. [PMID: 32817053 PMCID: PMC7522024 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of Down syndrome (DS) have been invaluable tools for advancing knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of intellectual disability in people with DS. The Ts(1716)65Dn (Ts65Dn) mouse is one of the most commonly used models as it recapitulates many of the phenotypes seen in individuals with DS, including neuroanatomical changes and impaired learning and memory. In this study, we use rigorous metrics to evaluate multiple cohorts of Ts65Dn ranging from 2014 to the present, including a stock of animals recovered from embryos frozen within ten generations after the colony was first created in 2010. Through quantification of prenatal and postnatal brain development and several behavioral tasks, our results provide a comprehensive comparison of Ts65Dn across time and show a significant amount of variability both across cohorts as well as within cohorts. The inconsistent phenotypes in Ts65Dn mice highlight specific cautions and caveats for use of this model. We outline important steps for ensuring responsible use of Ts65Dn in future research.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia R Shaw
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jenny A Klein
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Nadine M Aziz
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tarik F Haydar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA
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5
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Arima-Yoshida F, Raveau M, Shimohata A, Amano K, Fukushima A, Watanave M, Kobayashi S, Hattori S, Usui M, Sago H, Mataga N, Miyakawa T, Yamakawa K, Manabe T. Impairment of spatial memory accuracy improved by Cbr1 copy number resumption and GABA B receptor-dependent enhancement of synaptic inhibition in Down syndrome model mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14187. [PMID: 32843708 PMCID: PMC7447763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is a complex genetic disorder caused by the presence of three copies of the chromosome 21 in humans. The most common models, carrying extra-copies of overlapping fragments of mouse chromosome 16 that is syntenic to human chromosome 21, are Ts2Cje, Ts1Cje and Ts1Rhr mice. In electrophysiological analyses using hippocampal slices, we found that the later phase of the depolarization during tetanic stimulation, which was regulated by GABAB receptors, was significantly smaller in Ts1Cje and Ts2Cje mice than that in WT controls but not in Ts1Rhr mice. Furthermore, isolated GABAB receptor-mediated inhibitory synaptic responses were larger in Ts1Cje mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report that directly shows the enhancement of GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic currents in Ts1Cje mice. These results suggest that GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition was enhanced in Ts1Cje and Ts2Cje mice but not in Ts1Rhr mice. The Cbr1 gene, which is present in three copies in Ts1Cje and Ts2Cje but not in Ts1Rhr, encodes carbonyl reductase that may facilitate GABAB-receptor activity through a reduction of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Interestingly, we found that a reduction of PGE2 and an memory impairment in Ts1Cje mice were alleviated when only Cbr1 was set back to two copies (Ts1Cje;Cbr1+/+/-). However, the GABAB receptor-dependent enhancement of synaptic inhibition in Ts1Cje was unaltered in Ts1Cje;Cbr1+/+/- mice. These results indicate that Cbr1 is one of the genes responsible for DS cognitive impairments and the gene(s) other than Cbr1, which is included in Ts1Cje but not in Ts1Rhr, is responsible for the GABAB receptor-dependent over-inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Arima-Yoshida
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Matthieu Raveau
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimohata
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenji Amano
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fukushima
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masashi Watanave
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shizuka Kobayashi
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Masaya Usui
- Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Nobuko Mataga
- Research Resources Division, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Sciences, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Manabe
- Division of Neuronal Network, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
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6
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Roper RJ, Goodlett CR, Martínez de Lagrán M, Dierssen M. Behavioral Phenotyping for Down Syndrome in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 10:e79. [PMID: 32780566 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of intellectual disability, characterized by alterations in different behavioral symptom domains: neurodevelopment, motor behavior, and cognition. As mouse models have the potential to generate data regarding the neurological basis for the specific behavioral profile of DS, and may indicate pharmacological treatments with the potential to affect their behavioral phenotype, it is important to be able to assess disease-relevant behavioral traits in animal models in order to provide biological plausibility to the potential findings. The field is at a juncture that requires assessments that may effectively translate the findings acquired in mouse models to humans with DS. In this article, behavioral tests are described that are relevant to the domains affected in DS. A neurodevelopmental behavioral screen, the balance beam test, and the Multivariate Concentric Square Field test to assess multiple behavioral phenotypes and locomotion are described, discussing the ways to merge these findings to more fully understand cognitive strengths and weaknesses in this population. New directions for approaches to cognitive assessment in mice and humans are discussed. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preweaning neurodevelopmental battery Basic Protocol 2: Balance beam Basic Protocol 3: Multivariate concentric square field test (MCSF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Martínez de Lagrán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Martínez de Lagrán M. Mapping behavioral landscapes in Down syndrome animal models. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 251:145-179. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Muñiz Moreno MDM, Brault V, Birling MC, Pavlovic G, Herault Y. Modeling Down syndrome in animals from the early stage to the 4.0 models and next. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 251:91-143. [PMID: 32057313 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The genotype-phenotype relationship and the physiopathology of Down Syndrome (DS) have been explored in the last 20 years with more and more relevant mouse models. From the early age of transgenesis to the new CRISPR/CAS9-derived chromosomal engineering and the transchromosomic technologies, mouse models have been key to identify homologous genes or entire regions homologous to the human chromosome 21 that are necessary or sufficient to induce DS features, to investigate the complexity of the genetic interactions that are involved in DS and to explore therapeutic strategies. In this review we report the new developments made, how genomic data and new genetic tools have deeply changed our way of making models, extended our panel of animal models, and increased our understanding of the neurobiology of the disease. But even if we have made an incredible progress which promises to make DS a curable condition, we are facing new research challenges to nurture our knowledge of DS pathophysiology as a neurodevelopmental disorder with many comorbidities during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Muñiz Moreno
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Véronique Brault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Christine Birling
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France
| | - Yann Herault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN Institut Clinique de la Souris, Illkirch, France.
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9
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Xu R, Brawner AT, Li S, Liu JJ, Kim H, Xue H, Pang ZP, Kim WY, Hart RP, Liu Y, Jiang P. OLIG2 Drives Abnormal Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human iPSC-Based Organoid and Chimeric Mouse Models of Down Syndrome. Cell Stem Cell 2019; 24:908-926.e8. [PMID: 31130512 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, and cognitive defects in DS patients may arise from imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such imbalances may provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived from DS patients overproduce OLIG2+ ventral forebrain neural progenitors. As a result, DS hiPSC-derived cerebral organoids excessively produce specific subclasses of GABAergic interneurons and cause impaired recognition memory in neuronal chimeric mice. Increased OLIG2 expression in DS cells directly upregulates interneuron lineage-determining transcription factors. shRNA-mediated knockdown of OLIG2 largely reverses abnormal gene expression in early-stage DS neural progenitors, reduces interneuron production in DS organoids and chimeric mouse brains, and improves behavioral deficits in DS chimeric mice. Thus, altered OLIG2 expression may underlie neurodevelopmental abnormalities and cognitive defects in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Andrew T Brawner
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shenglan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hyosung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Haipeng Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe-Meyer Institute and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Inoue M, Kajiwara K, Yamaguchi A, Kiyono T, Samura O, Akutsu H, Sago H, Okamoto A, Umezawa A. Autonomous trisomic rescue of Down syndrome cells. J Transl Med 2019; 99:885-897. [PMID: 30760866 PMCID: PMC6760570 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality among live-born infants. All Down syndrome patients have mental retardation and are prone to develop early onset Alzheimer's disease. However, it has not yet been elucidated whether there is a correlation between the phenotype of Down syndrome and the extra chromosome 21. In this study, we continuously cultivated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with chromosome 21 trisomy for more than 70 weeks, and serendipitously obtained revertant cells with normal chromosome 21 diploids from the trisomic cells during long-term cultivation. Repeated experiments revealed that this trisomy rescue was not due to mosaicism of chromosome 21 diploid cells and occurred at an extremely high frequency. We herewith report the spontaneous correction from chromosome 21 trisomy to disomy without genetic manipulation, chemical treatment or exposure to irradiation. The revertant diploid cells will possibly serve a reference for drug screening and a raw material of regenerative medicinal products for cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Inoue
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan ,0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kajiwara
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan ,0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamaguchi
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- 0000 0001 2168 5385grid.272242.3Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, Department of Cell Culture Technology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 104-0045 Japan
| | - Osamu Samura
- 0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Hidenori Akutsu
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- 0000 0004 0377 2305grid.63906.3aDepartment of Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
| | - Aikou Okamoto
- 0000 0001 0661 2073grid.411898.dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 105-8471 Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
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11
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Illouz T, Madar R, Biragyn A, Okun E. Restoring microglial and astroglial homeostasis using DNA immunization in a Down Syndrome mouse model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 75:163-180. [PMID: 30389461 PMCID: PMC6358279 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS), the most common cause of genetic intellectual disability, is characterized by over-expression of the APP and DYRK1A genes, located on the triplicated chromosome 21. This chromosomal abnormality leads to a cognitive decline mediated by Amyloid-β (Aβ) overproduction and tau hyper-phosphorylation as early as the age of 40. In this study, we used the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS to evaluate the beneficial effect of a DNA vaccination against the Aβ1-11 fragment, in ameliorating Aβ-related neuropathology and rescue of cognitive and behavioral abilities. Anti-Aβ1-11 vaccination induced antibody production and facilitated clearance of soluble oligomers and small extracellular inclusions of Aβ from the hippocampus and cortex of Ts65Dn mice. This was correlated with reduced neurodegeneration and restoration of the homeostatic phenotype of microglial and astroglial cells. Vaccinated Ts65Dn mice performed better in spatial-learning tasks, exhibited reduced motor hyperactivity typical for this strain, and restored short-term memory abilities. Our findings support the hypothesis that DS individuals may benefit from active immunotherapy against Aβ from a young age by slowing the progression of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Illouz
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Ravit Madar
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA, NIH, MD 21224, USA
| | - Eitan Okun
- The Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel; The Paul Feder Laboratory on Alzheimer's Disease Research, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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12
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Leach PT, Crawley JN. Touchscreen learning deficits in Ube3a, Ts65Dn and Mecp2 mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders with intellectual disabilities. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2018; 17:e12452. [PMID: 29266714 PMCID: PMC6013336 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutant mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders with intellectual disabilities provide useful translational research tools, especially in cases where robust cognitive deficits are reproducibly detected. However, motor, sensory and/or health issues consequent to the mutation may introduce artifacts that preclude testing in some standard cognitive assays. Touchscreen learning and memory tasks in small operant chambers have the potential to circumvent these confounds. Here we use touchscreen visual discrimination learning to evaluate performance in the maternally derived Ube3a mouse model of Angelman syndrome, the Ts65Dn trisomy mouse model of Down syndrome, and the Mecp2Bird mouse model of Rett syndrome. Significant deficits in acquisition of a 2-choice visual discrimination task were detected in both Ube3a and Ts65Dn mice. Procedural control measures showed no genotype differences during pretraining phases or during acquisition. Mecp2 males did not survive long enough for touchscreen training, consistent with previous reports. Most Mecp2 females failed on pretraining criteria. Significant impairments on Morris water maze spatial learning were detected in both Ube3a and Ts65Dn, replicating previous findings. Abnormalities on rotarod in Ube3a, and on open field in Ts65Dn, replicating previous findings, may have contributed to the observed acquisition deficits and swim speed abnormalities during water maze performance. In contrast, these motor phenotypes do not appear to have affected touchscreen procedural abilities during pretraining or visual discrimination training. Our findings of slower touchscreen learning in 2 mouse models of neurodevelopmental disorders with intellectual disabilities indicate that operant tasks offer promising outcome measures for the preclinical discovery of effective pharmacological therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Leach
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - J N Crawley
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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13
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Powers BE, Santiago NA, Strupp BJ. Rapid forgetting of social learning in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome: New evidence for hippocampal dysfunction. Behav Neurosci 2018; 132:51-56. [PMID: 29553775 DOI: 10.1037/bne0000227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome recapitulates the hallmark areas of dysfunction that characterize the human disorder, including impaired performance in tasks designed to tap hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Unfortunately, performance in the water maze tasks most commonly used for this purpose can be affected by behavioral and/or physiological abnormalities characteristic of Ts65Dn mice (e.g., thigmotaxis, susceptibility to hypothermia, stress reactivity), which complicates interpretation of impaired performance. The current study assessed hippocampal function in Ts65Dn mice using the social transmission of food preference (STFP) paradigm, which does not entail water escape or aversive reinforcement, and thus avoids these interpretive confounds. We tested Ts65Dn mice and disomic controls on this task using 1- and 7-day retention intervals. The Ts65Dn mice exhibited normal learning and memory following the 1-day retention interval, but rapid forgetting of the socially acquired information, evidenced by impaired performance following the 7-day retention interval. The STFP paradigm can be a valuable tool for studies using the Ts65Dn mouse model to evaluate potential therapies that may ameliorate hippocampal dysfunction and aging-related cognitive decline in Down syndrome. (PsycINFO Database Record
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14
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Stringer M, Abeysekera I, Thomas J, LaCombe J, Stancombe K, Stewart RJ, Dria KJ, Wallace JM, Goodlett CR, Roper RJ. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) consumption in the Ts65Dn model of Down syndrome fails to improve behavioral deficits and is detrimental to skeletal phenotypes. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:230-241. [PMID: 28478033 PMCID: PMC5525541 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by three copies of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and results in phenotypes including intellectual disability and skeletal deficits. Ts65Dn mice have three copies of ~50% of the genes homologous to Hsa21 and display phenotypes associated with DS, including cognitive deficits and skeletal abnormalities. DYRK1A is found in three copies in humans with Trisomy 21 and in Ts65Dn mice, and is involved in a number of critical pathways including neurological development and osteoclastogenesis. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main polyphenol in green tea, inhibits Dyrk1a activity. We have previously shown that EGCG treatment (~10mg/kg/day) improves skeletal abnormalities in Ts65Dn mice, yet the same dose, as well as ~20mg/kg/day did not rescue deficits in the Morris water maze spatial learning task (MWM), novel object recognition (NOR) or balance beam task (BB). In contrast, a recent study reported that an EGCG-containing supplement with a dose of 2-3mg per day (~40-60mg/kg/day) improved hippocampal-dependent task deficits in Ts65Dn mice. The current study investigated if an EGCG dosage similar to that study would yield similar improvements in either cognitive or skeletal deficits. Ts65Dn mice and euploid littermates were given EGCG [0.4mg/mL] or a water control, with treatments yielding average daily intakes of ~50mg/kg/day EGCG, and tested on the multivariate concentric square field (MCSF)-which assesses activity, exploratory behavior, risk assessment, risk taking, and shelter seeking-and NOR, BB, and MWM. EGCG treatment failed to improve cognitive deficits; EGCG also produced several detrimental effects on skeleton in both genotypes. In a refined HPLC-based assay, its first application in Ts65Dn mice, EGCG treatment significantly reduced kinase activity in femora but not in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, or hippocampus. Counter to expectation, 9-week-old Ts65Dn mice exhibited a decrease in Dyrk1a protein levels in Western blot analysis in the cerebellum. The lack of beneficial therapeutic behavioral effects and potentially detrimental skeletal effects of EGCG found in Ts65Dn mice emphasize the importance of identifying dosages of EGCG that reliably improve DS phenotypes and linking those effects to actions of EGCG (or EGCG-containing supplements) in specific targets in brain and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Stringer
- IUPUI, Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Irushi Abeysekera
- IUPUI, Department of Biology, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Jared Thomas
- IUPUI, Department of Biology, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Jonathan LaCombe
- IUPUI, Department of Biology, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Kailey Stancombe
- IUPUI, Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Robert J Stewart
- IUPUI, Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Karl J Dria
- IUPUI, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 326, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- IUPUI, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 220B, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Charles R Goodlett
- IUPUI, Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Randall J Roper
- IUPUI, Department of Biology, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States.
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15
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A Comprehensive Diverse '-omics' Approach to Better Understanding the Molecular Pathomechanisms of Down Syndrome. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7040044. [PMID: 28430122 PMCID: PMC5406701 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse ‘-omics’ technologies permit the comprehensive quantitative profiling of a variety of biological molecules. Comparative ‘-omics’ analyses, such as transcriptomics and proteomics, are powerful and useful tools for unraveling the molecular pathomechanisms of various diseases. As enhanced oxidative stress has been demonstrated in humans and mice with Down syndrome (DS), a redox proteomic analysis is useful for understanding how enhanced oxidative stress aggravates the state of individuals with oxidative stress-related disorders. In this review, ‘-omics’ analyses in humans with DS and mouse models of DS are summarized, and the molecular dissection of this syndrome is discussed.
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16
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Contestabile A, Magara S, Cancedda L. The GABAergic Hypothesis for Cognitive Disabilities in Down Syndrome. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:54. [PMID: 28326014 PMCID: PMC5339239 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of a third copy of chromosome 21. DS affects multiple organs, but it invariably results in altered brain development and diverse degrees of intellectual disability. A large body of evidence has shown that synaptic deficits and memory impairment are largely determined by altered GABAergic signaling in trisomic mouse models of DS. These alterations arise during brain development while extending into adulthood, and include genesis of GABAergic neurons, variation of the inhibitory drive and modifications in the control of neural-network excitability. Accordingly, different pharmacological interventions targeting GABAergic signaling have proven promising preclinical approaches to rescue cognitive impairment in DS mouse models. In this review, we will discuss recent data regarding the complex scenario of GABAergic dysfunctions in the trisomic brain of DS mice and patients, and we will evaluate the state of current clinical research targeting GABAergic signaling in individuals with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Contestabile
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Magara
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)Genova, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon InstituteGenova, Italy
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17
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Wang M, Li H, Takumi T, Qiu Z, Xu X, Yu X, Bian WJ. Distinct Defects in Spine Formation or Pruning in Two Gene Duplication Mouse Models of Autism. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:143-152. [PMID: 28258509 PMCID: PMC5360848 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a complex set of developmental neurological disorders, characterized by deficits in social communication and excessive repetitive behaviors. In recent years, ASD is increasingly being considered as a disease of the synapse. One main type of genetic aberration leading to ASD is gene duplication, and several mouse models have been generated mimicking these mutations. Here, we studied the effects of MECP2 duplication and human chromosome 15q11-13 duplication on synaptic development and neural circuit wiring in the mouse sensory cortices. We showed that mice carrying MECP2 duplication had specific defects in spine pruning, while the 15q11-13 duplication mouse model had impaired spine formation. Our results demonstrate that spine pathology varies significantly between autism models and that distinct aspects of neural circuit development may be targeted in different ASD mutations. Our results further underscore the importance of gene dosage in normal development and function of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiping Li
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zilong Qiu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiu Xu
- Department of Child Healthcare, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Xiang Yu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Wen-Jie Bian
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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18
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Liu H, Wang K, Chen S, Sun Q, Zhang Y, Chen L, Sun X. NFATc1 phosphorylation by DYRK1A increases its protein stability. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172985. [PMID: 28235034 PMCID: PMC5325557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NFATs are transcription factors involved in immune activation and tumor progression. Previous reports showed that DYRK1A suppressed NFATc2 transcriptional activity through phosphorylation. Nonetheless, our results showed that DYRK1A increased NFATc1/αA protein level and subsequent transcriptional activity. DYRK1A phosphorylation of NFATc1/αA at S261, S278, S403 and S409 interfered with NFATc1 ubiquitination and ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. Our results imply that DYRK1A is a positive kinase in regulation of NFATc1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ketao Wang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuankai Zhang
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Long Chen
- Otolaryngology Key Lab of Ministry of Health, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiulian Sun
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
- Brain Research Institute, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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19
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Roubertoux PL, Baril N, Cau P, Scajola C, Ghata A, Bartoli C, Bourgeois P, Christofaro JD, Tordjman S, Carlier M. Differential Brain, Cognitive and Motor Profiles Associated with Partial Trisomy. Modeling Down Syndrome in Mice. Behav Genet 2017; 47:305-322. [PMID: 28204906 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We hypothesize that the trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) is the additive and interactive outcome of the triple copy of different regions of HSA21. Because of the small number of patients with partial trisomy 21, we addressed the question in the Mouse in which three chromosomal regions located on MMU10, MMU17 and MMU16 carries almost all the HSA21 homologs. Male mice from four segmental trisomic strains covering the D21S17-ETS2 (syntenic to MMU16) were examined with an exhaustive battery of cognitive tests, motor tasks and MRI and compared with TS65Dn that encompasses D21S17-ETS2. None of the four strains gather all the impairments (measured by the effect size) of TS65Dn strain. The 152F7 strain was close to TS65Dn for motor behavior and reference memory and the three other strains 230E8, 141G6 and 285E6 for working memory. Episodic memory was impaired only in strain 285E6. The hippocampus and cerebellum reduced sizes that were seen in all the strains indicate that trisomy 21 is not only a hippocampus syndrome but that it results from abnormal interactions between the two structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre L Roubertoux
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Nathalie Baril
- Department 3C, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Cau
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France.,Service de Biologie Cellulaire, AP-HM, Hôpital La Timone, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Christophe Scajola
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Ghata
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Bartoli
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Bourgeois
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, UMR_S 910, GMGF, TIMONE - 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HM, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Tordjman
- Paris Descartes University, CNRS, LPP, Paris, France.,Rennes 1 University, PHUPEA, Rennes, France
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20
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Ferrés MA, Bianchi DW, Siegel AE, Bronson RT, Huggins GS, Guedj F. Perinatal Natural History of the Ts1Cje Mouse Model of Down Syndrome: Growth Restriction, Early Mortality, Heart Defects, and Delayed Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168009. [PMID: 27930746 PMCID: PMC5145234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ts1Cje model of Down syndrome is of particular interest for perinatal studies because affected males are fertile. This permits affected pups to be carried in wild-type females, which is similar to human pregnancies. Here we describe the early natural history and growth profiles of Ts1Cje embryos and neonates and determine if heart defects are present in this strain. Methods Pups were studied either on embryonic (E) day 15.5, or from postnatal (P) day 3 through weaning on P21. PCR amplification targeting the neomycin cassette (present in Ts1Cje) and Sry (present in males) was used to analyze pup genotypes and sex ratios. Body weights and lengths, as well as developmental milestones, were recorded in Ts1Cje mice and compared to their wild-type (WT) littermates. Histological evaluations were performed at E15.5 to investigate the presence or absence of heart defects. Pups were divided into two groups: Ts1Cje-I pups survived past weaning and Ts1Cje-II pups died at some point before P21. Results Ts1Cje mouse embryos showed expected Mendelian ratios (45.8%, n = 66 for Ts1Cje embryos; 54.2%, n = 78 for WT embryos). Histological analysis revealed the presence of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) in 21% of Ts1Cje E15.5 embryos. After weaning, only 28.2% of pups were Ts1Cje (185 Ts1Cje out of 656 total pups generated), with males predominating (male:female ratio of 1.4:1). Among the recovered dead pups (n = 207), Ts1Cje (63.3%, n = 131, p<0.01) genotype was found significantly more often than WT (36.7%, n = 76). Retrospective analysis of Ts1Cje-II (pre-weaning deceased) pups showed that they were growth restricted compared to Ts1Cje-I pups (post-weaning survivors). Growth restriction correlated with statistically significant delays in achieving several neonatal milestones between P3 and P21 compared to Ts1Cje-I (post-weaning survivors) neonates and WT littermates. Conclusions Ts1Cje genotype is not associated with increased early in utero mortality. Cardiac defects, specifically VSDs, are part of the phenotype in this strain. There is increased neonatal mortality in Ts1Cje pups, with sex differences observed. Ts1Cje mice that died in the neonatal period were more likely to be growth restricted and delayed in achieving neonatal developmental milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie A. Ferrés
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI) at Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- * E-mail: (FG); (MAF)
| | - Diana W. Bianchi
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI) at Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashley E. Siegel
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI) at Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gordon S. Huggins
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute (MCRI) at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Faycal Guedj
- Mother Infant Research Institute (MIRI) at Tufts Medical Center and Floating Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
- * E-mail: (FG); (MAF)
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21
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Créau N, Cabet E, Daubigney F, Souchet B, Bennaï S, Delabar J. Specific age-related molecular alterations in the cerebellum of Down syndrome mouse models. Brain Res 2016; 1646:342-353. [PMID: 27297494 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome, or trisomy 21, has been modeled with various trisomic and transgenic mice to help understand the consequences of an altered gene dosage in brain development and function. Though Down syndrome has been associated with premature aging, little is known about the molecular and cellular alterations that target brain function. To help identify alterations at specific ages, we analyzed the cerebellum of Ts1Cje mice, trisomic for 77 HSA21 orthologs, at three ages-young (4 months), middle-age (12 months), and old (17 months)-compared to age-matched controls. Quantification of neuronal and glial markers (n=11) revealed increases in GFAP, with an age effect, and S100B, with age and genotype effects. The genotype effect on S100B with age was unexpected as Ts1Cje has only two copies of the S100b gene. Interestingly, the different increase in GFAP observed between Ts1Cje (trisomic segment includes Pcp4 gene) and controls was magnified in TgPCP4 mice (1 extra copy of the human PCP4 gene) at the same age. S100B increase was not found in the TgPCP4 confirming a difference of regulation with aging for GFAP and S100B and excluding the calcium signaling regulator, Pcp4, as a potential candidate for increase of S100B in the Ts1Cje. To understand these differences, comparison of GFAP and S100B immunostainings at young and middle-age were performed. Immunohistochemical detection of differences in GFAP and S100B localization with aging implicate S100B+ oligodendrocytes as a new phenotypic target in this specific aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Créau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Eva Cabet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Daubigney
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Souchet
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Soumia Bennaï
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jean Delabar
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, UMR8251, CNRS, Paris, France
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22
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Romano E, Cosentino L, Laviola G, De Filippis B. Genes and sex hormones interaction in neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:9-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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López-Hidalgo R, Ballestín R, Vega J, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Crespo C, Gilabert-Juan J, Nácher J, Varea E. Hypocellularity in the Murine Model for Down Syndrome Ts65Dn Is Not Affected by Adult Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:75. [PMID: 26973453 PMCID: PMC4773601 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is caused by the presence of an extra copy of the chromosome 21 and it is the most common aneuploidy producing intellectual disability. Neural mechanisms underlying this alteration may include defects in the formation of neuronal networks, information processing and brain plasticity. The murine model for DS, Ts65Dn, presents reduced adult neurogenesis. This reduction has been suggested to underlie the hypocellularity of the hippocampus as well as the deficit in olfactory learning in the Ts65Dn mice. Similar alterations have also been observed in individuals with DS. To determine whether the impairment in adult neurogenesis is, in fact, responsible for the hypocellularity in the hippocampus and physiology of the olfactory bulb, we have analyzed cell proliferation and neuronal maturation in the two major adult neurogenic niches in the Ts656Dn mice: the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ). Additionally, we carried out a study to determine the survival rate and phenotypic fate of newly generated cells in both regions, injecting 5'BrdU and sacrificing the mice 21 days later, and analyzing the number and phenotype of the remaining 5'BrdU-positive cells. We observed a reduction in the number of proliferating (Ki67 positive) cells and immature (doublecortin positive) neurons in the subgranular and SVZ of Ts65Dn mice, but we did not observe changes in the number of surviving cells or in their phenotype. These data correlated with a lower number of apoptotic cells (cleaved caspase 3 positive) in Ts65Dn. We conclude that although adult Ts65Dn mice have a lower number of proliferating cells, it is compensated by a lower level of cell death. This higher survival rate in Ts65Dn produces a final number of mature cells similar to controls. Therefore, the reduction of adult neurogenesis cannot be held responsible for the neuronal hypocellularity in the hippocampus or for the olfactory learning deficit of Ts65Dn mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa López-Hidalgo
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Raul Ballestín
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Jessica Vega
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - José M. Blasco-Ibáñez
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Carlos Crespo
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Javier Gilabert-Juan
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVAValència, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthValència, Spain
- Genetics Department, CIBERSAM, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Juan Nácher
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVAValència, Spain
- CIBERSAM, Spanish National Network for Research in Mental HealthValència, Spain
- Genetics Department, CIBERSAM, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
| | - Emilio Varea
- Neurobiology Unit and Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de ValènciaValència, Spain
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Kuwahara K, Yamamoto-Ibusuki M, Zhang Z, Phimsen S, Gondo N, Yamashita H, Takeo T, Nakagata N, Yamashita D, Fukushima Y, Yamamoto Y, Iwata H, Saya H, Kondo E, Matsuo K, Takeya M, Iwase H, Sakaguchi N. GANP protein encoded on human chromosome 21/mouse chromosome 10 is associated with resistance to mammary tumor development. Cancer Sci 2016; 107:469-77. [PMID: 26749495 PMCID: PMC4832866 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chromosome 21 is known to be associated with the high risk of hematological malignancy but with resistance to breast cancer in the study of Down syndrome. In human cancers, we previously observed the significant alterations of the protein expression encoded by the ganp/MCM3AP gene on human chromosome 21q22.3. Here, we investigated GANP protein alterations in human breast cancer samples (416 cases) at various stages by immunohistochemical analysis. This cohort study clearly showed that expression of GANP is significantly decreased in human breast cancer cases with poor prognosis as an independent risk factor (relapse-free survival, hazard ratio = 2.37, 95% confidence interval, 1.27-4.42, P = 0.007 [univariate analysis]; hazard ratio = 2.70, 95% confidence interval, 1.42-5.13, P = 0.002 [multivariate analysis]). To investigate whether the altered GANP expression is associated with mammary tumorigenesis, we created mutant mice that were conditionally deficient in the ganp/MCM3AP gene using wap-cre recombinase transgenic mice. Mammary gland tumors occurred at a very high incidence in female mammary gland-specific GANP-deficient mice after severe impairment of mammary gland development during pregnancy. Moreover, tumor development also occurred in female post parous GANP-heterodeficient mice. GANP has a significant role in the suppression of DNA damage caused by estrogen in human breast cancer cell lines. These results indicated that the GANP protein is associated with breast cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Kuwahara
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Yamamoto-Ibusuki
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Zhenhuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Suchada Phimsen
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Gondo
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamashita
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Takeo
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamashita
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Fukushima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yamamoto
- Division of Immunology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroji Iwata
- Department of Breast Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Division of Oncological Pathology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motohiro Takeya
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Iwase
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sakaguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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25
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Stringer M, Abeysekera I, Dria KJ, Roper RJ, Goodlett CR. Low dose EGCG treatment beginning in adolescence does not improve cognitive impairment in a Down syndrome mouse model. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 138:70-9. [PMID: 26363314 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) or Trisomy 21 causes intellectual disabilities in humans and the Ts65Dn DS mouse model is deficient in learning and memory tasks. DYRK1A is triplicated in DS and Ts65Dn mice. Ts65Dn mice were given up to ~20mg/kg/day epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a Dyrk1a inhibitor, or water beginning on postnatal day 24 and continuing for three or seven weeks, and were tested on a series of behavioral and learning tasks, including a novel balance beam test. Ts65Dn as compared to control mice exhibited higher locomotor activity, impaired novel object recognition, impaired balance beam and decreased spatial learning and memory. Neither EGCG treatment improved performance of the Ts65Dn mice on these tasks. Ts65Dn mice had a non-significant increase in Dyrk1a activity in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Given the translational value of the Ts65Dn mouse model, further studies will be needed to identify the EGCG doses (and mechanisms) that may improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Stringer
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Irushi Abeysekera
- Department of Biology, IUPUI, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Karl J Dria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, IUPUI, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 326, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, IUPUI, 723 West Michigan Street, SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States.
| | - Charles R Goodlett
- Department of Psychology, IUPUI, 402 North Blackford Street, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202-3275, United States
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Involvement of Potassium and Cation Channels in Hippocampal Abnormalities of Embryonic Ts65Dn and Tc1 Trisomic Mice. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:1048-62. [PMID: 26501103 PMCID: PMC4588457 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) mouse models exhibit cognitive deficits, and are used for studying the neuronal basis of DS pathology. To understand the differences in the physiology of DS model neurons, we used dissociated neuronal cultures from the hippocampi of Ts65Dn and Tc1 DS mice. Imaging of [Ca2+]i and whole cell patch clamp recordings were used to analyze network activity and single neuron properties, respectively. We found a decrease of ~ 30% in both fast (A-type) and slow (delayed rectifier) outward potassium currents. Depolarization of Ts65Dn and Tc1 cells produced fewer spikes than diploid cells. Their network bursts were smaller and slower than diploids, displaying a 40% reduction in Δf / f0 of the calcium signals, and a 30% reduction in propagation velocity. Additionally, Ts65Dn and Tc1 neurons exhibited changes in the action potential shape compared to diploid neurons, with an increase in the amplitude of the action potential, a lower threshold for spiking, and a sharp decrease of about 65% in the after-hyperpolarization amplitude. Numerical simulations reproduced the DS measured phenotype by variations in the conductance of the delayed rectifier and A-type, but necessitated also changes in inward rectifying and M-type potassium channels and in the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. We therefore conducted whole cell patch clamp measurements of M-type potassium currents, which showed a ~ 90% decrease in Ts65Dn neurons, while HCN measurements displayed an increase of ~ 65% in Ts65Dn cells. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicates overexpression of 40% of KCNJ15, an inward rectifying potassium channel, contributing to the increased inhibition. We thus find that changes in several types of potassium channels dominate the observed DS model phenotype. Down syndrome model neurons display altered action potential shape, are less excitable and have decreased potassium currents. The data is accurately described by a numerical simulation that changes conductance of four potassium and the HCN currents. Measurements of the currents related to these four channels, and RT-pcr for a fifth (KCNJ15), confirm the numerical model.
In Down syndrome (DS) cognitive function is impaired, leading us to use cultured hippocampal neuronal networks to investigate the cellular basis of its pathology. DS mouse model neurons are less excitable, produce fewer spikes and generate less network activity. Alterations in several types of potassium currents were detected in these neurons. Numerical simulation of a DS neuron successfully reproduced the experimental results. Beyond extending our understanding of neuronal function and pathology, the alterations in channel conductance can now be targeted with specific drugs so as to point to new directions in therapy of cognitive disabilities of DS.
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Key Words
- 1D, one-dimensional
- 2D, two-dimensional
- DC, direct current
- DS, Down syndrome
- Down syndrome
- EPSC, excitatory post synaptic current
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- GIRK, G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels
- HCN, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated
- Hippocampus
- Inward rectifiers
- Potassium channels
- Potassium currents
- ROI, region of interest
- RT-PCR, real time polymerase chain reaction
- Reduced excitability
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TTX, tetrodotoxin
- Tc1
- Ts65Dn
- WT, wild type
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27
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Belichenko PV, Kleschevnikov AM, Becker A, Wagner GE, Lysenko LV, Yu YE, Mobley WC. Down Syndrome Cognitive Phenotypes Modeled in Mice Trisomic for All HSA 21 Homologues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134861. [PMID: 26230397 PMCID: PMC4521889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), trisomy for chromosome 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The genomic regions on human chromosome 21 (HSA21) are syntenically conserved with regions on mouse chromosomes 10, 16, and 17 (Mmu10, Mmu16, and Mmu17). Recently, we created a genetic model of DS which carries engineered duplications of all three mouse syntenic regions homologous to HSA21. This 'triple trisomic' or TTS model thus represents the most complete and accurate murine model currently available for experimental studies of genotype-phenotype relationships in DS. Here we extended our initial studies of TTS mice. Locomotor activity, stereotypic and repetitive behavior, anxiety, working memory, long-term memory, and synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus were examined in the TTS and wild-type (WT) control mice. Changes in locomotor activity were most remarkable for a significant increase in ambulatory time and a reduction in average velocity of TTS mice. No changes were detected in repetitive and stereotypic behavior and in measures of anxiety. Working memory showed no changes when tested in Y-maze, but deficiency in a more challenging T-maze test was detected. Furthermore, long-term object recognition memory was significantly reduced in the TTS mice. These changes were accompanied by deficient long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus, which was restored to the WT levels following blockade of GABAA receptors with picrotoxin (100 μM). TTS mice thus demonstrated a number of phenotypes characteristic of DS and may serve as a new standard by which to evaluate and direct findings in other less complete models of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V. Belichenko
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Alexander M. Kleschevnikov
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann Becker
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Grant E. Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Larisa V. Lysenko
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
| | - Y. Eugene Yu
- Genetics Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, United States of America
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093–0649, United States of America
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Hernández-González S, Ballestín R, López-Hidalgo R, Gilabert-Juan J, Blasco-Ibáñez JM, Crespo C, Nácher J, Varea E. Altered distribution of hippocampal interneurons in the murine Down Syndrome model Ts65Dn. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:151-64. [PMID: 25399236 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Down Syndrome, with an incidence of one in 800 live births, is the most common genetic alteration producing intellectual disability. We have used the Ts65Dn model, that mimics some of the alterations observed in Down Syndrome. This genetic alteration induces an imbalance between excitation and inhibition that has been suggested as responsible for the cognitive impairment present in this syndrome. The hippocampus has a crucial role in memory processing and is an important area to analyze this imbalance. In this report we have analysed, in the hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice, the expression of synaptic markers: synaptophysin, vesicular glutamate transporter-1 and isoform 67 of the glutamic acid decarboxylase; and of different subtypes of inhibitory neurons (Calbindin D-28k, parvalbumin, calretinin, NPY, CCK, VIP and somatostatin). We have observed alterations in the inhibitory neuropil in the hippocampus of Ts65Dn mice. There was an excess of inhibitory puncta and a reduction of the excitatory ones. In agreement with this observation, we have observed an increase in the number of inhibitory neurons in CA1 and CA3, mainly interneurons expressing calbindin, calretinin, NPY and VIP, whereas parvalbumin cell numbers were not affected. These alterations in the number of interneurons, but especially the alterations in the proportion of the different types, may influence the normal function of inhibitory circuits and underlie the cognitive deficits observed in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hernández-González
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Basic and Applied Neurosciences, Cell Biology Department, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether peptides given to adult mice with Down syndrome prevent learning deficits, and to delineate the mechanisms behind the protective effect. METHODS Ts65Dn mice were treated for 9 days with peptides D-NAPVSIPQ (NAP)+D-SALLRSIPA (SAL) or placebo, and wild-type animals were treated with placebo. Beginning on treatment day 4, the mice were tested for learning using the Morris watermaze. Probe tests for long-term memory were performed on treatment day 9 and 10 days after treatment stopped. Open-field testing was performed before and after the treatment. Calibrator-normalized relative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) standardization was performed on the whole brain and hippocampus for activity-dependent neuroprotective protein, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), NR2B, NR2A, and γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-α5. Statistics included analysis of variance and the Fisher protected least significant difference, with P<.05 significant. RESULTS The Ts65Dn plus placebo animals did not learn over the 5-day period compared with the controls (P<.001). The Ts65Dn +(D-NAP+D-SAL) learned significantly better than the Ts65Dn plus placebo (P<.05), and they retained learning similar to controls on treatment day 9, but not after 10 days of no treatment. Treatment with D-NAP+D-SAL prevented the Ts65Dn hyperactivity. Adult administration of D-NAP+D-SAL prevented changes in activity-dependent neuroprotective protein, intestinal peptide, and NR2B with levels similar to controls (all P<.05). CONCLUSION Adult treatment with D-NAP+D-SAL prevented learning deficit in Ts65Dn, a model of Down syndrome. Possible mechanisms of action include reversal of vasoactive intestinal peptide and activity-dependent neuroprotective protein dysregulation, as well as increasing expression of NR2B, thus facilitating learning.
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Guedj F, Pennings JLA, Wick HC, Bianchi DW. Analysis of adult cerebral cortex and hippocampus transcriptomes reveals unique molecular changes in the Ts1Cje mouse model of down syndrome. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:11-23. [PMID: 24916381 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated gene expression and functional differences between Ts1Cje mice and wild-type (WT) littermates in adult cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These two brain regions are affected in people with Down syndrome, but have not been previously molecularly characterized in Ts1Cje mice. Total RNA was prepared from the brains of 8-10-week-old Ts1Cje mice (n = 6) and WT littermates (n = 5) and hybridized to Affymetrix 1.0 ST gene mouse arrays. Differentially regulated genes were identified and used to perform in silico functional analyses to better characterize dysregulated pathways in both brain regions. Hippocampus had more significantly differentially expressed genes compared with cortex (30 vs. 7 at a Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate of 20%). We identified novel genes that were differentially regulated in adult brains, including Cyb5r1, Fsbp, Vmn2r110, Snd1 and Zhx2. Functional analyses in Ts1Cje mice highlighted the importance of NFAT signaling, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and olfactory perception via G-protein signaling. In a comparison of adult Ts1Cje and WT brains, we identified new genes and pathway differences in the cortex and hippocampus. Our analyses identified physiologically relevant pathways that can serve as targets for the development of future treatments to improve neurocognition in Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faycal Guedj
- Mother Infant Research Institute, Floating Hospital for Children, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Ash JA, Velazquez R, Kelley CM, Powers BE, Ginsberg SD, Mufson EJ, Strupp BJ. Maternal choline supplementation improves spatial mapping and increases basal forebrain cholinergic neuron number and size in aged Ts65Dn mice. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 70:32-42. [PMID: 24932939 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is marked by intellectual disability (ID) and early-onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, including basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) degeneration. The present study tested the hypothesis that maternal choline supplementation (MCS) improves spatial mapping and protects against BFCN degeneration in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS and AD. During pregnancy and lactation, dams were assigned to either a choline sufficient (1.1g/kg choline chloride) or choline supplemented (5.0g/kg choline chloride) diet. Between 13 and 17months of age, offspring were tested in the radial arm water maze (RAWM) to examine spatial mapping followed by unbiased quantitative morphometry of BFCNs. Spatial mapping was significantly impaired in unsupplemented Ts65Dn mice relative to normal disomic (2N) littermates. Additionally, a significantly lower number and density of medial septum (MS) hippocampal projection BFCNs was also found in unsupplemented Ts65Dn mice. Notably, MCS significantly improved spatial mapping and increased number, density, and size of MS BFCNs in Ts65Dn offspring. Moreover, the density and number of MS BFCNs correlated significantly with spatial memory proficiency, providing support for a functional relationship between these behavioral and morphometric effects of MCS for trisomic offspring. Thus, increasing maternal choline intake during pregnancy may represent a safe and effective treatment approach for expectant mothers carrying a DS fetus, as well as a possible means of BFCN neuroprotection during aging for the population at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Ash
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ramon Velazquez
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christy M Kelley
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian E Powers
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10962, USA
| | - Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Barbara J Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Gavris M, Courteix D, Serbanoiu S, Hantiu I, Tifrea C, Ferry B. Bone Tissue in Down Syndrome Patients Deteriorates Following Aging: A Study Based on Bone Ultrasound Analysis. J Med Ultrasound 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmu.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Mouton-Liger F, Sahún I, Collin T, Lopes Pereira P, Masini D, Thomas S, Paly E, Luilier S, Même S, Jouhault Q, Bennaï S, Beloeil JC, Bizot JC, Hérault Y, Dierssen M, Créau N. Developmental molecular and functional cerebellar alterations induced by PCP4/PEP19 overexpression: implications for Down syndrome. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 63:92-106. [PMID: 24291518 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PCP4/PEP19 is a modulator of Ca(2+)-CaM signaling. In the brain, it is expressed in a very specific pattern in postmitotic neurons. In particular, Pcp4 is highly expressed in the Purkinje cell, the sole output neuron of the cerebellum. PCP4, located on human chromosome 21, is present in three copies in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). In a previous study using a transgenic mouse model (TgPCP4) to evaluate the consequences of 3 copies of this gene, we found that PCP4 overexpression induces precocious neuronal differentiation during mouse embryogenesis. Here, we report combined analyses of the cerebellum at postnatal stages (P14 and adult) in which we identified age-related molecular, electrophysiological, and behavioral alterations in the TgPCP4 mouse. While Pcp4 overexpression at P14 induces an earlier neuronal maturation, at adult stage it induces increase in cerebellar CaMK2alpha and in cerebellar LTD, as well as learning impairments. We therefore propose that PCP4 contributes significantly to the development of Down syndrome phenotypes through molecular and functional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ignasi Sahún
- Cellular and Systems Biology, Systems Biology Programme, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER): Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thibault Collin
- CNRS UMR8118, Brain Physiology Laboratory, Universite Paris-Descartes, Centre universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 Rue des Saints-Pères, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Patricia Lopes Pereira
- Transgenese et Archivage Animaux Modèles, TAAM, CNRS, UPS44, 3B rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Debora Masini
- Cellular and Systems Biology, Systems Biology Programme, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER): Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Evelyne Paly
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Luilier
- Key-Obs SAS, 13 avenue Buffon, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Sandra Même
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans, France
| | - Quentin Jouhault
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Soumia Bennaï
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Yann Hérault
- Transgenese et Archivage Animaux Modèles, TAAM, CNRS, UPS44, 3B rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans, France; Institut Clinique de la Souris, ICS, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France; Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Translational medicine and Neuroscience program, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, UMR964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Cellular and Systems Biology, Systems Biology Programme, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF); Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER): Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole Créau
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, EAC4413 CNRS, Paris, France.
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Adorno M, Sikandar S, Mitra SS, Kuo A, Nicolis Di Robilant B, Haro-Acosta V, Ouadah Y, Quarta M, Rodriguez J, Qian D, Reddy VM, Cheshier S, Garner CC, Clarke MF. Usp16 contributes to somatic stem-cell defects in Down's syndrome. Nature 2013; 501:380-4. [PMID: 24025767 PMCID: PMC3816928 DOI: 10.1038/nature12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) results from full or partial trisomy of chromosome 21. However, the consequences of the underlying gene-dosage imbalance on adult tissues remain poorly understood. Here we show that in Ts65Dn mice, trisomic for 132 genes homologous to HSA21, triplication of Usp16 reduces self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and expansion of mammary epithelial cells, neural progenitors, and fibroblasts. Moreover, Usp16 is associated with decreased ubiquitination of Cdkn2a and accelerated senescence in Ts65Dn fibroblasts. Usp16 can remove ubiquitin from H2AK119, a critical mark for the maintenance of multiple somatic tissues. Downregulation of Usp16, either by mutation of a single normal USP16 allele or by shRNAs, largely rescues all these defects. Furthermore, in human tissues overexpression of USP16 reduces the expansion of normal fibroblasts and post-natal neural progenitors while downregulation of USP16 partially rescues the proliferation defects of DS fibroblasts. Taken together, these results suggest that USP16 plays an important role in antagonizing the self-renewal and/or senescence pathways in Down syndrome and could serve as an attractive target to ameliorate some of the associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Adorno
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Ruparelia A, Pearn ML, Mobley WC. Aging and intellectual disability: insights from mouse models of Down syndrome. DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS 2013; 18:43-50. [PMID: 23949828 DOI: 10.1002/ddrr.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is one of many causes of intellectual disability (ID), others including but not limited to, fetal alcohol syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, Williams syndrome, hypoxia, and infection. Down syndrome is characterized by a number of neurobiological problems resulting in learning and memory deficits and early onset Alzheimer's disease. The cognitive impairment in people with DS is virtually universal but varies considerably with respect to expressivity and severity. Significant advances in medical treatment and social inclusion have increased longevity in people with DS resulting in an increased aging population, thus highlighting the significance of early onset of dementia and the importance of identifying pharmacotherapies to treat DS-associated health complications in adults. Given its prevalence and established mouse models, this review will focus on ID in the DS population; specifically, the superimposed effect of aging on the complications already manifest in DS adults and the cognitive insights gained from studies on mouse models of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Ruparelia
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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Deficits in cognition and synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Down syndrome ameliorated by GABAB receptor antagonists. J Neurosci 2012; 32:9217-27. [PMID: 22764230 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1673-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairment in Down syndrome (DS) is characterized by deficient learning and memory. Mouse genetic models of DS exhibit impaired cognition in hippocampally mediated behavioral tasks and reduced synaptic plasticity of hippocampal pathways. Enhanced efficiency of GABAergic neurotransmission was implicated in those changes. We have recently shown that signaling through postsynaptic GABA(B) receptors is significantly increased in the dentate gyrus of Ts65Dn mice, a genetic model of DS. Here we examined a role for GABA(B) receptors in cognitive deficits in DS by defining the effect of selective GABA(B) receptor antagonists on behavior and synaptic plasticity of adult Ts65Dn mice. Treatment with the GABA(B) receptor antagonist CGP55845 restored memory of Ts65Dn mice in the novel place recognition, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tasks, but did not affect locomotion and performance in T-maze. The treatment increased hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, equally in 2N and Ts65Dn mice. In hippocampal slices, treatment with the GABA(B) receptor antagonists CGP55845 or CGP52432 enhanced long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Ts65Dn DG. The enhancement of LTP was accompanied by an increase in the NMDA receptor-mediated component of the tetanus-evoked responses. These findings are evidence for a contribution of GABA(B) receptors to changes in hippocampal-based cognition in the Ts65Dn mouse. The ability to rescue cognitive performance through treatment with selective GABA(B) receptor antagonists motivates studies to further explore the therapeutic potential of these compounds in people with DS.
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Herault Y, Duchon A, Velot E, Maréchal D, Brault V. The in vivo Down syndrome genomic library in mouse. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2012; 197:169-97. [PMID: 22541293 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-54299-1.00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are key elements to better understand the genotype-phenotype relationship and the physiopathology of Down syndrome (DS). Even though the mouse will never recapitulate the whole spectrum of intellectual disabilities observed in the DS, mouse models have been developed over the recent decades and have been used extensively to identify homologous genes or entire regions homologous to the human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) that are necessary or sufficient to induce DS cognitive features. In this chapter, we review the principal mouse DS models which have been selected and engineered over the years either for large genomic regions or for a few or a single gene of interest. Their analyses highlight the complexity of the genetic interactions that are involved in DS cognitive phenotypes and also strengthen the hypothesis on the multigenic nature of DS. This review also addresses future research challenges relative to the making of new models and their combination to go further in the characterization of candidates and modifier of the DS features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Herault
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Translational medicine and Neurogenetics program, IGBMC, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7104, UMR964, Illkirch, Strasbourg, France.
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Mouse models of Down syndrome as a tool to unravel the causes of mental disabilities. Neural Plast 2012; 2012:584071. [PMID: 22685678 PMCID: PMC3364589 DOI: 10.1155/2012/584071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of mental disability. Based on the homology of Hsa21 and the murine chromosomes Mmu16, Mmu17 and Mmu10, several mouse models of DS have been developed. The most commonly used model, the Ts65Dn mouse, has been widely used to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the mental disabilities seen in DS individuals. A wide array of neuromorphological alterations appears to compromise cognitive performance in trisomic mice. Enhanced inhibition due to alterations in GABA(A)-mediated transmission and disturbances in the glutamatergic, noradrenergic and cholinergic systems, among others, has also been demonstrated. DS cognitive dysfunction caused by neurodevelopmental alterations is worsened in later life stages by neurodegenerative processes. A number of pharmacological therapies have been shown to partially restore morphological anomalies concomitantly with cognition in these mice. In conclusion, the use of mouse models is enormously effective in the study of the neurobiological substrates of mental disabilities in DS and in the testing of therapies that rescue these alterations. These studies provide the basis for developing clinical trials in DS individuals and sustain the hope that some of these drugs will be useful in rescuing mental disabilities in DS individuals.
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Whitney KN, Wenger GR. Working memory in the aged Ts65Dn mouse, a model for Down syndrome. Behav Brain Res 2012; 232:202-9. [PMID: 22503781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The Ts65Dn mouse displays several phenotypic abnormalities that parallel characteristics found in Down syndrome. One important characteristic associated with Down syndrome is an increased incidence of early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Since Alzheimer's disease is characterized largely by progressive memory loss, it is of interest to study working memory in the Ts65Dn mouse. Previous research in our lab using a titrating, delayed matching-to-position schedule of reinforcement has demonstrated that young, adult male Ts65Dn mice do not display a working memory deficit when compared to age-matched littermate controls. However, there have been no studies examining the working memory of these mice as they age. Due to the correlation between Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease, and as part of a larger effort to further characterize the phenotype of the Ts65Dn mouse, the purpose of this study was to determine whether aged Ts65Dn mice possess a working memory deficit when compared to age-matched littermate controls. In order to study working memory, two groups of mice were trained under a titrating, delayed matching-to-position schedule of reinforcement. The first group was trained beginning at 3 months of age, and the second group began training at 15 months of age. Both groups were studied to 24 months of age. Initially, both groups of Ts65Dn mice performed at a lower level of accuracy than the control mice; however, this difference disappeared with further practice. The results from these lifespan studies indicate that the aged Ts65Dn mouse does not possess a working memory deficit when compared to age-matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine N Whitney
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Slot 638, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Trisomy of the G protein-coupled K+ channel gene, Kcnj6, affects reward mechanisms, cognitive functions, and synaptic plasticity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2642-7. [PMID: 22308328 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1109099109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K+ channels (GIRK) generate slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in the brain via G(i/o) protein-coupled receptors. GIRK2, a GIRK subunit, is widely abundant in the brain and has been implicated in various functions and pathologies, such as learning and memory, reward, motor coordination, and Down syndrome. Down syndrome, the most prevalent cause of mental retardation, results from the presence of an extra maternal chromosome 21 (trisomy 21), which comprises the Kcnj6 gene (GIRK2). The present study examined the behaviors and cellular physiology properties in mice harboring a single trisomy of the Kcnj6 gene. Kcnj6 triploid mice exhibit deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory, altered responses to rewards, hampered depotentiation, a form of excitatory synaptic plasticity, and have accentuated long-term synaptic depression. Collectively the findings suggest that triplication of Kcnj6 gene may play an active role in some of the abnormal neurological phenotypes found in Down syndrome.
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Abstract
Intersectin 1 (ITSN1) is a human chromosome 21 (HSA21) gene product encoding a multidomain scaffold protein that functions in endocytosis, signal transduction, and is implicated in Down's syndrome, Alzheimer's Disease, and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. We report for the first time that ITSN1 proteins are elevated in individuals with Down's syndrome of varying ages. However, ITSN1 levels decreased in aged cases with Down's syndrome with Alzheimer's disease-like neuropathology. Analysis of a novel ITSN1 transgenic mouse reveals that ITSN1 overexpression results in a sex-dependent decrease in locomotor activity. This study reveals a link between overexpression of specific ITSN1 isoforms and behavioral phenotypes and has implications for human neurodegenerative diseases such as Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
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Régnier V, Billard JM, Gupta S, Potier B, Woerner S, Paly E, Ledru A, David S, Luilier S, Bizot JC, Vacano G, Kraus JP, Patterson D, Kruger WD, Delabar JM, London J. Brain phenotype of transgenic mice overexpressing cystathionine β-synthase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29056. [PMID: 22253703 PMCID: PMC3257219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) gene, located on human chromosome 21q22.3, is a good candidate for playing a role in the Down Syndrome (DS) cognitive profile: it is overexpressed in the brain of individuals with DS, and it encodes a key enzyme of sulfur-containing amino acid (SAA) metabolism, a pathway important for several brain physiological processes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we have studied the neural consequences of CBS overexpression in a transgenic mouse line (60.4P102D1) expressing the human CBS gene under the control of its endogenous regulatory regions. These mice displayed a ∼2-fold increase in total CBS proteins in different brain areas and a ∼1.3-fold increase in CBS activity in the cerebellum and the hippocampus. No major disturbance of SAA metabolism was observed, and the transgenic mice showed normal behavior in the rotarod and passive avoidance tests. However, we found that hippocampal synaptic plasticity is facilitated in the 60.4P102D1 line. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that CBS overexpression has functional consequences on hippocampal neuronal networks. These results shed new light on the function of the CBS gene, and raise the interesting possibility that CBS overexpression might have an advantageous effect on some cognitive functions in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinciane Régnier
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Kemppainen S, Rantamäki T, Jerónimo-Santos A, Lavasseur G, Autio H, Karpova N, Kärkkäinen E, Stavén S, Vicente Miranda H, Outeiro TF, Diógenes MJ, Laroche S, Davis S, Sebastião AM, Castrén E, Tanila H. Impaired TrkB receptor signaling contributes to memory impairment in APP/PS1 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:1122.e23-39. [PMID: 22209410 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. Levels of BDNF and its main receptor TrkB (TrkB.TK) have been reported to be decreased while the levels of the truncated TrkB (TrkB.T1) are increased in Alzheimer's disease. We show here that incubation with amyloid-β increased TrkB.T1 receptor levels and decreased TrkB.TK levels in primary neurons. In vivo, APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice (APdE9) showed an age-dependent relative increase in cortical but not hippocampal TrkB.T1 receptor levels compared with TrkB.TK. To investigate the role of TrkB isoforms in Alzheimer's disease, we crossed AP mice with mice overexpressing the truncated TrkB.T1 receptor (T1) or the full-length TrkB.TK isoform. Overexpression of TrkB.T1 in APdE9 mice exacerbated their spatial memory impairment while the overexpression of TrkB.TK alleviated it. These data suggest that amyloid-β changes the ratio between TrkB isoforms in favor of the dominant-negative TrkB.T1 isoform both in vitro and in vivo and supports the role of BDNF signaling through TrkB in the pathophysiology and cognitive deficits of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kemppainen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Gotti S, Caricati E, Panzica G. Alterations of brain circuits in Down syndrome murine models. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 42:317-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Mouton-Liger F, Thomas S, Rattenbach R, Magnol L, Larigaldie V, Ledru A, Herault Y, Verney C, Créau N. PCP4 (PEP19) overexpression induces premature neuronal differentiation associated with Ca(2+) /calmodulin-dependent kinase II-δ activation in mouse models of Down syndrome. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:2779-802. [PMID: 21491429 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pcp4/pep19 is a modulator of Ca(2+) -CaM, a key molecule for calcium signaling, expressed in postmitotic neuroectoderm cells during mouse embryogenesis. The PCP4 gene is located on human chromosome 21 and is present in three copies in Down syndrome (DS). To evaluate the consequences of three copies of this gene on the development of these cells in the nervous system, we constructed a transgenic (TgPCP4) mouse model, with one copy of human PCP4, and investigated the effects in this model and in the Ts1Cje, a mouse model of DS. During embryogenesis, we analyzed 1) the level of pcp4 transcript and protein in the two models; 2) the extent of colabeling for markers of neuronal differentiation (βIII-tubulin, Map2c, calbindin, and calretinin) and pcp4 by immunofluorescence analysis and overall protein levels of these markers by Western blotting; and 3) the rate of activation of CaMKII, a Ca(2+) -CaM target, to evaluate the impact of pcp4 overexpression on the Ca(2+) -CaM signaling pathway. We showed that three copies of the pcp4 gene induced the overexpression of transcripts and proteins during embryogenesis. Pcp4 overexpression 1) induced precocious neuronal differentiation, as shown by the distribution and levels of early neuronal markers; and 2) was associated with an increase in CaMKIIδ activation, confirming involvement in neuronal differentiation in vivo via a Pcp4-Ca(2+) -CaM pathway. TgPCP4 and Ts1Cje mice developed similar modifications, demonstrating that these mechanisms may account for abnormal neuronal development in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Mouton-Liger
- Functional Adaptive Biology (BFA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) EAC4413, Université Paris Diderot-Paris7, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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Liu C, Belichenko PV, Zhang L, Fu D, Kleschevnikov AM, Baldini A, Antonarakis SE, Mobley WC, Yu YE. Mouse models for Down syndrome-associated developmental cognitive disabilities. Dev Neurosci 2011; 33:404-13. [PMID: 21865664 DOI: 10.1159/000329422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is mainly caused by the presence of an extra copy of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and is a leading genetic cause for developmental cognitive disabilities in humans. The mouse is a premier model organism for DS because the regions on Hsa21 are syntenically conserved with three regions in the mouse genome, which are located on mouse chromosome 10 (Mmu10), Mmu16 and Mmu17. With the advance of chromosomal manipulation technologies, new mouse mutants have been generated to mimic DS at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Further mouse-based molecular genetic studies in the future may lead to the unraveling of the mechanisms underlying DS-associated developmental cognitive disabilities, which would lay the groundwork for developing effective treatments for this phenotypic manifestation. In this review, we will discuss recent progress and future challenges in modeling DS-associated developmental cognitive disability in mice with an emphasis on hippocampus-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhong Liu
- Children's Guild Foundation Down Syndrome Research Program and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Das I, Reeves RH. The use of mouse models to understand and improve cognitive deficits in Down syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2011; 4:596-606. [PMID: 21816951 PMCID: PMC3180223 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.007716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Remarkable advances have been made in recent years towards therapeutics for cognitive impairment in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) by using mouse models. In this review, we briefly describe the phenotypes of mouse models that represent outcome targets for drug testing, the behavioral tests used to assess impairments in cognition and the known mechanisms of action of several drugs that are being used in preclinical studies or are likely to be tested in clinical trials. Overlaps in the distribution of targets and in the pathways that are affected by these diverse drugs in the trisomic brain suggest new avenues for DS research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Das
- Department of Physiology and McKusick-Nathans, Institute for Medical Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Bartesaghi R, Guidi S, Ciani E. Is it possible to improve neurodevelopmental abnormalities in Down syndrome? Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:419-55. [DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Scorza CA, Cavalheiro EA. Animal models of intellectual disability: towards a translational approach. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66 Suppl 1:55-63. [PMID: 21779723 PMCID: PMC3118438 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intellectual disability is a prevalent form of cognitive impairment, affecting 2-3% of the general population. It is a daunting societal problem characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills. Intellectual disability is a clinically important disorder for which the etiology and pathogenesis are still poorly understood. Moreover, although tremendous progress has been made, pharmacological intervention is still currently non-existent and therapeutic strategies remain limited. Studies in humans have a very limited capacity to explain basic mechanisms of this condition. In this sense, animal models have been invaluable in intellectual disability investigation. Certainly, a great deal of the knowledge that has improved our understanding of several pathologies has derived from appropriate animal models. Moreover, to improve human health, scientific discoveries must be translated into practical applications. Translational research specifically aims at taking basic scientific discoveries and best practices to benefit the lives of people in our communities. In this context, the challenge that basic science research needs to meet is to make use of a comparative approach to benefit the most from what each animal model can tell us. Intellectual disability results from many different genetic and environmental insults. Taken together, the present review will describe several animal models of potential intellectual disability risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Scorza
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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da Silva VZM, de França Barros J, de Azevedo M, de Godoy JRP, Arena R, Cipriano G. Bone mineral density and respiratory muscle strength in male individuals with mental retardation (with and without Down Syndrome). RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2010; 31:1585-1589. [PMID: 20541908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the respiratory muscle strength (RMS) in individuals with mental retardation (MR), with or without Down Syndrome (DS), and its association with bone mineral density (BMD). Forty-five male individuals (15 with DS, 15 with mental retardation (MR) and 15 apparently healthy controls), aged 20-35, participated in this study. Subject assessment included pulmonary function tests, RMS (maximal inspiratory pressure, MIP, and maximal expiratory pressure, MEP) and BMD of the second and fourth lumbar vertebrae. ANOVA was used to test differences amongst groups. Tukey post hoc test was utilized when significant differences were detected with ANOVA. Bivariate correlation for BMD and respiratory muscle strength was calculated with Pearson's coefficient of correlation. Individuals with MR, both with and without DS, have lower FEV1, FVC, MIP and MEP (p<0.001) compared to controls. Individuals with DS also had lower BMD, which was associated with lower MIP and MEP. Hypotonia, sedentary lifestyle and obesity are factors that may explain lower MIP and MEP in DS. Strategies to increase RMS could decrease the risk of osteoporosis in the DS population.
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