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Verma VS, Pandey A, Jha AK, Badwaik HKR, Alexander A, Ajazuddin. Polyethylene Glycol-Based Polymer-Drug Conjugates: Novel Design and Synthesis Strategies for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy and Targeted Drug Delivery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6. [PMID: 38519751 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to their potential to enhance therapeutic results and enable targeted drug administration, polymer-drug conjugates that use polyethylene glycol (PEG) as both the polymer and the linker for drug conjugation have attracted much research. This study seeks to investigate recent developments in the design and synthesis of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, emphasizing fresh ideas that fill in existing knowledge gaps and satisfy the increasing need for more potent drug delivery methods. Through an extensive review of the existing literature, this study identifies key challenges and proposes innovative strategies for future investigations. The paper presents a comprehensive framework for designing and synthesizing PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, including rational molecular design, linker selection, conjugation methods, and characterization techniques. To further emphasize the importance and adaptability of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, prospective applications are highlighted, including cancer treatment, infectious disorders, and chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sagar Verma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India
| | - Aakansha Pandey
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Jha
- Shri Shankaracharya Professional University, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Ramchandra Badwaik
- Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
- Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Guwahati, 781101, Assam, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India.
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2
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Alfei S. Cationic Materials for Gene Therapy: A Look Back to the Birth and Development of 2,2-Bis-(hydroxymethyl)Propanoic Acid-Based Dendrimer Scaffolds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16006. [PMID: 37958989 PMCID: PMC10649874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is extensively studied as a realistic and promising therapeutic approach for treating inherited and acquired diseases by repairing defective genes through introducing (transfection) the "healthy" genetic material in the diseased cells. To succeed, the proper DNA or RNA fragments need efficient vectors, and viruses are endowed with excellent transfection efficiency and have been extensively exploited. Due to several drawbacks related to their use, nonviral cationic materials, including lipidic, polymeric, and dendrimer vectors capable of electrostatically interacting with anionic phosphate groups of genetic material, represent appealing alternative options to viral carriers. Particularly, dendrimers are highly branched, nanosized synthetic polymers characterized by a globular structure, low polydispersity index, presence of internal cavities, and a large number of peripheral functional groups exploitable to bind cationic moieties. Dendrimers are successful in several biomedical applications and are currently extensively studied for nonviral gene delivery. Among dendrimers, those derived by 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid (b-HMPA), having, unlike PAMAMs, a neutral polyester-based scaffold, could be particularly good-looking due to their degradability in vivo. Here, an overview of gene therapy, its objectives and challenges, and the main cationic materials studied for transporting and delivering genetic materials have been reported. Subsequently, due to their high potential for application in vivo, we have focused on the biodegradable dendrimer scaffolds, telling the history of the birth and development of b-HMPA-derived dendrimers. Finally, thanks to a personal experience in the synthesis of b-HMPA-based dendrimers, our contribution to this field has been described. In particular, we have enriched this work by reporting about the b-HMPA-based derivatives peripherally functionalized with amino acids prepared by us in recent years, thus rendering this paper original and different from the existing reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
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3
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Cheng Y, Qu Z, Jiang Q, Xu T, Zheng H, Ye P, He M, Tong Y, Ma Y, Bao A. Functional Materials for Subcellular Targeting Strategies in Cancer Therapy: Progress and Prospects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305095. [PMID: 37665594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies have made significant progress in cancer treatment. However, tumor adjuvant therapy still faces challenges due to the intrinsic heterogeneity of cancer, genomic instability, and the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Functional materials possess unique biological properties such as long circulation times, tumor-specific targeting, and immunomodulation. The combination of functional materials with natural substances and nanotechnology has led to the development of smart biomaterials with multiple functions, high biocompatibilities, and negligible immunogenicities, which can be used for precise cancer treatment. Recently, subcellular structure-targeting functional materials have received particular attention in various biomedical applications including the diagnosis, sensing, and imaging of tumors and drug delivery. Subcellular organelle-targeting materials can precisely accumulate therapeutic agents in organelles, considerably reduce the threshold dosages of therapeutic agents, and minimize drug-related side effects. This review provides a systematic and comprehensive overview of the research progress in subcellular organelle-targeted cancer therapy based on functional nanomaterials. Moreover, it explains the challenges and prospects of subcellular organelle-targeting functional materials in precision oncology. The review will serve as an excellent cutting-edge guide for researchers in the field of subcellular organelle-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, No.238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Qu
- Department of Blood Transfusion Research, Wuhan Blood Center (WHBC), HUST-WHBC United Hematology Optical Imaging Center, No.8 Baofeng 1st Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Blood Transfusion Research, Wuhan Blood Center (WHBC), HUST-WHBC United Hematology Optical Imaging Center, No.8 Baofeng 1st Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuhan Blood Center (WHBC), No.8 Baofeng 1st Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Hongyun Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, No.238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Peng Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, No.238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Mingdi He
- Department of Blood Transfusion Research, Wuhan Blood Center (WHBC), HUST-WHBC United Hematology Optical Imaging Center, No.8 Baofeng 1st Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Yongqing Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, No.238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Blood Transfusion Research, Wuhan Blood Center (WHBC), HUST-WHBC United Hematology Optical Imaging Center, No.8 Baofeng 1st Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, P. R. China
| | - Anyu Bao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, No.238 Jiefang Road, Wuchang, Wuhan, 430060, P. R. China
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Haddadzadegan S, Knoll P, Wibel R, Kali G, Bernkop-Schünrch A. Three generations of thiolated cyclodextrins: A direct comparison of their mucus permeating and mucoadhesive properties. Acta Biomater 2023:S1742-7061(23)00315-X. [PMID: 37271247 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to compare the mucus permeating and mucoadhesive properties of three generations of thiolated cyclodextrins (CDs). METHODS Free thiol groups of thiolated γ-CDs (CD-SH) were S-protected with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (MNA), leading to a second generation of thiolated CDs (CD-SS-MNA) and with 2 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) bearing a terminal thiol group leading to a third generation of thiolated CDs (CD-SS-PEG). The structure of these thiolated CDs was confirmed and characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR and colorimetric assays. Thiolated CDs were evaluated regarding viscosity, mucus diffusion, and mucoadhesion. RESULTS The viscosity of the mixture of CD-SH, CD-SS-MNA, or CD-SS-PEG with mucus increased up to 11-, 16-, and 14.1-fold compared to unmodified CD within 3 hours, respectively. Mucus diffusion increased in the following rank order: unprotected CD-SH < CD-SS-MNA < CD-SS-PEG. The residence time of CD-SH, CD-SS-MNA, and CD-SS-PEG on porcine intestine was up to 9.6-, 12.55-, and 11.2-fold prolonged compared to native CD, respectively. CONCLUSION According to these results, S-protection of thiolated CDs can be a promising approach to improve their mucus permeating and mucoadhesive properties. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Three generations of thiolated cyclodextrins (CDs) with different types of thiol ligands have been synthesized to improve mucus interaction. 1st generation of thiolated CDs was synthesized by converting hydroxyl groups into thiols by reaction with Thiourea. For 2nd generation, free thiol groups were S-protected by reaction with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (MNA), resulting in high reactive disulfide bonds. For 3rd generation, terminally thiolated short PEG chains (2 kDa) were used for S-protection of thiolated CDs. Mucus penetrating properties were found to be increased as follows: 1st generation < 2nd generation < 3rd generation. Furthermore, mucoadhesive properties were improved in the following rank order: 1st generation < 3rd generation < 2nd generation. This study suggests that the S-protection of thiolated CDs can enhance mucus penetrating and mucoadhesive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Haddadzadegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Knoll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard Wibel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gergely Kali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schünrch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Crintea A, Motofelea AC, Șovrea AS, Constantin AM, Crivii CB, Carpa R, Duțu AG. Dendrimers: Advancements and Potential Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment-An Overview. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051406. [PMID: 37242648 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and the main treatment methods for this condition are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. These treatment methods are invasive and can cause severe adverse reactions among organisms, so nanomaterials are increasingly used as structures for anticancer therapies. Dendrimers are a type of nanomaterial with unique properties, and their production can be controlled to obtain compounds with the desired characteristics. These polymeric molecules are used in cancer diagnosis and treatment through the targeted distribution of some pharmacological substances. Dendrimers have the ability to fulfill several objectives in anticancer therapy simultaneously, such as targeting tumor cells so that healthy tissue is not affected, controlling the release of anticancer agents in the tumor microenvironment, and combining anticancer strategies based on the administration of anticancer molecules to potentiate their effect through photothermal therapy or photodynamic therapy. The purpose of this review is to summarize and highlight the possible uses of dendrimers regarding the diagnosis and treatment of oncological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Crintea
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Cătălin Motofelea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania
| | - Alina Simona Șovrea
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anne-Marie Constantin
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen-Bianca Crivii
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rahela Carpa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alina Gabriela Duțu
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Cui Z, Jiao Y, Pu L, Chen J, Liu M, Tang JZ, Wang G. The Interaction Mechanism of Intramuscular Gene Delivery Materials with Cell Membranes. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14040219. [PMID: 37103309 PMCID: PMC10144004 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been confirmed that skeletal muscle cells have the capability to receive foreign plasmid DNA (pDNA) and express functional proteins. This provides a promisingly applicable strategy for safe, convenient, and economical gene therapy. However, intramuscular pDNA delivery efficiency was not high enough for most therapeutic purposes. Some non-viral biomaterials, especially several amphiphilic triblock copolymers, have been shown to significantly improve intramuscular gene delivery efficiency, but the detailed process and mechanism are still not well understood. In this study, the molecular dynamics simulation method was applied to investigate the structure and energy changes of the material molecules, the cell membrane, and the DNA molecules at the atomic and molecular levels. From the results, the interaction process and mechanism of the material molecules with the cell membrane were revealed, and more importantly, the simulation results almost completely matched the previous experimental results. This study may help us design and optimize better intramuscular gene delivery materials for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanpeng Cui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Linyu Pu
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology/Gastric Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - James Zhenggui Tang
- Research Institute of Healthcare Science, Faculty of Science & Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton WV1 1SB, UK
| | - Gang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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7
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Wong KH, Guo Z, Law MK, Chen M. Functionalized PAMAM constructed nanosystems for biomacromolecule delivery. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:1589-1606. [PMID: 36692071 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01677j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamines (PAMAMs) are a class of dendrimer with monodispersity and controlled topology, which can deliver biologically active macromolecules (e.g., genes and proteins) to specific regions with high efficiency and minimum side effects. In detail, PAMAMs can be functionalized easily by core modification or surface amendment to encapsulate a wide range of biomacromolecules. Besides, self-assembled, cross-linked and hybrid PAMAMs with customized therapeutic purposes are developed as delivery vehicles, which makes PAMAMs promising for biomacromolecule therapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the application of PAMAMs in biomacromolecule delivery from the synthesis of functionalized PAMAM carriers to the development of PAMAM-based drug delivery systems. The underlying strategies for PAMAM functionalization and assembly are first systematically discussed, and then the current applications of PAMAMs for biomacromolecule delivery are reviewed. Finally, a brief perspective on the further applications of PAMAMs concludes, aiming to provide insights into developing PAMAM-based biomacromolecule delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Hong Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Zhaopei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Man-Kay Law
- State Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, IME and FST-ECE, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
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8
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Kharwade R, Mahajan N, More S, Warokar A, Mendhi S, Dhobley A, Palve D. Effect of PEGylation on drug uptake, biodistribution, and tissue toxicity of efavirenz-ritonavir loaded PAMAM G4 dendrimers. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:200-218. [PMID: 36695103 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2173230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The present investigations aimed to compare the efficiency of PAMAM G4 (PG4) and PEGylated PAMAM G4 (PPG4) dendrimers as novel nanocarriers for the treatment of HIV-1. Synthesized PG4 and PPG4 dendrimers were confirmed by electrospray ionization and particle size with its morphology. The anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug efavirenz (EFV) with a booster dose of ritonavir (RTV) was encapsulated into PG4 and PPG4 formerly noted as PG4ER and PPG4ER, respectively. Further, evaluated for dendrimers mediated solubilization, drug release, cytotoxicity, drug uptake, plasma, and tissue pharmacokinetics, and histopathology. PG4ER and PPG4ER both promoted a prolonged release of EFV in weakly acidic pH 4 up to 84 h and 132 h, respectively. The results of the cytotoxicity assay and drug uptake study showed that PPG4ER was safe and biocompatible up to 12.5 µg/ml. The plasma pharmacokinetic profile of EFV and RTV was significantly increased by PPG4ER with prolonged t1/2 up to three times as compared to free EFV-RTV and PG4ER. Histopathological analysis showed remarkably lower tissue toxicity in PPG4ER as compared to free EFV-RTV. Therefore, overall data suggested that PPG4 has a great potential for prolonged release of EFV and RTV with enhanced bioavailability and lower toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kharwade
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Nilesh Mahajan
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Sachin More
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Amol Warokar
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Sachin Mendhi
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur, India.,Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Akshay Dhobley
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, India
| | - Devendra Palve
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Nagpur, India
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9
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Park Y, Moses AS, Demessie AA, Singh P, Lee H, Korzun T, Taratula OR, Alani AG, Taratula O. Poly(aspartic acid)-Based Polymeric Nanoparticle for Local and Systemic mRNA Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4696-4704. [PMID: 36409995 PMCID: PMC9826779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, therapeutics based on mRNA (mRNA) have attracted significant interest for vaccines, cancer immunotherapy, and gene editing. However, the lack of biocompatible vehicles capable of delivering mRNA to the target tissue and efficiently expressing the encoded proteins impedes the development of mRNA-based therapies for a variety of diseases. Herein, we report mRNA-loaded polymeric nanoparticles based on diethylenetriamine-substituted poly(aspartic acid) that induce protein expression in the lungs and muscles following intravenous and intramuscular injections, respectively. Animal studies revealed that the amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on the nanoparticle surface affects the translation of the delivered mRNA into the encoded protein in the target tissue. After systemic administration, only mRNA-loaded nanoparticles modified with PEG at a molar ratio of 1:1 (PEG/polymer) induce protein expression in the lungs. In contrast, protein expression was detected only following intramuscular injection of mRNA-loaded nanoparticles with a PEG/polymer ratio of 10:1. These findings suggest that the PEG density on the surface of poly(aspartic acid)-based nanoparticles should be optimized for different delivery routes depending on the purpose of the mRNA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngrong Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Abraham S. Moses
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Ananiya A. Demessie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Prem Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Hyelim Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Tetiana Korzun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Olena R. Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Adam G. Alani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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10
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The Progress of Non-Viral Materials and Methods for Gene Delivery to Skeletal Muscle. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112428. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since Jon A. Wolff found skeletal muscle cells being able to express foreign genes and Russell J. Mumper increased the gene transfection efficiency into the myocytes by adding polymers, skeletal muscles have become a potential gene delivery and expression target. Different methods have been developing to deliver transgene into skeletal muscles. Among them, viral vectors may achieve potent gene delivery efficiency. However, the potential for triggering biosafety risks limited their clinical applications. Therefore, non-viral biomaterial-mediated methods with reliable biocompatibility are promising tools for intramuscular gene delivery in situ. In recent years, a series of advanced non-viral gene delivery materials and related methods have been reported, such as polymers, liposomes, cell penetrating peptides, as well as physical delivery methods. In this review, we summarized the research progresses and challenges in non-viral intramuscular gene delivery materials and related methods, focusing on the achievements and future directions of polymers.
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11
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Synthesis, dynamics and applications (cytotoxicity and biocompatibility) of dendrimers: a mini-review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Mukherjee P, Park SH, Pathak N, Patino CA, Bao G, Espinosa HD. Integrating Micro and Nano Technologies for Cell Engineering and Analysis: Toward the Next Generation of Cell Therapy Workflows. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15653-15680. [PMID: 36154011 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of cell therapy offers the potential to treat and even cure a diverse array of diseases for which existing interventions are inadequate. Recent advances in micro and nanotechnology have added a multitude of single cell analysis methods to our research repertoire. At the same time, techniques have been developed for the precise engineering and manipulation of cells. Together, these methods have aided the understanding of disease pathophysiology, helped formulate corrective interventions at the cellular level, and expanded the spectrum of available cell therapeutic options. This review discusses how micro and nanotechnology have catalyzed the development of cell sorting, cellular engineering, and single cell analysis technologies, which have become essential workflow components in developing cell-based therapeutics. The review focuses on the technologies adopted in research studies and explores the opportunities and challenges in combining the various elements of cell engineering and single cell analysis into the next generation of integrated and automated platforms that can accelerate preclinical studies and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - So Hyun Park
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Nibir Pathak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cesar A Patino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gang Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6500 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Chauhan S, Patel K, Jain P, Jangid AK, Patel S, Medicherla K, Limbad K, Mehta C, Kulhari H. Matrix Metalloproteinase Enzyme Responsive Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil Using Collagen-I Peptide Functionalized Dendrimer-Gold Nanocarrier. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:333-342. [PMID: 35983681 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2113404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveThe aim was to develop matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) responsive nanoparticle system for the delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) anticancer drug.SignificanceThe MMP1 in the cancer microenvironment induced drug release have advantage of targeted drug release and reduce the distribution of drug to the healthy tissuesMethodG5 polyamidoamine PAMAM dendrimer (G5) coated gold nanoparticles were synthesized and loaded with 5Fu. The drug loaded nanoparticles were further coated with collagen I (Col-I) peptide which is a substrate for MMP1 enzyme (Col-I 5Fu@G5AuNP).ResultThe nanoparticles were highly monodispersed with a particle size of 30 nm and showed high drug encapsulation efficiency. The release of drug from the nanoparticles in HEPES buffer pH 7.4 was faster, higher and better controlled when incubated with MMP1 enzyme. The half-maximum inhibitory concentration for Col-I 5Fu@G5AuNP was eight times lower than the 5Fu against MCF-7, suggesting the improved delivery and anticancer activity of 5Fu after encapsulation in the developed enzyme-responsive nanocarrier system. The computed tomography (CT) x-ray attenuation of Col-I@G5AuNP showed a good contrasting property.ConclusionThe formulation Col-I 5Fu@G5AuNP has improved anticancer activity than free drug and the CT imaging results are promising for its theranostic applications for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krunal Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar-382030, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Jangid
- School of Nano Sciences.,Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunita Patel
- School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar-382030, India
| | - Kanakaraju Medicherla
- Department of Human Genetics, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, India
| | - Kajal Limbad
- Department of Radiology, S.S G Hospital and Baroda Medical College, Vadodara-390020, India
| | - Chetan Mehta
- Department of Radiology, S.S G Hospital and Baroda Medical College, Vadodara-390020, India
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- School of Nano Sciences.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati-781101, India
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Kharwade R, More S, Suresh E, Warokar A, Mahajan N, Mahajan U. Improvement in Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Efavirenz with Booster Dose of Ritonavir in PEGylated PAMAM G4 Dendrimers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:177. [PMID: 35750994 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz (EFV) with a booster dose of ritonavir (RTV) (EFV-RTV) inhibits the metabolism of EFV and improves its bioavailability. However, inadequate organ perfusion with surface permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux sustains the viable HIV. Hence, the present investigations were aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution efficiency of EFV by encapsulating it into PEGyalated PAMAM (polyamidoamine) G4 dendrimers with a booster dose of RTV (PPG4ER). The entrapment efficiency of PEGylated PAMAM G4 dendrimers was found to be 94% and 92.12% for EFV and RTV respectively with a zeta potential of 0.277 mV. The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution behavior of EFV within PPG4ER was determined by developing and validating a simple, sensitive, and reliable bioanalytical method of RP-HPLC. The developed bioanalytical method was very sensitive with a quantification limit of 18.5 ng/ml and 139.2 ng/ml for EFV and RTV, respectively. The comparative noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters of EFV were determined by administrating a single intraperitoneal dose of EFV, EFV-RTV, and PPG4ER to Wistar rats. The PPG4ER produced prolonged release of EFV with a mean residential time (MRT) of 24 h with Cmax 7.68 µg/ml in plasma against EFV-RTV with MRT 11 h and Cmax 3.633 µg/ml. The PPG4ER was also detected in viral reservoir tissues (lymph node and spleen) for 3-4 days, whereas free EFV and EFV-RTV were cleared within 72 h. The pharmacokinetic data including Cmax, t1/2, AUCtot, and MRT were significantly improved in PPG4ER as compared with single EFV and EFV-RTV. This reveals that the PPG4ER has great potential to target the virus harbors tissues and improve bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Kharwade
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS), 440037, India.
| | - Sachin More
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS), 440037, India
| | - Elizabeth Suresh
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS), 440037, India
| | - Amol Warokar
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS), 440037, India
| | - Nilesh Mahajan
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS), 440037, India
| | - Ujwala Mahajan
- Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Besa, Nagpur, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, (MS), 440037, India
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15
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Dey AD, Bigham A, Esmaeili Y, Ashrafizadeh M, Moghaddam FD, Tan SC, Yousefiasl S, Sharma S, Maleki A, Rabiee N, Kumar AP, Thakur VK, Orive G, Sharifi E, Kumar A, Makvandi P. Dendrimers as nanoscale vectors: Unlocking the bars of cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:396-419. [PMID: 35700939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is the first choice in the treatment of cancer and is always preferred to other approaches such as radiation and surgery, but it has never met the need of patients for a safe and effective drug. Therefore, new advances in cancer treatment are now needed to reduce the side effects and burdens associated with chemotherapy for cancer patients. Targeted treatment using nanotechnology are now being actively explored as they could effectively deliver therapeutic agents to tumor cells without affecting normal cells. Dendrimers are promising nanocarriers with distinct physiochemical properties that have received considerable attention in cancer therapy studies, which is partly due to the numerous functional groups on their surface. In this review, we discuss the progress of different types of dendrimers as delivery systems in cancer therapy, focusing on the challenges, opportunities, and functionalities of the polymeric molecules. The paper also reviews the various role of dendrimers in their entry into cells via endocytosis, as well as the molecular and inflammatory pathways in cancer. In addition, various dendrimers-based drug delivery (e.g., pH-responsive, enzyme-responsive, redox-responsive, thermo-responsive, etc.) and lipid-, amino acid-, polymer- and nanoparticle-based modifications for gene delivery, as well as co-delivery of drugs and genes in cancer therapy with dendrimers, are presented. Finally, biosafety concerns and issues hindering the transition of dendrimers from research to the clinic are discussed to shed light on their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Deka Dey
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ashkan Bigham
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials-National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54-Mostra d'Oltremare pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Yasaman Esmaeili
- Biosensor Research Center (BRC), School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey; Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Farnaz Dabbagh Moghaddam
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Shing Cheng Tan
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Satar Yousefiasl
- School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 6517838736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saurav Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Aziz Maleki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Center (ZPNRC), Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 45139-56184 Zanjan, Iran; Cancer Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1989934148 Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea; School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, Punjab, India
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Naples, 80125 Italy.
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India.
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, Pontedera, 56025 Pisa, Italy.
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16
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Kimura R, Nirasawa K, Negishi Y, Asayama S. Tunable Gene Expression in Skeletal Muscles by the Molecular Weight of PEG Chain Length of Plasmid DNA Mono-Ion Complexes. CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.220242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riku Kimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kei Nirasawa
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yoichi Negishi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Asayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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17
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Sorokina SA, Shifrina ZB. Dendrimers as Antiamyloid Agents. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040760. [PMID: 35456594 PMCID: PMC9031116 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimer–protein conjugates have significant prospects for biological applications. The complexation changes the biophysical behavior of both proteins and dendrimers. The dendrimers could influence the secondary structure of proteins, zeta-potential, distribution of charged regions on the surface, the protein–protein interactions, etc. These changes offer significant possibilities for the application of these features in nanotheranostics and biomedicine. Based on the dendrimer–protein interactions, several therapeutic applications of dendrimers have emerged. Thus, the formation of stable complexes retains the disordered proteins on the aggregation, which is especially important in neurodegenerative diseases. To clarify the origin of these properties and assess the efficiency of action, the mechanism of protein–dendrimer interaction and the nature and driving force of binding are considered in this review. The review outlines the antiamyloid activity of dendrimers and discusses the effect of dendrimer structures and external factors on their antiamyloid properties.
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18
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Yang L, Tang J, Yin H, Yang J, Xu B, Liu Y, Hu Z, Yu B, Xia F, Zou G. Self-Assembled Nanoparticles for Tumor-Triggered Targeting Dual-Mode NIRF/MR Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:880-892. [PMID: 35099181 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the self-assembling strategy was used to synthesize a therapeutic and diagnostic nanosystem for tumor-triggered targeting dual-mode near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and photodynamic therapy applications. This theranostic nanosystem was synthesized based on the self-assembling of the short peptide (PLGVRGRGDC) and the gadolinium chelator (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid) functionalized amphiphilic DSPE-PEG2000, followed by loading with the insoluble photosensitizer therapeutic agent chlorin e6 (Ce6). The formed theranostic nanosystem can accumulate in the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) rich tumor sites guided by the enhanced permeability and retention effect and MMP2-substrate peptide (PLGVR) targeting. After PLGVR was hydrolyzed in the tumor microenvironment by MMP2, the nanosystem was actively taken up by tumor cells via Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide-mediated internalization. With the coexistence of gadolinium and Ce6, the formed nanosystem can be used for both NIRF/MR dual-mode imaging and photodynamic therapy. These tumor-triggered targeting self-assembled nanoparticles with low cytotoxicity and high endocytosis efficiency can efficiently induce A549 cancer cell apoptosis under laser irradiation. Meanwhile, they possessed enhanced tumor-targeted NIRF/MR imaging ability and efficiently inhibited tumor growth with minimal side effects in mice bearing A549 lung cancer. Therefore, these self-assembled theranostic nanoparticles may have great potential for cancer clinical diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Hui Yin
- Medical Department of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Medical Department of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Medical Department of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yunkun Liu
- Medical Department of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhi Hu
- Medical Department of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Bentong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Fangfang Xia
- Department of Instrument Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guowen Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwaizheng Street, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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19
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Effective CpG Delivery Using Zwitterion-Functionalized Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles to Promote T Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy of Cancer Cells. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020071. [PMID: 35200332 PMCID: PMC8869692 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, cell-based immunotherapy has become one of the most promising ways to completely eliminate cancer. The major challenge is to effectively promote a proper immune response to kill the cancer cells by activated T cells. This study investigated the effect of T cell-mediated immunotherapy trigged by Au DENPs-MPC (zwitterion 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-functionalized dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles) loading oli-godeoxynucleotides (ODN) of unmethylated cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CPG). Here, we first synthesized Au DENPs-MPC, evaluated their capability to compress and transfect CpG-ODN to bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs), and investigated the potential to use T cells stimulated by matured BMDCs to inhibit the growth of tumor cells. The developed Au DENPs-MPC could apparently reduce the toxicity of Au DENPs, and enhanced transfer CpG-ODN to the BMDCs for the maturation as demonstrated by the 44.41–48.53% increase in different surface maturation markers. The transwell experiments certificated that ex vivo activated T cells display excellent anti-tumor ability, which could effectively inhibit the growth of tumor cells. These results suggest that Au DENPs-MPC can deliver CpG-ODN efficiently to enhance the antigen presentation ability of BMDCs to activate T cells, indicating that T cells-based immunotherapy mediated by Au DENPs-MPC loaded with CpG-ODN may become the most promising treatment of cancer.
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20
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Ebeid K, Geary SM, Salem AK. Preparation and Characterization of a Liver Targeted, Poly(amidoamine) Based, Gene Delivery System. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2455:319-332. [PMID: 35213004 PMCID: PMC9670859 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2128-8_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an aggressive liver disease that is considered a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NASH is characterized by multiple underlying genetic mutations, with no approved cure to date. Gene therapies that target those genetic mutations may play a major role in treating this disease, once delivered specifically to the hepatocytes. In this chapter we present, in detail, the synthesis and the characterization of an efficient gene delivery system capable of targeting hepatocytes by exploiting the overexpression of asialoglycoprotein receptors on their cell surface. The targeting ligand, galactose derivative, lactobionic acid (Gal), is first conjugated to bifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and then the formed PEG-Gal is further conjugated to the positively charged polymer, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) to form a PAMAM-PEG-Gal construct that can complex and deliver genetic material (e.g., pDNA, siRNA, mRNA) specifically to hepatocytes. We first synthesize PAMAM-PEG-Gal using carbodiimide click chemistry. The synthesized conjugate is characterized using 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Next, nanoplexes are prepared by combining the positively charged conjugate and the negatively charged genetic material at different nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratios; then the size, charge, electrophoretic mobility, and surface morphology of those nanoplexes are estimated. The simplicity of complexing our conjugate with any type of genetic material, the ability of our delivery system to overcome the current limitations of delivering naked genetic material, and the efficiency of delivering its payload specifically to hepatocytes, makes our formulation a promising tool to treat any type of genetic abnormality that arises in hepatocytes, and specifically NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Ebeid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Sean M Geary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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21
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Guo S, Shi Y, Liang Y, Liu L, Sun K, Li Y. Relationship and improvement strategies between drug nanocarrier characteristics and hemocompatibility: What can we learn from the literature. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:551-576. [PMID: 34849162 PMCID: PMC8609445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This article discusses the various blood interactions that may occur with various types of nano drug-loading systems. Nanoparticles enter the blood circulation as foreign objects. On the one hand, they may cause a series of inflammatory reactions and immune reactions, resulting in the rapid elimination of immune cells and the reticuloendothelial system, affecting their durability in the blood circulation. On the other hand, the premise of the drug-carrying system to play a therapeutic role depends on whether they cause coagulation and platelet activation, the absence of hemolysis and the elimination of immune cells. For different forms of nano drug-carrying systems, we can find the characteristics, elements and coping strategies of adverse blood reactions that we can find in previous researches. These adverse reactions may include destruction of blood cells, abnormal coagulation system, abnormal effects of plasma proteins, abnormal blood cell behavior, adverse immune and inflammatory reactions, and excessive vascular stimulation. In order to provide help for future research and formulation work on the blood compatibility of nano drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yanan Shi
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yanzi Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Lanze Liu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China
| | - Youxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China
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22
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Grun MK, Suberi A, Shin K, Lee T, Gomerdinger V, Moscato ZM, Piotrowski-Daspit AS, Saltzman WM. PEGylation of poly(amine-co-ester) polyplexes for tunable gene delivery. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120780. [PMID: 33813260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in PEGylation of cationic polymeric vehicles for gene delivery in order to improve vehicle stability and reduce toxicity, but little is known about the effects of PEG coatings on transfection. We used a polymer from the poly(amine-co-ester) (PACE) family blended with PEG-conjugated PACE at different ratios in order to explore the effects of polyplex PEGylation on the transfection efficiency of plasmid DNA, mRNA, and siRNA in vitro and mRNA in vivo. We discovered that concentrations of PACE-PEG as low as 0.25% by weight improved polyplex stability but also inhibited transfection in vitro. In vivo, the effect of PACE-PEG incorporation on mRNA transfection varied by delivery route; the addition of PACE-PEG improved local delivery to the lung, but PEGylation had little effect on intravenous systemic delivery. By both delivery routes, transfection was inhibited at concentrations higher than 5 wt% PACE-PEG. These results demonstrate that excess PEGylation can be detrimental to vehicle function, and suggest that PEGylation of cationic vehicles must be optimized by PEG content, cargo type, and delivery route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly K Grun
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Alexandra Suberi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Teresa Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Victoria Gomerdinger
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Zoe M Moscato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - W Mark Saltzman
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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23
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Subhan MA, Attia SA, Torchilin VP. Advances in siRNA delivery strategies for the treatment of MDR cancer. Life Sci 2021; 274:119337. [PMID: 33713664 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) represents a promising therapeutic method that uses siRNA for cancer treatment. Although the RNAi technique has been increasingly used for clinical trials, systemic siRNA delivery into targeted cells is still challenging. The barriers impeding siRNA therapeutics delivery and impacting the treatment outcome must overcome with negligible systemic toxicity for a desirable and successful delivery of siRNA to MDR cancer cells. Nano delivery strategies have been investigated for nanocarrier functionalization, cancer immunotherapy and cancer targeting. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), dynamic polyconjugates (DPC™), GalNAc-siRNA conjugates, exosome and RBC systems have shown potential for efficient delivery of siRNA to cancer cells. Delivery of siRNA to tumor cells, immune cells to regulate T cell functions for immunotherapy are promising approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Subhan
- Department of Chemistry, ShahJalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Sara Aly Attia
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir P Torchilin
- CPBN, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Plastic Surgery I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
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Basu I, Maiti PK. Insight into the Mechanism of Carrier-Mediated Delivery of siRNA in the Cell Membrane Using MD Simulation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:266-277. [PMID: 33369423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effective translocation of small interfering RNA (siRNA) across cell membranes has become one of the main challenges in gene silencing therapy. In this study, we have carried out molecular dynamics simulations to investigate a systematic procedure with different carriers that could be convenient for efficient siRNA delivery into the cell. Starting with poly-amido-amine (PAMAM) dendrimers and cholesterol molecules as carriers, we have found cholesterol as the most efficient carrier for siRNA when it is covalently attached with the siRNA terminal group. Our simulations show that binding of this complex in the lipid membrane alters the structure and dynamics of the nearby lipids to initiate the translocation process. Potential of mean force (PMF) was computed for siRNA with the carriers along the bilayer normal to understand the spontaneity of the process. Though all the PMF profiles show repulsive interaction inside the bilayer, the siRNA with cholesterol shows a comparative attractive interaction (∼27 kcal/mol) with respect to the siRNA-PAMAM complex. Altogether, our results demonstrate the binding interaction of the siRNA-carrier complex in the lipid membrane and propose a theoretical model for the efficient carrier by comparative study of the binding. The probable mechanism of the translocation process is also provided by the alteration of the lipid structure and dynamics for specifically siRNA-cholesterol binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Basu
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabal K Maiti
- Center for Condensed Matter Theory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India
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25
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Tang SY, Wei H, Yu CY. Peptide-functionalized delivery vehicles for enhanced cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 593:120141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.120141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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26
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Kelly IB, Fletcher RB, McBride JR, Weiss SM, Duvall CL. Tuning Composition of Polymer and Porous Silicon Composite Nanoparticles for Early Endosome Escape of Anti-microRNA Peptide Nucleic Acids. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39602-39611. [PMID: 32805967 PMCID: PMC8356247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon nanoparticles (PSNPs) offer tunable pore structure and easily modified surface chemistry, enabling high loading capacity for drugs with diverse chemicophysical properties. While PSNPs are also cytocompatible and degradable, PSNP integration into composite structures can be a useful approach to enhance carrier colloidal stability, drug-cargo loading stability, and endosome escape. Here, we explored PSNP polymer composites formed by coating of oxidized PSNPs with a series of poly[ethylene glycol-block-(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-butyl methacrylate)] (PEG-DB) diblock copolymers with varied molar ratios of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (D) and butyl methacrylate (B) in the random copolymer block. We screened and developed PSNP composites specifically toward intracellular delivery of microRNA inhibitory peptide nucleic acids (PNA). While a copolymer with 50 mol % B (50B) is optimal for early endosome escape in free polymer form, its pH switch was suppressed when it was formed into 50B polymer-coated PSNP composites (50BCs). We demonstrate that a lower mol % B (30BC) is the ideal PEG-DB composition for PSNP/PEG-DB nanocomposites based on having both the highest endosome disruption potential and miR-122 inhibitory activity. At a 1 mM PNA dose, 30BCs facilitated more potent inhibition of miR-122 in comparison to 40BC (p = 0.0095), 50BC (p < 0.0001), or an anti-miR-122 oligonucleotide delivered with the commercial transfection reagent Fugene 6. Using a live cell galectin 8-based endosome disruption reporter, 30BCs had greater endosomal escape than 40BCs and 50BCs within 2 h after treatment, suggesting that rapid endosome escape correlates with higher intracellular bioactivity. This study provides new insight on the polymer structure-dependent effects on stability, endosome escape, and cargo intracellular bioavailability for endosomolytic polymer-coated PSNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isom B Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - R Brock Fletcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - James R McBride
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Sharon M Weiss
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Li J, Shen M, Shi X. Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer-Gold Nanohybrids in Cancer Gene Therapy: A Concise Overview. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:5590-5605. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, International Joint Laboratory for Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, People’s Republic of China
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Funchal 9020-105, Portugal
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Kharwade R, More S, Warokar A, Agrawal P, Mahajan N. Starburst pamam dendrimers: Synthetic approaches, surface modifications, and biomedical applications. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Cooper RC, Yang H. Duplex of Polyamidoamine Dendrimer/Custom-Designed Nuclear-Localization Sequence Peptide for Enhanced Gene Delivery. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:150-157. [PMID: 32856017 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2020.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dendrimers are an attractive alternative to viral vectors due to the low cost of production, larger genetic insert-carrying capacity, and added control over immune- and genotoxic complications through versatile functionalization. However, their transfection rates pale in comparison to their viral counterparts, resulting in widespread research efforts in the attempt to improve transfection efficiency. Materials and Methods: In this work, we designed a synthetic diblock nuclear-localization sequence peptide (NLS) (DDDDDDVKRKKKP) and complexed it with polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer G4 to form a duplex for gene delivery. We conducted transmission electron microscopy, gel mobility shift assay, and intracellular trafficking studies. We also assessed its transfection efficiency for the delivery of a green fluorescent protein-encoding plasmid (pGFP) to NIH3T3 cells. Results: PAMAM dendrimer G4, NLS, and plasmid DNA can form a stable three-part polyplex and gain enhanced entry into the nucleus. We found transfection efficiency, in large part, depends on the ratio of G4:NLS:plasmid. The triplex prepared at the ratio of 1:60:1 for G4:NLS:pGFP has been shown to be more significantly efficient in transfecting cells than the control group (G4/pGFP, 0.5:1). Conclusions: This new diblock NLS peptide can facilely complex with dendrimers to improve dendrimer-based gene transfection. It can also complex with other polycationic polymers to produce more potent nonviral duplex gene delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy C Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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Polyplexes for gene and nucleic acid delivery: Progress and bottlenecks. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 150:105358. [PMID: 32360232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gene and nucleic acid delivery constitute a huge biological challenge and several attempts have been made by research laboratories to address this issue. Cationic polymers and cationic lipids (positively charged carriers) can be utilized for the transport of these biomolecules. Polyplexes (PPs) are interpolyelectrolyte complexes which are spontaneously formed through the electrostatic condensation between nucleic acid and a cationic polymer. PPs are capable of high-density payload condensation leading to cell internalization and subsequent protection from enzymatic degradation. Most cationic polymers can cross extracellular barriers, but it is more challenging to overcome intracellular barriers (efficient disassembly and endosomal escape). In this review, the use of PPs for gene and nucleic acid delivery is discussed.
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31
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Chen H, Fan Y, Hao X, Yang C, Peng Y, Guo R, Shi X, Cao X. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy of tumors via effective CpG delivery to dendritic cells using dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles as a gene vector. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:5052-5063. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00678e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated Au DENPs ({(Au0)25-G5·NH2-mPEG20}) are synthesized and used as a novel nonviral vector to deliver CpG to mature BMDCs for the subsequent activation of T cells for adoptive tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Yu Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Xinxin Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Yucheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
| | - Xueyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
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Chen J, Yang Q, Liu M, Lin M, Wang T, Zhang Z, Zhong X, Guo N, Lu Y, Xu J, Wang C, Han M, Wei Q. Remarkable Boron Delivery Of iRGD-Modified Polymeric Nanoparticles For Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8161-8177. [PMID: 31632025 PMCID: PMC6790217 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s214224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an emerging binary radiotherapy, which is limited for application due to the challenge of targeted delivery into tumor nowadays. Here, we propose the use of iRGD-modified polymeric nanoparticles for active targeted delivery of boron and doxorubicin (DOX) in BNCT. Methods 10B-enriched BSH was covalently grafted to PEG-PCCL to prepare 10B-polymer, then surface-modified with iRGD. And, DOX was physically incorporated into polymers afterwards. Characterization of prepared polymers and in vitro release profile of DOX from polymers were determined by several methods. Cellular uptake of DOX was observed by confocal microscope. Accumulation of boron in cells and tissues was analyzed by ICP-MS. Biodistribution of DOX was studied by ex vivo fluorescence imaging and quantitative measurement. Tumor vascular normalization of Endostar for promoting delivery efficiency of boron on refractory B16F10 tumor was also studied. Results The polymers were monodisperse and spheroidal in water with an average diameter of 24.97 nm, which were relatively stable at physiological pH and showed a sustained release of DOX, especially at endolysosomal pH. Enhanced cellular delivery of DOX was found in iRGD-modified polymer group. Cellular boron uptake of iRGD-modified polymers in A549 cells was remarkably raised fivefold (209.83 ng 10B/106 cells) compared with BSH. The polymers represented prolonged blood circulation, enhanced tumor accumulation of 10B against BSH, and favorable tumor:normal tissue boron concentration ratios (tumor:blood = 14.11, tumor:muscle = 19.49) in A549 tumor-bearing mice 24 hrs after injection. Both fluorescence imaging and quantitative measurement showed the highest tumor accumulation of DOX at 24 hrs after injecting of iRGD-modified polymers. Improvement of vascular integrity and reduction of vascular mimicries were found after Endostar injection, and raised tumor accumulation of boron as well. Conclusion The developed nanoparticle is an inspiring candidate for the safe clinical application for BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejian Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyao Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Minchen Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Preparation Technology of TCM, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Lin
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xincheng Zhong
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningning Guo
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Han
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, People's Republic of China
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Gigante A, Li M, Junghänel S, Hirschhäuser C, Knauer S, Schmuck C. Non-viral transfection vectors: are hybrid materials the way forward? MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1692-1718. [PMID: 32180915 PMCID: PMC7053704 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Transfection is a process by which oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) are delivered into living cells. This allows the synthesis of target proteins as well as their inhibition (gene silencing). However, oligonucleotides cannot cross the plasma membrane by themselves; therefore, efficient carriers are needed for successful gene delivery. Recombinant viruses are among the earliest described vectors. Unfortunately, they have severe drawbacks such as toxicity and immunogenicity. In this regard, the development of non-viral transfection vectors has attracted increasing interests, and has become an important field of research. In the first part of this review we start with a tutorial introduction into the biological backgrounds of gene transfection followed by the classical non-viral vectors (cationic organic carriers and inorganic nanoparticles). In the second part we highlight selected recent reports, which demonstrate that hybrid vectors that combine key features of classical carriers are a remarkable strategy to address the current challenges in gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gigante
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - M Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - S Junghänel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
- Biomedical Technology Center of the Medical Faculty , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - C Hirschhäuser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
| | - S Knauer
- Faculty of Biology , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany
| | - C Schmuck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Duisburg-Essen , 45141 Essen , Germany .
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Uram Ł, Filipowicz-Rachwał A, Misiorek M, Winiarz A, Wałajtys-Rode E, Wołowiec S. Synthesis and Different Effects of Biotinylated PAMAM G3 Dendrimer Substituted with Nimesulide in Human Normal Fibroblasts and Squamous Carcinoma Cells. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090437. [PMID: 31480608 PMCID: PMC6770390 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) remains a main cause of mortality in patients with neck and head cancers, with poor prognosis and increased prevalence despite of available therapies. Recent studies have identified a role of cyclooxygenases, particularly inducible isoform cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in cancer cell proliferation, and its inhibition become a target for control of cancer development, particularly in the view of recognized additive or synergic action of COX-2 inhibitors with other forms of therapy. Nimesulide (N), the selective COX-2 inhibitor, inhibits growth and proliferation of various types of cancer cells by COX-2 dependent and independent mechanisms. In the presented study, the conjugates of biotinylated third generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer (PAMAM) with covalently linked 18 (G3B18N) and 31 (G3B31N) nimesulide residues were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Biological properties of conjugates were evaluated, including cytotoxicity, proliferation, and caspase 3/7 activities in relation to COX-2/PGE2 axis signaling in human normal fibroblast (BJ) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15). Both conjugates exerted a selective cytotoxicity against SCC-15 as compared with BJ cells at low 1.25-10 µM concentration range and their action in cancer cells was over 250-fold stronger than nimesulide alone. Conjugates overcome apoptosis resistance and sensitized SCC-15 cells to the apoptotic death independently of COX-2/PGE2 axis. In normal human fibroblasts the same concentrations of G3B31N conjugate were less effective in inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, as measured by caspase 3/7 activity in a manner depending on increase of PGE2 production by either COX-1/COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Uram
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland.
| | | | - Maria Misiorek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Winiarz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, 6 Powstancow Warszawy, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Wałajtys-Rode
- Department of Drug Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Wołowiec
- Centre for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
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Liu C, Gao H, Zhao Z, Rostami I, Wang C, Zhu L, Yang Y. Improved tumor targeting and penetration by a dual-functional poly(amidoamine) dendrimer for the therapy of triple-negative breast cancer. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00433e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A dual-functional drug delivery system based on the conjugation of PAMAM dendrimer with EBP-1 and TAT peptide was established for the therapy of triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
| | - Houqian Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zijian Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
| | - Iman Rostami
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
| | - Chen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
| | - Ling Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
| | - Yanlian Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
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Araújo RVD, Santos SDS, Igne Ferreira E, Giarolla J. New Advances in General Biomedical Applications of PAMAM Dendrimers. Molecules 2018; 23:E2849. [PMID: 30400134 PMCID: PMC6278347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are nanoscopic compounds, which are monodispersed, and they are generally considered as homogeneous. PAMAM (polyamidoamine) was introduced in 1985, by Donald A. Tomalia, as a new class of polymers, named 'starburst polymers'. This important contribution of Professor Tomalia opened a new research field involving nanotechnological approaches. From then on, many groups have been using PAMAM for diverse applications in many areas, including biomedical applications. The possibility of either linking drugs and bioactive compounds, or entrapping them into the dendrimer frame can improve many relevant biological properties, such as bioavailability, solubility, and selectivity. Directing groups to reach selective delivery in a specific organ is one of the advanced applications of PAMAM. In this review, structural and safety aspects of PAMAM and its derivatives are discussed, and some relevant applications are briefly presented. Emphasis has been given to gene delivery and targeting drugs, as advanced delivery systems using PAMAM and an incentive for its use on neglected diseases are briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Soraya da Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, 580⁻Building 13, São Paulo SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Bao BQ, Le NH, Nguyen DHT, Tran TV, Pham LPT, Bach LG, Ho HM, Nguyen TH, Nguyen DH. Evolution and present scenario of multifunctionalized mesoporous nanosilica platform: A mini review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 91:912-928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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38
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Reshadmanesh A, Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D, Jafari Iri Sofla F. Evaluation of cellular and transcriptional targeting of breast cancer stem cells via anti-HER2 nanobody conjugated PAMAM dendrimers. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S105-S115. [PMID: 30246563 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1489269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
According to the cancer stem cell (CSC) theory, a small subset of cells with stem cell-like characteristics is responsible for tumor initiation, progression, and recurrence. CD44+/CD24- phenotype is assumed to be one of the main characteristics of the breast CSCs. We developed an MDA-MB-231 cell line overexpressing cell surface HER2 antigen for the evaluation of targeting efficiency of anti-HER2 nanobody (Nb)-conjugated polyamidoamine (PAMAM) polyplexes. Apoptosis-inducing tBid gene under control of CXCR1 promoter was delivered by this nanoparticle. Cellular uptake study showed higher uptake of Nb-targeted PAMAM carriers compared to non-targeted nanoparticles after 6 h of incubation. Gene expression analysis showed a significant rise in the expression of tBid in both MDA-MB-231/HER2+ and MDA-MB-231 compared to the two other cell lines. The same effect was observed after transfection with Nb-conjugated polyplexes within MDA-MB-231/HER2+ cell line compared to non-conjugated PAMAM polyplexes. We confirmed the killing efficiency of the gene construct in both MDA-MB-231/HER2+ and MDA-MB-231 cell lines by caspase 3 activity assay. These findings suggest that imposing pre-entry and post-entry restrictions on tBid killer gene might be a promising approach to specifically target the breast CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Reshadmanesh
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Davoud Ahmadvand
- b Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Medical Sciences , Iran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Farnoush Jafari Iri Sofla
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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Liegertová M, Wrobel D, Herma R, Müllerová M, Šťastná LČ, Cuřínová P, Strašák T, Malý M, Čermák J, Smejkal J, Štofik M, Maly J. Evaluation of toxicological and teratogenic effects of carbosilane glucose glycodendrimers in zebrafish embryos and model rodent cell lines. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:797-818. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1475582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Liegertová
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Wrobel
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Regina Herma
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Müllerová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petra Cuřínová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Strašák
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Čermák
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Smejkal
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Štofik
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Maly
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyne University, Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic
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40
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Molecular therapy using siRNA: Recent trends and advances of multi target inhibition of cancer growth. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:880-892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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41
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Sousa SF, Peres J, Coelho M, Vieira TF. Analyzing PEGylation through Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE; BioSIM; Departamento de Biomedicina; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro; 4200-319, Porto Portugal
| | - Joana Peres
- LEPABE; Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Porto; Portugal
| | - Manuel Coelho
- LEPABE; Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Porto; Portugal
| | - Tatiana F. Vieira
- LEPABE; Faculdade de Engenharia; Universidade do Porto, Porto; Portugal
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42
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Castro RI, Forero-Doria O, Guzmán L. Perspectives of Dendrimer-based Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:2331-2346. [PMID: 30066746 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, cancer is the second most common cause of death in the United States, exceeded only by heart disease. Chemotherapy traditionally suffers from a non-specific distribution, with only a small fraction of the drug reaching the tumor, in this sense, the use of dendrimers incorporating drugs non-covalently encapsulated inside the dendrimer or covalently conjugated have proven to be effectives against different cancer cell lines. However, at present the dendrimers used as drug-carriers still do not meet the necessary characteristic to be considered as an ideal dendrimer for drug delivery; high toxicity, bio-degradability, low toxicity, biodistribution characteristics, and favorable retention with appropriate specificity and bioavailability have not been fully covered by the current available dendrimers. However, the development and study of new dendrimers drug-carriers continues to be an important tool in the cancer therapy as they can be functionalized with varied ligands to reach the tumor tissue through the different body barriers in the body with minimal loss of activity in the bloodstream, have the ability to selectively kill tumor cells without affecting the normal cells and most important with a release mechanism controlling actively. Given the continuous efforts and research in this area of interest, we presented in this review the work done with a special emphasis on the development of dendrimers as a major tool in the combination with drugs, as a potential adjunctive agent in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo I Castro
- Multidisciplinary Agroindustry Research Laboratory, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente, 1670, Talca, Chile.,Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente, 1670, Talca, Chile
| | - Oscar Forero-Doria
- Instituto de Química de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay, s/n, Casilla 747-721, Talca, Chile
| | - Luis Guzmán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica e InmunoHematología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Avenida Lircay, s/n, Casilla 747-721, Talca, Chile
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43
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Ho JK, White PJ, Pouton CW. Self-Crosslinking Lipopeptide/DNA/PEGylated Particles: A New Platform for DNA Vaccination Designed for Assembly in Aqueous Solution. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 12:504-517. [PMID: 30195787 PMCID: PMC6077166 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Delivery of plasmids for gene expression in vivo is an inefficient process that requires improvement and optimization to unlock the clinical potential of DNA vaccines. With ease of manufacture and biocompatibility in mind, we explored condensation of DNA in aqueous solution with a self-crosslinking, endosome-escaping lipopeptide (LP), stearoyl-Cys-His-His-Lys-Lys-Lys-amide (stearoyl-CH2K3), to produce cationic LP/DNA complexes. To test whether poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-ylation of these cationic complexes to neutralize the surface charge would improve the distribution, gene expression, and immune responses poly(ethylene glycol), these LP/DNA complexes were combined with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2000). Fluorescence imaging illustrated that the cationic complexes exhibited the highest degree of localization and lowest degree of dispersion throughout the injected muscle, suggesting impaired mobility of cationic particles upon administration. Nanoluciferase reporter assays over a 90-day period demonstrated that gene expression levels in muscle were highest for PEGylated particles, with over a 200-fold higher level of expression than the cationic particles observed at 30 days. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated in vivo after injection of an ovalbumin expression plasmid. PEGylation improved both immune responses to the DNA complexes in mice. Overall, this suggests that PEGylation of cationic lipopeptide complexes can significantly improve both the transgene expression and immunogenicity of intramuscular DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Ho
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Somani S, Laskar P, Altwaijry N, Kewcharoenvong P, Irving C, Robb G, Pickard BS, Dufès C. PEGylation of polypropylenimine dendrimers: effects on cytotoxicity, DNA condensation, gene delivery and expression in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9410. [PMID: 29925967 PMCID: PMC6010408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diaminobutyric polypropylenimine (DAB) dendrimers have been shown to be highly efficient non-viral gene delivery systems for cancer therapy. However, their cytotoxicity currently limits their applications. To overcome this issue, PEGylation of DAB dendrimer, using various PEG molecular weights and dendrimer generations, has been attempted to decrease the cytotoxicity and enhance the DNA condensation, size and zeta potential, cellular uptake and transfection efficacy of these dendriplexes. Among all the PEGylated dendrimers synthesized, generation 3- and generation 4-DAB conjugated to low molecular weight PEG (2 kDa) at a dendrimer: DNA ratio of 20:1 and 10:1 resulted in an increase in gene expression on almost all tested cancer cells lines (by up to 3.2-fold compared to unmodified dendrimer in A431 cells). The highest level of β-galactosidase gene expression (10.07 × 10-3 ± 0.09 × 10-3 U/mL) was obtained following treatment of B16F10-Luc cells with G4-dendrimer PEGylated with PEG2K at a dendrimer: DNA ratio of 20:1. These delivery systems significantly decreased cytotoxicity on B16F10-Luc cells, by more than 3.4-fold compared to unmodified dendrimer. PEGylated generations 3- and 4-DAB dendrimers are therefore promising gene delivery systems for cancer therapy, combining low cytotoxicity and high transfection efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukrut Somani
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Partha Laskar
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Paphitchaya Kewcharoenvong
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Irving
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Robb
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S Pickard
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Dufès
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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45
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Li X, Kono K. Functional dendrimer-gold nanoparticle hybrids for biomedical applications. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education; School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University; Wuxi China
| | - Kenji Kono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering; Osaka Prefecture University; Osaka Japan
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46
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Qiu J, Kong L, Cao X, Li A, Wei P, Wang L, Mignani S, Caminade AM, Majoral JP, Shi X. Enhanced Delivery of Therapeutic siRNA into Glioblastoma Cells Using Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles Conjugated with β-Cyclodextrin. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E131. [PMID: 29495429 PMCID: PMC5869622 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a safe and highly effective non-viral vector system based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-modified dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) for improved delivery small interfering RNA (siRNA) to glioblastoma cells. In our approach, we utilized amine-terminated generation 5 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers partially grafted with β-CD as a nanoreactor to entrap Au NPs. The acquired β-CD-modified Au DENPs (Au DENPs-β-CD) were complexed with two different types of therapeutic siRNA (B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) siRNA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) siRNA). The siRNA compression ability of the Au DENPs-β-CD was evaluated by various methods. The cytocompatibility of the vector/siRNA polyplexes was assessed by viability assay of cells. The siRNA transfection capability of the formed Au DENPs-β-CD vector was evaluated by flow cytometric assay of the cellular uptake of the polyplexes and Western blot assays of the Bcl-2 and VEGF protein expression. Our data reveals that the formed Au DENPs-β-CD carrier enables efficiently delivery of siRNA to glioma cells, has good cytocompatibility once complexed with the siRNA, and enables enhanced gene silencing to inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 and VEGF proteins. The developed Au DENPs-β-CD vector may be used for efficient siRNA delivery to different biosystems for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieru Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lingdan Kong
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Aijun Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Ping Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Serge Mignani
- Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, 45, rue des Saints Peres, 75006 Paris, France.
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 44099, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, INPT, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX 4, France.
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
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47
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Lin L, Fan Y, Gao F, Jin L, Li D, Sun W, Li F, Qin P, Shi Q, Shi X, Du L. UTMD-Promoted Co-Delivery of Gemcitabine and miR-21 Inhibitor by Dendrimer-Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy. Theranostics 2018; 8:1923-1939. [PMID: 29556365 PMCID: PMC5858509 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer (PaCa) suffers the problems of low drug permeability and inherent or acquired drug resistance. Development of new strategies for enhanced therapy still remains a great challenge. Herein, we report a new ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD)-promoted delivery system based on dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) for co-delivery of gemcitabine (Gem) and miR-21 inhibitor (miR-21i). Methods: In this study, Gem-Au DENPs/miR-21i was designed and synthesized. The designed polyplexes were characterized via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Gel retardation assay and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then, the optimum exposure parameters were examined by an ultrasound exposure platform. The cellular uptake, cytotoxicity and anticancer effects in vitro were analyzed by confocal laser microscopy, spectra microplate reader, flow cytometry and a chemiluminescence imaging system. Lastly, the anticancer effects in vivo were evaluated by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, TUNEL staining and comparison of tumor volume. Results: The results showed that the Gem-Au DENPs/miR-21i can be uptake by cancer cells and the cellular uptake was further facilitated by UTMD with an ultrasound power of 0.4 W/cm2 to enhance the cell permeability. Further, the co-delivery of Gem and miR-21i with or without UTMD treatment displayed 82-fold and 13-fold lower IC50 values than the free Gem, respectively. The UTMD-promoted co-delivery of Gem and miR-21i was further validated by in vivo treatment and showed a significant tumor volume reduction and an increase in blood perfusion of xenografted pancreatic tumors. Conclusion: The co-delivery of Gem and miR-21i using Au DENPs can be significantly promoted by UTMD technology, hence providing a promising strategy for effective pancreatic cancer treatments.
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48
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Xu B, Li A, Hao X, Guo R, Shi X, Cao X. PEGylated dendrimer-entrapped gold nanoparticles with low immunogenicity for targeted gene delivery. RSC Adv 2018; 8:1265-1273. [PMID: 35540884 PMCID: PMC9076948 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The designed Au DENPs-PEG-FA compacts pDNA into cells to enhance gene transfection efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Xu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Li
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Hao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xueyan Cao
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- Donghua University
- Shanghai 201620
- People's Republic of China
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49
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M GA, S AT, Ayyavu M, A S, Kandasamy R. Synthesis and characterization of cystamine conjugated chitosan-SS-mPEG based 5-Fluorouracil loaded polymeric nanoparticles for redox responsive drug release. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 116:37-47. [PMID: 29080854 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The principle objective of this study was to develop and characterize redox responsive polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) as a stimuli responsive drug delivery system. The chitosan-cystamine-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (CH-SS-mPEG) copolymer was synthesized by conjugation of cystamine appended chitosan with carboxylic acid-terminated mPEG and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, XRD analysis and colorimetric assay. This copolymer could be formulated as 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) loaded PNPs and the characteristics of PNPs were evaluated. Moreover, folic acid functionalized PNPs were prepared for folate receptor targeted drug delivery. Drug release studies indicated that the redox sensitive PNPs were stable in physiological condition while quickly releasing 5-FU in the trigger of redox potential due to the cleavage of the disulfide linkages. In contrast, less quantity of drug was released from the reduction insensitive chitosan-g-methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (CH-g-mPEG) based PNPs under both reduction sensitive and non-reductive conditions. From the cytotoxicity studies, it was evident that 5-FU loaded PNPs had higher toxicity against MCF7 cells when compared to 5-FU free PNPs. Subsequently, cellular uptake studies showed significantly increased internalization of folic acid attached PNPs. In conclusion, the developed PNPs appeared to be of great promise in redox responsive drug release for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gover Antoniraj M
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angelin Tisha S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahesh Ayyavu
- Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shanmugarathinam A
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE), Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; National Facility for Drug Development for Academia, Pharmaceutical and Allied Industries (NFDD), Anna University, BIT campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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50
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Ayatollahi S, Salmasi Z, Hashemi M, Askarian S, Oskuee RK, Abnous K, Ramezani M. Aptamer-targeted delivery of Bcl-xL shRNA using alkyl modified PAMAM dendrimers into lung cancer cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 92:210-217. [PMID: 29031805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RNAi-based gene therapy has been recently considered as a promising approach against cancer. Targeted delivery of drug, gene or therapeutic RNAi-based systems to tumor cells is one of the important issues in order to reduce side effects on normal cells. Several strategies have been developed to improve the safety and selectivity of cancer treatments including antibodies, peptides and recently aptamers with various attractive characteristics including higher target specificity, affinity and reduced toxicity. Here we described a novel targeted delivery platform comprising modified PAMAM with 10-bromodecanoic acid (10C) and 10C-PEG for improvement of transfection efficiency, AS1411 aptamer for targeting nucleolin ligand on target cancer cells and shRNA plasmid for specific knockdown of Bcl-xL protein. Modified vector could significantly improve the transfection efficiency even after covalent or non-covalent aptamer binding compared to the non-targeted vector in A549 cells. The results of gene silencing and apoptosis assay indicated that our targeted shRNA delivery system could efficiently down-regulate the Bcl-xL expression up to 25% and induce 14% late apoptosis in target cancer cells with strong cell selectivity. This study proposed a novel targeted non-viral system for shRNA-mediated gene-silencing in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ayatollahi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Askarian
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Kazemi Oskuee
- Targeted drug delivery research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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