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Dinc K, Ozyurt R, Coban TA, Yazici GN, Suleyman Z, Yavuzer B, Suleyman H. The effect of carvacrol on the proinflammatory cytokines, histology, and fertility outcome of cisplatin-related ovarian change in a rat model. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 62:256-263. [PMID: 36965892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In women, agents used in chemotherapy treatment have side effects such as accelerating follicular depletion and early menopause. Thus, cytotoxic treatments may cause various effects ranging from partial damage to the ovary to premature ovarian failure (POI) and infertility. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of carvacrol on cisplatin (CIS)-induced reproductive toxicity in female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were divided to four groups; a healthy group (HG), administered only cisplatin 2.5 mg/kg (CIS); cisplatin 2.5 mg/kg + carvacrol mg/kg (CC-50), and cisplatin 2.5 mg/kg + carvacrol 100 mg/kg (CC-100). In this study, the CC-50 and CC-100 groups were injected with carvacrol at 50 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally (IP). The CIS and HG groupswere administered normal saline as a solvent in the same way. One hour afterwardthe CC-50 and CC-100 groups were injected with cisplatin at 2.5 mg/kg IP. This procedure was continued once a day for 14 days. At the end of this period, six rats from each group were euthanized with high-dose anaesthesia. Biochemical (oxidant-antioxidant and proinflammatory cytokines) and histopathological examinations were performed on the right ovarian tissue removed from the dead rats. The remaining (n = 6 in each group) animals were kept in the laboratory with mature male rats for two months for breeding. Rats that didn't give birth within two months were considered infertile. A one-way ANOVA test was used for the biochemical analysis, the a Kruskal Wallis test was used for the histopathological analysis. RESULTS It has been observed that cisplatine causes oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in the ovarian tissue of animals and ultimately causes infertility due to this oxidative stress. While carvacrol significantly suppressed cisplatin-related oxidative stress in ovarian tissue at the 50 and 100 mg/kg doses, it could suppress proinflammatory cytokine increase only at thecytokine increase only at the 100 mg/kg dose. In addition, carvacrol significantly reduced the development of cisplatin-related infertility (from 0 to 83.3%) at a dose of 100 mg/kg. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that carvacrol at high doses can reduce the harmful effects of cisplatin on the ovary and improve ovarian reserve in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Dinc
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey.
| | - Ramazan Ozyurt
- Istanbul Women's Health and IVF Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Taha Abdulkadir Coban
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Gulce Naz Yazici
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Suleyman
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Bulent Yavuzer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Halis Suleyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
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Salama RM, Ahmed RH, Farid AA, AbdElSattar BA, AbdelBaset RM, Youssef ME, El Wakeel SA. Gastroprotective effect of dapagliflozin in ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats: Crosstalk between HMGB1/RAGE/PTX3 and TLR4/MyD88/VEGF/PDGF signaling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109686. [PMID: 36623411 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse may lead to the development of gastric mucosal lesions. Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor, is clinically used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, studies showed protective effect of DAPA under various experimental conditions by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. The effect of DAPA on experimental gastric ulcer has not been studied yet. Therefore, we attempted to investigate DAPA's protective effect against ethanol (EtOH)-induced gastric lesions. Fifty-six (8-week-old) male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. DAPA (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg/day; p.o.) was given for seven days, plus a single dose of absolute EtOH (5 ml/kg) on day 8. According to hematoxylin and eosin, and Alcian blue staining of gastric tissue sections, titratable acidity, and macroscopic assessments, DAPA high dose (10 mg/kg) was the most protective, with lesser ulcerations, and higher mucin, relative to the lower two doses and the standard treatment omeprazole (OME). In rats pre-treated with DAPA high dose, colorimetric and ELISA analyses revealed significantly decreased oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory, and apoptosis indices and increased levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Western blot analysis revealed reduced pentraxin-3 (PTX3), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) expression. These results were comparable in DAPA (10 mg/kg) and OME pre-treated groups. Overall, DAPA exerted a dose-dependent protective effect against EtOH-induced gastric injury. Gastroprotective effects of DAPA (10 mg/kg) may be associated with influencing HMGB1/RAGE/PTX3 and TLR4/MyD88/VEGF/PDGF pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Salama
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rodaina H Ahmed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Alaa A Farid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | | | - Merna E Youssef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Sara A El Wakeel
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo, Egypt.
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3
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Ali DE, Abd el-Aziz MM, Ibrahim SSA, Sheta E, Abdel-Sattar E. Gastroprotective and anti-Helicobacter pylori potentials of essential oils from the oleoresins of Araucaria bidwillii and Araucaria heterophylla. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:465-483. [PMID: 36542210 PMCID: PMC9768391 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant resins or oleoresins comprise a chemically complex mixture of different classes of compounds. Oleoresin of the genus Araucaria combines essential oil (EO) and resin. It possesses gastroprotective, cytotoxic, and timicrobial, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. The study aimed to investigate the EOs from the oleoresins of two Araucaria species, A. bidwillii and A. heterophylla, chemically and biologically for their gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-Helicobacter pylori potentials. The chemical composition of both species cultivated in Egypt was analyzed with GC-MS and compared with those cultivated abroad using principal component analysis (PCA). There were 37 and 17 secondary metabolites identified in A. heterophylla and A. bidwillii, respectively. The EOs of both species showed a pronounced inhibitory effect on Helicobacter pylori activity in vitro. The gastroprotective effect was assessed in vivo using ethanol-induced gastric ulcer model in rats. Inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) biomarkers were assessed in the stomach tissues. The ulcer index and percentage of ulcer protection were determined. Stomach sections were examined histopathologically by staining with (H/E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Moreover, the proliferative index was determined using the Ki-67 immunostaining. The treatment of rats with EOs (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, orally) 1 hour prior to ethanol administration showed promising gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials. These findings declared the gastroprotective role played by both EOs with the superiority of A. bidwillii over A. heterophylla via modulation of oxidative stress/NF-κB/inflammatory cytokines. Their use can be recommended to protect against the recurrence of peptic ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia E. Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Marwa M. Abd el-Aziz
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Sheta
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Essam Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
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4
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Lee J, Kim MH, Kim H. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415471. [PMID: 36555112 PMCID: PMC9779521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A moderate amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is produced under normal conditions, where they play an important role in cell signaling and are involved in many aspects of the immune response to pathogens. On the other hand, the excessive production of ROS destructs macromolecules, cell membranes, and DNA, and activates pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, which may lead to various pathologic conditions. Gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is constantly exposed to ROS due to the presence of bacteria and other infectious pathogens in food, as well as alcohol consumption, smoking, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). Prolonged excessive oxidative stress and inflammation are two major risk factors for GI disorders such as ulcers and cancers. Bioactive food compounds with potent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity have been tested in experimental GI disease models to evaluate their therapeutic potential. Astaxanthin (AST) is a fat-soluble xanthophyll carotenoid that is naturally present in algae, yeast, salmon, shrimp, and krill. It has been shown that AST exhibits protective effects against GI diseases via multiple mechanisms. Residing at the surface and inside of cell membranes, AST directly neutralizes ROS and lipid peroxyl radicals, enhances the activity of anti-oxidant enzymes, and suppresses pro-inflammatory transcription factors and cytokines. In addition, AST has been shown to inhibit cancer cell growth and metastasis via modulating cell proliferation-related pathways, apoptosis, and autophagy. Considering the potential benefits of AST in GI diseases, this review paper aims to summarize recent advances in AST research, focusing on its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against gastric and intestinal ulcers and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hyun Kim
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Correspondence: (M.-H.K.); (H.K.); Tel.: +1-602-496-4163 (M.-H.K.); +82-2-2123-3125 (H.K.)
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BK21 FOUR, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-H.K.); (H.K.); Tel.: +1-602-496-4163 (M.-H.K.); +82-2-2123-3125 (H.K.)
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5
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Jiao ZT, Luo Q. Molecular Mechanisms and Health Benefits of Ghrelin: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36235843 DOI: 10.3390/nu14194191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, an endogenous brain-gut peptide, is secreted in large quantities, mainly from the stomach, in humans and rodents. It can perform the biological function of activating the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). Since its discovery in 1999, ample research has focused on promoting its effects on the human appetite and pleasure-reward eating. Extensive, in-depth studies have shown that ghrelin is widely secreted and distributed in tissues. Its role in neurohumoral regulation, such as metabolic homeostasis, inflammation, cardiovascular regulation, anxiety and depression, and advanced cancer cachexia, has attracted increasing attention. However, the effects and regulatory mechanisms of ghrelin on obesity, gastrointestinal (GI) inflammation, cardiovascular disease, stress regulation, cachexia treatment, and the prognosis of advanced cancer have not been fully summarized. This review summarizes ghrelin's numerous effects in participating in a variety of biochemical pathways and the clinical significance of ghrelin in the regulation of the homeostasis of organisms. In addition, potential mechanisms are also introduced.
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6
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Chen X, Mi J, Huang H, Wang J, Wu Y, Wu X, Zhang S. Ghrelin and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) in Chinese alligator, alligator sinensis: Molecular characterization, tissue distribution and mRNA expression changes during the active and hibernating periods. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 327:114097. [PMID: 35853503 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) is a freshwater crocodilian endemic to China. So far, the endocrine regulation of feeding and growth in Chinese alligator is poorly understood. In this study, the molecular structure and tissue expression profiles of ghrelin and its receptor GHSR in the Chinese alligator were characterized for the first time. The full-length cDNA of ghrelin was 1770 bp, including a 37 bp 5 '-UTR (untranslated region), a 435 bp ORF (open reading frame) and a 1298 bp 3 '-UTR. The ORF encodes a ghrelin precursor, which consists of 145 amino acid residues, including a signal peptide with 52 amino acid residues at the N-terminus, a mature peptide with 28 amino acid residues, and a possibly obestain at the C-terminus. The full-length cDNA of GHSR was 3961 bp, including a 5'-UTR of 375-bp, an ORF of 1059-bp and a 3' -UTR of 2527-bp. The ORF encodes a protein of 352 amino acid residues containing seven transmembrane domains, with multiple N glycosylation modification sites and conserved cysteine residue sites. The active core "GSSF" of Chinese alligator ghrelin was identical to that of mammals and birds, and the ghrelin binding site of GHSR was similar to that of mammals. The amino acid sequences of both ghrelin and GHSR share high identity with American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) and birds. Ghrelin was highly expressed in cerebrum, mesencephalon, hypothalamus and multiple peripheral tissues, including lung, stomach and intestine, suggesting that it could play functions in paracrine and/or autocrine manners in addition to endocrine manner. GHSR expression level was higher in hypothalamus, epencephalon and medulla oblongata, and moderate in multiple peripheral tissues including lung, kindey, stomach and oviduct, implicating that ghrelin/GHSR system may participate in the regulation of energy balance, food intake, water and mineral balance, gastrointestinal motility, gastric acid secretion and reproduction. During hibernation, the expression of ghrelin and GHSR in the brain was significantly increased, while ghrelin was significantly decreased in heart, liver, lung, stomach, pancreas and ovary, and GHSR was significantly decreased in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kindey, stomach, ovary and oviduct. These temporal changes in ghrelin and GHSR expression could facilitate the physiological adaption to the hibernation of Chinese alligator. Our study could provide basic data for further studies on the regulation of feeding, physiological metabolism and reproduction of Chinese alligator, which could also be useful for the improvement of artificial breeding of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Chen
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Jicong Mi
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Hongbin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Xiaobing Wu
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Shengzhou Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Use of Important Biological Resources of Anhui Province, College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China.
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7
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Ma S, Guo X, Wang C, Yin Y, Xu G, Chen H, Qi X. Association of Barrett's esophagus with Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2022; 13:20406223221117971. [PMID: 36034104 PMCID: PMC9403448 DOI: 10.1177/20406223221117971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the only recognized precursor for esophageal
adenocarcinoma. Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori) infection is a major contributing factor towards upper
gastrointestinal diseases, but its relationship with BE remains
controversial. Some previous studies suggested that H.
pylori infection negatively correlated with BE, while others
did not. This may be attributed to the difference in the selection of
control groups among studies. The present meta-analysis aims to clarify
their association by combining all available data from well-designed
studies. Methods: The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane
Library databases were searched. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95%
confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled by a random-effects model.
Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran’s Q test and
I2 statistics. Meta-regression, subgroup,
and leave-one-out sensitivity analyses were employed to explore the sources
of heterogeneity. Results: Twenty-four studies with 1,354,369 participants were included. Meta-analysis
found that patients with BE had a significantly lower prevalence of
H. pylori infection than those without (OR = 0.53, 95%
CI = 0.45–0.64; p < 0.001). The heterogeneity was
statistically significant (I² = 79%;
p < 0.001). Meta-regression, subgroup, and leave-one-out
sensitivity analyses did not find any source of heterogeneity. Meta-analysis
of 7 studies demonstrated that CagA-positive H. pylori
infection inversely correlated with BE (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.15–0.44;
p = 0.000), but not CagA-negative H.
pylori infection (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.90–1.67;
p = 0.206). Meta-analysis of 4 studies also
demonstrated that H. pylori infection inversely correlated
with LSBE (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.18–0.86; p = 0.019), but
not SSBE (OR = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.30–1.77; p = 0.484). Conclusion: H. pylori infection negatively correlates with BE. More
experimental studies should be necessary to elucidate the potential
mechanisms in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guangqin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, General
Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Graduate School, Dalian Medical University,
Dalian, China
| | - Hongxin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, General
Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Graduate School, Liaoning University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
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Villarreal D, Pradhan G, Zhou Y, Xue B, Sun Y. Diverse and Complementary Effects of Ghrelin and Obestatin. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040517. [PMID: 35454106 PMCID: PMC9028691 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and obestatin are two “sibling proteins” encoded by the same preproghrelin gene but possess an array of diverse and complex functions. While there are ample literature documenting ghrelin’s functions, the roles of obestatin are less clear and controversial. Ghrelin and obestatin have been perceived to be antagonistic initially; however, recent studies challenge this dogma. While they have opposing effects in some systems, they function synergistically in other systems, with many functions remaining debatable. In this review, we discuss their functional relationship under three “C” categories, namely complex, complementary, and contradictory. Their functions in food intake, weight regulation, hydration, gastrointestinal motility, inflammation, and insulin secretion are complex. Their functions in pancreatic beta cells, cardiovascular, muscle, neuroprotection, cancer, and digestive system are complementary. Their functions in white adipose tissue, thermogenesis, and sleep regulation are contradictory. Overall, this review accumulates the multifaceted functions of ghrelin and obestatin under both physiological and pathological conditions, with the intent of contributing to a better understanding of these two important gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Villarreal
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Geetali Pradhan
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;
| | - Bingzhong Xue
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-862-9143
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9
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Ginter G, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Protective and Healing Effects of Ghrelin and Risk of Cancer in the Digestive System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10571. [PMID: 34638910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the ghrelin receptor, previously known as the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. This hormone is mainly produced by endocrine cells present in the gastric mucosa. The ghrelin-producing cells are also present in other organs of the body, mainly in the digestive system, but in much smaller amount. Ghrelin exhibits a broad spectrum of physiological effects, such as stimulation of growth hormone secretion, gastric secretion, gastrointestinal motility, and food intake, as well as regulation of glucose homeostasis and bone formation, and inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning animal and human data showing protective and therapeutic effects of ghrelin in the gut, and also presents the role of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in these effects. In addition, the current data on the possible influence of ghrelin on the carcinogenesis, its importance in predicting the risk of developing gastrointestinal malignances, as well as the potential usefulness of ghrelin in the treatment of cancer, have been presented.
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10
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Verbeure W, van Goor H, Mori H, van Beek AP, Tack J, van Dijk PR. The Role of Gasotransmitters in Gut Peptide Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720703. [PMID: 34354597 PMCID: PMC8329365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) receive a bad connotation; in low concentrations these play a major governing role in local and systemic blood flow, stomach acid release, smooth muscles relaxations, anti-inflammatory behavior, protective effect and more. Many of these physiological processes are upstream regulated by gut peptides, for instance gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2. The relationship between gasotransmitters and gut hormones is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the role of NO, CO and H2S on gut peptide release and functioning, and whether manipulation by gasotransmitter substrates or specific blockers leads to physiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André P van Beek
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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11
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Mathur N, Mehdi SF, Anipindi M, Aziz M, Khan SA, Kondakindi H, Lowell B, Wang P, Roth J. Ghrelin as an Anti-Sepsis Peptide: Review. Front Immunol 2021; 11:610363. [PMID: 33584688 PMCID: PMC7876230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis continues to produce widespread inflammation, illness, and death, prompting intensive research aimed at uncovering causes and therapies. In this article, we focus on ghrelin, an endogenous peptide with promise as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Ghrelin was discovered, tracked, and isolated from stomach cells based on its ability to stimulate release of growth hormone. It also stimulates appetite and is shown to be anti-inflammatory in a wide range of tissues. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by ghrelin are a result of both the stimulation of anti-inflammatory processes and an inhibition of pro-inflammatory forces. Anti-inflammatory processes are promoted in a broad range of tissues including the hypothalamus and vagus nerve as well as in a broad range of immune cells. Aged rodents have reduced levels of growth hormone (GH) and diminished immune responses; ghrelin administration boosts GH levels and immune response. The anti-inflammatory functions of ghrelin, well displayed in preclinical animal models of sepsis, are just being charted in patients, with expectations that ghrelin and growth hormone might improve outcomes in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Mathur
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Manasa Anipindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sawleha A. Khan
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Hema Kondakindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Barbara Lowell
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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12
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Sofi SH, Nuraddin SM, Amin ZA, Al-Bustany HA, Nadir MQ. Gastroprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum extract in ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury in Wistar rats: A possible involvement of H+/K+ ATPase α inhibition. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05249. [PMID: 33102861 PMCID: PMC7569342 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum (HP) is a plant native to Asia and Europe. It has been documented to enclose medical effects against many disorders such as anxiety, depression and burns. This experiment was performed to evaluate the gastro-protective effect of Hypericum perforatum leaf extract in ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats as compared to esomeprazole (the drug of choice for stomach ulcers). The mechanism of action was performed by Auto Dock Vina method. Ethanol ingestion up regulated the inflammatory reaction as demonstrated by rise of gastric proinflammatory TNF-α with a decline of IL-1β. On the other hand, the phytochemical screening of HP revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids and saponins. The high dose of HP group shows mild injuries to the gastric mucosa which is comparable to the esomeprazole group, in contrast, severe damages are observed in the gastric mucosa of the ulcer control rats group. In silico results revealed that Amentoflavone and Quercitrin have highest affinity and very good interactions with H+/K+ ATPase α active site. This study showed that HP is nearly as effective as esomeprazole to prevent ethanol induced gastric ulcer the plant extract and it has more binding affinity than esomeprazole to gastric proton pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargul H. Sofi
- Pharmacognsy Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Sheila M. Nuraddin
- Pharmacognsy Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Zahra A. Amin
- Pharmacognsy Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- Corresponding author.
| | - Hazem A. Al-Bustany
- Basic Science Department, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Marwan Q. Nadir
- Pharmacognsy Department, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
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13
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Şen LS, Özdemir Kumral ZN, Memi G, Ercan F, Yeğen BC, Yeğen C. The gastroprotective effect of obestatin on indomethacin-induced acute ulcer is mediated by a vagovagal mechanism. Physiol Int 2020; 107:243-255. [PMID: 32692714 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2020.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the role of the vagus nerve in the possible gastroprotective effect of obestatin on the indomethacin-induced acute oxidative gastric injury, Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were injected subcutaneously with indomethacin (25 mg/kg, 5% NaHCO3) followed by obestatin (10, 30 or 100 μg/kg). In other sets of rats, surgical vagotomy (Vx) or selective degeneration of vagal afferent fibers by perivagal capsaicin was performed before the injections of indomethacin or indomethacin + obestatin (30 μg/kg). Gastric serosal blood flow was measured, and 4 h after ulcer induction gastric tissue samples were taken for histological and biochemical assays. Obestatin reduced the severity of indomethacin-induced acute ulcer via the reversal of reactive hyperemia, by inhibiting ulcer-induced neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation along with the replenishment of glutathione (GSH) stores, whereas Vx abolished the inhibitory effect of obestatin on blood flow and lipid peroxidation, and worsened the severity of ulcer. On the other hand, serosal blood flow was even amplified by the selective denervation of the capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferent fibers, but obestatin-induced reduction in ulcer severity was not altered. In conclusion, the gastroprotective effect of obestatin on indomethacin-induced ulcer appears to involve the activation of the vagovagal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Semiha Şen
- 1Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.,3Department of General Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Gülsün Memi
- 1Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- 2Department of Histology & Embryology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Berrak C Yeğen
- 1Department of Physiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Yeğen
- 3Department of General Surgery, Marmara University School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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14
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Sahin H, Kaltalioglu K, Erisgin Z, Coskun-Cevher S, Kolayli S. Protective effects of aqueous extracts of some honeys against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13054. [PMID: 31576596 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the concept of the possible protective effect of some honey types against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in male Wistar albino rats. Rats were pretreated with rhododendron, chestnut, and oak honey orally with doses of 1.25 and 2.5 g/kg, bw (body weight) for three consecutive days. On fourth day, nothing was applied, and after the administration of anesthesia on the fifth day, their stomachs were surgically removed to investigate the histopathological examinations. Besides analyses of some blood serum profiles and antioxidant parameters of gastric tissue, some biochemical properties of honeys were investigated to support the histopathological results. The degrees of ulcer lesions in all groups revealed a statistically significant difference (p = .011). Although this difference originated from the additional ulcerative inducing effect of some honeys, the lower concentration rhododendron honey indicated more promising data than the positive control group (pantoprazole) in consequence of the microscopic and macroscopic evaluations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: As being a member of natural products, honey has acquired fame among the studies in recent years due to its versatility as a source of food and complementary medicine. For contributing to this argument, this comprehensive study was performed and results were focused on the lower concentration of rhododendron honey thanks to its clinical potential with protecting the gastric mucosa. According to the obtained results, our suggestion came into prominence that this honey might be protecting the mucosa, better than the different concentrations of chestnut and oak honeys, by being better-absorbed through the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Sahin
- Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Espiye, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Kaan Kaltalioglu
- Espiye Vocational School, Giresun University, Espiye, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Zuleyha Erisgin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkey
| | - Sule Coskun-Cevher
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Kolayli
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
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15
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Anantharajappa K, Dharmesh SM, Ravi S. Gastro-protective potentials of Spirulina: role of vitamin B 12. J Food Sci Technol 2019; 57:745-753. [PMID: 32116383 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gastric ulcer is a chronic health problem world over. Spirulina is known to contain significant amounts of vitamin B12 hence Spirulina was evaluated for gastroprotective properties against gastric ulcerations. Spirulina biomass (SB) and Spirulina extract (SE) were evaluated in swim stress induced gastric ulcers in adult male albino rats. Both SB and SE inhibited 45% and 60% of ulcers formation induced by swim stress respectively. Gastroprotection has been elucidated to be due to inhibition of (a) upregulated H+, K+-ATPase activity that induced ulcer condition; (b) lipid peroxidation and (c) altered antioxidant enzyme levels. The data highlighted the importance of vitamin B12 in protecting the gut against gastric ulcerations and suggested that both Spirulina biomass and Spirulina extract contain bioavailable B12. Spirulina based product/food can be used as alternatives to gastroprotective agents that are known to cause acidity themselves upon long term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumudha Anantharajappa
- 1Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - Shylaja M Dharmesh
- 2Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
| | - Sarada Ravi
- 1Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020 India
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16
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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17
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Lyra Junior HF, de Lucca Schiavon L, Rodrigues IK, Couto Vieira DS, de Paula Martins R, Turnes BL, Latini AS, D'Acâmpora AJ. Effects of Ghrelin on the Oxidative Stress and Healing of the Colonic Anastomosis in Rats. J Surg Res 2018; 234:167-177. [PMID: 30527470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage is the deadliest complication of colonic procedures. Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone with potent actions on growth hormone release and functions in the processes of growth, tissue inflammation, repair, and oxidative stress. We evaluated the hypothesis that the exogenous administration of ghrelin causes beneficial effects on the healing of colonic anastomosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to eight subgroups receiving postoperative intraperitoneal administration of ghrelin (23 μg/kg/d) or saline after a colonic anastomosis. The anastomotic tissue was evaluated on the third, seventh, and 14th postoperative days. Anastomotic bursting pressure, histological parameters, hydroxyproline content, and tissue oxidative stress markers were compared. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the mean anastomotic bursting pressure in the ghrelin subgroup on the seventh postoperative day (P = 0.035). Histological evaluation demonstrated a significant difference in the neutrophilic infiltrate (P = 0.035) on the third and 14th d and in apoptosis (P = 0.004), granulation tissue (P = 0.011) and peritoneal inflammation (P = 0.014) on the 14th postoperative day. There was a statistically significant increase in the hydroxyproline content in the ghrelin subgroup on the 14th postoperative day (P = 0.043). There were significant differences in the nitrite tissue levels (P = 0.021) on day 3 and in reactive oxygen species (P = 0.012) on day 14. CONCLUSIONS The administration of ghrelin had beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, increasing the resistance of the anastomosis and the hydroxyproline tissue content in the postoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo de Lucca Schiavon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Igor Kunze Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Roberta de Paula Martins
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioenergetics and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lenfers Turnes
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioenergetics and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Susana Latini
- Department of Biochemistry, Bioenergetics and Oxidative Stress Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Armando José D'Acâmpora
- Department of Surgery, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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18
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Konarska K, Cieszkowski J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Chmura A, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Gałązka K, Kowalczyk P, Miskiewicz A, Konturek TJ, Pędziwiatr M, Dembiński A. Treatment with Obestatin-A Ghrelin Gene-Encoded Peptide-Reduces the Severity of Experimental Colitis Evoked by Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061643. [PMID: 29865176 PMCID: PMC6032262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid peptide derived from proghrelin, a common prohormone for ghrelin and obestatin. Previous studies showed that obestatin exhibited some protective and therapeutic effects in the gut. The aim of our presented study was to examine the effect of treatment with obestatin on trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. In rats anesthetized with ketamine, colitis was induced through intrarectal administration of 25 mg of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). Obestatin was administered intraperitoneally at doses of 4, 8, or 16 nmol/kg, twice per day for four consecutive days. The first dose of obestatin was given one day before the induction of colitis, and the last one was given two days after administration of TNBS. Fourteen days after the induction of colitis, rats were anesthetized again with ketamine, and the severity of colitis was determined. The administration of obestatin had no effect on the parameters tested in rats without the induction of colitis. In rats with colitis, administration of obestatin at doses of 8 or 16 nmol/kg reduced the area of colonic damage, and improved mucosal blood flow in the colon. These effects were accompanied by a reduction in the colitis-evoked increase in the level of blood leukocytes, and mucosal concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β. Moreover, obestatin administered at doses of 8 or 16 nmol/kg reduced histological signs of colonic damage. The administration of obestatin at a dose of 4 nmol/kg failed to significantly affect the parameters tested. Overall, treatment with obestatin reduced the severity of TNBS-induced colitis in rats. This effect was associated with an improvement in mucosal blood flow in the colon, and a decrease in local and systemic inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Konarska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Chmura
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Gałązka
- Department of Pathomorphology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-110 Jablonna, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Miskiewicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 00-246 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Thomas Jan Konturek
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
| | - Michał Pędziwiatr
- Second Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Artur Dembiński
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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19
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Miura T, Mitsunaga S, Ikeda M, Ohno I, Takahashi H, Suzuki H, Irisawa A, Kuwata T, Ochiai A. Characterization of low active ghrelin ratio in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Support Care Cancer 2018; 26:3811-3817. [PMID: 29777378 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-018-4248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acyl ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide. Active ghrelin ratio, the ratio of acyl ghrelin to total ghrelin, has an important role in physiological functions and gastrointestinal symptoms. However, low active ghrelin ratio-related characteristics, gastrointestinal symptoms, and chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer have not been previously evaluated. The goal of this study was to identify low active ghrelin ratio-related factors in treatment-naïve advanced pancreatic cancer patients. METHODS Patients with treatment-naïve advanced pancreatic cancer were eligible for inclusion in this study. Active ghrelin ratio and clinical parameters of patients were prospectively recorded. Factors correlated with low active ghrelin ratio and survival were analyzed. RESULTS In total, 92 patients were analyzed. Low active ghrelin ratio-related factors were advanced age (P < 0.01), severe appetite loss (P < 0.01), and decreased cholinesterase (P < 0.01). The adverse events of grade 2 or higher anorexia tended to increase in patients with low active ghrelin ratio. However, no differences were found in survival and body composition between low and high active ghrelin ratio groups. CONCLUSIONS Low active ghrelin ratio was related to lack of appetite and low cholinesterase and tended to be related to anorexia grade 2 or higher in patients with treatment-naïve advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Miura
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Mitsunaga
- Division of Biomarker Discovery, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan.
- Pathology Division, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Ikeda
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohno
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ai Irisawa
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Pathology Division, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
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20
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is exposed to a variety of noxious factors, such as Helicobacter pylori, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gastric acid, ischemia-reperfusion, and mental stresses. Theses stressors generate free radicals within gastrointestinal tissues, causing organ injury and functional disturbance. Although the gastrointestinal tract can withstand such oxidative stresses to some extent by enhancing its antioxidant system via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1-mediated pathways, acute or chronic exposure to oxidative stress can cause several gastrointestinal tract disorders, such as inflammation, ulcers, cancers, and various functional disturbances. Recent studies have demonstrated that some natural compounds and drugs can upregulate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-mediated antioxidant system, ameliorating or preventing these disorders. Although these compounds may be useful as chemopreventive agents, sufficient evidence for their clinical efficacy has not yet been provided. In addition, it is important to note that excessive nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 stimulation can be harmful to human health, especially from the standpoint of tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Yanaka
- Hitachi Medical Education and Research Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
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21
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Bonior J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Gajdosz R, Pierzchalski P, Kot M, Leja-Szpak A, Nawrot-Porąbka K, Link-Lenczowski P, Pędziwiatr M, Olszanecki R, Bartuś K, Trąbka R, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Dembiński A, Jaworek J. Capsaicin-Sensitive Sensory Nerves Are Necessary for the Protective Effect of Ghrelin in Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1402. [PMID: 28665321 PMCID: PMC5535895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin was shown to exhibit protective and therapeutic effect in the gut. Aim of the study was to investigate the role of sensory nerves (SN) in the protective effect of ghrelin in acute pancreatitis (AP). Studies were performed on male Wistar rats or isolated pancreatic acinar cells. After capsaicin deactivation of sensory nerves (CDSN) or treatment with saline, rats were pretreated intraperitoneally with ghrelin or saline. In those rats, AP was induced by cerulein or pancreases were used for isolation of pancreatic acinar cells. Pancreatic acinar cells were incubated in cerulein-free or cerulein containing solution. In rats with intact SN, pretreatment with ghrelin led to a reversal of the cerulein-induced increase in pancreatic weight, plasma activity of lipase and plasma concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These effects were associated with an increase in plasma interleukin-4 concentration and reduction in histological signs of pancreatic damage. CDSN tended to increase the severity of AP and abolished the protective effect of ghrelin. Exposure of pancreatic acinar cells to cerulein led to increase in cellular expression of mRNA for TNF-α and cellular synthesis of this cytokine. Pretreatment with ghrelin reduced this alteration, but this effect was only observed in acinar cells obtained from rats with intact SN. Moreover, CDSN inhibited the cerulein- and ghrelin-induced increase in gene expression and synthesis of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in those cells. Ghrelin exhibits the protective effect in cerulein-induced AP on the organ and pancreatic acinar cell level. Sensory nerves ablation abolishes this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Gajdosz
- Department of Emergency Medical Care, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pierzchalski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Michalina Kot
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Anna Leja-Szpak
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Nawrot-Porąbka
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Link-Lenczowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Michał Pędziwiatr
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 21 Kopernika St., 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Bartuś
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University, JP II Hospital, 80 Prądnicka St., 31-202 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Trąbka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 3 Koło Strzelnicy St., 30-219 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, 15 A Kopernika St., 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Artur Dembiński
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 12 Michałowskiego St., 31-126 Krakow, Poland.
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Omrani H, Alipour MR, Farajdokht F, Ebrahimi H, Mesgari Abbasi M, Mohaddes G. Effects of Chronic Ghrelin Treatment on Hypoxia-Induced Brain Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Rat Normobaric Chronic Hypoxia Model. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:145-151. [DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Omrani
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Alipour
- Neurosciences Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Neurosciences Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Ebrahimi
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z, Cieszkowski J, Ceranowicz D, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Bonior J, Jaworek J, Ambroży T, Gil K, Olszanecki R, Pihut M, Dembiński A. Essential Role of Growth Hormone and IGF-1 in Therapeutic Effect of Ghrelin in the Course of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061118. [PMID: 28538694 PMCID: PMC5485942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ghrelin exhibits a protective and therapeutic effect in the gut. The aim of the present study was to examine whether administration of ghrelin affects the course of acetic acid-induced colitis and to determine what is the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in this effect. In sham-operated or hypophysectomized male Wistar rats, colitis was induced by enema with 1 mL of 3% solution of acetic acid. Saline or ghrelin (given at the dose of 8 nmol/kg/dose) was administered intraperitoneally twice a day. Seven days after colitis induction, rats were anesthetized and the severity of the colitis was assessed. Treatment with ghrelin reduced the area of colonic mucosa damage in pituitary-intact rat. This effect was associated with increase in serum levels of GH and IGF-1. Moreover, administration of ghrelin improved blood flow in colonic mucosa and mucosal cell proliferation, as well as reduced mucosal concentration of proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and activity of myeloperoxidase. Hypophysectomy reduced serum levels of GH and IGF-1 and increased the area of colonic damage in rats with colitis. These effects were associated with additional reduction in mucosal blood follow and DNA synthesis when compared to pituitary-intact rats. Mucosal concentration of IL-1β and mucosal activity of myeloperoxidase were maximally increased. Moreover, in hypophysectomized rats, administration of ghrelin failed to affect serum levels of GH or IGF-1, as well as the healing rate of colitis, mucosal cell proliferation, and mucosal concentration of IL-1β, or activity of myeloperoxidase. We conclude that administration of ghrelin accelerates the healing of the acetic acid-induced colitis. Therapeutic effect of ghrelin in experimental colitis is mainly mediated by the release of endogenous growth hormone and IGF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bonior
- Department of Medical Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Medical Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Department of Theory of Sport and Kinesiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Pihut
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Artur Dembiński
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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Sgambato D, Capuano A, Sullo MG, Miranda A, Federico A, Romano M. Gut-Brain Axis in Gastric Mucosal Damage and Protection. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:959-966. [PMID: 26903151 PMCID: PMC5333589 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160223120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Background The gut-brain axis plays a potential role in numerous physiological and pathological conditions. Several substances link stomach with central nervous system. In particular, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, thyrotropin-releasing factor-containing nerve fibers and capsaicin-sensitive nerves are principal mediators of the harmful and protective central nervous system-mediated effects on gastric mucosa. Also, existing evidence indicates that nitric oxide, prostaglandins and calcitonin gene-related peptide play a role as final effectors of gastric protection. Methods We undertook a structured search of bibliographic databases for peer-reviewed research literature with the aim of focusing on the role of gut-brain axis in gastric damage and protection. In particular, we examined manuscripts dealing with the role of steroids, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandins, melatonin, hydrogen sulfide and peptides influencing food intake (i.e. leptin, cholecystokinin, peptide YY, central glucagon–like peptide-1, and ghrelin). Also, the role of GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways in gastric mucosal protection have been examined. Results We found and reviewed 61 peer-reviewed papers dealing with the major aspects related to the role of gut brain axis in gastric mucosal damage and protection. Conclusions A dense neuronal network links stomach with central nervous system and a number of neurotransmitters and peptides functionally and anatomically related to central nervous system play a major role in contributing to gastric mucosal integrity. Exploiting the mechanisms underlying the connection between brain and gut may lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of gastric mucosal injury and to an improvement in the prevention and, eventually, management of gastric damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marco Romano
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Rindi G, Torsello A, Locatelli V, Solcia E. Ghrelin Expression and Actions: A Novel Peptide for an Old Cell Type of the Diffuse Endocrine System. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 229:1007-16. [PMID: 15522836 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422901004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric peptide involved in food intake control and growth hormone release. Its cell localization has been defined in distinct ghrelin cells of the gastric mucosa in humans and other mammals. Ghrelin production was also described in a number of other sites of the diffuse endocrine system, including the pituitary, thyroid, lung, pancreas, adrenal gland, and intestine. In addition, ghrelin cells were identified early during fetal life and in the placenta and gonads. Finally, endocrine growths and tumors of the diffuse endocrine system may present ghrelin-producing cells, and in a few cases high levels of circulating ghrelin were reported. Besides its well-defined orexigenic role, ghrelin is likely to exert a local paracrine role similar to other brain-gut axis hormones. This review aims to summarize recent data on ghrelin cell distribution in the diffuse endocrine system and discuss local and general ghrelin function during development, adulthood, and endocrine tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Rindi
- Department of Pathology, University of Parma, Italy.
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Matuszyk A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z, Cieszkowski J, Ceranowicz D, Gałązka K, Bonior J, Jaworek J, Bartuś K, Gil K, Olszanecki R, Dembiński A. Exogenous Ghrelin Accelerates the Healing of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1455. [PMID: 27598133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that ghrelin reduces colonic inflammation induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and dextran sodium sulfate. In the present study we determined the effect of treatment with ghrelin on the course of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Rectal administration of 3% acetic acid solution led to induction of colitis in all animals. Damage of the colonic wall was accompanied by an increase in mucosal concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well mucosal activity of myeloperoxidase. Moreover, induction of colitis led to a reduction in colonic blood flow and DNA synthesis. Administration of ghrelin after induction of colitis led to faster regeneration of the colonic wall and reduction in colonic levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and myeloperoxidase. In addition, treatment with ghrelin improved mucosal DNA synthesis and blood flow. Our study disclosed that ghrelin exhibits a strong anti-inflammatory and healing effect in acetic acid-induced colitis. Our current observation in association with previous findings that ghrelin exhibits curative effect in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid- and dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis suggest that therapeutic effect of ghrelin in the colon is universal and independent of the primary cause of colitis.
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Koyama H, Iwakura H, Dote K, Bando M, Hosoda H, Ariyasu H, Kusakabe T, Son C, Hosoda K, Akamizu T, Kangawa K, Nakao K. Comprehensive Profiling of GPCR Expression in Ghrelin-Producing Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:692-704. [PMID: 26671185 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To determine the comprehensive G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) expression profile in ghrelin-producing cells and to elucidate the role of GPCR-mediated signaling in the regulation of ghrelin secretion, we determined GPCR expression profiles by RNA sequencing in the ghrelin-producing cell line MGN3-1 and analyzed the effects of ligands for highly expressed receptors on intracellular signaling and ghrelin secretion. Expression of selected GPCRs was confirmed in fluorescence-activated cell-sorted fluorescently tagged ghrelin-producing cells from ghrelin-promoter CreERT2/Rosa-CAG-LSL-ZsGreen1 mice. Expression levels of GPCRs previously suggested to regulate ghrelin secretion including adrenergic-β1 receptor, GPR81, oxytocin receptor, GPR120, and somatostatin receptor 2 were high in MGN3-1 cells. Consistent with previous reports, isoproterenol and oxytocin stimulated the Gs and Gq pathways, respectively, whereas lactate, palmitate, and somatostatin stimulated the Gi pathway, confirming the reliability of current assays. Among other highly expressed GPCRs, prostaglandin E receptor 4 agonist prostaglandin E2 significantly stimulated the Gs pathway and ghrelin secretion. Muscarine, the canonical agonist of cholinergic receptor muscarinic 4, stimulated both the Gq and Gi pathways. Although muscarine treatment alone did not affect ghrelin secretion, it did suppress forskolin-induced ghrelin secretion, suggesting that the cholinergic pathway may play a role in counterbalancing the stimulation of ghrelin by Gs (eg, by adrenaline). In addition, GPR142 ligand tryptophan stimulated ghrelin secretion. In conclusion, we determined the comprehensive expression profile of GPCRs in ghrelin-producing cells and identified two novel ghrelin regulators, prostaglandin E2 and tryptophan. These results will lead to a greater understanding of the physiology of ghrelin and facilitate the development of ghrelin-modulating drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Gastric Mucosa/cytology
- Gastric Mucosa/drug effects
- Gastric Mucosa/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Ghrelin/drug effects
- Ghrelin/metabolism
- Hormones/pharmacology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Lactic Acid/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscarine/pharmacology
- Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology
- Oxytocics/pharmacology
- Oxytocin/pharmacology
- Palmitates/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Muscarinic M4/agonists
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/drug effects
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Oxytocin/drug effects
- Receptors, Oxytocin/genetics
- Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/agonists
- Receptors, Somatostatin/drug effects
- Receptors, Somatostatin/genetics
- Receptors, Somatostatin/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Somatostatin/pharmacology
- Tryptophan/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koyama
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwakura
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Katsuko Dote
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ariyasu
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Toru Kusakabe
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Choel Son
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Kiminori Hosoda
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Takashi Akamizu
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Kenji Kangawa
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuwa Nakao
- Medical Innovation Center (H.I., K.D., M.B., T.K., C.S., K.H., K.K., K.N.) and Departments of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition (H.K.) and Human Health Sciences (K.H.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (H.H., K.K.), Osaka 565-8565; Japan; and The First Department of Medicine (H.A., T.A.), Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-8509, Japan
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Matuszyk A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z, Cieszkowski J, Bonior J, Jaworek J, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Konturek P, Ambroży T, Dembiński A. Obestatin Accelerates the Healing of Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2016; 2016:2834386. [PMID: 26798415 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2834386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin, a 23-amino acid peptide derived from the proghrelin, has been shown to exhibit some protective and therapeutic effects in the gut. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of obestatin administration on the course of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats. Materials and Methods. Studies have been performed on male Wistar rats. Colitis was induced by a rectal enema with 3.5% acetic acid solution. Obestatin was administered intraperitoneally twice a day at a dose of 8 nmol/kg, starting 24 h after the induction of colitis. Seven or 14 days after the induction of colitis, the healing rate of the colon was evaluated. Results. Treatment with obestatin after induction of colitis accelerated the healing of colonic wall damage and this effect was associated with a decrease in the colitis-evoked increase in mucosal activity of myeloperoxidase and content of interleukin-1β. Moreover, obestatin administration significantly reversed the colitis-evoked decrease in mucosal blood flow and DNA synthesis. Conclusion. Administration of exogenous obestatin exhibits therapeutic effects in the course of acetic acid-induced colitis and this effect is related, at least in part, to the obestatin-evoked anti-inflammatory effect, an improvement of local blood flow, and an increase in cell proliferation in colonic mucosa.
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29
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Matuszyk A, Ceranowicz D, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Fyderek K, Gałązka K, Cieszkowski J, Bonior J, Jaworek J, Pihut M, Dembiński A. The Influence of Ghrelin on the Development of Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis in Rats. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:718314. [PMID: 26713317 DOI: 10.1155/2015/718314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin has protective and therapeutic effects in the gut. The aim of present studies was to investigate the effect of treatment with ghrelin on the development of colitis evoked by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Methods. Studies have been performed on rats. Colitis was induced by adding 5% DSS to the drinking water for 5 days. During this period animals were treated intraperitoneally twice a day with saline or ghrelin given at the dose of 8 nmol/kg/dose. On the sixth day, animals were anesthetized and the severity of colitis was assessed. Results. Treatment with ghrelin during administration of DSS reduced the development of colitis. Morphological features of colonic mucosa exhibited a reduction in the area and deep of mucosal damage. Ghrelin reversed the colitis-induced decrease in blood flow, DNA synthesis, and superoxide dismutase activity in colonic mucosa. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in the colitis-evoked increase in mucosal concentration of interleukin-1β and malondialdehyde. Treatment with ghrelin reversed the DSS-induced reduction in body weight gain. Conclusions. Administration of ghrelin exhibits the preventive effect against the development of DSS-induced colitis. This effect seems to be related to ghrelin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties.
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30
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Ali SS, Hamed EA, Ayuob NN, Shaker Ali A, Suliman MI. Effects of different routes of nicotine administration on gastric morphology and hormonal secretion in rats. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:881-95. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soad Shaker Ali
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas Ahmed Hamed
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Assuit University; Asyut Egypt
| | - Nasra Naeim Ayuob
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine; Mansoura University; Mansoura Egypt
| | - Ahmed Shaker Ali
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Ibrahem Suliman
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
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31
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Jaworek J, Konturek SJ. Hormonal protection in acute pancreatitis by ghrelin, leptin and melatonin. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16902-16912. [PMID: 25493003 PMCID: PMC4258559 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i45.16902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a nonbacterial disease of the pancreas. The severe form of this ailment is characterized by high mortality. Whether acute pancreatitis develops as the severe type or resolves depends on the intensity of the inflammatory process which is counteracted by the recruitment of innate defense mechanisms. It has been shown that the hormones ghrelin, leptin and melatonin are able to modulate the immune function of the organism and to protect the pancreas against inflammatory damage. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the application of these substances prior to the induction of acute pancreatitis significantly attenuated the intensity of the inflammation and reduced pancreatic tissue damage. The pancreatic protective mechanisms of the above hormones have been related to the mobilization of non-specific immune defense, to the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B and modulation of cytokine production, to the stimulation of heat shock proteins and changes of apoptotic processes in the acinar cells, as well as to the activation of antioxidant system of the pancreatic tissue. The protective effect of ghrelin seems to be indirect and perhaps dependent on the release of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1. Leptin and ghrelin, but not melatonin, employ sensory nerves in their beneficial action on acute pancreatitis. It is very likely that ghrelin, leptin and melatonin could be implicated in the natural protection of the pancreatic gland against inflammatory damage because the blood levels of these substances increase in the initial phase of pancreatic inflammation. The above hormones could be a part of the innate resistance system which might remove noxious factors and could suppress or attenuate the inflammatory process in the pancreas.
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Ma L, Liu J. The protective activity of Conyza blinii saponin against acute gastric ulcer induced by ethanol. J Ethnopharmacol 2014; 158 Pt A:358-363. [PMID: 25446589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Conyza blinii H.Lév., is a type of natural plant. Its dried overground section is used to treat infections and inflammations in traditional Chinese medicine. Triterpenoidal saponins have a wide range of bioactivities, for instance, anti-cancer, anti-virus and anti-anaphylaxis. Conyza blinii saponin (CBS), mainly composed of triterpenoidal saponins, is the total saponin of Conyza blinii H.Lév. It has been reported that CBS also has gastric mucous membrane protection activity. This study aims to test CBS׳s protective activity of gastric׳s mucous membrane against ethanol. This investigation may lead to the development of novel drug from natural products as anti-ulcer agent, or as gastric mucous protective against chemical damage. MATERIALS AND METHODS CBS (Conyza blinii saponin) is the total saponin of Conyza blinii H.Lév., which was obtained as described previously. We tested the protective activity of CBS against ethanol-induced ulcer. Thirty six rats were grouped randomly as 'NORMAL', 'CONTROL', 'MODEL', 'LOW DOSE', 'MEDIUM DOSE' and 'HIGH DOSE'. The 'NORMAL' group were rats with no pathological model established within it. The 'CONTROL' group was administrated with colloidal bismuth subcitrate, while 'MODEL' group was not given any active agents apart from absolute ethanol in order to obtain gastric ulcer model. The three 'DOSE' groups were treated with different concentrations of CBS (5, 10, 20mg/mL) before administration followed by absolute ethanol. All rats were sacrificed after the experiment to acquire the gastric tissue. The ulcer index (UI), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured to monitor the activity of CBS. Besides, the rat gastric tissue was made to paraffin section and stained using the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) method. The histopathology examination was carried out to examine CBS efficacy in terms of gastric mucous protection. RESULTS We found that CBS had a profound protection activity against acute gastric ulcer induced by ethanol and this activity displayed a concentration-dependent manner. The efficacy of 10 and 20mg/mL CBS was comparable with colloidal bismuth subcitrate (P<0.05). All three level of CBS tested were able to significantly reduce UI, MDA and enhance SOD level (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS It was deduced that the mechanism for such activity would be anti-lipid peroxidation, facilitating free radicals clearance. In addition , histopathology examination of the gastric mucous membrane supported the same conclusion, that CBS can efficiently suppress the inflammatory reactions, bleeding and protect the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, School of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, China; Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, Room 4.11, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.
| | - Jiangguang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, No 92, Weijing Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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Nikoukar L, Nabavizadeh F, Mohamadi S, Moslehi A, Hassanzadeh G, Nahrevanian H, Agah S. Protective effect of ghrelin in a rat model of celiac disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:438-47. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.101.2014.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Natarajamurthy SH, Dharmesh SM. REMOVED: Protective effect of Daucus carota against UV-DMBA induced skin cancer in mice. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 219:48-56. [PMID: 24812028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been removed: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been removed at the request of "Due to a processing error during the review process, this paper was erroneously published online prematurely. The Publisher apologizes to readers and the authors for any inconvenience caused."
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuja H Natarajamurthy
- Biochemistry & Nutrition Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Shylaja M Dharmesh
- Biochemistry & Nutrition Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research), Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
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Abstract
The centrally induced gastroprotective effect of neuropeptides has been intensively studied. Besides many similarities, however, differences can also be observed in their gastroprotective actions. The gastroprotective dose-response curve proved to be either sigmoid, or bell-shaped. Additional gastrointestinal effects of neuropeptides can contribute to their mucosal protective effect. Part of the neuropeptides induces gastroprotection by peripheral administration as well. Besides vagal nerve the sympathetic nervous system may also be involved in conveying the central effect to the periphery. Better understanding of the complex mechanism of the maintenance of gastric mucosal integrity may result in the development of new strategy to enhance gastric mucosal resistance against injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Gyires
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán S Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary
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LIANG ZHIHAI, QIN MENGBIN, TANG GUODU, YANG HUIYING, SU JUAN, HUANG JIEAN. Melatonin reduces inflammation and recovers endogenous ghrelin in acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2599-605. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Han G, Ko SJ, Park JW, Kim J, Yeo I, Lee H, Kim SY, Lee H. Acupuncture for functional dyspepsia: study protocol for a two-center, randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:89. [PMID: 24655542 PMCID: PMC3994398 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common health problem currently without any optimal treatments. Acupuncture has been traditionally sought as a treatment for FD. The aim of this study is to investigate whether acupuncture treatment helps improve symptoms of FD. Methods/design A two-center, randomized, waitlist-controlled trial will be carried out to evaluate whether acupuncture treatment improves FD symptoms. Seventy six participants aged 18 to 75 years with FD as diagnosed by Rome III criteria will be recruited from August 2013 to January 2014 at two Korean Medicine hospitals. They will be randomly allocated either into eight sessions of partially individualized acupuncture treatment over 4 weeks or a waitlist group. The acupuncture group will then be followed-up for 3 weeks with six telephone visits and a final visit will be paid at 8 weeks. The waitlist group will receive the identical acupuncture treatment after a 4-week waiting period. The primary outcome is the proportion of responders with adequate symptom relief and the secondary outcomes include Nepean dyspepsia index, EQ-5D, FD-related quality of life, Beck’s depression inventory, state-trait anxiety inventory questionnaire, and level of ghrelin hormone. The protocol was approved by the participating centers’ Institutional Review Boards. Discussion Results of this trial will help clarify not only whether the acupuncture treatment is beneficial for symptom improvement in FD patients but also to elucidate the related mechanisms of how acupuncture might work. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01921504.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hyangsook Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee dae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea.
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Paoluzi OA, Blanco DVG, Caruso R, Monteleone I, Monteleone G, Pallone F. Impairment of ghrelin synthesis in Helicobacter pylori-colonized stomach: New clues for the pathogenesis of H. pylori-related gastric inflammation. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:639-646. [PMID: 24574737 PMCID: PMC3921473 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, the ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a, takes part in several functions of the digestive system, including regulation of appetite, energy homeostasis, gastric acid secretion and motility. Ghrelin has also immunoregulatory properties and is supposed to inhibit some inflammatory pathways that can mediate gastric damage. Interestingly, ghrelin synthesis is reduced in the gastric mucosa of patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, a worldwide condition inducing a T helper (Th)1/Th17 cell response-driven gastritis, which may evolve towards gastric atrophy and cancer. In this article, we review the available data on the expression of ghrelin in H. pylori infection and discuss how the defective ghrelin synthesis may contribute to sustain the ongoing inflammatory response in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chooi Yeng Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- *Correspondence:
| | - Alfonso Abizaid
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Paoluzi OA, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Caruso R, Monteleone I, Caprioli F, Tesauro M, Turriziani M, Monteleone G, Pallone F. Helicobacter pylori infection associates with a mucosal downregulation of ghrelin, negative regulator of Th1-cell responses. Helicobacter 2013; 18:406-12. [PMID: 23865468 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-related gastritis is characterized by a predominant T helper (Th)1/Th17 cell immunity. Ghrelin (GR) has immunoregulatory properties and inhibits experimental Th cell-dependent pathology. AIMS To evaluate whether Hp infection associates with changes in GR expression and whether GR negatively regulates Th1/Th17 cytokines during Hp infection. METHODS GR expression was evaluated by real-time PCR in gastric biopsies taken from Hp-infected and Hp-uninfected patients and in gastric biopsies of Hp-negative subjects cultured with or without H. pylori culture supernatant. To examine whether GR regulates Hp-induced cytokine production, H. pylori-infected gastric biopsies were stimulated with GR, and interleukin (IL)-12, interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-4 transcripts were evaluated by real-time PCR. IL-12 and IFN-γ were also analyzed in lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMCs) extracted from Hp-infected gastric biopsies and cultured with GR. RESULTS GR RNA transcripts were reduced in biopsies from Hp-infected patients. Treatment of Hp-negative gastric biopsies with Hp culture supernatant reduced GR RNA expression. GR dose-dependently inhibited RNA expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ but not IL-4 in ex vivo cultures of mucosal explants and in cultures of gastric LPMCs from Hp-positive patients. CONCLUSIONS GR is downregulated in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients. Such a defect could contribute to sustain the ongoing Th1-cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omero Alessandro Paoluzi
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Viale Oxford 81, Rome, 00133, Italy
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Kim JY, Bae HJ, Choi J, Lim JR, Kim SW, Lee SH, Park ES. Efficacy of gastro-retentive forms of ecabet sodium in the treatment of gastric ulcer in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:1053-62. [PMID: 24254934 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of gastric retention of ecabet sodium (ECS) on its mucoprotective effect in rat ulcer models. Mini-tablets containing 9 mg ECS were prepared using the direct compression method. The release rates of ECS mini-tablets were controlled by the amount and viscosity grade of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose incorporated. Gastric retention of ECS mini-tablets after oral administration to rats was visually confirmed using a fluorescence imaging system. Because ECS mini-tablets exhibited size-dependent gastric retention, their gastric retention time was prolonged as the release rate decreased. In the in vivo efficacy study, gastro-retentive dosage forms of ECS did not influence the mucoprotective effect in the immediate irritation model but enhanced the effect in the delayed irritation model compared with ECS suspension. This finding indicates that the duration of the mucoprotective effect of ECS can be extended by the employment of gastro-retentive dosage formulations and provides a rationale for development of ECS gastro-retentive dosage forms.
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Engelstoft MS, Park WM, Sakata I, Kristensen LV, Husted AS, Osborne-Lawrence S, Piper PK, Walker AK, Pedersen MH, Nøhr MK, Pan J, Sinz CJ, Carrington PE, Akiyama TE, Jones RM, Tang C, Ahmed K, Offermanns S, Egerod KL, Zigman JM, Schwartz TW. Seven transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor repertoire of gastric ghrelin cells. Mol Metab 2013; 2:376-92. [PMID: 24327954 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating secretion of the orexigenic-glucoregulatory hormone ghrelin remain unclear. Based on qPCR analysis of FACS-purified gastric ghrelin cells, highly expressed and enriched 7TM receptors were comprehensively identified and functionally characterized using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo methods. Five Gαs-coupled receptors efficiently stimulated ghrelin secretion: as expected the β1-adrenergic, the GIP and the secretin receptors but surprisingly also the composite receptor for the sensory neuropeptide CGRP and the melanocortin 4 receptor. A number of Gαi/o-coupled receptors inhibited ghrelin secretion including somatostatin receptors SSTR1, SSTR2 and SSTR3 and unexpectedly the highly enriched lactate receptor, GPR81. Three other metabolite receptors known to be both Gαi/o- and Gαq/11-coupled all inhibited ghrelin secretion through a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gαi/o pathway: FFAR2 (short chain fatty acid receptor; GPR43), FFAR4 (long chain fatty acid receptor; GPR120) and CasR (calcium sensing receptor). In addition to the common Gα subunits three non-common Gαi/o subunits were highly enriched in ghrelin cells: GαoA, GαoB and Gαz. Inhibition of Gαi/o signaling via ghrelin cell-selective pertussis toxin expression markedly enhanced circulating ghrelin. These 7TM receptors and associated Gα subunits constitute a major part of the molecular machinery directly mediating neuronal and endocrine stimulation versus metabolite and somatostatin inhibition of ghrelin secretion including a series of novel receptor targets not previously identified on the ghrelin cell.
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Key Words
- 7TM, seven transmembrane segment
- BAC, bacterial artificial chromosome
- CCK, cholecystokinin
- CFMB, (S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-N-(5-phenylthiazol-2-yl)butamide
- CGRP, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- CHBA, 3-chloro-5-hydroxybenzoic acid
- Enteroendocrine
- G protein signaling
- GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GPCR
- Ghrelin
- Metabolites
- PTx, Bordetella pertussis toxin
- PYY, peptide YY
- Secretion
- hrGFP, humanized Renilla reniformis green fluorescent protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja S Engelstoft
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Receptology and Enteroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark ; Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Saracoglu KT, Saracoglu A, Umuroglu T, Ugurlu MU, Deniz M, Gogus FY. The preventive effect of dopamine infusion in rats with abdominal compartment syndrome. J INVEST SURG 2013; 26:334-9. [PMID: 23957751 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.808289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most significant perfusion disorder of the intra-abdominal viscera occurs in the abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). Free oxygen radicals diffuse into the body during the reperfusion phase of ACS. Our aim was to determine the effects of dopamine infusion (3 μg/kg/min) on renal perfusion, cytokine levels, free oxygen radicals, and renal histopathological changes in the presence of ACS in a prospective randomized manner. METHODS Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6). Group 1 was used as control. In group 2, air was inflated until the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) reached 20 mmHg. In group 3, dopamine was infused for 60 min meanwhile IAP was kept at 20 mmHg. In group 4, dopamine was infused for 60 min before IAP rise. After this phase, renal artery (RA) perfusion was measured continuously. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels were measured in tissue samples and histopathological scoring was performed. RESULTS Dopamine treatment before and during ACS significantly decreased MPO and MDA levels and also increased renal blood flow and GSH levels. However, histopathological damage was improved simultaneously. CONCLUSION Dopamine infusion before and during ACS, increases renal perfusion and decreases free oxygen radicals. According to our findings, dopamine infusion may be proposed for the treatment of ACS and perfusion disorders in critically ill patients.
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Sidahmed HM, Abdelwahab SI, Mohan S, Abdulla MA, Mohamed Elhassan Taha M, Hashim NM, Hadi AH, Vadivelu J, Loke Fai M, Rahmani M. α -Mangostin from Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume Demonstrates Anti-Ulcerogenic Property: A Mechanistic Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:450840. [PMID: 23634169 PMCID: PMC3619625 DOI: 10.1155/2013/450840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cratoxylum arborescens (Vahl) Blume is an Asian herbal medicine with versatile ethnobiological properties including treatment of gastric ulcer. This study evaluated the antiulcerogenic mechanism(s) of α-mangostin (AM) in a rat model of ulcer. AM is a prenylated xanthone derived through biologically guided fractionation of C. arborescens. Rats were orally pretreated with AM and subsequently exposed to acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol. Following treatment, ulcer index, gastric juice acidity, mucus content, histological and immunohistochemical analyses, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SH) were evaluated. The anti-Helicobacter pylori, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory effect, and antioxidant activity of AM were also investigated in vitro. AM (10 and 30 mg/kg) inhibited significantly (P < 0.05) ethanol-induced gastric lesions by 66.04% and 74.39 %, respectively. The compound induces the expression of Hsp70, restores GSH levels, decreases lipid peroxidation, and inhibits COX-2 activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AM showed an effective in vitro anti-H. pylori activity. The efficacy of the AM was accomplished safely without presenting any toxicological parameters. The results of the present study indicate that the antioxidant properties and the potent anti-H. pylori, in addition to activation of Hsp70 protein, may contribute to the gastroprotective activity of α-mangostin.
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Luo XJ, Liu B, Dai Z, Yang ZC, Peng J. Stimulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide release through targeting capsaicin receptor: a potential strategy for gastric mucosal protection. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:320-5. [PMID: 22918689 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2362-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a predominant neurotransmitter from capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves, which are widely distributed in the gastrointestinal system. These sensory nerves are reported to be involved in the protection of gastric mucosa against damage by various stimuli, and CGRP is a potential mediator in this process. In addition to increase in gastric mucosal blood flow, the beneficial effects of CGRP on gastric mucosa include inhibition of gastric acid secretion, prevention of cellular apoptosis and oxidative injury. The synthesis and release of CGRP is regulated by the capsaicin receptor which is known as transient receptor potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) and the agonists of TRPV1 have the potential for gastric mucosal protection. So far, multiple TRPV1 agonists, including capsaicin, capsiate, anandamide and rutaecarpine are reported to exert beneficial effects on gastric mucosal injury induced by various stimuli. Therefore, the TRPV1/CGRP pathway represents a novel target for therapeutic intervention in human gastric mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 110 Xiang-Ya Road, Changsha, 410078, China
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Liu ZB, Fei SJ, Zhu SP, Zhu JZ, Han HX, Dong QJ, Zhang JF. Protection of ghrelin postconditioning on hypoxia/reoxygenation in gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5377-88. [PMID: 23082054 PMCID: PMC3471106 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i38.5377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the protective effect and mechanisms of ghrelin postconditioning against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injury in human gastric epithelial cells.
METHODS: The model of H/R injury was established in gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1) human gastric epithelial cells. Cells were divided into seven groups: normal control group (N); H/R postconditioning group; DMSO postconditioning group (DM); ghrelin postconditioning group (GH); D-Lys3-GHRP-6 + ghrelin postconditioning group (D + GH); capsazepine + ghrelin postconditioning group (C + GH); and LY294002 + ghrelin postconditioning group (L + GH). 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to detect GES-1 cell viability. Hoechst 33258 fluorochrome staining and flow cytometry were conducted to determine apoptosis of GES-1 cells. Spectrophotometry was performed to determine release of lactate dehydrogenate (LDH). Protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Akt, and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β was determined by western blotting. Expression of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), Akt and GSK-3β was observed by immunocytochemistry.
RESULTS: Compared with the H/R group, cell viability of the GH group was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner (55.9% ± 10.0% vs 69.6% ± 9.6%, 71.9% ± 17.4%, and 76.3% ± 13.3%). Compared with the H/R group, the percentage of apoptotic cells in the GH group significantly decreased (12.38% ± 1.51% vs 6.88% ± 0.87%). Compared with the GH group, the percentage of apoptotic cells in the D + GH group, C + GH group and L + GH groups significantly increased (11.70% ± 0.88%, 11.93% ± 0.96%, 10.20% ± 1.05% vs 6.88% ± 0.87%). There were no significant differences in the percentage of apoptotic cells between the H/R and DM groups (12.38% ± 1.51% vs13.00% ± 1.13%). There was a significant decrease in LDH release following ghrelin postconditioning compared with the H/R group (561.58 ± 64.01 U/L vs 1062.45 ± 105.29 U/L). There was a significant increase in LDH release in the D + GH, C + GH and L + GH groups compared with the GH group (816.89 ± 94.87 U/L, 870.95 ± 64.06 U/L, 838.62 ± 118.45 U/L vs 561.58 ± 64.01 U/L). There were no significant differences in LDH release between the H/R and DM groups (1062.45 ± 105.29 U/L vs 1017.65 ± 68.90 U/L). Compared with the H/R group, expression of Bcl-2 and Akt increased in the GH group, whereas expression of Bax and GSK-3β decreased. Compared with the GH group, expression of Bcl-2 decreased and Bax increased in the D + GH, C + GH and L + GH groups, and Akt decreased and GSK-3β increased in the L + GH group. The H/R group also upregulated expression of VR1 and GSK-3β and downregulated Akt. The number of VR1-positive and Akt-positive cells in the GH group significantly increased, whereas the number of GSK-3β-positive cells significantly decreased. These effects of ghrelin were reversed by capsazepine and LY294002.
CONCLUSION: Ghrelin postconditioning protected against H/R-induced injury in human gastric epithelial cells, which indicated that this protection might be associated with GHS-R, VR1 and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz D, Dembiński A, Ceranowicz P, Cieszkowski J, Kuwahara A, Kato I, Dembiński M, Konturek PC. Ghrelin accelerates the healing of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers in rats. Med Sci Monit 2012; 18:BR181-7. [PMID: 22534700 PMCID: PMC3560627 DOI: 10.12659/msm.882727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that administration of ghrelin exhibits protective and therapeutic effects in the gut. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the influence of ghrelin administration on the course of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers, as well as effects on mucosal production of oxygen free radicals and duodenal antioxidant defense. Material/Methods Duodenal ulcers were induced in male Wistar rats by cysteamine administered intragastrically at the dose of 200 mg/kg in 1 ml of saline, 3 times at 4-h intervals. Starting 24 h after the first dose of cysteamine, rats were treated intraperitoneally twice a day with saline or ghrelin given at the dose of 4, 8 or 16 nmol/kg/dose. Seven days after administration of the first dose of cysteamine, the study was terminated. Results Induction of ulcers by cysteamine was accompanied by a reduction in duodenal blood flow, mucosal DNA synthesis and mucosal activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD); whereas mucosal concentration of interleukin-1β and malonyldialdehyde (MDA – an index of lipid peroxidation) were increased. Treatment with ghrelin increased healing rate of duodenal ulcers and enhanced duodenal blood flow, mucosal DNA synthesis and mucosal activity of SOD, and reduced mucosal concentration of interleukin-1β and MDA. Conclusions Treatment with ghrelin increases the healing rate of duodenal ulcers and this effect is related, at least in part, to improvement of duodenal mucosal blood flow, mucosal cell proliferation and antioxidant defense, as well as being related to reduction in mucosal oxidative stress and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
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Abdullah N, Venu Gopal D, Abdulla M. Effect of soya beans and soya beans fermented withSchizophyllum communeFr. On ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in Sprague-Dawley rats. Acta Alimentaria 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/aalim.41.2012.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vasileiou I, Patsouras D, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. Ghrelin and toxicity: recent findings and future challenges. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:238-45. [PMID: 22887052 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a novel brain-gut peptide that plays various roles in mammals, including control of food intake and growth hormone release, as well as gastric motility and acid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. It is mainly secreted by the gastric mucosa, but is also expressed in various other tissues. Different studies confirm the multiple biological roles of and possible protective effects of ghrelin. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies support the powerful protective action of ghrelin against heart, gastric and liver injury. Moreover, ghrelin has been reported to be beneficial in renal tissue injury and excretory function after ischemia-reperfusion and to exert neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic regions. The aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate all the currently available in vivo and in vitro studies regarding the effects of ghrelin on tissue injury induced in different organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Vasileiou
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, 75 Mikras Asias Street, GR11527 Goudi, Athens, Greece
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Tache Y. Brainstem neuropeptides and vagal protection of the gastric mucosal against injury: role of prostaglandins, nitric oxide and calcitonin-gene related peptide in capsaicin afferents. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:35-42. [PMID: 22300074 DOI: 10.2174/092986712803414097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Earlier experimental studies indicated that the integrity of vagal pathway was required to confer gastric protection against damaging agents. Several peptides located in the brainstem initially identified to influence vagal outflow to the stomach, as assessed by electrophysiological approach or by vagal dependent alterations of gastric secretory and motor function, were investigated for their influence in the vagal regulation of the resistance of the gastric mucosa to injury. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), or its stable TRH analog, RX-77368, injected at low doses into the cisterna magna or the dorsal motor nucleus (DMN) was the first peptide reported to protect the gastric mucosa against ethanol injury through stimulation of vagal cholinergic pathways, inducing the release of gastric prostaglandins/nitric oxide (NO) and the recruitment of efferent function of capsaicin sensitive afferent fibers containing calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP). Activation of endogenous TRH-TRH1 receptor signaling located in the brainstem plays a role in adaptive gastric protection against damaging agents. Since then, an expanding number of peptides, namely peptide YY, CGRP, adrenomedullin, amylin, glugacon-like peptide, opioid peptides acting on µ, δ1 or δ2 receptors, nocicpetin, nocistatin, ghrelin, leptin and TLQP-21, a peptide derived from VGF prohormone, have been reported to act in the brainstem to afford gastric protection against ethanol injury largely through similar peripheral effectors mechanisms than TRH. Therefore gastric prostaglandins and CGRP/NO pathways represent a common final mechanism through which brain peptides confer vagally mediated gastroprotection against injury. A better understanding of brain circuitries through which these peptides are released will provide new strategies to recruit integrated and multifaceted gastroprotective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tache
- CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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